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托福阅读备考之代词的应用

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“芥末拿铁”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇托福阅读备考之代词的应用，以下是小编为大家准备的托福阅读备考之代词的应用，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。

托福阅读备考之代词的应用

篇1：托福阅读备考之代词的应用

托福阅读备考之代词的应用

在托福阅读中，指代题虽然题量不大，但是除了指代题之外，事实信息题、句子插入题以及推断题的很多考点就是清楚地知道代词的指代。如果我们准确领悟代词的指代，很多题目都可以迎刃而解。

下面将从指代题、事实信息题和推断题入手，逐一分析代词指代的重要性。

1、指代题

例题1：

Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

The word they in the passage refers to

○valleys

○trees

○heights

○ridges

首先，在考察指代题时，代词“they”在题干中打上阴影，并且原文中代词“they”也打上了阴影，所以指代题不需要定位。

其次，在解答指代题时，我们只需要看两句话，一是代词所在的这句，二是前面一句。以这道题为例，我们这句话是由since引导的原因状语从句，主句的主语是trees, 然后trees所在的这句话又接了个even though引导的让步状语从句，而从句中的主语是代词，很明显它指代的就是主句中的主语，所以答案是“trees”。所以我们得出了一条规律：在主从复合句中，主语应该是一致的。

例题2：

Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

The word them in the passage refers to

○workers

○political party loyalties

○disagreements over tactics

○agents of opportunity

拿到这道题，我们发现代词“them”在这句话的句首，for them对他们来说，所以这道题的指代在上一句中。我们不难发现，上一句话中出现了大量的名词短语的并列，而选项中B和C在原文中是以并列形式出现的，表明重要性一致，所以优先排除这两个选项，那么上句话中一提到的名词又在选项中出现的，只有A。

提醒广大托儿们，当两个选项在文中是以并列或列举形式出现，那么我们首先先排除这两个选项。

2、事实信息题

例题1：

Paragraph 3: The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals.

According to paragraph 3, scholars explained chips in the painted figures of animals by proposing that

○Upper Paleolithic artists used marks to record the animals they had seen

○the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals for hunting

○the artists had removed rough spots on the cave walls

○Upper Paleolithic people used the paintings to increase their luck at hunting

事实信息题主要考察的就是准确定位和同义转换的能力，所以只需要带着题干中的信息到文章定位，阅读相关的一两句话，找到同义改写，即能选出答案。但是对众多考生来说，准确定位不难，但是到底我们应该阅读定位信息的什么地方，前面还是后面，亦或是该句本身?

首先，题干中的名词：chips是解题关键，到文中定位到第七行倒数第二个单词，我们发现这句话的主语是this theory, 所以chips想要提出的理论，应该在上句话中。往前看一句，我们发现该句的主语是another explanation, 很明显这是段落的分论点二，所以答案就是这一句，画动物的理由是improve their luck at hunting, 选项D地表达了这个概念。

3、推断题

推断题一直都被很多学生“嫌弃”，因为它太难了，正确率总是提不上来，要不就是不知道怎么推断，要不就是过度臆想，反正就是想不通答案的来源。而今天朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们将从代词指代的角度帮助大家解决推断题。

例题1：

Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

○They are considered by some to be reptiles.

○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

○They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

○They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

首先：题干中出现“infer”、“imply”和“indicate”表明它是推断题，顾名思义，推断题的答案文中没有明确给出，但是答案一定基于原文，一定是原文的合理推断，不能妄自联想和猜想。我们通过题干中的一名词“whale”定位，发现它在第二行，我们很快也发现这句话的主语是：leatherback turtle, whale只是和它有类比关系，他们很相像，因为文中出现了“the leatherback turtle is more like a reptilian whale.” 紧接着我们看到下一句：it swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans, 这句话中出现代词it, 很明显指代的是上句话中：leatherback turtle, 但是turtle和whale是类比关系，所以turtle能做的事，whale也可以，所以答案和在冰冷的海水中可以游得很远有关，所以答案是B。

通过上述三个题型的讲解，我们不难发现很多托福阅读的题型的解题方法都离不开代词的指代，这就要求我们以后在阅读文章时，多问问自己这些代词的指代，加以时日的练习，我们一定能在托福阅读的题型解法上有突飞猛进的进步。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.

After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. Combines were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneous operation.

The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.

1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly

discuss?

(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production

(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms

(D) The increase in the number of people farming

2. The word crucial in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) unbelievable

(D) desirable

3. The phrase avail themselves in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) take care

(B) make use

(D) do more

4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?

(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.

(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.

(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.

5. The passage supports which of the following statements about machinery after the Civil War?

(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.

(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.

(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.

6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each

(A) could perform more than one function

(B) required relatively little power to operate

(D) required two people to operate

7. The word they in line 19 refers to

(A) grain stalks

(B) threshing machines

(D) horses

8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because

(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines

(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines

(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own

9. The word ponderous in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) advanced

(B) heavy

(D) rapid

PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDB

篇2：托福阅读备考重点

托福阅读考试的要求

阅读：合理分配时间

此次新托福阅读考试中共有三篇文章，文章的长度700 字左右，与ETS 出版的官方指南中所做的介绍完全吻合。虽然文章比较长，但结构工整。在阅读过程中，需要仔细阅读文章的首段，因为文章重点信息有较集中的体现。

此次考试需要注意以下两点。第一是考试时间：此次阅读考试中的三篇文章在时间要求上被分成两个部分，一个部分由第一篇文章构成，要求在20分钟之内完成14道题目。第二个部分包含两篇文章，要求在40分钟之内完成28道题目，即阅读考试并非把60分钟作为一个整体使用，而应该根据要求先用20分钟回答第一篇文章的问题，然后用40分钟完成余下的两篇文章的问题。时间分配上估计参照了雅思作文考试。这点在官方指南中没有介绍。

尽管阅读部分的考试界面上有Back键，但是完成第一个部分后，进入第二个部分的两篇文章时，无法再回到第一部分的那篇文章。第二点是此次阅读部分的考试当中出现了新题型：三篇文章的最后一道题目都是6 选1 的题型。它由三道小题组成，每个小题目选出一个答案，所以事实上是选了三个答案。

