托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文
“Miro菲菲”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了11篇托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文，下面小编为大家带来整理后的托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文，希望大家能够受用!
篇1：托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文
托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文
对于是否要通读全文，其实答案挺明显的，核心还是能力和分数的匹配。只要你看无老师的回答足够多的话，“匹配”这个词是经常挂在嘴边的，换句话说，也就是不要管别人，就说你，就说你自己，你现在是什么分数、什么水平，以及你想要一个什么样的分数，那么给出的答案完全是不一样的。
如果你就像读任何一篇TPO的文章，都能6-8分钟时间读完，而且，翻译成中文的时候几乎没有什么错误，那么可以很肯定的说，对于你来说是否通读全文，根本就不重要。因为你的能力，已经彻底碾压的这个考试。
这就像是在读故事会，原文这么说：李雨桐在喷薛之谦的时候，取出了好多证据，而且有截图，有照片。题目问：薛之谦被喷的时候有没有实锤呀?你答：有。这就对了!你回答没有，要么你是薛之谦的粉丝，要么你是李雨彤和薛之谦联合炒作团的成员，要么这个题你就理解错了。
你的能力就是这样的，6-8分钟时间读完，而且全都像故事会一样，那么是否通读原文，对于你来说根本就不重要。
至于匹配到楼主的能力，单篇每次大概错2到4题，估计这里也是有一个默认值，也就是，按时20分钟之内做完一篇文章。那么可以说，你的阅读分数大概应该在23分上下。
在你这个分数段之上，对于阅读还没有完全的碾压能力，还无法很稳定的控制，自己想得到的越多分数。
对于这个分数段来说，以及当你很稳定的达到29分之前，你采取的阅读文章的方法，应该是读一段，然后做相应的几题;然后再读一段，然后再做相应的几题;然后再读一段，然后再做相应的几道题。这种层层推进的方式，其实在SAT的阅读当中也应该采取这样的阅读方法，唯一有一点点意外的估计就是雅思考试，雅思的阅读挺邪性!
因为在托福阅读之中，阅读题90%以上的题目的出题顺序，都是跟文章的写作顺序相一致的，有没有例外呢?总是会有的，每篇文章最多有1-2道题，不会多。因此用这一种读一段，然后做相应的几题的方法，其实还是挺稳的。
但是说实话，单纯想依靠阅读文章的方法，而得到更好的分数，这个方向其实是不对的。因为阅读的方法并没有解决你最根本的问题，同时也就是托福考试最想考察的你的能力——理解，托福阅读最核心的想考察的能力，就是你对于文章细节的理解能力，进而由细节再扩展到对于整篇文章的理解。
在这里要特别注意，在托福阅读当中，细节，是重中之重，如果你仔细梳理过托福阅读的题目的话，你会发现在托福阅读之中，70%到80%所考查的题目，其实都是细节题和单词题，只有大概20%多一点，是在考察段落和全文的大意。因此你最核心要提高的能力，就是读懂文章的能力，尤其是读懂文章细节的能力。
如果我们再向前推进一步，请注意，在这里无老师已经在告诉你，怎样提升自己的阅读成绩了。我们如果将这个能力在拆解开的话，也就是将如何提升自己对于细节的理解能力，再进一步拆分开的话。其实我会得到这样几种能力。
第一，单词认不认识。这个单词包括大学四级单词、托福单词和镇魂单词。怎样提升这种能力呢?很简单，去背!
第二，句意逻辑有没有搞懂。句意的逻辑，说出来有点大，其实我们往小了说，往细了说，很简单，不是在一句话，甚至几句话当中，谁是原因，谁是结果?谁主动发出某个动作，谁被动接受某个动作?就这么简单，核心就在这。怎样提升这种能力呢?很简单，就是去分析长难句。
第三，理解原文的能力。这种能力其实是，基于我们对于语言的理解。学英语学多了，你会认为英语的理解就是单词和语法的堆砌，我们从小学英语的时候，家长就告诉我们要去背单词，要去学语法。这个方向其实就错了，语言有很多内容是约定俗成的，是有固定的表达方式的。跟单词和语法是没有关系的，在特定的语境下，单词和语法全对，但你听上去就是不像人话，因为你平时的习惯就不这么说话。
举个例子，同样是一个东西丢了。
北方人会说：在我上学的路上，我的钱包丢了。
南方人会说：在我上学的路上，我的钱包掉了。
在这种语境下，同样对于“丢钱包”这件事情，北方人就会用“丢”这个字，南方人就会用“掉”这个字，其实从单词和语法的角度，两种表达方法全是对的，但是你会发现北方人，就是不理解南方人在说什么。
北方人会单纯的理解为，你南方人的钱包掉在了地上，掉在地上会有啪的一声啊，你听到啪的一声，就知道自己的钱包掉了，然后你去捡起来就好了，这也不是个事儿啊，这就是个小事儿啊，你为什么要跟我说呢?
这里就是典型的，语言其实还有很多约定俗成的语境，和理解，以及表达方式，对于这些内容，只有通过多翻译原文，以及多和正确的中文翻译进行对比，才能得到提升。
是的，在这里你应该很明确的发现了，到这里，无老师都没有跟你提过去做题。
原因很简单，就是因为当无老师把这些能力拆分开之后，你会发现，你能力的提升跟做题一点儿关系都没有。你能力的提升，可以直接等同于你分数的提升。
因此，再向前推导一步，就是你能力的提升，就等同于你分数的提升。但是，你分数的提升，跟你是否做题没有关系，因此很多人总是来问无老师，要做多少题。
答案很明确，除非考前一周冲刺，你可以每天做一套题。除此之外，一周做一套题就够了，目的是来测试你阶段性的提升，以及提升效果。
要不要读全文因人而异，但是“读全文”还有另外一种方法，高效浏览文章，分三步!
