托福阅读5大类备考资料选择建议
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篇1:托福阅读5大类备考资料选择建议
1、词汇类
如果满分是100分的话,那么不客气的说市面上流传颇广的大部分资料都没有低于60分,但也没有高于80分的。过去的词汇材料主要来自于TPO,比较新的词汇材料更多来自于真题。大部分材料仅仅够你刷单词题使用,但没有一个材料能解决你所有的词汇问题。所以,你很难只通过一个材料搞定托福单词。建议大家选择能“一举多得”的单词材料,比如结合了词汇和背景知识的材料,比如能同时用于阅读和听力备考的单词材料等等。
2、背景知识类
市面上背景知识类材料质量相对较低,但如果背景知识材料能搭配词汇材料,效果就会好很多。小编建议大家不需要主动去寻找这类备考资料,如果在浏览其他资料的时候看到顺便补充一下就可以了。比起专门看背景知识,直接在做题和课外阅读的过程中积累不同话题学科的基础常识反而是更为高效合理的做法。
3、题型类
小编不建议大家在备考初期就使用题型类材料。因为事实上,托福所有题型背后的出题和解题原理都需要大家有一定的做题经验的积累才能充分理解融会贯通。在没有经验积累的时候就人为地按照题型做练习,提分效率反而会大打折扣。而针对题型的资料,也建议大家结合实际训练来一起观看学习才能发挥价值。
4、语法类
语法类的资料小编觉得没必要专门去找来看,因为托福阅读本身没有语法题的考点和题型,而比较多涉及到语法问题的往往是长难句考点,因此直接去看一些长难句的备考教材就能同时补充语法知识,可谓一举两得。
5、长难句类
长难句作为阅读主要考点需要大家重点攻克,而阅读中也有句子简化题这样专门针对长难句出题的题型。托福阅读到今天,句子简化题已经接近200道。每个句子简化题中有5个长句,加起来有近1000个长句可供大家练习。只要大家掌握基础语法知识(指代、从句、从句简化、非谓语动词、介词等)和长难句的分析方法(语法句法、逻辑结构),与同学和老师讨论即可。
阅读细节题考察你的托福阅读短板
在托福阅读中有一种题型,难度不大,但是非常考察阅读基本功,后期甚至会成为托福阅读高分的拦路虎,这就是我们的事实信息题,又叫细节题。
下面,我们就来演示一下如何通过细节题来摸清自己的阅读基础。
先给大家普及一下细节题的解题步骤:
1. 读题干,找出题干中的关键信息(就是题干提问的关键词)
2. 到文章中寻找关键信息对应的句子
3. 选择一个关键信息对应句子的同义改写选项
下面我们用一道例题加以说明:
T17-1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
Paragraph 3: ……Even if they hugged theAfrican coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the IndianOcean Shortly after 1400. Shipbuilders began developing a new type of vesselproperly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a widerand deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increasedstability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largestcaravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of thethrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held atriangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into avariety of positions to maneuver the ship.
8. According to paragraph 3, what did thelateen sail contribute to the caravel as a sailing ship?
○It provided stability for the front partof the ship.
○It made it possible for the hull to bewider and deeper.
○It added considerably to the speed of thewind-driven ship.
○It improved the capacity of the ship to beguided.
这道题题干中的关键词是lateen sail. 带着它回文中找到相关信息:while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called alateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver theship.这个句子比较长而且还出现了定语从句,开头还有一个托福阅读常考的词while,并不是一下子就可以顺译出来的,如果考托er们读不懂这个句子,大概会有如下两种情况:
第一种,如果托er们在这个句子中发现百分之五十以上的单词都不认识,那么同学们得赶紧回去背诵高中词汇,后期的学习计划就应该着重在大量时间花在单词背诵计划的制定上:高中词汇结束后再紧跟着背诵四级和托福词汇。而且考托er们再做题目的时候就不能一味地想要学习解题技巧,而应该着重基础的提升,无论是单词还是长难句。英文阅读和中文阅读一样,没有单词量的阅读就好像文盲读报纸,只能靠脑洞。
第二种,如果发现单词基本没问题,但是连which这个从句都不知道起什么作用,那么句法部分应该还有很大欠缺,尤其是从句部分知识。这种情况经常会出现在大学生群体中,他们的单词量经过四六级的洗礼已经比较拿的出手了,但是对于句法反倒没有高中生掌握的好,甚至遗忘比较严重,以至于读句子的时候多是把单词的意思往一起拼凑。这种学生通常会在做题时在迷惑性选项中一再栽跟头,因为无论原文还是选项他都是读得似懂非懂,就无法保证做题的正确率了。
针对这种情况我们的语法课程会把长难句中常见的几种情况,比如复杂修饰,插入语,非谓语动词等用至少半节课的时间详细讲解,并且要搭配10-20个典型的例句作为学生课下划分句子的练习;除此之外,在后期讲解题型时还需要时不时选择特别难的句子让学生做结构的划分和翻译,以此来查看学生的长难句划分能力是否有所进步。所以如果同学们发现自己的语法结构还不清楚,就速速来新东方开启课程之旅吧。
综上所述,细节题是一种看起来简单实际上很考察阅读基本功的题型,通过一道细节题就可以考察出自己的问题在哪里,以及以后学习中需要加以注意的地方。考托er们平时在做题的时候也要多加以总结和思考哦。
托福阅读备考之文章类型和做题技巧简介
托福阅读文章类型
新托福阅读的文体一般可分为说明(exposition)、议论(argumentation)和史实(historical)三类,而架构则常常会表现为分类(classification)、比较(comparison/contrast)、因果(cause/effect)、解疑(problem/solution)四种之一。由于每篇新托福考试阅读文章所对应的题型都至少会包含一道涉及对文章总体架构把握的多分值问题,上述文体方面的信息需要引起考生备考期间的充分注意。
新托福阅读的3或5篇700单词左右的文章全都节选自高校本科水平的教材,通常为针对某一学术领域的介绍。一般不做任何修改,从而能够更好地被用于评估考生在学术英语氛围下的阅读能力,因而所涉及的词汇量相对较大,但对于一些专业性较强的词汇仍会给出注释。主题广泛,但并不要求考生对其非常熟悉,这是由于所有被考察的信息都包括在文章之中。
