详解托福听力3大类关键信号词
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篇1：详解托福听力3大类关键信号词
【高分必看】详解托福听力3大类关键信号词
解释说明类信号词
常见的有同义重述和举例。同义重述，常见的信号词有that is, namely, or rather, to be more exact, to put it another way , in other words，by definition等。而在托福听力中，我们经常会听到类似的说法如“this is what we call + 专有名词”，或者“this is +现象”。一般而言，这类专有名词属于某个特定的领域，如医学、心理学，考生相对不太熟悉，因此这些信号词前面或后面的内容能让能够增加考生对整体文章的把握和理解。而举例，常见的就是for example, just as, for instance, 通过举一些常见或者比较容易理解的例子，去解释某样事物或某个现象，使得其更加生动形象，通俗易懂。
逻辑性信号词
如最常见的原因、对比、转折、并列等。
对于原因，考生可以尤为注意because (of)， so, the reason, why, since, as, for等类型的词或词组，考生在听到这些信号词的时候一定要注意听后面的解释，通过现象或定义看到问题的本质和根源，这才是考核的关键所在。
对于对比，考生除了注意比较级和最高级之外，还要多注意compare to，different from……， unlike……， (not) as ……as等这些间接表达对比的词或词组，有助于在不同食物中找到相同的联系点或者在相同相似的事物中找到不同点。
对于转折，however, nevertheless, yet, still, though, anyhow, even so, in any case, anyway, after all, in spite of that, by the way等则是考生应该注意的信号词。即作者最终想要强调的点，是考官喜欢出考题的地方。考官总喜欢一开始先出现一长段迷惑性的段落，分散考生的注意力，或者是先陈述一部分事实或者抛出一个问题，然后来一个转折性的连词，提出真正的观点。因此这些转折词前后是考生必须要注意的地方。
对于并列，first, second, third, for a start, for one thing, for another, to begin with, next则是很好的信号词，提示了两句句子之间的平等并列关系。
细节信息类信号词
还有一大类也是考的相对较多的，就是数字、时间和人名地名这类信号词。不过要注意，不能光听数字和时间，更多的是要注意数字或时间背后所对应的内容和发生的事件。人名和地名也是一样，要注意该人物的特点或经历，该地点发生的事件。
托福听力分类场景词汇：饮食
nutrient 营养(成分)
fat 脂肪
protein 蛋白质
vitamin 维生素
calorie 卡(路里)
nutrition 营养
dietitian 营养学家
health food (green foodstuff) 保健食品(绿色食品)
convenience food 方便食品
托福听力场景词汇-饮食：形容词结构类
nourishing (nutritious) 有营养的
malnourished 营养不良的
edible 可食用的
sour 酸的
sweet 甜的
bitter 苦的
spicy = hot 辣的
salty 咸的
bland 无味儿的;淡的
tangy 味道浓的
awful 味道糟糕的
hit the spot = out of this world = delicious好吃的
rare (肉)生的;嫩的
medium (肉)中等程度的，适中的
well-done (肉)熟透的
overdone (肉)过老的
burnt 烧焦的
canned 罐装的
fresh 新鲜的
托福听力分类场景词汇：戏剧
tragedy 悲剧
one-act play 独幕剧
opera 歌剧
farce 滑稽戏， 趣剧
(stage) play 话剧
Beijing opera 京剧
historical play 历史剧
puppet show 木偶戏
(a play) in three acts and five scenes 三幕五场(剧)
comedy 喜剧
operetta 小歌剧
pantomime 哑剧
playwright 编剧，剧作家
dress rehearsal 彩排
traditional theatrical pieces 传统剧目
director 导演
climax 高潮
libretto 歌剧脚本
intermezzo 间奏曲
part, role 角色
title role 剧名角色
rehearsal 排演
plot 情节
episode 情节中的插曲
character 人物
stage version 上演本
(one’s) lines 台词
prologue 序幕
篇2：托福听力7大类关键信号词全面讲解
【备考必看】托福听力7大类关键信号词全面讲解
什么是信号词?