1、先看标题，从标题中可以把文章的主题给确定，也能对文章结构进行有效猜测。
托福阅读标题大致分为三种类型。
第一种：“A and B” 型
TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution
TPO5 Minerals and Plants
TPO7 Ancient Rome and Greece
TPO11 Orientation and Navigation
TPO19 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
只看标题我们可以了解到文章中必定有两个讨论的对象，而且是分类阐述的，因为两个对象的重要性相当，在作者命名标题的时候会把两个对象都放在标题中。
但是两个对象的讨论也不是占用完全相同的篇幅，这就要看标题中的两个对象的具体概念。
这种情况下，小概念会是更主要的讨论对象。
以上面的标题TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution以及TPO7 Ancient Rome and Greece为例，标题中的两个讨论对象是罗马和希腊，是同级的概念，只看标题，我们可以推测文章会是在讲罗马和希腊的关系和对比。真实情况确是如此：文章中围绕着罗马与希腊发展模式的不同以及罗马受到的希腊文明的熏陶来讲。TPO26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution两个对象是能源和工业革命，看概念可以知道能源是小概念，工业革命是大概念，那么推测文章的主要对象是能源。事实上，文章的内容就是在讲工业革命中能源的作用。
第二种： “A ” 型
TPO3 Architecture
TPO4 Petroleum Resources
TPO6 William Smith
TPO10 Chinese Pottery
TPO13 Biological Clocks
这类标题看上去很简单，只涉及一个概念，那么文章必定围绕着这一个对象来讲。但是这点信息好像对我们的帮助不大。还有哪些特点呢?其实，一般情况下，这类文章在行文时文章会分为两部分，文章一开始会给出这一个概念的定义，即“什么是A?”;接下来“A有什么特点?”或者“A的起源”等等。
以TPO3 Architecture为例，文章讨论的对象是建筑，文章第一段也是第一部分讲的是建筑的定义和文化价值;接下来的内容则围绕着建筑的质量、建筑的特点进行。
第三种：“带限定的A” 型
TPO21 The origin of Agriculture
TPO18 The Mystery of Yawning
TPO3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems/
TPO8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs
TPO24 Breathing During Sleep
和“A ” 型标题对比，可以看出这种类型的标题对讨论的唯一对象进行了修饰或者称限定。给出大家一个推断的范围。所以对文章的接下来的内容推测也容易的多
比如TPO21 The origin of Agriculture就是在讲农业的起源而不会是农业的其他方面。TPO24 Breathing During Sleep讲睡觉时的呼吸。
这种文章类型会是我们最希望看到的，因为可以直接看出文章讨论的话题。
2、读首段。
托福阅读文章属于议论文或者说明文，多采用总分(总)文章结构，利用首段往往可以概括出全文主旨。在阅读首段时，注意内容中如果出现however,while,but等转折逻辑指示词，往往后面的内容就是重点!
3、读每段的中心句。
学生面对一个托福阅读段落，肯定一开始很难确定主题句，有的段落主题句也并不是明显的某一句话。但是一般情况下，托福阅读段落主题句会是前1-2句，或者是最后一句，要注意的是每个段落大致采取Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度的结构，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过这种结构抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。
托福阅读四种题型要区别对待
1.托福阅读主旨题。分为三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章中心思想。李老师强调，虽然这种题通常是第一道题，但建议考生把它放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，进而对文章有总的理解，最后来处理主旨题就会水到渠成。
2.托福阅读列举题。把新托福考试的阅读列举题分为四类。(1)一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;(2)局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;(3)段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及其他段落;(4)文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。
一句话列举题和段落列举题一般会有明显的信号词帮助答题，考生只需根据题序做题，不必区别对待。而文章列举题和局部列举题则应放在其他题做完之后再处理。
3.托福阅读作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。如果文章最后一题才问及作者态度，则为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。所以提醒考生，千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。
对于局部作者态度题，这种题对应文章的位置比较灵活，题目往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干会有信号词将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。提醒，有时候某个选项同作者的表达相悖，因此做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的观点强加于作者。
4.托福阅读文章结构题。分为三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?
对于以上三类结构题型，推断托福阅读文章前面内容要立足文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，考生尤其要注意首句中诸如this、so之类的结构词。预测下文内容的题则分两步走：首先，读各段首句，它们会显示文章内容的逻辑走向。其次，竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子都是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，不过干扰性选项往往来自文章所讲的内容中。至于文章组织结构题，考生只要读每段首句即可，因为这些句子就是文章框架。
托福阅读练习：褪黑素
褪黑素与我们的睡眠质量密切相关，下面的新托福考试阅读资料要讨论的就是褪黑素有助睡眠的原因。
Melatonin, sometimes called “the hormone of darkness,” plays an important role in regulating our daily sleep patterns. This hormone is produced by our bodies and in most organisms melatonin production is higher during the night than during the day.