阅读方法
从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是托福阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),即使你有“葵花宝典”在手,也只能命丧托福考试的“毒招”之下。所以,以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一种无用功。
主动地阅读文章的关键部位。采取“结构扫描”法分配阅读具体一篇文章。所谓结构,即文章的骨架。托福阅读文章是纯学术文章,是北美学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章,这些文章涉及人文社科各个方面。正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透,因为文章首句往往就是文章的主题。然后把首段的其它句子尽快略读,文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他的句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句的,没有必要每个句子都彻底看个明白。有时候,段落中个别句子理解难度大,而不涉及考题,在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。所以,采取“结构扫描”法,意味着以最快的方式了解文章大意,从而正确引导下一步做题,而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。
所谓主动阅读文章是指不能像一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物,文章的逻辑(logic)结构非常完整(complete)和严谨(rigorous),而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。若大家经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的四分三左右了。
更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强,而不是什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。平时还还是要多加练习。
备考积累
对长难句的把握要从熟悉长难句的成分,包括复杂修饰成分、插入语或同位语、倒装等;长难句的结构类型入手,然后对托福阅读长难句进行分析练习,练习到可以快速找到句子主干,在阅读中句子理解困难不大的水平。对文章的快速把握要从对文章标题理解并从标题中对文章有初步预测开始,接着考生需要分清文章重点和次重点,可以详略得当读文章,最后考生要学会猜测文章生词含义。总之要尽量扫清阅读障碍。对于托福阅读题型的机制掌握需要考生对托福阅读十大题型进行分类专项练习,可以直接选择TPO阅读题目对题型出题点、问法、一般步骤进行把握。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析:动物生存能力
托福阅读长难句:动物生存能力
If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
(虚拟语气)
【译句】如果不是具有这种能力,它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物,而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
分句1. If it were not for this faculty
分句2. they would devour all the food available in short time
分句3. would probably starve themselves out of existence
分句1 是虚拟语气的条件从句
分句2、3是并列关系,并且是主句。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析:守旧派小说
托福阅读长难句:守旧派小说
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth,Donald Barthelme,and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
(特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征)
【译句】尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰?巴思、唐纳德?巴塞尔姆和托马斯.品钦为代表)为特征的时代,乔伊斯?卡罗尔?欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点,有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。
分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth,Donald Barthelme,and Thomas Pynchon,
分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语,补充修饰period,相当于省略了 “which was”的定语从句。 分句2 是主句。
整个句子的难点在于找主句。 其实分句1的末尾是 “such as” 引导的三个人名的并列,在最后一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有“and”, 说明这个列举对象中的最后一个。所以整个句子的主干在T P 这个人后面出现。
篇2:托福听力备考资料选择建议
托福听力备考资料选择建议
托福听力教材速度稍快一点效果好
托福听力教材挑选首要一点就是材料中的语速要尽量比自身习惯的听力语速和考试的实际速度略快一点。为什么要这样?道理很简单,如果你平时都泛听语速快的材料,那么上了考场在心情比较紧张的情况下,你也不会觉得考试的材料语速很快。就如同举重运动员平时训练时,基本都会举起比真正比赛时更重的重量。这种提前做好准备的训练方法是很有实战应试意义的。
托福听力材料难度适当提升更有用
托福听力教材挑选时需要注意的第二点就是适当挑战自我。比如,平时泛听的材料里可以尽量使用一些含有更多听不出不认识的生词,更多不熟悉的话题场景,更多复杂的句型结构。这样做的目的和第一点类似,就是平时对自己要求高一些,考场上就会轻松许多。电影电视方面,什么样题材符合这点呢?比如法律、政治题材,都有这个特点。政客律师说话,逻辑性强,用词复杂,比较难懂,语速还快。这样适当提升难度的教材对提升大家听力水平是很有帮助的。
托福听力教材要具备标准语音
这一点说白了就是希望大家尽量挑一些带有美式英语口音的教材。托福虽然适用面广泛,但大部分时候其中包含的听力内容都是带有美式英语口音的。如果考生平时说的听的都是英式口音,那么很容易在考试时出现水土不服的问题,这就很容易影响考场发挥了。因此小编建议大家早做准备,尽量在备考中就开始接触一下美式口音的听力教材,为实战提前做好准备。
电影电视剧类听力材料要有充足对话
这一点也很好理解,考生在挑选听力备考教材时,可能经常会有一些类似寓教于乐的想法。想要放松没关系,但毕竟是为了训练听力,如果挑的都是一些基本没几句对白的大场面动作片那就主次颠倒了。所以如果真的是想要通过电影电视来训练托福听力,大家还是应该挑选一些具有更多对白的内容为佳。
托福听力考试为何会失分
失分点一:单词不熟