攻克TOEFL阅读之我见：阅读有5大BT特点

虽然11T已经结束了，我的成绩估计在630以上，平时模考都在660左右，我总结了一下攻克TOEFL各个部分的方法。以下资料均出自于网络和我的个人体会老T攻克打法之阅读篇 TOEFL阅读5大BT特点 BT之1、时间紧——5篇阅读。。55分钟。。每篇8 --- 11 题不等。。思考时间几乎为0。 BT之2、类型杂——一般是选自科普类型报纸、课本、学术期刊。造成内容比较杂乱深刻，理解相当困难。 BT之3、生词多——词汇题的比例较大。背诵以往词对的帮助似乎不大，造成高分困难。 BT之4、细节散——细节题的数量很多。例如：EXCEPT。此类型题需要挨个选项思考。最费时间的一类题。 BT之5、主题深——原来被传授的首段首句主题已经不灵光了。。大多文章需要自己归纳。 BT1 时间紧——加快阅读速度,要进行大量的泛读(也可以黄皮教材的文章，根据类型选自己喜欢的文章读上7，8遍),这样提高阅读速度+提高语感,我一般读完一篇文章只需2~3分钟左右,一般前两篇文章都比较难,建议大家从第三篇开始做,如果这篇文章的题较少,有可能比较难,要小心一点。 BT2 类型杂——的黄皮已经包括了所有的出题范围，我做了一个阅读分类，大家可以看一下。 BT3 生词多——两种方法阅读文章精读和背词汇书，推荐用王玉梅的新版TOEFL词汇，我这两种方法都用过，建议用阅读文章精读这种方法，推荐hank老师的笔记。大家可以先过一下词汇书，再做笔记，做笔记的时候，看到认识的词看自己能想起几个意思，几个同义词，反义词，派生词。 BT4 细节散——阅读速度上来可解决此问题。。合理的做题顺序是一大法宝。 (下面详解)。 BT5 主题深——加强母语文章训练。利用技巧。抓住梗概。 TOEFL阅读法第一步,扫读题干，掌握大致题目。由主题题参考出文章大致内容。标识题干关键词。第二步，先快速阅读一下文章。第三步，开始做题，找细节，expect题和infer题和主题题有可能要放到最后做，现在有些词汇题已经不是一眼就可以看出来的，expect题有可能细节太散了，搞不要，一个在第一段，还有两个在第三段，infer题分两种，一种是局部的，一种是要根据整篇文章来推断的，主题题大家都知道了，就不用说了。第三步，通过其他题目的完成，你已经掌握了文章的TOPIC。请完成主题题。第四步，可做可不做——检查。我认为中国学生无法准确快速的抓出文章中心的主要原因是逻辑和句子复杂性的分析，只要攻克了这两点，又有一定的词汇量，我们不需要技巧照样能做题。最有讲一下资料：真题，阅读笔记电子书，hank阅读笔记,toefl词汇，考g的直接背gre吧，我现在就在背呢。时间多的做一下机考的阅读，当模考用，有好处。

托福阅读文章的具体技巧

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，新东方在线托福频道为大家带来托福阅读文章的具体技巧，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线托福频道!

(1)概括地观察 Survey

首先略读每章或每页的大概内容，例如：可从书本的序言和目录开始，通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机，而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title，主题 main

headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句，导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话)，图片说明 captions to all graphics 等，这样，你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。

(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question

观察课文内容后，提出一个包含所有阅读数据的问题，把问题写在每章节的开首，令自己可以看到此问题时，便忆起全部内容。

(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading

当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时，由此而提出有关问题，写在题目或图片旁边，帮助你阅读文章内容。

(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions

阅读章节时，尽量跟随你的问题来找答案，把握课文重点。

(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question

在了解一段内容后，找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases，并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔，既方便又快捷。

(6)修正问题 Revise the questions

如果在阅读时，发现问题并未得到解答或不明确，可重新写下问题，并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章，遇到不明白的地方，再请教导师或同学。

(7)举一反三 Use examples

当你理解全文时，便可将知识整理起来，同时，学习类推的方法，将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上，利用联带关系，才能把文章内容融会贯通，大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如：当银行利率提高时，会使银行的存款利息增加，而你可能会联想到投资受影响，或是你会类推更多其它事项。

如何搞定托福阅读?

材料选择

考生在练习时，可以选择英语原版的资料，比如《福尔摩斯》、《暮光之城》等，也可以选择学术性强的资料，如《经济学人》、美国科学文摘等。为了能够把握托福阅读考试，建议考生把重点放在练习题阅读文章以及老托福阅读文章之上。考生在使用文章时，要从词、句、文章上从材料中获取相关信息。

练习重点

考生练习的目的在于学会理解文章，所以考生文章练习要把握好这一重点。理解文章分为四个层面，也就是词汇、句子、段落和文章，为了不在词汇理解上遇到障碍或者出现偏差。考生应该在阅读前应该通过构词法大量记忆词汇，在词汇达到一定水平时，对托福阅读中的学术词分类熟悉，对核心词进行整理巩固;在句子理解时，考生需要对语法知识进行补充，了解托福阅读长难句常见类型，学会分析长难句的方法;对于段落，考生要注意把握段落中的重点和次重点，把握段落结构;文章的整体把握建立在对词汇、句子和段落的把握之上，但是考生也要对文章的一般类型、特点进行熟悉。

练习方法

托福阅读文章练习方法主要有精读和略读两种。精读是指考生要读到文章中的所有内容，包括具体到词汇的细节，考生要理解文章中的每个句子，能够流畅地翻译全文甚至复述内容，在实际练习时，考生要分析每个词汇的含义，把握每个句子的含义，总结段落、文章的大意，精读是为了使考生在练习时有所收获，能够不断攻克不熟悉的知识点;略读和精读是相反的概念，考生的略读练习是为了在限定时间内抓住文章重点，所以考生阅读时，重点把握托福阅读段落关键句和段落间关系，略过例子、解释等细节。当然，考生也要学会精读和略读的方法结合，针对不同内容采用不同阅读方法。

托福阅读备考重点

明明平时看英文文章没有问题，一看托福阅读就好似天书?托福阅读虽然被很多人吐槽难度大、跨度高，但是阅读却是最快的涨分项。

托福虐我千万遍，我待托福如初恋!托福阅读该怎么备考，需要从哪些方面着手? 今天带大家一起来聊一聊托福阅读备考关键点，希望能帮助各位小伙伴!

我们在做托福阅读的过程当中，其实是三条流同时向前进发：

第一条流：长难句流。

第二条流：单词流。

第三条流：句子意思流。

其实我们在做阅读的过程当中，主要限制我们阅读速度和理解速度的，就是这3条流。在这三条路当中的每一条流，都涉及到两个方向，第一个方向是准确率，第二个方向是速度。

因此，在练习托福阅读的时候，每一条流我们都有两个练习的方向，在练习的过程当中，首先涉及的就是要涉及到一个取舍的问题，我们主要练习的应该是先练习准确率呢，还是先练习速度呢?

答案其实非常的明确：先保证准确率的情况下，让自己的速度越来越快。

原因非常的简单，因为哪怕我们用非常短的时间，把这些题全都做完，但是如果错误率非常高的话，那么很显然，这个分数也不会高。我们要的应该是在规定的时间内把题做完，并且有一个很高的正确率，只有这样才能拿到很好的分数。

因此在准备托福阅读的过程当中，第一件事情要做的，就是要分别搞定长难句和单词。而长难句和单词最先要搞定的，也是正确率，因此在练习的过程当中，首先练习的方向就应该是将单词和长难句拆解开来，分别来进行训练。

一、词汇量的增加

如果考生想要提高自己的阅读做题速度，那么首要任务就是积累单词量，掌握一些高频单词的词义、语法以及运用。

对于托福考试来说，阅读每篇大概有700个单词。而且其中有很多学术类词汇，也就是我们日常生活中比较少见到的词汇。由此可知，托福阅读对中国考生的词汇量、语法难度的要求是非常高的。因此考生在学习过程中对那些最容易在托福阅读文章里出现的高频词汇一定要多做归纳整理，然后对这些单词加以熟练运用、掌握。

二、长难句的分析

长难句的分析依赖于学生的语法知识和对于句子主干的提取。通过掌握语法知识、复杂句型和英语语句的结构等来提高自己的分析能力。

大家在做托福阅读的过程中应该可以感觉到英语语法内容知识点的重要性。想要从容应对这些托福阅读，最关键的是对文章内容的句子结构分析。提升句子结构，就是指将主谓宾结构部分和定状补修饰成分准确把握。