信号词是语篇衔接和连贯的重要手段，它包括逻辑联系语(logical connectives)和段落标题(paragraph headings)。所以!掌握住听力中的信号词， 就相当于把握住了听力的出题点。下面我们以讲座类材料为例，整理总结了托福听力中的信号词。
1、主 题
出现在讲座开头的主题类信号词
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如
● Let's...
● Today, I will be talking about ...
● Today， we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：
● Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
● We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
● Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时，today 后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2、定 义
被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。
此类信号词有：
● What I mean is
● All that means is
● which is / that is
● in other words，...
● ... is referred to as...
● ... is named/known/called
3、举 例
教授借例子说明的道理更为关键
比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到 for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take 之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
4、对 比
区分容易混淆的概念
讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有：
● We should not confuse A and B
● A is different from B
● First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
● compare to
● contrast
● unlike
● similar to
● in contrast to
● ...differently
● ...differ
● alike
● resemble
● on the other hand，
● instead，
● likewise，
● in the same way 等...
5、因 果
细节题中的逻辑关系
学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有：
because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示结果的信号词有：
so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly
6、转 折
转折后出现的强调信息
转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有：
but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact
7、结 论
容易得分的结论题
讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有：
conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up.
托福听力：听力中的修辞方法
孔子曰：“言之无文，行而不远。”汉语中有修辞，英语中自然也有。早在90年代初的TOEFL 听力考试中，美语的修辞手法便得到了初步的运用,随着TOEFL听力不断向Daily (日常生活化) 和Functional (语言交际功能化) 发展，为考试而刻意雕琢的那些呆板、生硬的语法现象
已荡然无存,各种各样修辞方法的广泛运用已成为听力语言地道性的重要表现。
不过，也正是由于修辞的出现，无形间加大了我们对其语言理解的难度，有时甚至“不知所云”，即使看到了听力文字部分，也是“一头雾水”,但如果我们真正领悟了修辞中字里行间的奥秘，不仅会帮助我们迅速解题，更会被TOEFL听力中的经典修辞艺术所折服。从这种角度考虑，修辞堪称TOEFL听力调色“话”板的点睛笔!
为了透彻理解TOEFL听力修辞语言的话外音，我们有必要对近年来TOEFL听力中出现的各种美语修辞手法做一个分析和总结，以有利于考生究其根本，从而顺利、快捷的解题。
Hyperbole(夸张)
试比较以下TOEFL听力短对话的两种回答方式：
Have you asked your brother to do the dishes?
1)Yes, many times.(很多遍了。)
2)Yes, a thousand times.(无数次了。)
很明显，种回答方式不如第二种生动，因为a thousand times(无数次)使用了Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法。Hyperbole一词源于希腊语的huperbole，意思是exceed(超过)，是一种故意夸大其词(overstatement)或言过其实的修辞手法;其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以达到强烈的修辞效果。如：a river of tears (泪河)、a mountain of coal (煤山)、oceans of people (人海)...
Hyperbole(夸张)在TOEFL听力中的运用也可谓炉火纯青。
比如：(划线部分为夸张之处)
1)You are my lifesaver.(你是我的“救命恩人”。)
2)You are 100% right.(你“百分之百”的正确。)
3)My back killed me.(我的腰痛的厉害。)
4)You make me feel guilty. (你让我感觉像是在犯罪。)
5)I haven't seen you for ages. (好久不见了呀!)
6)I could sleep for a whole year. (我太困了。)
7)We're all tired to death. (我们快累死了。)
当然，除了TOEFL听力，Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法在英语语言文学中的经典范例不胜枚举：
1)One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. (George Herbert) (一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。)
2)It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. (今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。)
3)A drop of ink may make a million think.(George G Byron)(一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。)
Simile(明喻)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式：
1)He spent a lot of money.(他花了大笔的钱。)
2)He spent a lot of money, like water.(他花钱如流水。)
很明显，第二种表达方式比种更加生动和形象。因为like water(如流水)使用了Simile(明喻)的修辞手法，这样以来，无疑使语言更加精彩和完美，听力考试也不再单纯是一门考试，而变成了一种享受。Simile(明喻)一词源于拉丁语similes,其意为like(象)。他借助人们的想象力，使用一定的比喻词如：like, as等加以连接，从而清楚的表明两种事物之间的相似之处，使得表达更加新鲜有趣。其典型形式是A is like B.