在托福听力考题中,场景类的材料占有很大的比重,其中涉及到很多有关场景类的词汇。这样一来,能否熟练的识别、拼写出场景词汇,成了能否取得高分的重要因素,尤其是一些出现频率不高、难度却较大的场景。例如托福听力考试中学习类场景的词汇:pass the exam with flying colors 意为以优异成绩通过考试,这里的flying colors就要特别记忆,不能只从字面上去理解;学科类的词汇相对来说比较难拼写,例如archaeology考古学,这个单词很容易拼写错误成archeology或者archaology,因此,平时要对这些比较长、有特殊含义的词汇或者词组多加记忆。
失分点二:速度太慢
有很多考生反映,考试时无法立刻进入状态,导致section 1做题时出现听力速度跟不上、走神、拼写反应慢等情况。要解决这样的问题,考生需要从进入考场前就做相应的准备,考试当天早晨,听一些跟考试难易程度比较接近的练习题,甚至进行一定的跟读,使耳朵在考试前就热身起来,转换到英语频道。考生在平时复习的时候可以刻意的在与听力考试相同的时间段内练习听力,这样长时间的坚持会让自己的耳朵在听力考试的时间段内很快进入状态,而不至于听完第一部分的听力后才开始有一点感觉。
失分点三:稳定情绪
在托福听力考试中,很多考生对于新托福考试的听力题感到陌生,因此在听力的第一道题上会感到很紧张,这样便导致了不能很快的进入考试状态,基本上第一篇听力都是错误连篇,因此考生需要在考试当天早上起来后听一些有关托福听力考试的练习题,这样可以保证在考试的时候不至于耳生,情绪也会相对的保持一个稳定的状态。
失分点四:忽略细节
在托福听力的考题中,只有20%的题目是主旨题,其余80%的题目为细节题,很多考生为了不让最后一道多选题失分(因为分值较高),在听力的过程中过多的注重结构和主题,而忽略了很多细节部分,导致在答题的时候对细节题选项中的至少两项不确定。
失分点五:时间掌控
由于新托福考试听力部分的考试类型的改变,导致很多中国考生对这样的考试很不习惯,因此在时间的掌控上会有许多学生出现问题,把大部分的时间纠缠在一道题目上,从而导致后面会做的题目做不完。在考场上如果出现这样的情况,考生应该先将这样的题目放过去,把下面会的题目先做完,然后根据该部分的剩余时间来决定还有没有进行深入分析的必要,比如该部分只剩下两分钟,而你有3道题比较纠结,这个时候就没有必要再去深入的分析,而要凭着自己的第一印象作答。
失分点六:信心不足
很多考生在听力考试中信心非常不足,在某些题上总是模棱两可,拿不定到底要选哪个,最后往往选择的都是错误的那个选项,建议考生在这样的题目上一定要保持清醒的头脑,一定要相信自己的第一印象。
托福听力需要留意的重点
1、试听和试音
很多人不重视这个步骤,只是简单履行程序,这是大错特错。硬件设备的性能直接影响我们的发挥。有这样一个考生,以往考试听力成绩都在24分以上,但最近一次由于在试听的时候没太在意,考试的时候发现听力设备有问题,一会听得见一会听不见,虽然后来考场采取了一定的措施,但结果听力只有19分。这不是故事,是一件真实的事件。这个故事告诉我们,考试是一件大事,任何一个环节都不能大意。
2、机考过程中的外来干扰
托福考场的乱人尽皆知。先到先考,每个考生的进度都不一样。所以,在你想安心做听力的时候,可能会看到在教室里往返穿梭的身影,听到他们不大不小刚好踩在你心头的脚步声,还有地板轻微的震动,更厉害的是口语战士们高亢、洪亮的的音频,正宗、纯粹、地道的中国英语(或支离破碎、体无完肤的不知道哪国的英语)。凡此种.种,全都出现在你的耳畔、眼前,乃至心头,挥之不去,严重分散你的注意力。
对策:没有什么特效的解决办法,只能尽可能集中注意力,尽量减少这些因素对自己的干扰:把耳机音量调大,压制住外来的声音;把视野缩小到笔尖、屏幕;摄敛心神,让思想单纯起来,只思考听到的东西。这些都需要平时练习中就多加注意,
3、耐力和毅力
除英语能力,托福还考察耐力。持续近4个小时的考试对中国考生来讲是前所未有的挑战,而单是听力部分就要60-90分钟,并且要注意力集中,一不留神就会错过一些重要的信息点。很多人无法适应这么长时间的煎熬,到听力后半段就会烦躁,而且可能会厌烦这种考试,主观上产生排斥,那么后面的内容就更听的云里雾里了。
对策:关于这一点,我要提醒各位考生的是,考试绝不是要你意气用事。我们坐在那里是要来解决问题的,绝不是让你表达你对这种模式的喜好和厌恶。即使你发觉自己有些烦躁,也要尽量平静自己的情绪,不能任其继续扩大。不妨将这看作是对自己的挑战,看看自己能不能战胜自己。如果能,相信你也必将克服外来的任何困难。
4、加试和机经
加试的题目不算分,这个大家都知道,但这不是金科玉律。有考生反映自己认出了加试题所以没有认真做,但最终的听力成绩和以往差很多。所以,到底哪个是加试题目,也许不能仅凭网络上的总结来判定。
对策:我建议把经典加试题或者机经看做是背景材料,遇到我们熟悉的加试题或者机经,依然要认真听,认真做题,把之前看过的机经用来帮助理解,这样才能万无一失。
另外顺便说一句,加试的不一定就是阅读和听力中的一个,少数情况下存在双加试的现象,要有心理准备。
5、听与记
很多人喜欢把尽可能多的内容记在纸上,结果反而导致很多信息没听到。实际上,这是一个误区。人是有记忆力的,我们要尽量把听到的信息记在脑子里,不是纸上。记笔记固然重要,但只是为了提示我们,而不是要我们到笔记里去找信息,否则不是和阅读没什么区别?所以,听力,重在听,不在记。我们记录的可能只是支离破碎的几个字母组合,但我们自己要能根据这些残破的内容整合出原文的框架。至于具体信息,要靠我们脑子中的记录和自己的思考来进行整合,用以解答问题。
对策:笔记着重记录线索词:首句关键词,层次线索词,逻辑关系词,重要细节的中心词,最后还有我们没听懂的个别重要词汇。
托福听力
篇3:托福阅读备考资料使用指南
托福阅读备考资料使用指南 优质教材也要掌握合理用法
从心态上摆脱对真题预测的依赖
很多考生对于托福阅读真题预测有着盲目的新人,觉得准备托福阅读时狂练真题就够了,认为背了真题考试时就可以万事大吉。甚至有些同学的托福阅读备考方式就是背真题、看真题,把预测当成最有效的提分法宝。这种过于极端的做法无疑是错误的。托福考试考得不是记忆力而是语言能力,因此托福阅读真题预测能够带给大家的帮助其实也是有限的,是建立在考生本身具备足够的阅读能力才能体现出实际价值的。因此,小编建议大家在准备托福阅读时别太过于迷信预测,不要认为背了真题预测考试时问题就能迎刃而解,请从心态上就摆脱对托福阅读真题预测的依赖。
托福阅读真题预测依赖考后回忆质量存疑
关于这一点,相信大家如果找过比较多的预测就能发现一些端倪。实际上很多来源渠道不太靠谱的所谓真题预测都存在一些质量方面的问题。这是因为很多托福阅读真题是靠考完试的同学回忆整理得来的,而这些回忆托福阅读真题的考生本身的水平就参差不齐,回忆的内容不完整或者出现疏漏甚至错误的情况比比皆是,他们给出的答案自然正确率也无法保证。而即便是答案全对,在托福考试本身相当紧张的时间流程压力下,这些考生也难免会出现回忆中漏题或记错题等等问题,这就让这些托福阅读真题预测的准确性值得商榷了。
托福阅读真题预测题目变体多答案不靠谱
除了考后回忆出的预测存在质量问题外,还有一点也让托福阅读真题预测的价值受到质疑,这就是所谓的变体题现象。具体来说,ETS其实对于大家会在考后回忆整理真题的情况并非完全不知情,而其应对方法也非常简单,那就是更改题目,背过托福阅读真题的考生可能会发现,每次考试即便阅读文章还是旧的文章,但出现的题目却并不是完全一样的。也就是说,ETS的托福阅读题库中,对于每一篇文章并不是只有12-14道固定的题目。因为每名考生在2次考试中遇到同一篇考试的概率不大,所以大家会觉得文章都是重复的。但其实每次的考题常会有所出入。这些题目就是所谓的变体题。特别是托福阅读真题中的词汇题、插入句子题、简化句子题等都是很容易进行改动的。而哪怕是稍微复杂一些的细节题和要点总结题,选项也是可以很容易改变的。因此,如果考生在托福阅读真题使用过程中强行去背诵答案,那么实际上遭遇变体后反而会受到真题影响而做出错误选择。
托福阅读真题真实价值和用法讲解