三、灵活掌握阅读方法

精读与意群阅读

托福阅读中精读就是把句子中的每一个词认真的读一遍，从而理解整段话的全部内容以及句子间的逻辑关系。在阅读理解中长难句的理解上会出现花费时间长来理解，但是能够精准的掌握整个句子在文章中的影响，这就是阅读精读。

意群阅读是在阅读过程中准确的获取信息，准确把握信息即可，所以想在比较短的时间内获得足够的信息，意群阅读是很合适的方法。意群阅读的方法与精读不同不用把注意力放在每一个单词上，而意群阅读是以词组、固定搭配和完整词意为单位的阅读，只要掌握该句所表达的含义即可。

综上所述，托福阅读要想拿高分，词汇量是基础，掌握各种长难句、英语语句结构是关键，加快阅读和分析速度是核心。

篇3：托福阅读备考陋习

有些考生文章根本不看文章大意，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不了解文章大意直接做题的方法是不可取的，建议先看扫读文章或者看一下文章段落首句。

以上是小站君为大家整理的托福阅读备考陋习，希望大家再备考的过程中能够多加注意，不要范这些错误。托福阅读考试时间非常紧张，建议大家先看题目，然后带着问题找答案，平时如果做纸质版练习的话，不养养成做标记的坏习惯。最后，小站君预祝大家取得理想的托福成绩。

托福阅读如何抓住文章主旨

(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。

(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;

在这种托福阅读题材中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体。

(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。

在托福阅读文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

加快托福阅读速度的四步骤首段第一句很重要

快速的技巧在于每一段的第一句。想想，考试中的每篇文章都是经过千锤百炼的，而好的文章都有一个很好的思路，这种思路经常体现在文章段落的第一句。所以，从理论上来说，你只需阅读文章每个段落的第一句，而不必顾及段落的其他内容。既然，考试不以你对文章的理解计分(而是以你答案对错计分)，你没有理由去关注那些对你答题没有帮助的内容。

只读文章段落中的第一句，你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间，而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。

攻克的4步法

前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型，现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧：

1、解剖文章的第1段;

2、在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图;

3、停下来，总结一下文章大意;

4、开始答题。

解剖文章的第1段

积极主动地解读文章的第1段，时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点)，和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇，如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗，光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?

在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图

在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

停下来，总结一下文章大意

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。

开始答题

根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里，你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。

托福阅读中的五种题型

(1)主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。

(2)列举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。

(3)文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

(4)作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

(5)文章想方设法题。文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。

篇4：托福阅读备考方法

托福阅读备考方法

第一步：花两三分钟时间扫描每篇托福阅读文章头一两个句子，定位文章难易程度。虽然平均每篇文章做题时间为11分钟，但是有的文章七八分钟便可以轻松对付，有的文章则需要15分钟左右。一般来说，5篇文章中有2篇难度大一些，比方说：如果最后一篇文章难度大，且12-14道题，在这种情况下，按部就班做题就有可能因时间不够而做错好几道题，带来巨大的损失。因此首先定位文章难程度，同时目测文章的含金量(即题量分布)，有助于科学分配阅读部分的做题时间。

第二步：采取“结构扫描”法阅读具体的一篇文章。所谓结构，即文章的骨架子。托福阅读文章是纯学术体(Academic)，是北美国际留学生在大学里天天都能接触到的教科书风格的文章，这些文章涉及人文社科和自然科学，均议论文、说明文，最显着的特点是呈板块结构。托福考试托福考试报名托福考试流程托福考试时间托福考试费用 toefl.533.com

文章均由数个自然段组成，正确的阅读文章的方法应该是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句经常为文章主题。然后把首段的其他句子尽快略读，文章其他段落采取同样的方法阅读。各段落其他句子一般来说都是用来说明各个段落的主题句，没有必要每个句子理解难度大，而不涉及考题，在此句停留无疑是白白浪费时间。所以，采取“结构扫描”法，意味着以最快捷的方式了解托福阅读文章大意，从而正确引导下一步做具体的题，而不至于出现大方向的理解错误。

托福阅读考试难度及题型分析

新托福阅读考试分两种模式：Short Format以及Long Format。前者历时60分钟，要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间拉长至100分钟，按需完成60-70道题目。

本来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”，但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电脑操作，这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。也许对大多数人来说看几个小时的网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新鲜事儿，但面对屏幕做上一两个小时的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

建议各位正在准备托福阅读备考的同学，平时要养成习惯通过电脑来阅读，至于阅读的内容将会在第四个点里再作详细介绍。关于这一点的备考和写作的备考策略是一致的，大家可以结合起来一起准备。

考试强度

无论是Short Format还是Longre Format，托福阅读考试强度上对考生的要求都是相当大的，新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而，在新托福阅读当中，对于初学者来说最难的不是单词，而是要求在规定时间里完成规定的题数。

新托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也有很大区别，因为CET4、CET6与高考的阅读考试都是提供约4-5篇文章，然后出20道选择题，要求考生根据所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练，认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考，而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在托福阅读备考期间一定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习惯，培养自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数，并保证一定的正确率。

有很多的专业考生，因为平时课业负担较大，可用于支配学习托福的时间有限，希望在考前通过高强度的课程学习来提高考试成绩。

针对基础较好短期内需要考试的学生，我们推荐学生采用75%的正课占比，侧重于个性化的考试应对，针对自己薄弱的地方，对症下药，并辅以适量的配套训练来检测学习效果，确保对知识点的掌握。

托福阅读题型变化

考试题型的主要变化在于题型中增加了词汇解释题、填表、插入句子和完成段落等。根据新托福阅读测试的目的，考生需要在平时训练中着重培养和加强三种阅读技能，即信息定位能力、速读理解能力和研读整理能力，来帮助自己适应新题型。

这一点表现出新托福考试阅读明显雅思化，因此增加题目并不意味着增加难度，其难度体现在考生对题型的熟悉程度。可以说，新托福阅读内容的难度降低，于是便通过题型变化增加难度，因此阅读理解部分并不需要过于担心，关键是了解题型。

知识面和信息量

大家都知道，做题基于托福阅读读文章的基础之上，因此增进阅读能力会对完成题目起到至关重要的作用。在备考阶段，大家要多读各类题材的文章。新托福阅读测试的选材大多涉及自然科学 (天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文章，一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景知识，同时可借此机会熟悉不同学科的常用词汇。

各类书籍、报刊及网上文章都可以选择作为练习阅读的材料，如果是选取带有一定学术性的文章或大学教材则是再好也没有了。这一点大家可以结合适应“机考”这一变化来共同实现更多地去选择在电脑上阅读文章而非实际的报纸或杂志。

托福阅读真题1

By the turn of the century, the middle-class home in North American had been transformed. The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed, Ellen Richards wrote in 1908. The urban middle class was now able to buy a wide array of food products and clothing — baked goods, canned goods, suits, shirts, shoes, and dresses. Not only had household production waned, but technological improvements were rapidly changing the rest of domestic work. Middle-class homes had indoor running water and furnaces, run on oil, coal, or gas, that produced hot water. Stoves were fueled by gas, and delivery services provided ice for refrigerators. Electric power was available for lamps, sewing machines, irons, and even vacuum cleaners. No domestic task was unaffected. Commercial laundries, for instance, had been doing the wash for urban families for decades; by the early 1900's the first electric washing machines were on the market.