托福听力：造成托福听力低于15分的四大原因
语音知识不扎实扎实的语音知识是听写慢速英语录音的基础。准确地抓住了语音，即使是生词，也不难根据其发音从词典找到答案。反之，如果语音知识不够，即使是自己会的词也不一定能听懂，更不用说真正碰到生词了。由于种.种原因，不少人在学习英语过程中没有得到足够的语音训练，虽然记住了数千个或上万单词和大量语法知识，可以顺利地阅读书面英语文章，但听不懂用词量只有1500余个的慢速英语广播。
语音知识不扎实的表现形式有：
读音不正确或根本不会读
不少人脑子里的英语音形脱节，记住的只是英语单词的字母拼写(形状)，而没有正确的声音印象，不是不会读就是读得不对。看写在纸上的英语，能根据其拼写确定是不是认得，但是听到一个英语单词的正确发音，由于与自己脑子里不正确发音不一致，以为是生词。
重音正确与否对于听力的影响极大，例如有的人能听懂 resign，但听到resignation时由于重音的改变而听不懂。
某些词英美读音的区别也会带来一些问题，例如schedule、 missile等。
虽然能正确地发音，但是没有熟练到能立即反应的地步，所以听到以后需要反复思考才能明白其含义，因而感到应接不暇而听不懂。
不适应连读
初学者在听写中常常听不懂录音带上外国人的原声，但若由中国人再重复说一遍，他就有可能听懂。我们提高英语听力的目的是为了听外国人讲英语，而不是为了听懂中国人说英语，所以一定要以能听懂录音带上的原声为准。
由于不适应连读，常常会把两个词误以为是一个词，例如把a part听成apart，把aspecial way听成especial way等等。
有时也会把一个词误听成几个词，因而听不懂。例如把un- derground一个词听成under the ground三个词，把especially一个词听成aspecial1y两个词等等。
听不出介词、冠词、连词
播讲人在读这些词时一般都是弱读，既轻又快，一带而过。对于初学者来说，不是很容易听得出的，这是起步阶段听写中的一个难点。笔者在批改初学者的听写记录时向他们指出某处有这类词没有听写出来时，他们的个反应一般都是“有吗/。但是有了疑问后再去听，才感到好像是有一个词，反复听上几遍以后或许能听出来。真是“初听似没有，越听越有，超听赴像，起听越是”。没有亲身实践过的人不太相信这一点，认为这些简单的词应该是容易听出来的。其实不然，实践证明，能否听出这些词是衡量英语听力的一个很重要的标志。这里的关键是听不出来，不是写不出来。解决这个难点的方法只能是多听，多练，久而久之就习惯了。一旦到了能听出这些词时，别人间你是怎么样听出来的，你的回答可能是“我听着就是有”，不一定能说出什么要领来。到了这个境界，说明已经适应这些词的弱读了，听力大大地提高了。
分辨不出各种前后缀
慢速英语中用的词汇有很大一部分是从常用词汇基础上加前后缀派生出来的。如果不熟悉加前后缀的规律，听录音时会碰到很多的生词。例如知道marine的意思是 “海的”，way意思是“路”，但是不知道前缀sub的意思是“下面的”，听到submarine和subway以后不知道是“水下的，潜水艇” 和“地下铁路”。
篇3：托福听力中这3类关键信号词要抓牢
task：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福备考之独立写作满分范文：
Throughout my life, I have been lucky enough to have a very good relationship with my parents. They have supported me, given me necessary criticism, and taught me a great deal about how to live my life. Parents can be very important teachers in our lives; however, they are not always the best teachers.