那么托福阅读真题对于大家来说,到底有什么用途呢?首先,我们如果熟悉托福阅读常考的文章和背景,在读文章的时候就可能比较容易预测出文章到底会说些什么。第二,我们可以根据阅读考试真题的文章,自己到微软大百科、维基百科或是大英百科全书中去做一些相关的英文背景阅读,这些也是题库资源所在,背景阅读可以帮助大家熟悉各个领域中的常见背景词汇,为大家的阅读考试扫清障碍。第三,考生有时候看托福阅读真题并非为了真正能记住多少东西,而只是考前看些预测增加一些自信建立一定的心理优势,看过了预测觉得心里有底,这种心态其实在考生中还是很常见的,哪怕做到最后发现并没有遇到真题预测里的题目,但至少大家踏上考场开始动笔的那一刻多少都是有一些信心的。单从这个角度来看,托福阅读真题也是很有帮助的。
托福阅读插入题解题本质及原则解析
托福阅读句子插入题本质:插入句“可有可无”
本题的出题位置大家比较清楚,一般处于倒数第二题的位置,并且用来出题的段落是大家应该在前面的题目中已经见到过,而之前的题目和文章既然大家理解起来没有出现大的障碍,就说明插入进来的句子是一句可有可无的话。这就要从两个方面来理解了。
何为“可有”?
既然插入句能放进原文中去,就说明它和原文是有一定关系的,所以叫“可有”,这也就意味着,插入句的部分含义是在原文中有所重复的。所以我们的重点是回到文中找那部分被重复的句意。例如:
█Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry fromdependence on running water. █The engine eliminated water in the mines by drivingefficient pumps, which m-ade possible deeper and deeper mining. █The ready availability ofcoal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttimeillumination to be discovered in a mill-ennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps andflickering candles, a-nd early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed togaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while dependingon charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: b-last furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became themotive force of the Industrial Revolu-tion as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
(托福官方真题6-Powering the Industrial Revolution)
Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence coul-d be added tothe passage.
The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to th-e factories.
Where would the sentence best fit?
在上题中,“liberated industry from dependence on running water”和 “The factories did not have to go to the streams”句意便发生了重合。所以我们可以确定,文中第二句话的前后应该是我们可以选择的范围。
何为“可无”?
这个便是经常被大家忽略的地方。既然这句话,可以省略,那么这个插入句究竟要符合什么特点呢?还是以上题为例,我们发现 “liberated industry from dependence on running water”和 “The factories didnot have to go to the streams”句意发生了重合,那究竟应该把插入句放在第二个█还是第三个█呢?这时就需要分情况讨论了:
情况1:放在第二个█,也就是说我们认为插入句是和下文有关系,既然要符合“可无”这个本质,所以说插入句必须是对下文概括或者引出。
情况2:放在第三个█,也就是说我们认为插入句是和上文有关系,既然要符合“可无”这个本质,所以说插入句必须是对上文进一步解释。
综合以上两种情况,我们会发现,插入句要么总结引出下文,要么进一步解释上文。所以我们会发现,在插入题中,前一句的叙述范围应该总比后一句大。
根据上述内容,也就引出了我们需要注意的一个非常重要的做题原则:
托福阅读句子插入题原则介绍
在插入题中,句子的叙述顺序遵循从大到小,从抽象到具体的原则。找到重复的句意后,按照大小顺序安置插入句的位置。
在上题中,“liberated industry from dependence on running water”的意思是解放了工厂对水流的依赖。 “The factories did not have to go to the streams”的意思是工厂不用去往河流的位置。显然前者说得更概括和抽象,后者更具体,所以按照从大到小的顺序,应该选择第二个█。
托福阅读句子插入题本质原则实例讲解
Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced newforms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching e-xamples is the impact of thefine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain ware-s imported into the Arab world. █So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the meth-od of their manufacture. █From the MiddleEast the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable atthat time in China—that contained only a low l-evel of manganese. Cobalt ores found in Chinahave a high manganese conte-nt, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. █In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Com-pany resulted in vastquantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brough-t to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. █The Chinese themselvesadapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, anddesigned a range of decorative pattern-s especially for the European market.