One impact of the new household technology was to draw sharp dividing lines between women of different classes and regions. Technological advances always affected the homes of the wealthy first, filtering downward into the urban middle class. But women who lived on farms were not yet affected by household improvements. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, rural homes lacked running water and electric power. Farm women had to haul large quantities of water into the house from wells or pumps for every purpose. Doing the family laundry, in large vats heated over stoves, continued to be a full day's work, just as canning and preserving continued to be seasonal necessities. Heat was provided by wood or coal stoves. In addition, rural women continued to produce most of their families' clothing. The urban poor, similarly, reaped few benefits from household improvements. Urban slums such as Chicago's nineteenth ward often had no sewers, garbage collection, or gas or electric lines; and tenements lacked both running water and central heating. At the turn of the century, variations in the nature of women's domestic work were probably more marked than at any time before.

1. What is the main topic of the passage ?

(A) The creation of the urban middle class

(B) Domestic work at the turn of the century

(D) Overcrowding in American cities.

2. According to the passage , what kind of fuel was used in a stove in a typical middle-class household?

(A) oil

(B) coal

(D) wood

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a household convenience in the passage ?

(A) the electric fan

(B) the refrigerator

(D) the washing machine

4. According to the passage , who were the first beneficiaries of technological advances?

(A) Farm women

(B) The urban poor

(D) The wealthy

5. The word reaped in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) gained

(B) affected

(D) accepted

6. Which of the following best characterizes the passage 's organization?

(A) analysis of a quotation

(B) chronological narrative

(D) comparison and contrast

7. Where in the passage does the author discuss conditions in poor urban neighborhoods?

(A) lines 3-5

(B) lines 6-7

(D) lines 22-23

PASSAGE 45 BCADA DD

托福阅读真题2

Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.

After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other iron plantations, continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke, charcoal-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during war and peace-ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.

The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the 1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the Hopewell stove. By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some 80,000 cast-iron stoves.

1. The word implications in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) motives

(D) progress

2. It can be inferred that the purpose of the legislation passed by England in 1750 was to

(A) reduce the price of English-made iron goods sold in the colonies

(B) prevent the outbreak of the War of Independence

(D) keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials.

3. The author compares iron furnaces to which of the following?

(A) cannons

(B) pyramids

(D) windows

4. The word rushing in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) reliable

(B) fresh

(D) rapid

5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons

EXCEPT

(A) Many workers were available in the area.

(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby.

(D) There was an abundance of wood.

6. The passage mentions roads, canals, and railroads in line 25 in order to explain that

(A) improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks

(B) iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation

(D) Hopewell never became a major transportation center

7. The word they in line 26 refers to

(A) links

(B) parts

(D) sites

8. The word some in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) only

(B) a maximum of

(D) a variety of

PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC

篇5：托福阅读如何顺利备考

把握速度和技巧托福阅读顺利备考

新托福中的阅读部分是令很多考生头大的一块儿区域，这是因为考生对于托福阅读考试理解存在很多错误的认识。

很多考生在平时练习时习惯边读文章边在题目上划线，似乎不做记号，思维就无法跟上托福阅读的速度，但是到了真正上机考试，不能对文章做记号的时候，考生难免会乱了阵脚。

有些考生因为时间紧，所以根本没等读完全文就直接做题，这种抱着侥幸心理的考生真的上了考场其实是很危险的，因为单凭对文章局部的理解，根本无法掌握文章的整体内容和观点。

而还有一些考生必须把文章一字不漏的阅读和翻译之后才能做题，往往忽视了阅读的速度，这种细读的方法之适用于两种情况：一种是考生已经具备相当强的阅读水平，而且长期运用这种方法，另外一种是这篇文章是你曾经读到过的，即使一字一句的读也不会花太多时间。

很多人都认为词汇题的做的好不好完全取决于自己的词汇量，事实上词汇量是占了相当一部分比重，但是不知道大家是否有过这样的经历，有时候不认识的词经过对上下文的理解和分析也可以作对，反而是那些认识的词汇经常出错，这是因为大家在面对自己有把握的词汇时，往往忽略了上下文的重要性，凭感觉选出了一个自认为理所当然的答案。所以，做好词汇题的关键就在于透彻分析上下文，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。

其实阅读部分不仅是测试大家对文章的理解，还包括阅读的速度，这两方面都不能被忽视，光是具备扎实的基础还远远不够，还需要搭配运用巧妙的做题技巧才能取得阅读高分。

College courses aren’t all “Econ 1011”

and “The History of Europe: 1500-Present”. A trend among many colleges and universities is to offer courses that are slightly off the beaten track . Many of these courses draw their themes from pop culture or sports, or they may be the brainchildren of professors who want to share their passion with students. They may be no less serious than traditional courses, but they certainly cover new academic ground. Students take these off beat courses for a variety of reasons—hoping for an easy A, to try something fun, or to explore a new interest.

1) You can boldly go where no other philosophy student has gone before in Georgetown University ’s “Philosophy and Star Trek” course, where students discuss the nature of time travel, the ability of computers to think and feel, and other philosophical dilemmas facing the crew of the Starship Enterprise.

2) Discover how Brick really felt when Opal left him for his neighbor’s best friend’s sister in the University of Wisconsin’s course entitled “Daytime Serials: Family and Social Roles.” Students analyze

the plots, themes, and characters of daytime soaps and discuss their impact on modern life.

3) If you’ve been longing to research how hot dogs, theme parks, and the five-day workweek have impacted American leisure culture, check out the University of Iowa course “The American Vacation”. This course pays particular attention to how American families’ varying backgrounds shape their vacation experiences.

4) Bowdoin College students can delve into “The Horror Film in Context” in the school’s English Department. Students read Freud and Poe and watch Hitchcock and Craven， all while discussing the horror genre’ s treatment of gender, class, and family.

5) At Williams College, students can learn more about those in the cement shoe industry by enrolling in “Comparative History of Organized Crime”， which compares the work of goodfellas from the United States, Italy, Japan, and Russia.

6) If you’ve got a romantic urge for adventure, check out Barnard College’s course on “The Road Movie”， which studies Easy Rider and Thelma and Louise, while also discussing the genre’s literary precursors , like On the Road and The Odyssey.

7) If hitting the road doesn’t satisfy your rebellious streak, sign up for Brown University’s course on “American Degenerates”， in which students discuss how early British-American writers embraced the grotesque , monstrous, “not our kind” status bestowed on them by the mother country and reflected their zeal for cultural and physical degeneracy in their literature.

8) Those artsy types at the Rhode Island School of Design can put down their paintbrushes and take “The Art of Sin and the Sin of Art”， which contemplates the relationship between sin and the art world. The course catalog invites you to “lust with the saints and burn with the sinners ”.

9) If talking about death several times a week in class sounds like a good time to you, try Purdue University’s “Death and the Nineteenth Century” course. Every poem and novel in the course deals with the 19th-century conception of mortality and the world beyond.

10) At Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, students can take “Art of Walking”， in which students not only read literature by noted perambulators like Kant and Nietzsche, but go for neighborhood strolls with their professor and his dog.

Most college programs offer interesting courses to introduce you to new and fascinating subject matters. Take advantage of the many possibilities offered to you by sitting down with your advisor to talk about course options and then really thinking about the courses you choose to take.