褪黑素，又名黑素细胞凝集素的荷尔蒙，在调节我们日常睡眠规律中扮演重要角色。人体自身分泌褪黑激素，而且大多数生物夜晚比白天分泌得更多。
In addition to their body’s own melatonin, many people take melatonin supplements in an attempt to help them sleep, fight jet lag or balance out seasonal affective disorder.
此外，一些人通过体外补充褪黑素改善睡眠，缓解飞机时差感、平衡季节性情绪失调。
Melatonin And Memories
褪黑素对记忆的影响
But a study by a group of scientists at the University of Houston suggests that melatonin might have a negative impact on the ability to form new memories.
但是，休斯顿大学的科学家们研究表明：褪黑素阻碍记忆形成。
The researchers were interested in how the body’s internal clock affects the formation of new memories. They found that small striped minnows called zebra fish learned very well during the day but very poorly at night, when melatonin levels are higher.
研咳嗽毕肱宄迥谏镏尤绾斡跋煨律且涞男纬伞Q芯咳嗽狈⑾职呗碛惆滋煅澳芰芎;夜晚却很差，而夜晚褪黑素分泌旺盛。
They wondered if melatonin played a role in learning and memory.
研究人员怀疑褪黑素影响学习和记忆。
Melatonin And Learning
褪黑素对学习的影响
They treated zebra fish with extra melatonin during the day, boosting the hormone levels to night-time amounts.
白天，研究人员喂给斑马鱼褪黑素，促进斑马鱼夜晚褪黑素分泌。
They discovered that high melatonin did not affect learning per se, but dramatically reduced the fishes’ ability to form new memories, or to remember what they’d learned.
研究人员发现大量的褪黑素没有直接影响学习本身，但是却很大程度地使斑马鱼的记忆衰退，斑马鱼不记得学过的东西。
Then the scientists inhibited melatonin activity in the fish. They did this by blocking melatonin receptors with inhibitory drugs. The fishs’ melatonin levels were unchanged, but the ability of melatonin to affect the brain was blocked.
接着，科学家们抑制斑马鱼体内的褪黑素的作用：抑制药物阻碍褪黑素受体。斑马鱼褪黑素分泌量没改变，但是褪黑素不能影响不了大脑。
Blocking Melatonin
阻碍褪黑素
With melatonin activity blocked, the ability of the fish to form new memories was drastically improved, even at night.
褪黑素的作用受阻，斑马鱼新生记忆能力明显改善，夜晚也很好。
This research has potential benefits for humans. For example, the use of melatonin receptor blockers could improve performance of night-time cognitive tasks, helping people such as night-shift workers or students cramming for exams.
该项研究带给人类潜在好处。例如，褪黑素受体的阻碍能影响人夜晚的认知能力，那么对于那些夜班工作者和熬夜备考的学生都有所帮助。
托福阅读练习：睡觉时间背单词
It is one thing to learn a new piece of information, such as a new phone number or a new word, but quite another to get your brain to file it away so it is available when you need it.
学习新知识——比如记个电话号码或者一个新单词——是一回事，而将它们存进大脑并在需要时调用就完全是另外一回事了。
A new study published in the Journal of Neuroscience by researchers at the University of York and Harvard Medical School suggests that sleep may help to do both. The scientists found that sleep helps people to remember a newly learned word and incorporate new vocabulary into their “mental lexicon”.
英国约克大学和美国哈佛医学院联合在《神经科学杂志》刊登的研究论文称，睡眠能够兼修学习能力和记忆能力。科学家们发现，睡眠可以帮助人们记住新学到单词，并将其纳入“人脑词典”。
During the study, researchers taught volunteers new words in the evening, followed by an immediate test. The volunteers slept overnight in the laboratory while their brain activity was recorded using an electroencephalogram. A test the following morning revealed that they could remember more words than they did immediately after learning them, and they could recognize them faster demonstrating that sleep had strengthened the new memories.
在研究中，研究人员在晚上教会志愿者新单词，随后立即测试。然后志愿者在实验室入睡，研究人员同时检测脑电波以观察他们的大脑活跃度。次日早晨的测试结果证明，志愿者睡后记住的单词比刚学完记住的单词还要多，并且能很快回想起新学单词，这表明睡眠有助于加强新记忆。
This did not occur in a control group of volunteers who were trained in the morning and re-tested in the evening, with no sleep in between. An examination of the sleep volunteers' brainwaves showed that deep sleep (slow-wave sleep) rather than rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or light sleep helped in strengthening the new memories.
而另一组受控志愿者在早上学习，晚上测试，中间没有睡眠，研究人员发现这种学习效果差强人意。而对睡眠人员的脑电波进行监测后发现，相较于睡眠浅的志愿者，睡眠较深的志愿者的新增记忆得到了更有效的巩固。
These results highlight the importance of sleep and the underlying brain processes for expanding vocabulary. Lead author Jakke Tamminen, said: “New memories are only really useful if you can connect them to information you already know.” he said their study identifies the brain activity during sleep that organizes new memories and makes those vital connections with existing knowledge.