Parents may be too close to their children emotionally. Sometimes they can only see their children though the eyes of a protector. For example, they may limit a child's freedom in the name of safety. A teacher might see a trip to a big city as a valuable new experience. However, it might seem too dangerous to a parent.
Another problem is that parents may expect their hildren's interests to be similar to their own. They can't seem to separate from their children in their mind. If they love science, they may try to force their child to love science too. But what if their child's true love is art, or writing , or car repair?
Parents are usually eager to pass on their value to their children. But should children always believe what their parents do? Maybe different generations need different ways of thinking. When children are young, they believe that their parents are always rights. But when they get older, they realize there are other views. Sometimes parents, especially older ones, can't keep up with rapid social or technology changes. A student who has friends of all different races and backgrounds at school may find that her parents don't really understand or value the digital revolution. Sometimes kids have to find their own ways to what they believe in.
The most important thing to realize is that we all have many teachers in our lives. Our parents teach us, our teachers teach us, and our peers teach us. Books and newspapers and television also teach us. All of them are valuable.
篇4：托福听力中这3类关键信号词要抓牢
task：A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
托福备考之独立写作满分范文：
New factories often bring many good things to a community, such as jobs and increased prosperity. However, in my opinion, the benefits of having a factory are outweighed by the risks. That is why I oppose the plan to build a factory near my community.
I believe that this city would be harmed by a large factory. In particular, a factory would destroy the quality of the air and water in town. Factories bring smog and pollution. In the long run, the environment will be hurt and people's health will be affected. Having a factory is not worth that rise.
Of course, more jobs will be created by the factory. Our population will grow. To accommodate more workers, more homes and stores will be needed. Do we really want this much growth, so fast? If our town is going in growth, I would prefer slow growth with good planning. I don't want to see rows of cheaply constructed townhouses. Our quality of life must be considered.
I believe that this growth will change our city too much. I love my hometown because it is a safe, small town. It is also easy to travel here. If we must expand to hold new citizens, the small-town feel will be gone. I mould miss that greatly.
A factory would be helpful in some ways. However, I feel that the dangers are greater than the benefits. I cannot support a plan to build a factory here, and hope that others feel the same way.
篇5：托福听力中这3类关键信号词要抓牢
task：Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
托福备考之独立写作满分范文：
The twentieth century has brought with it many advances. With those advances, human lives have changed dramatically. In some ways life is worse, but mostly it is better. Changes in food preparation methods, for example, have improved our lives greatly.
The convenience of preparing food today is amazing. Even stoves have gotten too slow for us. Microwave cooking is much easier. We can press a few buttons and a meal is completely cooked in just a short time. People used to spend hours preparing an oven-cooked meal, and now they can use that time for other, better things. Plus, there are all kinds of portable, prepackaged foods we can buy. Heat them in the office microwave, and lunch at work is quick and easy.
Food preparation today allows for more variety. With refrigerators and freezers, we can preserve a lot of different foods in our homes. Since technology makes cooking so much faster, people are willing to make several dishes for even a small meal. Parents are more likely to let children be picky, now that they can easily heat them up some prepackaged macaroni and cheese on the side. Needless to say, adults living in the same house may have very different eating habits as well. If they don't want to cook a lot of different dishes, it's common now to eat out at restaurants several times a week. Healthful eating is also easier than ever now. When people cook, they use new fat substitutes and cooking sprays to cut fat and calories. This reduces the risk of heart disease and high cholesterol. Additionally, we can buy fruits and vegetable fresh, frozen or canned. They are easy to prepare, so many of us eat more of those nutritious items daily. A hundred years ago, you couldn't imagine the process of taking some frozen fruit and ice from the freezer, adding some low-fat yogurt from a plastic cup and some juice from a can in the refrigerator, and whipping up a low-fat smoothie in the blender!