例如当你看到一篇文章，首先要扫一下第一段，看看文章的难易程度，一般情况，平均每篇文章用时11分钟左右，5篇文章中一定有2篇难度稍微大一些，所以首先定位文章的难度和分数的比重，有助于合理的安排做题时间，以便在相同的时间内拿到最多的分数。

然后，建议大家从文章的结构入手。文章的首句尤为重要，首句经常涉及了文章的主题。其他段落也是主要看首句，后面的部分一般都是用来说明段落主题句的，所以略读带过即可，没必要每个句子都理解到位，白白浪费时间。这样掌握每段大意，就不至于出现大方向上的理解偏差。

新托福阅读必考题型名师支招

篇章总结题作为每篇文章的最后一题，是6选3的多选题，答对0或1题没分;答对2题，1分;答对3题，2分。很多学生能够答对两题，但是总有一个选项会选错，这是为什么呢?主要是受解题速度影响，考生在做到最后一题时已没有时间回头浏览文章，往往只是凭印象选答案，这就容易选到细节描述或是与文章相悖的观点。

老师建议：“在做前面的细节题时，就要仔细阅读每段的第一句话，因为托福阅读行文相对工整，主题句几乎都在首句。其次，一定要仔细阅读该题的题目要求，以及一些对整篇文章做小结的句子，正确选项一定和该句有直接联系。最后，细节描述或是文章中完全没有提到的内容常成为干扰项，考生应引起注意。”

句子简化题是托福阅读题型中较难完成的一题，由于需简化的句子大多为长难句，一般都涉及三到四行，学生看到这么长的句子总是很头疼，有没有什么捷径帮助解题呢?王老师认为：“句子简化题要求学生具备分析句子的能力。

正确选项是原句中核心信息的同义改写，换言之，正确选项并没有改变句子的逻辑结构。所以解托福阅读题时应先找逻辑关系词，看是否出现了转折关系、因果关系、递进关系词;其次，看原句中是否出现例子，往往举例成分不会在正确答案中出现;最后，理清句子的主干，也就是谁做了什么，或是谁是什么。”

托福阅读材料：音乐训练提高语言能力

音乐和外语类培训是当今许多家长热衷给孩子报名的课外培训内容，一项美国最新的研究发现证明了这些家长的明智选择，因为据该项研究称，音乐训练对人类的外语水平提高有很大帮助。

音乐才能与外语能力(特殊的语言能力)是人大脑功能的有机组成部分，是人心智发展的生物基础。离开这一物质基础，任何个体的发展都是不可想象的。美国语言学家贾肯多夫和作曲家勒达尔在《有调性音乐的生成理论》一书中列举了人类不同文化共享的与生俱来的60余条音乐规则。同时他们认为人类85%的语言规则是天赋的，其余是后天习得的;95%的音乐规则是先天的;人本身具有某种语言与音乐认知能力。

Learning to play a musical instrument can change your brain, with a US review finding music training can lead to improved speech and foreign language skills.

美国一项研究表明，学习乐器能够使大脑发生变化，音乐训练能够提高演讲和外语水平。

Although it has been suggested in the past that listening to Mozart or other classical music could make you smarter, there has been little evidence to show that music boosts brain power.

尽管过去有人认为听莫扎特或其他古典音乐可以让人变得更聪明，但是并没有足够的证据证明音乐能提高智力。

But a data-driven review by Northwestern University has pulled together research that links musical training to learning that spills over intoskills including language, speech, memory, attention and even vocalemotion.

如今，美国西北大学的一项研究以数据为支持，对音乐训练对语言、演讲、记忆力、注意力甚至情感抒发等能力的影响的相关研究进行了分析。

Researcher Nina Kraus said the data strongly suggested that the neural connections made during musical training also primedthe brain for other aspects of human communication.

研究人员妮娜?克劳斯说，这些数据充分表明，音乐训练过程中所产生的神经元连接能增强大脑在人际交流其它方面的能力。

“The effect of music training suggests that, akin tophysical exercise and its impact on body fitness, music is a resource that tones the brain for auditory fitness and thus requires society to re-examine the role of music in shaping individual development,” the researchers said in their study.

研究人员在研究报告中说：“音乐训练所产生的这种影响表明，与体育锻炼对身体健康的影响一样，音乐能够增强大脑活力，使听觉更加敏锐。所以我们的社会有必要重视音乐在个人发展中所起的作用。”

Kraus said learning musical sounds could enhance the brain's ability to adapt and change and also enable the nervous system to provide a scaffoldingof patterns that are important to learning.

克劳斯说，学习声乐能够提高大脑的应变能力，也可以让神经系统建立起一个有利于学习的结构。

The study, published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience, looked at the explosionof research in recent years focused on the effects of music training on the nervous system which could have strong implications for education.

这一在《神经系统科学自然评论》上发表的研究对近几年来该领域新增的大量研究进行了回顾和分析，这些研究主要关注的是音乐训练对神经系统的影响及其可能会对教育产生的重要影响。

The study found that playing an instrument primes the brain to choose what is relevantin a complex process that may involve reading or remembering a score, timing issues and coordination with other musicians.

研究发现，演奏乐器能增强大脑在复杂的过程中分辨有价值信息的能力，这一复杂的过程可能包括看谱、记谱，计时或与其他乐师配合等。

“A musician's brain selectively enhances information-bearing elements in sound,” Kraus said in a statement. “In a beautiful interrelationship between sensory and cognitive processes, the nervous system makes associations between complex sounds and what they mean.”

克劳斯在一项声明中说：“一个音乐家的大脑能够有选择性地分辨出声音中含有信息的元素。在感觉和认知过程的相互作用下，神经系统能把复杂的声音和它们所表达的意思联系起来。”

The study reviewed literature showing, for example, that musicians are more successful than non-musicians in learning to incorporate sound patterns for a new language into words.

研究人员对以往的研究资料进行分析后发现，懂音乐的人将一种新的语言的发音拼写成单词的能力强于未接受过音乐训练的人。

如何保证托福阅读推理题的信息点不被遗漏

如何不错过托福推理题的信息点?托福阅读推理题就是题目需要的信息都隐藏在文章中，但是没有直接表露出来，需要考生自己从表面内容中推理出。因此，我们在做托福阅读推理题的时候不能错过每一个信息点，因为这些可能都是最后答案的重要凭证。

托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer，imply，most likely(least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。

一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题：

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentageof people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuitsexpanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war，with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domainsof transportation， manufacturing， and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passageabout the agricultural sector of the economy after the CivilWar?

(A) New technological developments hadlittle effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the totalpopulation working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperitybecause of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词：many，some，much of，several，a few ，most…;情态动词：may，can ，could…;表示过去的：used to be，was，were ，at one time，previously ;表示不是唯一的：not only，notexclusively等。

篇6：托福阅读该如何备考

托福阅读不知道如何备考?先对这3件事就对了

重点培养归纳总结的能力

托福阅读最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。

学习提升阅读速度的方法技巧

托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看托福阅读文章长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在托福阅读的时候速度就很关键。考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速托福阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。

把阅读词汇基础打扎实

托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是托福阅读词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的托福阅读词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。

托福阅读素材：心态年轻的人寿命更长

Age-liars and birthday-deniers... you'd best learn a thing or two from those who are young at heart. People who feel younger than their actual chronological age may live longer than those who feel older than they truly are, a new study says.