这些研究结果突出了睡眠的重要性，并解释了扩充词汇量的脑部机制。研究论文主要撰稿人Jakke Tamminen称：“如果你能将新增记忆和自己已有的知识储备联系起来，新增记忆才算真正有用。”他还说他们的研究证实了人们在睡觉时大脑组织新记忆并将其与已有知识联系起来。
托福阅读找答案费劲?要不要通读全文
篇2：要不要叫醒她阅读答案
要不要叫醒她？她睡得好熟呢。还是叫起来吧，免得下车吹了风会着凉。
于是，我等待着，等候父亲或者母亲坚持的，又不想惊吓了孩子的，叫我醒过来。
那是很小的时候，我们全家常在假期出游，为了贪看晚霞的光彩，为了多辨认几颗星星，回家总得天黑以后，我和弟弟差不多一上车就睡了。那时路上多是农田，并没有可看的街景，四周一片静寂的黑，偶尔有住家的灯光闪过，稀稀硫疏的，原本就很像一场梦了，更加催人入梦。因为车上的人多，很多时候就睡在父母亲的怀抱里。道路并不平坦，颠簸，是梦里始终不变的节奏。
每一次快到家我自然就会醒来，却并不睁眼，仍流连在睡的边缘，全身的知觉在等待。可以听见父母商量着，要把我们叫醒，恐怕忽然醒来吹了风会生病，母亲叫了我的小名，我揉揉眼睛醒过来，是被母亲叫醒的哦，像是一种撒娇，还要皱皱眉头，好不甘愿的样子。父母叫唤弟弟不醒，决定将弟弟裹在父亲的大衣里，抱回家去，我们一起下车，走进寒冷的冬夜。
看着走在前面的父亲抱着幼小的弟弟，我有些嫉妒，如果我再小一些，再轻一些，父亲就会抱着我回家了。
后来我读书了，觉得睡眠永远不够，星期日不用上课的`早晨，多希望时钟坏了，父母亲忽然忘了家里还有一个我的存在，可是，我总听见门外的交谈：“要不要叫醒她？”“她好像很晚才睡啊。”“是呀，最近都是这样，可是，就快考试了，不拼一下不行的。”“要不然，过十分钟再叫醒她吧。”
安静下来的空气里中，我已完全清醒，闭着眼睛等那得之不易的十分钟过去。那是做父母的挣扎与不忍，我等着他们来叫醒，精神饱满地醒来，让父母以为这十分钟的功效显著。
一个人到香港教书，初抵达时，住在大学宾馆里，陌生的环境，陌生的生活，我陷在难以言喻的焦虑里，并没有什么不如意，我只是无法入睡。连续好儿夜，我完全没有睡意，天亮以后，却又精力充沛，在焦日炙阳下，奔波寻找一个适合的居所，安顿下来。
找到房子那夜，我的疲惫不堪的躯体，和暂时松弛下来的灵魂，一块儿拉我入梦，天亮以后，我仿佛听见父母亲的声音：要不要叫她起来……在等待中，感觉到太阳光从百叶窗筛进地板，缓缓爬上枕被；听见乌雀此起彼落的鸣唱，我只是等不到父亲或者母亲，走进房问，叫我醒来。那天早上，我一直没有等到，于是自己睁开眼睛来，在床上默默坐了许久……。
的香港，秋日刚来，天就凉了，不时下着雨。我在购物中心潦草解决了晚餐，提着大包小包上了社区小巴士，往回家的路上驶去。快要抵达时，我听见后座一对父母亲，用广东话低声商量着，我正好听懂了他们的话：要不要叫醒她？年轻的父母决定抱着小女儿下车，我走在他们身后，看着那父亲将女儿用外套裹在怀里，那母亲在一旁撑着伞，踩过积水的马路回家。
我忧然记起，很多年以前，当我还很幼小的时候，也曾这样，被抱在怀中，温暖地护持着小小的梦。我要赶快回家，很快地，我会把新家打理好，接来父母亲一起住。然后，在醒和睡的边缘，等待那一声：要不要叫醒她？
安心地睡去，愉悦地醒来，真是一种幸福。
【问题】
20.“要不要叫醒她”在文中起什么作用？（2分）
答：【 】
21.品味下列句子中加点的词，说说它好在哪里。（4分）
（1）仍【流连】在睡的边缘。
答：【 】
（2）太阳光从百叶窗【筛】进地板。
答：【 】
22.文章倒数第三段叙述的内容能否删掉？为什么？（2分）
答：【 】
23.如何理解文章最后一句“安心地睡去，愉悦地醒来，真是一种幸福”？（3分）
答：【 】
24.生活中很平常的一句话和一个细节，反复出现时，同样也能让你感受到他人的关爱，细心呵护。请写出一例子，让我们大家一起来分享你的甜蜜回忆。（3分）
答：【 】
【参考答案】
20.结构全文的线索作用，同时深刻地表现出父母对子女的关心与疼爱。
21.（1）“流连”是留恋不止，舍不得离去的意思，这个词生动的表现出“我”半梦半醒的状态。
（2）“筛”字体现了阳光照进百叶窗时特有的景象，准确、生动、传神。
22.不能，因为倒数第三段描写了一对年轻夫妇对自己女儿的细心呵护，正是看到这一幕，才勾起“我”对往事的回忆，决定“要赶快回家，把新家打理好，接来父母亲一起住。是对下文的铺势；同时这一段还告诉人们，天下的父母对子女的关心都是相同的。
23.这句话点明了主旨，表现了“我”感激、甜蜜的心情。
24.要生活中的一句话或一个细节，要有具体的描写和感受。
篇3：《要不要设立“中华母亲节”？》阅读答案
《要不要设立“中华母亲节”？》阅读答案