篇6：全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词
全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词 提速要先搞懂它们
1. 表示结论/总结的信号词：
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
2. 显示相同信息的信号词：
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
3. 显示思路转折的信号词：
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
4. 显示因果关系的信号词：
As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
5. 显示顺序的信号词：
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题
READING COMPREHENSION
Question 1-10
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, ”the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population
(B) The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement
(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution
(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution
2.The word “naturally” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsurprisingly
(B) gradually
(C) apparently
(D) safely
3. The expression “make the most of” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) get the best yield from
(B) raise the price of
(C) exaggerate the worth of
(D) earn a living on
4. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (line 3-5)?
(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.
(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did.
(C) The United States was finally running out of good farmland.
(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.
5.The word “here” in line 4 refers to
(A) Europe
(B) United States
(C) New Jersey
(D) Indiana
6. What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on
their backs.
(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.
(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant.
(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.
(D) New tools were designed to be portable.
7. When was the iron plow invented?
(A)In 1790.
(B) In the early 1800 s.
(C) In 1869.
(D) In the early 1900 s.
8. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true?
(A) He was James Oliver s assistant.
(B) He was born in Europe.
(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.
(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.
9. The word “it” in line 12 refers to
(A) scientific agriculture
(B) James Oliver s invention
(C) the cast-iron plow
(D) Charles Newbold s fortune
10. Why did farmers reject Newbold s plow?
(A) Their horses were frightened by it.
(B) They preferred lighter tools.
(C) It was too expensive.
(D) They thought it would ruin the land.
托福考试阅读长句练习
Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
= Though historically there is a discernible break/ between Jewish law/ of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora/ (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)/， the spirit of the legal matter/ in later parts of the Old Testament/ is very close to that of the Talmud/， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
#虽然历史上看/，有一个明显的断裂/在犹太法律之间/独立主权国家的古代以色列(时期)的/与Diaspora时期(的犹太法律)/，(即古代犹太人被流放以色列被征服后)/，但是法律内容的精神/《旧约全书》后半部分中的/与《犹太教法典》的很相近/，《犹太教法典》是指犹太法律的主要典籍之一/在Diaspora时期。
.个句子比较长,也比较复杂, 有的地方很有迷惑性, 如: between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 是指在不同时期的犹太法律之间, 如果改成 and that of Diaspora 就很容易理解了;此外，由于涉及到历史方面的内容，有些专有名词认识就反映不认识就过去。
篇7：托福听力备考3大类核心常识介绍
托福听力一般是在有限的时间里，要求大家把有效的句子及词语抓住，如此不但需要靠实力同时还需要靠一些巧。在托福听力的练习过程里，需要把四大原则掌握，才可以帮助大家降低托福听力中的阻碍。这四大原则包括练习听力的耐力，听力的准确性，对话题的敏感性和记笔记。利用这四项原则大家到了听时不但能够掌握文章的框架还可以抓住听力中的细节。
托福听力备考开始前考生需要了解的3大类核心常识就为大家介绍到这里，希望考生通过本文内容明确托福听力的备考方法和提分思路，顺利完成备考实现高分目标。
托福听力练习对照文本
Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this series on “Survival in Outer Space.”
谢谢。见到你们这么多人对“生存在外层空间”这个系列感兴趣真是太棒了。
Please excuse the cameras, we're being videotaped for the local TV stations.
请原谅这些摄像机，我们正在为地方电视台录像。
Tonight I'm going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival—the space suit.
今晚我将要谈论关于最基本的生存方面——宇航服
When most of you imagine an astronaut, that's probably the first thing that comes to mind, right?
当你们中的大多数人想象一个宇航员的时候，那个可能是脑子里首先要想到的，对吗?
Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space.
好，没有宇航服，对我们来说生存在太空中是不可能的。
For example, outer space is a vacuum—there's no gravity or air pressure; without protection, a body would explode.
举例来说，外层空间是一个真空空间——没有重力和气压;没有防护的话，人体将会爆炸。
What's more, we'd cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
更重要的是，从酷热的零上300华氏度到冰冷的零下300华氏度的温度范围里，我们会在阳关下被烤熟或者在阴影下被冰封
The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel.
NASA研制出的的宇航服真是个奇迹
This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission.