谎报年龄、否认生日……想要变得年轻，那么你最好试着学学那些拥有年轻心态的人。一项新的研究称，那些自我感觉比实际年龄小的人可能比那些自我感觉比实际年龄大的人更加长寿。

Perceived age might play a role in more than just how you feel. Results from the study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggest that people who feel a year or more older than they truly are could have around 41 percent greater risk for death.

感知年龄所起到的作用可能远远不止于你的感觉如何。从《美国医学协会杂志》(The Journal of the American Medical Association)的研究结果来看，那些感觉自己比实际年龄大一岁或好几岁的人会比一般人高出近41%的死亡风险。

University College London researchers looked at nearly 6,500 older adults, with an average age of 65.8 for the study. Around 70 percent of the subjects felt younger than they were, about a quarter felt their precise age and just under 5 percent felt a year or more older than they were, when asked “How old do you feel you are?”

伦敦大学学院(University College London)的研究人员调查了近6500名平均年龄为65.8岁的老年人。在回答“您感觉自己年龄有多大?”这个问题上，当中大约70%的老年人觉得自己比实际年龄小，约25%的人认为自己符合实际年龄，而只有不到5%的人认为自己比实际年龄大一岁或好几岁。

Those who felt older than they were had a higher death rate after a follow-up period of 99 months. While just 14.3 and 18.5 percent of people who felt younger or felt their age, respectively, died during those 99 months, 24.6 percent of those who felt aged beyond their years had died.

那些觉得自己年龄比实际大的人在接下来的99个月的随访期中死亡的可能性更高。而那些心态年轻以及心态岁数和实际年龄相当的人在接下来的99个月中的死亡可能性分别只有14.3%和18.5%，而那些觉得自己比实际年纪大的人有24.6%已经在这99个月中死亡。

The authors say more research is needed on the topic, but suggest it could be that those who feel “young at heart” have healthier behaviors and more resilience, giving them a stronger will to live. “Self-perceived age has the potential to change, so interventions may be possible. Individuals who feel older than their actual age could be targeted with health messages promoting positive health behaviors and attitudes toward aging,” the authors write in the study.

作者称，还需要做更多的研究来论证这个话题，但也同时表示那些心态年轻的人有更健康的行为习惯及更好的抗打击力，使得他们有更加强大的生存意志。作者在该项研究中写道：“自我感知年龄的状况将会改变，使得实施预防措施变得可能。那些觉得自己比实际年龄大的人可以通过健康暗示来增强其对于衰老的积极行为和态度。”

The good news is, you can change your perception of how young you are. And other studies suggest that there could be more benefits to thinking yourself younger, besides a longer life. One recent study found that helping participants have positive feelings toward age, by showing them positive word associations, helped older adults improve in physical tasks like balancing and getting up out of a chair, in as little as four weeks. A study found that negative stereotypes of aging and poor memory can make older adults feel up to five years older, regardless of their actual mental abilities.

好消息是，你可以改变自己对年纪的认知。其他的研究也表明，心态年轻除了能延长寿命外，还益处多多。最近有研究发现，通过对老年人讲积极鼓舞的话，帮助他们对年龄保持乐观的心态的方式，能在短短四周内，提高老年人的身体机能：如平衡能力，从椅子上站起来的能力。的一项研究发现，不论他们的实际心理能力如何，对衰老的消极刻板印象和记忆力衰退会使老年人感到自己比实际年龄老五岁。

There you have it. Age really should be treated as just a number.

现在你明白了，年龄真的应该仅仅被看成一个数字。

托福阅读素材：20几岁最需要学会的技能

What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?

20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?

1. Build a foundation for health.

锻炼强健的体魄。

In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.

20几岁的时候，你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过，第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候，我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点，做做运动。几年之后，你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。

2. Learn resiliency.

学会振作。

Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.

20几岁是你最自由的时候，到了30岁和40岁的时候，责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤，20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。

3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.

找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。

I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.

20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败，因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作，这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标，我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里，我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人，什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业，而不是像你所希望的那样。

4. Learn to live within your means.

学会靠自己生活。

Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.

现在开始，学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活，还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误，现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误，那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶：无论去哪儿都打的，买昂贵的衣服，还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人，尽管工资很高，但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候，奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约，然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。

5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.

认真选择你的伴侣。

Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.

在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现，时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响，那些人只会浪费你的时间，他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福，谁激励你，谁支持你，让你们之间的关系升温。

篇7：托福阅读备考书籍推荐

托福阅读必备备考书籍推荐

很多考生在备考托福的时候会很迷茫，不知道选择哪些合适自己的备考资料，面对市面上林林总总的各式各样的参考书籍不知如何下手，实际上就托福阅读来说其实备考资料是非常明确的，下面老师就从词汇，题型和模考三个方面给大家推荐一些备考“神器”。

首先不得不提的就是词汇，词汇是很多同学备考托福的硬伤，面对8000-10000以上的词汇量要求，刷单词，提高自己的词汇量是同学们首先要考虑的问题。词汇的积累不是一蹴而就的短期行为，而是贯穿我们整个备考过程的每天都要打卡完成的规定动作，下面的基本词汇书都可以帮助大家提高同学们备考“打底”的词汇基本功。

1.伊迪丝·皮尔曼《蜜露》Honeydew by Edith Pearlman

Pearlman writes quiet stories about theblips of tumult . She's been writing short stories -- and only short tories --for decades, chronicling the lives of earnest blue collar workers and himsicalacademics. Most of the stories are set in her native Massachusetts; all of themreveal something tender and universal about everyday life.

皮尔曼安安静静的笔调下有些许动荡和喧嚣。她一直就在写短篇小说，而且数十年来只写短篇小说，记录着热忱勤勉的蓝领工人还有异想天开的学者们的生活。大部分的故事背景都设置在她的故土马萨诸塞州，每一则故事都展现了日常生活细小而普遍的一面。

2.琼·西尔珀《傻瓜》Fools by Joan Silber

Each story in Fools confronts the uestion:What makes an action foolish, as opposed to brave? And when is it better to befoolish, as opposed to steadfast in our established beliefs?

《傻瓜》中每一则故事都面临这样一个问题：比之勇敢，怎样的行为才算愚昧?与我们深信不疑的信念相对，何时做个傻瓜才是更好的选择?

3.凯瑟琳·海尼的《单身、随性、成熟》Single, Carefree, Mellow by KatherineHeiny

Katherine Heiny writes stories that quietly ighlight the dramas of dating life, from teenagehood through adulthood. Heinywrites about both lover growing estranged through social media, and young girls learning about the power of their own sexualities, with wry humor.

凯瑟琳·海尼的故事不动声色地突出了约会的戏剧色彩，从豆蔻年华到成年时期，不一而足。海尼不单单写因社交媒体而逐渐疏离的情侣，也写年轻女孩认识到其声色的威力，笔调不乏揶揄嘲讽。

4.玛丽莲·罗宾逊《小时候，我读书》When I Was a Child I Read Books byMarilynne Robinson

Marilynne In When I Was a Child I Read Books,Robinson fluidly contemplates significance of community and the power of theindividual. You don't have to be a religious thinker to find beauty inRobinson's poetic musings.

《小时候，我读书》一书中，罗宾逊行文流畅，深思社区的重要性和个体的力量。读者即便不信奉宗教，也能发现罗宾逊富有诗意的哲思之美。

5.莉莉·塔克《莉莲的双重生活》The Double Life of Liliane by Lily Tuck

Lily Tuck's latest novel isn't exactly amemoir, but it sits somewhere between novel and autobiography, blurring thelines between related memory and imagined possible scenarios. Like Tuck,heroine Liliane's parents divorced when she was young, wreaking personal havocthat mirrored the tragedies unfolding in Europe at the same time.