⑴五月第二周的周日是母亲节。母亲节是“洋节”，既然是“洋节”，就一定会有人抵制，而抵制的法子通常就是“设立中国人自己的××节”。
⑵设立“中华母亲节”的话题由来已久。早在，就有全国政协委员在两会期间提交相关提案：指出中华民族有重视人伦亲情的优秀传统，呼吁尽快确立“中华母亲节”，并建议以“中华第一贤母”孟母为中华母亲节的形象代表。近年来，每到五月，关于中国是否应该设立自己的母亲节的话题，都会成为坊间热议的内容。
⑶在讨论是否应设“中华母亲节”之前，有必要先厘清三个问题。
⑷首先，尊孝感恩是否一定拘泥于某种形式?把五月第二个周日作为“母亲节”，是美国等国家的做法，属于不折不扣的舶来品。那么，这是否意味着在其传入中国之前，我们就不懂得尊孝感恩了?显然不是，中华民族素有重视人伦亲情的优秀传统，古有孟母三迁、二十四孝广为流传，今有“90后”女生孟佩杰背着母亲去上学的故事感动中国。其实，节日只是一种形式，每个回家看看的日子都可以是母亲节。只要心中有爱，尊孝感恩无须拘泥于节日的形式。
⑸其次，中西方节日是否水火不容?①用七夕节抵御西方情人节，用中华母亲节反对美**亲节，这种正义凛然的态度，看似是对中华传统文化的捍卫，实则透露出强烈的文化不自信和狭隘的文化观。②在全球化时代，任何一种文化都不是孤立存在的，都通过种种途径与世界有着若干的关联，中西方节日完全可以互补共存。③现在，许多外国人也开始过春节，有的国家和地区干脆将春节定为公众假日，就是例证。中国的传统节日一般都是综合性的，缺少单项突出的人伦主题节日，西方的母亲节、情人节恰恰弥补了这一空白，满足了现代社会表达人伦感情的需要。④我们可能不知道五月母亲节的由来，但它却让我们更加懂得感恩，而这就足够了。
⑹此外，设立中华母亲节的意义何在?近年来，为了传承文化，我们将端午节、清明节、中秋节设为法定节日，然而，理想很丰满，现实很骨感，到了这一天，我们看到更多的`是商家大张旗鼓的叫卖、景区摩肩接踵的游客，很难感受到文化所在。更值得担忧的是，成立中华母亲节促进会、力推孟母生孟子的农历四月初二为中华母亲节的背后，恰恰是孟子故里在不遗余力地鼓吹。在节日过度商业化的当下，如果多了一个中华母亲节，仅仅是给商家一个促销活动的载体、给地方一个经济唱戏的舞台，这样的节日还有必要吗?
⑺诚然，在全球化价值趋同的背景下，传统节日是保持民族文化认同感的一道壁垒，在吸收优秀外来文化的同时，我们更应传承光大民族传统文化。不过，并非故意标新立异地设立中华某某节，就能凸显中华文化的大不同，完成文化传承的使命。与其煞费苦心另设中华母亲节，倒不如反思端午节、中秋节沦为“粽子节”、“月饼节”的尴尬，丰富现有传统节日的内涵，使其更具生命力。
21.第⑷段中画线句运用了的论证方法，作用是(2分)
22.以下这段文字放在第⑸段的哪个位置最恰当?(2分)
正如中国民间文艺家协会主席冯骥才所言，我们不应该拒绝洋节，那些外来的节日大大充实了我们的文化生活。
A.①处 B.②处 C.③处 D.④处
23.第⑹段中“很丰满”的“理想”具体指的是，“很骨感”的“现实”则是指
(均用原文回答，每格一字，不超过规定字数)。(3分)
24.第⑺段画线部分能否删除?为什么?(3分)25.纵观全文，作者对于“设立中华母亲节”持态度，理由是：(4分)
①
②
③
参考答案：
21.举例论证(1分)，具体而有力地论证了“中华民族素有重视人伦亲情的优秀传统”这一观点。(1分)
22.D(1分)A(1分)
23.传承文化(1.5分)很难感受到文化/节日过度商业化(1.5分)
24.不能(1分)，①画线部分认可“传承民族传统文化的”的必要性以及“传统节日”对于“保持民族文化认同感”的意义;②画线句将“中华母亲节”与“传统节日”进行了区分(大意对即可)。这样一来，就使文章的论证显得更为严密和完整。(2分)
25.否定/反对(1分)
①只要心中有爱，尊孝感恩无须拘泥于节日的形式。(1分)
②在全球化时代，中西方节日完全可以互补共存。(1分)
③在节日过度商业化的当下，设立中华母亲节对传承文化没有太大意义。(1分)
篇4：《找骆驼》阅读答案
1.根据文章内容补充句子。
我看见路上有( )，就知道骆驼的左脚有点儿跛。我又看见( )。我想骆驼驮的一定是这两样东西。我还看见( )，所以知道它缺了一颗牙齿。
2.为什么商人开始找不到骆驼，后来却找到了呢?
__________________________________________________
3.老人的话给了我们什么启发?
__________________________________________________
篇5：找骆驼阅读答案
《找骆驼》阅读原文
有个商人，走失了一只骆驼。他找了好多地方都没找到，心里很着急。忽然，他看见一位老人在前面走，就赶上去，问：“老人家，您看见过一只骆驼吗?”