这张放大的照片是个与实物大小一样的，一件真正的被宇航员在最近一次航天飞机任务中穿过的图像
This part is the torso.
这个部分是躯干。
It’s made of seven extremely durable layers.
它是由七个极其耐用的层次制成的
This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation.
这个厚厚的隔离层防御了极端温度和辐射。
Next is what they call a “bladder” of oxygen that's an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen, to simulate atmospheric pressure.
下一个是所谓的氧气囊，那是一个可充气的囊，充满了氧气，用来模拟大气压强。
This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earth's atmosphere at sea level.
这个囊状物压在皮肤上，带着同样的力量，就像地球空气在海平面上一样。
The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation.
最内层提供了液体冷却和通风设备。
Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work.
尽管有所有这些层，宇航服是有灵活性的，允许自由运动，所以我们能够工作。
Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet.
另一个非常复杂的宇航服的部分是头盔
I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?
我带了一个过来展示给你们。我能找个志愿者过来演示一下吗?
托福听力练习对照文本
Welcome to Everglades National Park.
欢迎来到Everglades国家公园
The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife.
Everglades是一个被锯齿草覆盖着的湿润的平原，是许多种植物和野生动植物的故乡。
At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling.
因为150万英亩(大小)，它太大了而不能今天都看完，但是这次旅行将会提供你一个好的样本。
Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough.
我们的旅游巴士将首先停在Taylor Slough
This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades.
这是一个开始的好地方，因为这里是许多同Everglades有关系的动植物的故乡。
You'll see many exotic birds， and, of course, our world famous alligators.
你将会见到许多奇异的鸟类，当然还有，我们世界闻名的短吻鳄
Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance.
不用担心，有一条木板路穿过沼泽，所以你可以从一个安全的距离向下看动物。
The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie.
木板路高到足以给你一个很棒的锯齿草大草原的景观。
From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life.
从那里我们将去向另一些湿地乃至丛林似的以美好的热带丛林植物为特色的区域
For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here.
对于你们谁喜欢锯齿草大草原近距离景观的，你们应该考虑在你们参观的期间租一个独木舟
However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass.
然而，别这么做，除非你有非常好的方向感，并且能够穿过长草找到你的路
We'd hate to have to come looking for you.
我们痛恨不得不来寻找你
You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit.
你们冬季在这里是很幸运的—一年中最好的时间来游览
During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about to eat you alive!
在春夏期间，蚊子将会活生生的吃了你。
Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.
现在它们还没那么令人讨厌，但是你将仍然会想要使用驱虫剂的
篇8：托福听力对话讲座3大类场景话题分类
这类话题主要出现在听力对话中。对话中有一个套路就是，在对话双方见面的时候，其中一个人A会表现或者提出自己的一个问题，然后两个人针对这个问题进行讨论。之后，另外一个人B会给A提出几条建议，然后A从中选择一个建议。细化学校生活的场景可以分成以下五个方面：