(托福官方真题10-Chinese Pottery)
Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added tothe passage.
Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.
Where could the sentence best fit?
四个方法帮你突破托福阅读词汇难点
方法一Cluster背单词
很不幸,cluster这个看起来奇奇怪怪的单词也是我们托福阅读的必备词汇,意为“群,簇,组”。而“cluster背单词”显然就是成组记忆单词,不要孤零零的死记硬背单词,可以同时记忆某个单词的同义词、反义词、派生词。例如在记忆establish的时候,同时记住set up、found、construct等同为“建立”的单词。所以建议同学们,在选择单词书的时候尽可能挑选同时有这些词汇的书。
方法二联想记忆法
这种方法我会分成按照单词发音联想的“谐音记忆法”以及按照拼写去联想的“拼写联想法”。
谐音很简单就是我们利用单词的发音去联想跟单词意思相关的有趣的中文,例如ambition,发音很像“俺必胜”,很便于我们记住这个单词“雄心、有抱负”的意思。再如根据ponderous的发音,可以联想成“胖的要死”,一般很胖的人是不是行动比较笨拙缓慢呢?所以这个单词的意思就记住了。
“拼写联想法”可以先根据单词的拼写进行拆分,然后进行联想相关的中文意思。例如,perseverance对于很多学生来说非常难记,我们将其拆分为三个部分:pers/ever/ance, pers联想成person,ever这个单词本身有“永远,一直”的意思,ance联想成dance,那么合起来就是一个人一直在跳舞,我们都知道,跳舞也是需要坚持不懈刻苦训练的,所以往这个单词的意思去靠就是“坚持不懈、不屈不挠”的意思。
方法三生活记忆法
现在生活中英文随处可见,那么大家是不是可以避免做低头族,善于发现并记住你周围的英文呢?因为这些单词既然放在大众的眼光之下,就说明它们足够实用足够重要!两张图给大家示范:
方法四词根词缀记忆法
了解一定的词根词缀,不仅帮助我们快速的记忆很多单词,同时还有助于学生在阅读的时候对生词进行猜测。例如,male我们知道是“男性”的意思,我们可以假设男人都是“坏”的,所以利用联想法可以记住“mal”这个前缀表示“坏”,那么malnutrition就很容易记住意思为“营养不良”,同样,malfunction“功能故障”,maltreat “虐待“。再例如,表示“前”的前缀除了有pre、pro等之外,还有一个fore,例如forefather “祖先”,forerunner “先驱者”,foresight “先见,远见”等。
所以,同学们平时注意多积累总结常见的词根词缀,甚至去网上搜索别人总结出来的词根词缀直接记忆,帮助我们高效记忆单词。
除此之外,建议大家:
一、背单词要趁早,不要拖。我有很多学生说我先上完课再记单词,不可能的!记单词一定要贯穿学习的始末,等上完课就没时间记了,没有词汇量,托福是不可能考高分的;
二、坚持坚持坚持!记单词是痛苦的,但是当你坚持每天50个,一个月之后,一定会发现做题顺畅一些,两个月后,正确率上去了,三个月后,你的难点已经不是词汇量了!自信心也是这样慢慢建立起来的;
三、复习复习复习!真正做到过目不忘的是天才了吧,可是我们绝大多数都不是!所以一定要及时复习,否则今天背的单词,一周后再见仍然要当作重新背。
托福口语如何自然过渡话题观点?这些过渡词短句值得使用
托福词汇过渡是评分要点
你是否有过这样的经历:和某人交谈时,对方突然转变话题,从一个句子到另一个句子? 如此谈话非常容易让人产生困惑。
当你交谈时,你需要帮助听你说话的人能轻易理解你在说什么。过渡词语是顺利实现从一个话题过度到另一个话题的一个有效方法。今天,我们来看一下你可能在TOEFL iBT?口语部分中使用的用于提高信息输出及话题转换的特定的过渡词语及短语:判分官会进行评分的两大关键领域。
托福口语过渡词句使用实例分析
就口语部分而言,你无需像写论文一样组织你的口语答案。但是,评委将会根据你反应的流畅程度;连贯程度以及你的观点之间关系的清晰度对你进行评分。常用的过渡词语及短语将帮助你实现这一目标。让我们看一个例子:
“My school offers an excellent study abroad program in Europe. However, I always wanted to study abroad in the United States.”