老人就：“你问的那只骆驼是不是左脚看点儿跛?”
“是的。”
“是不是左边驮着蜜，右边驮着米?”
“不错。”
“是不是缺了一颗牙齿?”
“对极了，您看见它往哪儿去了?”
老人说：“那可不知道。”
商人忿忿地说：“别哄我了，一定是你把我的骆驼藏起来了。要不，你怎么会知道得这样详细!”
老人不紧不慢地说：“干吗生气呢，听我说吧。刚才我看见路上有骆驼的脚印，右边深，左边浅，就知道骆驼的左脚有点儿跛。我又看见路的左边有一些蜜，右边有一些米。我想骆驼驮的一定是这两样东西。我还看见骆驼啃过的树叶上面留下了牙齿印，所以知道它缺了一颗牙齿。至于骆驼究竟往哪儿去了，你应该顺着骆驼的`脚印去找。”
商人听了，照老人的指点一路找去，果然找到了走失的骆驼。
《找骆驼》阅读题目
1.根据文章内容补充句子。
我看见路上有( )，就知道骆驼的左脚有点儿跛。我又看见( )。我想骆驼驮的一定是这两样东西。我还看见( )，所以知道它缺了一颗牙齿。
2.为什么商人开始找不到骆驼，后来却找到了呢?
__________________________________________________
3.老人的话给了我们什么启发?
__________________________________________________
《找骆驼》阅读答案
1.骆驼的脚印，右边深，左边浅;路的左边有一些蜜，右边有一些米;骆驼啃过的树叶上面留下了牙齿印
2.商人开始没有细心地观察与思考，后来在老人的指点下果然找到了走失的骆驼。
骆驼生活习性
一般骆驼的速度 14.5～16公里/小时 。阿拉伯骆驼适应深深的沙土地和酷热的天气。它能驮运400磅(180公斤)重的货物每天走上40英里(64公里)的路程，连续走4天;用于比赛的骆驼速度可达每小时8英里(13公里)。冲刺速度可达40英里/时，长途持续速度可达25英里/时。这种骆驼的毛发很短，像羊毛，体格较瘦弱，它们比双峰骆驼更加温顺，也更加容易驯化。但到12月份的公驼发情季节，人们发现，在这个季节公驼追赶母驼或追逐骑马人的速度，远远超过平时的速度，每小时可达70～80公里，一般的骏马根本赶不上它。
骆驼颇能忍饥耐渴，每饮足一次水，可数日不喝水，仍能在炎热、干旱的沙漠地区活动。由于它们鼻内有很多极细而曲折的管道，平时管道被液体湿润着，当体内缺水时，管道立即停止分泌液体，并在管道表面结出1层硬皮，使它吸收呼出的水分而不致散失体外;在吸气时，硬皮内的水分又可被送回体内。水分如此在体内反复循环被利用，故能耐渴。
胃分3室(缺少瓣胃)，可以反刍。性情温顺，常单独活动，食粗草及灌木。
骆驼的体温晚间为34摄氏度，白天高达41摄氏度，只有在高于这个体温，骆驼才开始出汗。
骆驼颇能忍饥耐渴，每饮足1次水，可数日不喝水，仍能在炎热、干旱的沙漠地区活动。鼻孔能开闭，足有肉垫厚皮，适合在沙漠中行走，背有肉峰，内蓄脂肪，胃有三室，第一胃室有20～30个水脬，可以贮水，红血球可以大幅膨胀吸水来贮水，所以耐饥渴，可以多日不吃不喝，一旦遇到水草，可以大量饮水贮存。
篇6：找骆驼阅读答案
从前有个商人走失了一只骆驼。他找了许多地方都没找到，心里很着急。这时候，他看见一位老人在前面走，就（走赶）上去问：“老人家，您看见一只骆驼了吗？”
老人说：“你问的那只骆驼是不是左脚有点跛？”
“是的。
“是不是左边驮着蜜，右边驮着米？”
“不错。”
“是不是缺了一颗牙齿？”
“对极了！您看见它往哪儿去了？”
老人说：“那我可不知道。”
商人忿忿地说：“别哄我了，一定是你把我的骆驼藏起来了。要不，你怎么会知道得这样（详细仔细）！”
老人不紧不慢地说：“干吗生气呢？听我说嘛。刚才我看见路边有骆驼的脚印，深，浅，就知道骆驼的左脚有点跛。我又看见路的左边有一些，路的右边有一些，我想骆驼驮的一定是这两样东西。我还看见骆驼啃过的树叶上留下了牙齿印，所以我知道它。至于骆驼究竟往（那儿哪儿）去了，应该顺着它的去找。”
商人听了，照着老人的指点一路找去，（果然居然）找到了走失的骆驼。
1、读文章，把括号里不合适的字、词画去。
2、联系上下文想一想，把文中老人说的话补充完整。
3、文中的老人具有怎样的品质？
参考答案：
1、画去：赶仔细那儿居然
2、左边右边蜜米缺一颗牙齿脚印
3、老人具有善于观察、助人为乐的品质。
篇7：托福阅读专项练习题及答案
Naturalists and casual observers alike have been struck by the special relationship between squirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak trees). Ecologists, though, cannot observe these energetic mammals scurrying up and down oak trees and eating and burying acorns without wondering about their complex relationship with trees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak forests or pesky seed predators? The answer is not simple. Squirrels may devour many acorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of them as they do when seeds are abundant, these arboreal rodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of the oaks.