1. 食堂场景：对话双方讨论饭菜好不好吃、食堂的优惠政策、卫生安全等话题;
2. 宿舍场景：宿舍的安排、学生校外租房、房间设施问题、室友之间相处问题;
3. 图书馆场景：找不到想借的书、还书过期、图书馆准备考试、准备论文;
4. 假期场景：假期去哪玩、回忆假期去过哪、有什么好玩的;
5. 办公室场景：请假、延期交作业、论文准备、选课。
托福听力对话类场景：学校部门
1.注册：开学注册程序问题、选课选不上、关于缴费使用现金还是银行卡;
2.维修部：教室的桌椅损坏、宿舍的物品损坏(灯、桌椅、门)、协调修理时间;
3.勤工俭学：兼职工作，主要涉及到工作和课程冲突，如何协调。
篇9：托福听力对话讲座3大类场景话题分类
1.老师上课开头方式：
(1)直接引入式：今天要讲这部分内容是……;或者我们要补充讲一些背景知识。
(2)课堂回顾式：回顾一下上次课讲的内容，然后接着上次的内容讲或者讲新的内容。
(3)直接说我们今天讲什么内容。然后开始讲。
(4)今天是复习课，然后讲某某考试，复习跟考试有关的内容。
2.老师下课结束方式：
主要是回顾一下当次课的主要内容，然后，交待可课下或者课后的任务或者安排：
(1)交待在具体之后什么时间要考试，题型学生复习;
(2)根据本堂课的内容，布置作业，强调作业要求;
(3)介绍一下下次课的安排和内容;
(4)老师下节课请假，找代课老师或者别的安排。
托福听力背景 鲸的起源
据美国两个科学家小组日前公布的科学报告称，他们在考古中发现的新化石更进一步证明了鲸祖先与生活在陆地上的食草动物有关，如牛和河马，而不是即将灭绝的食肉类动物。
科学家们已经知道，鲸是几百万年前由生活在陆地上的四肢动物演变而来的，然而，鲸究竟是从动物王国中哪一支演变而来的一直是引起争议的问题。
20世纪50年代进行的免疫试验和最近进行的DNA试验都表明鲸的进化与食草的偶蹄哺乳动物有关，如猪、牛和河马。此前，这些试验发现的结果一直没有得到化石考古方面的支持，以前发现的化石则更表明鲸与食肉类动物有关。然而，现在两项分别进行的科学研究报告的作者称，他们分别在巴基斯坦不同地区发现的化石，使他们相信这些试验的结果是正确的。
美国俄亥俄州东北医学院的汉斯·斯威森说，在发现了这些化石后，他们意识到，显然以前他们在有关鲸起源问题上的主张是错误的。斯威森在巴基斯坦东北部地区旁遮普发现了两种5000万年以前可能是鲸祖先的四肢动物化石。以斯威森主笔，多人合写的有关论文发表在本月20日出版的英国《自然》杂志上。
另外一名科学家菲利普·金格里奇是美国密歇根大学地质学和古生物学教授。他说，他们一个考古小组在巴基斯坦西南部地区俾路支海岸发现了另外两种大约4700万年以前可能是鲸祖先的化石，其中一架骨骼基本上是完整的。金格里奇说，他们由此发现，进行DNA试验的同行发现的结果可能是正确的，鲸的起源与河马有关。以金格里奇主笔，多人合写的有关论文即将发表在21日出版的一期美国《科学》杂志上。但他这篇论文公布的日期与《自然》杂志上的那篇论文公布的时间相差无几。
这两篇论文的主题都是，他们发现的这种动物化石特殊的耳朵形状与鲸很相似，很可能是鲸的祖先，同时这些动物化石都有四肢和明显的足踝结构，与其它的食草偶蹄哺乳动物相似。
假如鲸祖先与食草动物有关，那么现代鲸的饮食习惯如何进化而来还是一个谜。一些有牙的鲸如虎鲸可以吃鱼和其它的海中哺乳动物;而另外一些鲸则有被称为鲸须的嘴部结构，可以从海水中吸滤浮游生物。金格里奇则说，他已读到一些有关现代河马杀死和吃掉水窝中太靠近它们的瞪羚，也许人们有点夸大了这些偶蹄动物的食草性，尽管他们以食草为主。
Whales most likely evolved from four-legged land animals that foraged for food or hunted for fish along ocean shorelines. The ancestors of whales gradually became more dependent on the ocean for food, passing through an amphibian stage before evolving into fully aquatic animals. Recent work with whale fossils indicates that the anklebones of whale ancestors resembled those of artiodactyls, the group of even-toed hoofed mammals that includes pigs, deer, antelopes, and hippopotamuses. Molecular studies comparing the genetic makeup of modern whales to that of other animals indicates that the hippopotamus is the whale’s closest genetic match. Based on these studies, scientists now generally agree that whales are most closely related to artiodactyls.