莉莉·塔克的最新小说确切说来不是回忆录，介于小说和自传间，模糊了记忆和想象场景的界限。和莉莉·塔克小时候一样，女主人翁莉莲年少父母离异，深受重创，也映照出同期欧洲的悲剧。

6.拉瑞德·亨特《不归》Neverhome by Laird Hunt

Hunt tells his story about a womandisguised as a male solider through letters. The story is loosely based on abundle of letters Hunt stumbled upon written by a real undercover femalesoldier and is a smart work of historical fiction that encouragescontemplation.

亨特通过书信形式讲述了一个女子伪装成男军人的故事。亨特偶然间撞见一捆信件，是一个真实的卧底女军人所写的，亨特的历史小说稍稍以此为参照，引人深思，是部智慧的作品。

7.凯思琳·奥尔科特《无限的家园》Infinite Home by Kathleen Alcott

Protagonist Edith has built a happy familyof her own among her tenants -- until she gets slammed with potential evictionas her mind begins to worsen. The unsteady state of their home and theirlandlady forges an even closer bond between the housemates in this lyricalmeditation on what really makes up a family.

主人公伊蒂丝与其房客们建立了一个幸福的家庭，然而，随着记性变差，她或将被驱逐。家庭不稳定，女房东与房客们的关系更紧密了。这部抒情的沉思录引人思考究竟何为组成家庭的要素。

8.里查德·麦奎尔《这儿》Here by Richard McGuire

This book is a heartwarming time capsule,and fluid look at the way our interior lives have evolved, and how they'veremained the same.

这本书是温暖人心的时空胶囊，以温婉的视角看我们的内心演变以及又如何初心不变。

9.海蒂·朱拉薇姿《折叠的时钟》The Folded Clock by Heidi Julavits

The Folded Clock is a Diary, a collectionof musings written offhandedly each day by its author. It's been scrubbed ofidentifying details, but otherwise remains a deeply personal collection ofthoughts about motherhood, language, and hat success really means.

《折叠的时钟》是部日记，是作者每日随手写就的遐思集。书中隐去了透露身份的信息，但仍是身为人母的感想、对语言的思考和阐述成功之道的个人思想集。

10.莉迪娅·戴维斯《“不行”与“不能”》Can't and Won't by Lydia Davis

Davis' stories are quick, dreamy snapshotsof a mood or a sentiment, and they take the shape of the idle thoughts thatmake up most of our days. Davis's spare language is comforting and digestible,but leaves ample room for contemplation and imagination, too.

戴维斯的故事轻松宜人、直击人心。故事取材于我们日常生活七零八碎的心思想法。戴维斯平实简练的语言安抚人心、易于理解，但有给读者足够想象和沉思的空间。

托福阅读中遇到不认识的单词该怎么处理?

1.托福阅读词汇根据定义、解释猜测词义

We all know that ants are ferocious eaters. They differ widely in their di and may be carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous, meaning that some eat meat; others eat only plants while others eat a combination of both.由后面的解释我们可以得知：“carnivorous”的意思是“食肉的”;“herbivorous”的意思是“食草的”;“omnivorous”的意思是“杂食的”。

2.托福阅读词汇根据复述(同位语、定语等)猜测词义

Today, I’d like to talk about some of the changes land can undergo, specifically desertification, process through which land becomes part of a desert.

后面的同位语告诉我们“desertification”的意思是“沙漠化。”

3.托福阅读题中根据举例猜测词义

After breakfast, many people go to church; but the children will be playing with their new toys, and the mother will probably be preparing the Christmas dinner. This includes poultry for the main course (e.g. chicken, turkey, duck, goose), salads, breads, and vegetable, and features a variety of desserts, for example, pies, puddings, and ice cream.

“chicken, turkey, duck, goose”同属“poultry：家禽”。

现在的雅思，托福考试以及即将改革的SAT考试，都呈现一种趋势。考试更注重学生的英文功底，综合的英语运用能力。考试更侧重于测试学生真实的语言功底，呈现一种去模板化，去培训化的模式。

学生综合英语素质的提升，取决于自身的英语基本功底，从听、说、读、写各方面全方位的提高。词汇，语法，语言理解能力均衡发展，是将来考试测试的重点。综合英语系列课程选用了当前最优秀的引进教材，采用国际流行的教学模式，深度剖析英语作为第二语言学习的特点，选取当下的热点话题，让学生在学习过程中也能丰富视野，为将来的留学做好充足的准备。

听说教程的教材选用了《朗文当代听说教程》，阅写教程的教材选用了《积极英语阅读教程》，两套教程相辅相成，采用进阶式的编排方式，内容详实，题材丰富。对于那些没有出国打算，只是想提升英语的同学来说，也是非常契合的。

综合英语系列课程共分三个阶段：综合英语基础阶段;综合英语提升阶段以及综合英语强化阶段。通过系统的综合英语课程学习，学生可以全面提升自己的英语水平，充分为将来的雅思，新托福以及SAT考试打下坚实的基础。教程里面的词汇，语法训练以及文章体裁都充分迎合目前的各类考试，学生也可以提前熟悉各类的文章体裁，提前了解国外学习生活的模式。

各个阶段学习结束都有相应的阶段测试，用来评估学生学习的进度及效果，方便制定后续的学习计划。

4.根据对比关系猜测词义

Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.

“while”是一个显示对比的信号词，“reticent”与“talking”相对应，“reticent”：沉默的。

5.根据比喻关系猜测词义

The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a cork (软木塞) in water.

把热气球比作水中的软木塞，说明“buoyant ”的意义：“漂浮;浮力。”

6.根据同义词的替代猜测词义

Venus rotates retr_rade, or “backwards”, spinning in the opposite direction of its orbit around the Sun.

由“backwards”这一替代词得知“retr_rade”的意思：“向后的。”

7.有时也可根据一般性常识/生活经验猜测词义

The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.

门太低，我的头撞在“lintel门楣”上了。

8.也可根据词形构造猜测词义

More recently, scientists have documented an alarmingly high occurrence of fr_s with malformations.

form是词根, formation“形式”，mal-:构词前缀，可表示“坏、恶、不良”，还可表示“不、不正常、不当、非法。”malformation的意思就应该是“畸形。”更多的例子如：malnutrition: 营养不良;malconduct:(公职人员的)胡作非为;maladjustive: 引起失调的;不利调节的。

当然，要想做到这一点，就必须掌握英语常用的前缀、后缀及词根的意义。

托福阅读之如何应对倒装句?