这种情况下,使用了过渡词“however”连接两个不同的观点。
不同情景下的过渡词句分享
这儿有一些其他例子你可能会在不同情景的下使用它们:
相似观点之间的过渡:
Likewise
Similarly
向示例的过渡:
For example
To illustrate the point
详细阐述一个观点:
In addition
Also
表示因果关系:
Therefore
As a result
这仅仅只是一些你能用到的常用过渡词语及短语的例子。保持练习,你将很快发现你能够更自然,更自信地与他人交谈。
篇4:托福阅读5大类高频话题考点难点分析
托福阅读高效备考要按话题热门程度准备
虽然托福阅读的话题选材范围很广,涉及到的不同学科内容也非常多,但其实不同话题出现在考试当中的频率还是有明显差异的。根据一些托福资深教学人员的统计数据来看,托福阅读中,涉及到生物习性、古代文明、工农业发展、天文地理以及恐龙灭绝这5大类话题的文章占总文章的80%,剩下20%才是其它类型话题的相关文章。因此,考生在备考中如果想要按照高频话题的分类来进行准备,那么高效率的学习方式就是先从这五大类话题入手来进行准备了。
篇5:托福阅读5大类高频话题考点难点分析
接下来小编就来为大家逐一分析这5大类高频话题的考点难点:
生物习性类话题
首先要为大家分析的是托福阅读中最为高频,几乎每场考试都必然会出现的生物习性类话题,这类话题主要涉及的是动植物类有关的主题,当然动物类主题数量会更多一些。这些话题的内容基本都是围绕介绍动物的某类特点习性来展开的,因此其文章主题会非常明确,比如鸟类的叫声、雄性动物的求偶行为、特定动物的交流方式、鱼类的洄游特性等等。总而言之,小编相信大家在平时做练习时也会经常遇到生物习性类话题,大家要做的除了看懂文章做题以外,尽可能多的收集一些涉及生物学的专业术语词汇是很有必要的。当然,一些常见的生物学词汇不需要大家背得滚瓜烂熟,只要能看到词汇想起大概的意思,能够有助阅读理解就足够了。
古代文明话题
古代文明及其历史发展也是ETS非常喜欢的一类话题,特别是涉及到欧洲古文明的内容更是托福阅读的心头好,比如比较有名的罗马文化、希腊文化就是相当热门的话题。当然,大家不要觉得自己对这些文化内容略知一二就能放松警惕,实际上但凡涉及这类话题的文章,其知识点的挖掘都是比较有深度的,很可能出现一些非常古怪让大家不明觉厉的术语,而小编也希望大家能够加深对这类文章背景知识的认识和了解,为之后考试提前做好准备。
工农业发展类话题
接下里要说的是同属于历史类话题范畴下的工农业发展类话题,这类话题本身就比较冷门,相信平时会关注这方面内容的同学并不会太多。即便有喜欢研究历史的同学可能也更愿意了解历史名人事迹,对于工农业发展这种一听就有些枯燥乏味的内容大家可能不会太关心。而这类话题中比较常见的主题有英国工业革命以及美国工农业发展等等,其特点是文章内会包含大量的细节信息,考生在阅读时请注意多加留意勤做记录,确保答题不会出现遗漏。
天文地理类话题
天文地理类话题也算是比较传统的一个高频话题类型了。这类话题从宇宙中的各种现象和常识,到地球上的环境变化自然灾害等等几乎无所不包。而考虑到其涉及的话题内容大家日常关注的会比较少,但又因为各类经常刷屏的天文地理方面的新发现而对不少词汇一知半解,所以其文章内容会有较大的概率出现一些新发现的天文地理信息相关话题。因此小编建议大家如果平时看新闻时又看到了这方面的新发现内容,及时去了解一些相关的术语词汇保留一个基础印象,也许到了考试中会有额外的收获。
恐龙灭绝类话题
最后这一类话题可以说是不少同学比较头疼的话题了。恐龙灭绝话题一直是ETS比较喜欢的一个话题,围绕这个话题展开的主题一般分为两类,一类涉及到比较具体的某种特定恐龙的灭绝原因,另一种则是对恐龙灭绝现象进行整体性的原因探索。其难点主要也有两个,一个是许多恐龙的名称是在我们看来非常怪异的术语词汇,考生面对这类词汇基本上都是看不懂这是什么龙的,因此大家需要习惯直接无视其术语名字来看文章做题。另一个难点则在于这类话题经常和天文地理知识穿插在一起,比如气候变化、陨石撞击以及地貌改变等等,这种混合话题的文章术语更多,难度也往往更大一些,大家需要提前做好准备。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:new candid photography...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.
词汇讲解:
candid photography n. 快拍摄影
subject n. 对象
radical /'r?d?kl/ adj. 根本的,基本的,彻底的
crop v. 剪短
impose /?m'p??z/ v. 将某事物强加於
compositional adj. 组成的
结构划分:
The new candid photography—(unposed pictures) (that were made) (when the subjects were unaware) (that their pictures were being taken)—confirmed these scientific results, and (at the same time), (thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images)(that the camera often imposed), suggested new compositional formats.
深度分析:
这个句子主干:
The new candid photography confirmed these scientific results and suggested new compositional formats.
修饰一:(unposed pictures) ,非谓语动词,修饰The new candid photography
中文:没有摆拍的照片
修饰二:(that were made) ,从句,修饰unposed pictures
中文:被拍
修饰三:(when the subjects were unaware) ,从句
中文:当对象没有意识到
修饰四:(that their pictures were beingtaken),从句
中文:他们正在被拍
修饰五:(at the same time) ,介词短语
中文:同时
修饰六:(thanks to the radical cropping(trimming) of images) ,介词短语
中文:由于对于图像彻底的裁剪
修饰七:(that the camera often imposed) ,从句
中文:相机经常自带有
参考翻译:
这种新的快拍摄影——在对象没有意识到他们正在被拍时,没有摆拍的照片——证实了这些科学结果,与此同时,由于相机经常自带对于图像彻底的裁剪,表明了新的构图方式。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The images produced...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper,were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.
词汇讲解:
camera obscura n. 暗箱
pinhole n. 小孔,针孔
topographical /?t?p?'ɡr?fik?l/ adj. 地形上的,地形学的
结构划分:
The images (produced by the camera obscura), (a boxlike device) (that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper), were already familiar—the device had been much employed (bytopographical artists) (like the Italian painter Canaletto) (in his detailed views of the city of Venice).
深度分析:
这个句子的主干就是The images were already familiar
本句中的断句请特别注意一下,主语和谓语被非谓语动词以及从句隔开了。
修饰一:(produced by the camera obscura) ,非谓语动词,修饰the images
中文:由暗箱所产生的
修饰二:(a boxlike device) ,同位语
中文:盒装设备
修饰三:(that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper) ,从句,修饰a boxlike device)
中文:用一个小孔或透镜把一张图像投射到一块毛玻璃或一张纸上
修饰四:(by topographical artists) ,介词短语
中文:通过地形艺术家
修饰五:(like the Italian painter Canaletto),介词短语
中文:像意大利画家Canaletto
修饰六:(in his detailed views of the city of Venice),介词短语
中文:在详细呈现威尼斯风景时
参考翻译:
由暗箱(一种盒装设备,用一个小孔或透镜把一张图像投射到一块毛玻璃或一张纸上)所产生的图像已经很熟悉了——这种设备已经被地形艺术家使用,例如意大利画家Canaletto在详细呈现威尼斯风景时使用了这种设备。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:The frequency with...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North indesert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.