The fossil record of whales spans over 50 million years to ancestors such as Pakicetus that lived around the mouths of rivers in what is now Pakistan. Pakicetus was a four-legged, land animal that measured about 2.5 m (about 8 ft) in length. The whale fossil Rodhocetus was discovered in 1993. Dating from about 46.5 million years ago, this fossil came from fully marine sediments. Its legs were smaller than those of Pakicetus and its hind feet were turned into webbed paddles. Rodhocetus was clumsy on land, perhaps like modern sea lions. It probably swam using an up-and-down flexing of the body to power its finlike feet in the manner of otters. Unlike modern whales, it had nostrils instead of a blowhole. Rodhocetus also had a powerful tail, although scientists do not know whether this early whale had begun to evolve tail flukes.
A fossil whale known as Basilosaurus dates from 42 million years ago and represents the stage of whale evolution in which the hind legs are very small but still visible. The adult Basilosaurus reached lengths of 15 m (50 ft), but its hind limbs resembled short sticks only 0.5 m (1.6 ft) long. Although all of the pelvic bones, leg bones, kneecaps, feet, and toe bones were present, these legs could not have been used to support such a large animal on land. Modern whales, which first appeared in the fossil record 5 million to 10 million years ago, have no visible hind limbs, although some whale species still have tiny pelvic and leg bones embedded in muscle near the spine.
综上所述：古生物学者paleontologist研究化石，Molecular biologist 研究基因和DNA，分子生物学家从基因分析认为鲸的近亲是河马hippopotamus，古生物学家以前认为鲸的近亲是一种食肉动物。
托福听力背景知识 第二次世界大战
这篇托福听力背景的主要内容是第二次世界大战。第二次世界大战是世界近代史上最大规模的战争，几乎涉及到北半球全部的国家。第二次世界大战让美国大发战争财，也使得美国一跃成为世界上的超级大国。让我们一起来了解一下，第二次世界大战的情况。
1939年9月德国进攻波兰，第二次世界大战全面爆发。罗斯福于1941年3月签署《租借法》，向与德意日作战的国家提供物资。8月14日，罗斯福与英国首相丘吉尔发表《大西洋宪章》，9月24日苏联政府声明同意其基本原则，接着召开莫斯科三国会议，奠定了美英苏战时合作的基础。
1941年12月7日，日本偷袭珍珠港，重创美国太平洋舰队。次日，美英对日宣战。英美在开始时接连败退。1942年5月，美军在中途岛海战中击退日军。同年底至次年初，美国在瓜达尔卡纳尔岛战役中击败日军，美军由守势转为攻势，太平洋战争出现转折。
l942年1月1日，美、英、苏、中等26个国家签署《联合国家宣言》。8月英美联军在北非登陆。1943年2月斯大林格勒战役的胜利，使欧洲反法西斯战争的局势发生根本性变化。同年7月，美英军队在西西里岛登陆。9月在意大利南部登陆。10月意大利投降。1943年 11月，罗斯福、丘吉尔、斯大林举行德黑兰会议。1944年6月，英美等国的联军在法国诺曼底登陆，开辟了欧洲第二战场。4月12日，罗斯福逝世，H.S.杜鲁门继任总统。
1944年5月，德国宣布无条件投降。7月，美英苏三国首脑举行波茨坦会议，美英就处理德国、波兰等问题与苏联达成协议。美英中发表了波茨坦公告，要求日本无条件投降。美苏就苏军对日作战取得了一致意见。8月6日，美军在广岛投下策1颗原子弹;8月8日苏联宣布对日作战，9日美军又在长崎投下第2颗原子弹，日本投降，第二次世界大战结束。杜鲁门任命D.麦克阿瑟为盟国驻日最高统帅，美军进驻日本，实现了由美国独家控制日本的局面。
大西洋宪章 (Atlantic Charter)
开罗会议 (Cairo Conference)
德黑兰会议 (Teheran Conference)
雅尔塔会议 (Yalta Conference)
波茨坦会议 (Potsdame Conferenc)
大西洋宪章 (Atlantic Charter)
开罗会议 (Cairo Conference)
德黑兰会议 (Teheran Conference)
雅尔塔会议 (Yalta Conference)
波茨坦会议 (Potsdame Conferenc)
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