1.never等具有否定意义或否定形式的词或词组位于句首时用倒装。

常见词或词组有： not, never, rarely, little, hardly, seldom, on no account, by no means, neither, nor …

因此，对于倒装句“…not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.”来说，第一步先把句子变成正常语序，即把not的位置还原，第二步再理解句子。那么这个句子就变成“…they did not kill their first elk until the second of December。” “not…until”表示“直到……才”，因此句子意思为：他们直到第二年的十二月才杀死了第一批麋鹿。

2.当“only+状语”位于句首时表强调使用倒装。

备考资料例句：Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…(练习题5-1 Minerals and Plants)

解析：该句是only+recently(时间状语)位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“Investigators have only recently considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites…”,意思为：研咳嗽弊罱趴悸鞘褂谜庑植物清理土壤和垃圾场。

3.为加强语气“so/such…that”结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。

备考资料例句：“So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.(练习题10-1 Chinese Pottery)

解析：该句是“so…that”结构中的so位于句首引起的倒装，因此该句变成正常语序为：“These pieces were so admired that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture.”意思为：这些艺术品受到极高的赞赏，于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器，并激励人们研究制作方法。

4.主语较长，为使句子平衡或强调，倒装表语或状语

这种倒装句通常是介词短语、形容词(短语)和分词(短语)位于句首。

如：

By his sides is his wife who is very elegant and beautiful.(在他旁边是他美丽优雅的妻子)

Green are the clouds in the sky and faded are leaves on the ground.(碧云天，黄叶地)

Sitting in the class are students who come from all across the China.(坐在教室里的学生来自中国各地)

备考资料例句：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.(备考指导 The Origins of Cetaceans)

解析：该句的主语是“fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.”其中“intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans”(哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性)是“fossils”的定语。由于该句主语过长，为了使句子平衡，把表语“Missing until recently”置于句首引起倒装句。该句变成正常语序为：“Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.”意思为“哺乳动物和海洋鲸鱼之间过渡性的化石现在找到了。”

5. 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分含有were, had, 或should, 可以把他们放到句首,省略连词if,变成倒装句。

备考资料例句1：In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically.(练习题15-3 Glacier Formation)

解析：对于这种倒装句的处理是：第一步，把if还原;第二部，理解句子。因此if还原之后该句变成：“In contrast, if another ice age should occur, sea level would drop drastically.”由if引导的从句“should occur”的使用可知，该句是对将来的虚拟。意思为：对比之下，如果再次发生冰川世纪，海平面将会大大下降

备考资料例句2：Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.(练习题10-1 Chinese Pottery 11题)

篇8：托福阅读备考原则

托福阅读备考原则：循序渐进，由浅入深

1.单词

多背多记，一定是必须要做的。这里就不多说了。

2.语法

这一条更多的是针对初级水平的筒子们来说，除了背单词之外，其实就是要打磨语法。我们可以通过一个体系将自己的英语语法梳理一遍，自学能力不是特别好的话可以找一些课程听一听。

当大家可以刷10-20套老托福语法真题的时候，其实就已经具备了一个初步做题的能力，就可以尝试直接做官方真题Official，然后再根据里面的错题来分析自己的问题。

3.长难句

这一项是几乎90% 的考生都被打败的一项，如何提高学生的阅读能力，帮助学员攻克阅读长难句呢?

(1)判断是简单还是复杂句?

当考生拿到一道句子简化题的时候，首先要做的就是对于题目中出现的长难句进行句类的判断。如果该句只含有一个主谓结构，并且句子各成分都只由单词或者短语构成，那么这个句子就是简单句。如果该句包含分句，那么这个句子就是复杂句。

(2)找出主干和句内逻辑。

在对长难句的句类判断之后，考生可以分析这个句子内部的逻辑关系。对于简单句来说，只要找出这个句子的主干，即主谓宾语。而对于复杂句来说，考生需要做的就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间的逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考的逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生可以在阅读过程中寻找相应的逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。

(3)在选项中找到句子主干和逻辑关系。

当考生完成对句子的分析之后，考生就要去看选项了。但是这个时候考生不能只是去看选项，考生要做的是在选项里寻找考生刚刚对句子进行分析的结果：主干和逻辑关系。在判断句类和找到主干、逻辑关系后，考生就来看一下选项。如果选项主干和逻辑齐全，就是正确选项。其余都是错的。

托福阅读背景素材之富有的人更长寿吗

It is a sad fact of socioeconomics that the wealthy tend to lead healthier, longer lives than do the poor. Now scientists have gone a step further, finding a specific hormone that links wealth with a longer life.

社会经济学里出现了一个让人难过的事实：有钱人和穷人相比，其生活往往更健康，寿命也更长。如今科学家又为该事实进一步找到依据，他们发现一个人的富裕程度和寿命长短是有关系的，这种关系来自一个特定的激素。

The hormone is called DHEAS-or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate-a natural steroid produced by the brain, adrenal glands and sexual organs. Those with higher levels of DHEAS tend to exercise more, have more hobbies and have closer relationships with friends and family. They also tend to live longer.

这种激素被称为脱氢表雄酮硫酸盐，或简称“DHEAS”，是大脑、肾上腺和性器官产生的一种天然类固醇物质。DHEAS激素水平较高的人往往运动量较大，爱好较多，与亲朋的关系也较为紧密。另外，这些人的寿命也往往更长。

Researchers from the University College London, working on the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, studied thousands of people over the age of 50 and found that wealthier people had higher levels of DHEAS.

伦敦大学学院(University College London)从事英国老龄化纵向研究(English Longitudinal Study of Ageing)的工作人员对数千名五十岁以上的老人进行了研究，研究发现人们的富裕程度越高，其DHEAS激素水平也越高。

They also found higher levels of a second hormone-growth factor I (IGF-I)-in those who are wealthier. The two hormones help regulate the body and control reactions to stress.

此外，研究人员还发现，越有钱的人其第二激素──生长因子I(IGF-I)的水平也越高。这两种激素可帮助调节人体机能，控制人体对压力的反应。

'A striking new finding is that the hormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS] that predicts life expectancy also follows a social gradient: less wealth, lower levels of DHEAS,' said Prof. Michael Marmot of the university's Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.

伦敦大学学院流行病学和公共卫生系(Department of Epidemiology and Public Health)教授马尔默特(Michael Marmot)说，一项引人注意的最新研究发现，可预测人们寿命长短的DHEAS激素竟然也遵循一种社会变化规律，即财富越少，激素水平越低。

The implication is that wealth brings freedom and time to eat well, exercise, enjoy various past times and stay closer to family and friends.

这表明，富裕的人们在合理饮食、运动、打发各种闲暇方面拥有自由和时间，且使得他们与亲朋好友相伴的时间也更长。

To some, this might seem like another case where money is destiny. Once again the rich seem to be winning the race and widening the gap, not just in financial terms but also in the far more important measure of life expectancy.

可能对有些人来说，这好像是在说金钱是万能的。好像有钱人再次赢得了赛跑，并拉大了与穷人之间的距离，不仅是在财富的拥有量上，而且是在更为重要的寿命方面。

What is more, people may be able to produce more of their own DHEAS even if they aren't wealthy, by leading more DHEAS-friendly lives - more exercise, more friendships and more hobbies-though, as the article notes, production of DHEAS is greatest in childhood and teenage years, gradually declines thereafter.

另外，即使你现在不属于富人行列，或许也可通过多运动、结交更多朋友和增加个人爱好等生活方式提高自身的DHEAS激素水平。研究结果指出，童年和青少年时代产生的DHEAS激素量是最多的，此后就逐渐减少。

Of course, if you spend time doing all that, you might not get wealthy.

当然，如果你花时间尝试上述每项生活方式，你不一定会因此而富起来。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed art glass. Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.

France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.

1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style

(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style

(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style

2. The word one in line 4 refers to

(A) century

(B) development

(D) coloration

3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass ?

(A) The distortion of the glass

(B) The appearance of the glass surface

(D) The size of the glass objects