Their destructive powers are well documented. According to one report, squirrels destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the University of Indiana campus. A professor there estimated that each of the large white oaks had produced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallen leaves.
Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them, and are therefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are also unlikely to promote tree dispersal, as they often store seeds in tree cavities and underground burrows. Only squirrels ― whose behavior of caching (hiding) acorns below the leaf litter ― often promote successful germination of acorns, and perhaps blue jays, important long-distance dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and reproduce.
Among squirrels, though, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern. Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and then discard them half-eaten. The ground under towering oaks is often littered with thousands of half-eaten acorns, each one only bitten from the top. Why would any animal waste so much time and energy and risk exposure to such predators as red-tail hawks only to leave a large part of each acorn uneaten? While research is not conclusive at this point, one thing that is certain is that squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions, and these acorn halves, many of which contain the seeds, may later germinate.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The ecology of oak trees
(B) Factors that determine the feeding habits of Squirrels
(C) Various species of animals that promote the dispersal of tree seeds
(D) The relationship between squirrels and oak trees
2. The word “they” in line 7 refers to
(A) oak forests
(B) acorns
(C) squirrels
(D) predators
3. According to the passage , what do squirrels do when large quantities of acorns are available?
(A) They do not store acorns.
(B) They eat more than 74 percent of available acorns.
(C) They do not retrieve all the acorns that they have stored.
(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities.
4. The word “estimated评价，估计，估价，判断” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) commented
(B) judged
(C) observed
(D) discovered
5. Why does the author mention “the University of Indiana campus” in line 10 -11?
(A) to provide evidence that intact acorns are hard to find under oak trees
(B) to indicate a place where squirrels can aid seed dispersal of oaks
(C) to argue in favor of additional studies concerning the destructive force of squirrels
(D) to support the claim that squirrels can do great damage to oak stands
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that chipmunks do not aid in the dispersal of oak trees because
(A) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate
(B) they consume most of their stored acorns
(C) their stored acorns are located and consumed by other species
(D) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal
7. According to the passage , which of the following do squirrels and blue jays have in common?
(A) They travel long distances to obtain acorns.
(B) They promote the reproduction of oak trees.
(C) They bury acorns under fallen leaves.
(D) They store large quantities of acorns.
8. The phrase “pry 撬off” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) swallow 吞
(B) remove
(C) squeeze
(D) locate
9. The word “littered” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) covered
(B) displayed
(C) fertilized
(D) planted
10. According to the passage , scientists cannot explain which of the following aspects of squirrel behavior?
(A) Where squirrels store their acorn caches
(B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over other seeds
(C) Why squirrels eat only a portion of each acorn they retrieve
(D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a particular species of oak trees
DCCBD DBBAC
篇8：托福阅读模拟练习题及答案
The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.
(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.
(C) The origin of the Moon's craters.
(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.
2. The word “undergone经历” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) altered
(B) substituted
(C) experienced
(D) preserved
3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of
(A) age
(B) manner of creation
(C) size
(D) composition
4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?
(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.
(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.
(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon's surface.
(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.
5. The word “vast” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) special
(B) known
(C) varied
(D) great
6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters.
(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.
(C) They have a rough texture.
(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.
7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) Moon (line 1)
(B) reflectivity (line 3)
(C) regolith (line 16)
(D) Maria (line 2)
8. The author mentions “wispy marks” in line 19 as an example of
(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions
(B) a characteristic of large craters
(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes
(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon
9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on
(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon
(B) the lunar regolith
(C) cataloging various land formations
(D) craters and their origins
10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study
(B) the different shapes small craters can have
(C) some features of large craters
(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed
BCDAD CACDC
篇9：托福阅读加试答案口诀
托福阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization 试题及答案
阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization
概述：
第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。(有题)平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障
第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化
第三段：S文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。 我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。
第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中议事。(有题)社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心，由牧师组织交易，所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。
Mesopotamia culture一种civilization(文明社会)还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社会)的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个联合体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance (确实的物质)留下来，因为他们的architecture structure(建筑结构)与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord(封建地主),这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的influence，文中讲到的是economic aspect(经济方面)同时，他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考：Mesopotamia文化是独立于independence Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点：建筑物没有Egypt的牢固，文化没有文字记载等。
答案(下方黑体标出)
1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.
(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.
(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.
(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.
3.The phrase its substance refers to
(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不达米亚政治的历史
(B) divine kingship
(C) Egypt
(D) the sudden collapse of military power
4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important
5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to
(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 为相对少的关于古代苏美尔社会物理遗迹提供一个解释
(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.
(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.
(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.
6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in
(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia
(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的交汇处
7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small
8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.
(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.
(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.
(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures
9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 尽管这些成就，学者们对于苏美尔人的生活知道的更少，比起他们爱好什么而言
Where would the sentence best fit? 选第四方块
10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 对于神的所有权并不仅仅“是虔诚的虚构”这一论点支持的证据是
(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.
(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.
(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.
(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有权服务于苏美尔社会的经济组织形式的基础
11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.
12.In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪项不是关于当地的神的事实
(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.
(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.
(C) The local god communicated with the people of the city-state through a human ruler.