词汇讲解:
motif /m??'ti?f/ n. 装饰的图案或式样;(音乐的)乐旨,(文学的)主题.
term n. 术语
peck /pek/ v. <鸟>以喙啄
结构划分:
The frequency (with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites) has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—alabel (which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desertSouth Australia),(which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.)
深度分析:
这个句子的主干:The frequency has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term
注意这里的lead...to短语
修饰一:(with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites) ,从句,修饰the frequency
中文:一些简单图案出现在这些最古老遗址上
修饰二:(which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia) ,从句修饰a label,注意这个从句里面还有两个介词短语:
which takes its name (from the extensive rock pavements)(at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia)
(from the extensive rock pavements) ,来自宽广的岩石路面
(at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia),在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North
中文:取名于在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North宽广的岩石路面
修饰三:(which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface.) ,从句,修饰rock pavements,注意这个从句里面还有个非谓语动词:
which are covered with motifs (pecked into the surface.)
(pecked into the surface.),刻进路面
中文:这些路面被刻进表面的图案所覆盖
参考翻译:
一些简单图案出现在这些最古老遗址上的频率使得岩石艺术研究人员采用了一个描述性的术语——Panaramitee风格——这个称号取名于在澳大利亚南部沙漠Panaramitee North宽广的岩石路面,这些路面被刻进表面的图案所覆盖。
篇6:解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题
汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题
托福阅读高频难点题型:主旨题
主旨题有三种:A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题,建议考生把这道题放在最后做,因为做其他题时,考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节,在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解,最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。
托福阅读高频难点题型:列举题
列举题有两种:A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类:一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示,回归文章找到一句话,这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类:局部列举。根据题意,回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类:段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句,即三个选项的内容在这段出现,不涉及到其他段落;第四类:文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题,根据题序做题,不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。
托福阅读高频难点题型:文章结论题
文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的,题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局:为文章第一道题时,相当于文章主旨题,应放在最后一道题时,有可能针对文章最后部分,也有可能针对整篇文章,但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析,并不一定是面对整个文章。
托福阅读高频难点题型:作者态度题
作者态度题分为两种:A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题,它涉及通篇文章,要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题,也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题,因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点,而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活,往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法,题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域,考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候,某个选项从作者的表达相悖,因此,做作者态度题时,考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。
托福阅读高频难点题型:文章结构题
文章结构题三种:A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句,因为文章首句承上启下,尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走:第一、读文章每段首句,文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面,下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题,即竖看文章每段首句,横看文章最后一句,其他句子是文章所讲内容,而不是下面将要讲的内容,往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题,只需要读文章每段首句即可,因为这些句子是文章框架。
托福阅读背景知识汇总之睡与梦
睡与梦( dream and sleep)
梦是生活中难解之谜,自古以来引起各种各样的解释和猜想。释梦几乎是精神分析医生及占卜者所独有。笔者就近期对脑电波、香味、音乐与气功的研究科学观点出发,尝试努力把哲学、生理学、心理学及脑科学知识融为一体客观地去探索“睡与梦”的机理,寻找启发性新理论来满足科学及哲学范畴对“睡与梦”解释的需要。透过对“睡与梦”探讨过程,希能使朋友们更好地去认识您自己,发掘自己的潜能。
托福阅读背景知识汇总之梦境的解释
对梦的解释不论古今中外都引起广泛兴趣及争论,大致可分脑神经生理学及精神分析学两学派:
1.脑神经生理学者克里克“F.Crick”是近代代表者。
他认为做事是为了整理记忆,梦并不是提醒我们什麽,而是通过快波睡眠忘记无用讯息,避免储存讯息过度饱和而造成混乱。做事时主要是大脑的脑干部份产生兴奋,发出讯号引起脑视觉区出现影像,前脑把传送到视觉区讯号勉强编成梦,若浪费精力去解释梦意义是毫无价值。
2.精神分析学者佛浴伊德“S.Freud”认为:人有根多欲望和想法被压抑在潜意识深处。入睡後,彼压抑的欲望和观念便会在梦中偷偷进入意识里,但它们是经过化装的,真实意义已经过象征化或符号化。对梦作分析可以了解压抑与问题所在“也可预先参考图二”。
从电脑学发掘“梦”的新理论
快波睡眠等于做梦吗?实验报告证明快波睡眠期约有百分之七十机会做梦。但如果说快波睡眠就是做梦期,在母体内的胎儿及新生儿,快波睡眠高达百分之五十五至百分百。为什麽人生经验几乎是零的胎儿及新生儿,脑中还有什麽压抑欲望或无用讯息须花费那麽多时间去做梦?不论克里克或佛洛伊德的理论都无法获得满意答案。纽曼“Snowman”和伊凡斯“Cleans”两位学者提出从电脑角度去胁助理解人脑做梦机制,他们把人脑入睡後不能感知外界讯息时比拟电脑需暂停正常运作始能输入新程式或修改旧程式,来解释快波睡眠期可能是人脑在膳录或修改程式的时刻。此新启发性理论可满意解释胎儿及新生儿需要那麽长的快波睡眠,因为他们脑中的蛋白质分子正忙著在其脑纹上膳录生存本能及生活所必需的大量程式。此电脑程式观点不仅能把佛洛伊德和克里克理论互相沟通,同时对于析解各种人脑之谜注前迈跨一步。
篇7:全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词
全面解析托福阅读5大类信号词 提速要先搞懂它们
1. 表示结论/总结的信号词:
In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时,应格外留心注意,它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有:
as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word
2. 显示相同信息的信号词:
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此,阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括:and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example
3. 显示思路转折的信号词:
I’d like to go but I’m too busy.
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时,碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度,以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有:
although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet
4. 显示因果关系的信号词:
As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有:for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently
5. 显示顺序的信号词:
Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序,也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括:
first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题
READING COMPREHENSION
Question 1-10
The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, ”the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population
(B) The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement
(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution
(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution
2.The word “naturally” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsurprisingly
(B) gradually
(C) apparently
(D) safely
3. The expression “make the most of” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) get the best yield from
(B) raise the price of
(C) exaggerate the worth of
(D) earn a living on
4. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (line 3-5)?
(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.
(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did.
(C) The United States was finally running out of good farmland.
(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.
5.The word “here” in line 4 refers to
(A) Europe
(B) United States
(C) New Jersey
(D) Indiana
6. What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on
their backs.
(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.
(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant.
(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.
(D) New tools were designed to be portable.
7. When was the iron plow invented?
(A)In 1790.
(B) In the early 1800 s.
(C) In 1869.
(D) In the early 1900 s.
8. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true?
(A) He was James Oliver s assistant.
(B) He was born in Europe.
(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.
(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.
9. The word “it” in line 12 refers to
(A) scientific agriculture
(B) James Oliver s invention
(C) the cast-iron plow
(D) Charles Newbold s fortune
10. Why did farmers reject Newbold s plow?
(A) Their horses were frightened by it.
(B) They preferred lighter tools.
(C) It was too expensive.
(D) They thought it would ruin the land.
托福考试阅读长句练习
Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
= Though historically there is a discernible break/ between Jewish law/ of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora/ (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel)/, the spirit of the legal matter/ in later parts of the Old Testament/ is very close to that of the Talmud/, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
#虽然历史上看/,有一个明显的断裂/在犹太法律之间/独立主权国家的古代以色列(时期)的/与Diaspora时期(的犹太法律)/,(即古代犹太人被流放以色列被征服后)/,但是法律内容的精神/《旧约全书》后半部分中的/与《犹太教法典》的很相近/,《犹太教法典》是指犹太法律的主要典籍之一/在Diaspora时期。
.个句子比较长,也比较复杂, 有的地方很有迷惑性, 如: between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora 是指在不同时期的犹太法律之间, 如果改成 and that of Diaspora 就很容易理解了;此外,由于涉及到历史方面的内容,有些专有名词认识就反映不认识就过去。
篇8:托福阅读的权威备考资料
托福阅读的权威备考资料
托福阅读备考中推荐使用的主要材料有:托福官方指南(OG),TPO1-31,老托福阅读100篇。
首先说OG,这本书对于初学者来说是比较重要的。拿到手时,先看一下36页到60页的内容,涉及十大题型的介绍,每个题型下面都有相应例题。在所有题型介绍完之后,有六篇和考试相仿的文章,可以挑出其中一篇或三篇用于自测。书中所附的答案都有详尽的解释。在上任何辅导班之前,都有必要自己先了解一下,这一方面在于摸清自己的水平,一方面也能提高之后首次课的听课效率。
其次是需要重点利用的材料,TPO1-31。TPO(TOEFL Practice Online)本来是在线测试的题目,现在在网络上都能找到模考软件版和word文档版,也可以直接找同学老师拷贝。不定期会有更新,现在一共出到了31套,也就是有93篇文章,相较于OG上面的文章来说。TPO 的难度是有所提升的 (新版OG的3套练习均来自TPO)。TPO是托福考试的出题者制作的,是接近考试难度的备考材料。任何主流的辅导班,基本都是以此为重点加以讲解分析。因此,TPO在质和量上都能满足任何学霸。
经常有学生问是不是越到后面的文章越难,但其实难度分布没有这一规律。如TPO1-2、8-3、9-2、13-2、16-2、19-1、19-3就比后面很多文章难得很多。使用方法是:
1、利用word版,从TPO1到10,可以按照OG中十大题型(除了内容小结题和图表题)的分类进行专门的题型练习,结合OG总结出一套自己的做题方法。
2、利用word版,从TPO10到15,进行整篇文章的整合训练,看前面所有的题型结合起来,在整篇文章中是如何能起到相互弥补的作用。这时的练习不需要计时。关键在于吃透题目、段落之间的关系。总结出内容小结题和图表题的做题方法,同时回顾之前篇章的这两个题目。
3、利用word版,从TPO16到20,整篇文章的计时练习。时间可以由慢到快(25分钟到23分钟再到20分钟)。分析错题原因的同时分析哪些题目上需要提速。
4、利用模考软件版,从TPO21到31,可以根据自己在步骤3中的情况,选择继续坚持整篇练习或者开始整套(1小时)练习。
上述过程中所有做过的题目,使用word版保存错题,错题分析要找到原文对应依据,写出自己当时的思路,分析自己的错因,以备在所有TPO做完之后再一次回顾错题,考前复习。另外,从TPO1开始,建立一个exel表格,养成整理生词的习惯,供反复复习。
后说一下老托阅读100篇的使用。该材料可以在网络上搜到。这个是之前老托考试的题目,词语和句子的难度上不亚于新托福,但是题目难度上不高。每篇文章是新托的一半,即350字左右。对于基础薄弱的学员不推荐使用(基础薄弱的学员先背好四级单词,把OG上15篇文章全部翻译弄懂,然后就可以开始TPO了),而对于已经把TPO做得滚瓜烂熟又比较空虚的学员,可以用老托来对自己的托福单词查缺补漏,长句子可以练习翻译断句。题目因为在难度上与新托福有差距,并不推荐花太多时间去做和研究。对于题目的研究,精力集中在TPO的错题上是的。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word They in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler
than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) gradient (line 8)
(C) incubation (line 15)
(D) embryo (line 22)
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word They in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.
托福阅读的权威备考资料
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