(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 当地的神有时候同竞争的城邦的神作战
13. fill in a table
Ancient Egyptian Civilization
(1)政治统一了很久时间 (2)有相当多建筑物遗址
Sumerian Civilization
(1)城邦city-state国家是一个特色(2)从文件中所记载(3)这一个文明受到外部侵略
托福阅读经典加试 2Title: Telegraph 试题及答案
阅读经典加试 2 Title: Telegraph
概述：电报的发明有重大的意义，它使长距离交流变得更容易。本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金;第二，缺乏政府监管;第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项创造性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。
1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle?
解析：A. fund 不够; B. 缺少management;
2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是?
解析：当时Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。
3. 电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责?
解析：在美国，telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里(私有化private)，很多私企行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断(monopoly)。
4. 19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折?
解析：在19 世纪，电报被纳入政府监管(under government regulation)。之后，尽管美国那时有科技的限制，但电报在美国发展得最好，得到了普及。
5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端?
解析：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。
6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展?
解析：随着发展，欧洲国家把telegraph 纳入governmental control(国家政府管理), 主要应用在邮政系统postal system 方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。
7. 为什么电报的发明是革命性的?
解析：电报需要建立 net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph 是非常revolutionary invention。
8. 电报的重要性?
解析：虽然telegraph 重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation 已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了(物流发达)，因此，不应过分夸大电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change 。
9. Novel解析：新奇的，新颖的， 新的
近义词：new unique unusual
托福阅读经典加试 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice 试题及答案
阅读经典加试 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice
概述：
第一段：威尼斯原本也是产盐的，但是产fine salt 精盐，但是需要粗盐coarse salt的时候，就要进口，有一次天灾，产盐区1/3都受到影响，所以要import. (问什么时候要进口，双选)。
第二段：政府给盐商补偿金subsidy. (这里有一个指代题) 这个补偿金后来越来越高，商人宁愿花高价去收购盐，以获得它。补偿金enable商人从东地中海eastern Mediterranean进口印度香料spice, 以及rice,再贩卖到西欧。(问他们为什么愿意花高价买盐)。说香料和米利润高，于是威尼斯就发达了。
第三段：和中国政府不一样，威尼斯官方不拥有盐，但是对盐业起到调节作用。(此处问中国是什么样的。选的是官方是拥有盐，并且对盐业调节)。威尼斯给商人发牌照license,还制定盐的价格，要求在哪里买等。它们还负责maintain一些建筑(此处有词汇题，是形容建筑的)。 (又有一问，是排除列举题，问以下哪一个不是威尼斯政府的职能。选的是permit商人制定的价格，价格是官方定的。其他三个选项是：发牌照;定价格;保护建筑)
第四段：说他们的生意越做越大，从哪里到哪里(range from……to…..这个是插入题)。
第五段：威尼斯很注重它们的reputation.重视state, 签订contract合同。合同里规定stipulate(词汇题，选项为require; assume; suggest) 威尼斯是它们的唯一供应商。
第六段：有一次希腊那边供给出了问题，威尼斯还是履行了合同，就是为了维护他的市场。(有考到词汇题ruthlessly无情地; 答案应该是without mercy) 威尼斯还有了自己的舰队，也是为了让大家conform with。(问关于舰队的题目，问为什么提到它。是因为它也是一种手段)
最后一题是全文总结题。
托福阅读经典加试 4Title: 生物适应性 试题及答案
阅读经典加试 4Title: 生物适应性
概述：主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水，如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的：有些是周期性植物，只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法，例如，叶子表面产生一层蜡质，减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。然后，另起一段将动物是如何适应的：产生高盐度的尿液，调整呼吸，等等。随后，还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。
篇10：托福阅读真题及答案
北美地区6月8日托福考试真题回忆
206月8日北美地区托福考试都考了哪些题目?以下是年6月8日北美地区托福真题，大家可以练习使用。
托福机经阅读
我遇到了加试，还不是经典加试，人品差哇。
有一篇是讲地球的形成的，先讲了星球大概形成的一个过程。然后具体说了地球内部的硅浮上来，重物质下去。还讲了地幔和地壳的形成。然后还有什么一开始是一些神马物质，后来这些物质就走掉了，还有水汽，还有其他氢啊神马的进来，然后形成最终状态。
有个著名的帝国破灭了，分成了东和西。然后东比较好，需要防卫的边界线不是很多，还有很多资源;西的话就比较悲惨，要各种防卫，内忧外患。还有西的话君主特别年轻，8岁和5岁还是神马的就登基了，然后权臣当道，等他们成年了，也没有发言权了。然后就说很多人都是为了自己的利益来的，牺牲民众的利益，外敌就入侵了。
还有一篇讲一个国家内战求民主，但是结果很不理想，想要的木有达到。穷苦民众无力去撼动大地主的利益，然后教堂啥的影响很小，商人首创严重，大地主反而获利很大。还讲了这个国家对周边国家的一些影响，有些国家出乎意料还从中受益了。
还有一篇一点印象都木有了!
托福机经听力
有一道是去找教授的，我没听太清楚。姑娘写了篇论文，和教授分析自己的论文。貌似选择的题目是和网络还有杂志相关的，我没听清楚到底是网络对纸质媒介的影响，还是网络规范的制定神马的，这里有题目的。姑娘说自己找了很多资料，教授表示挺惊讶的，估计觉着资料很难找。然后姑娘天马行空，想写的东西特别多，还想比较1970年的和现在的情况。教授让她不要弄那么大的题目，最后她绝对专注于目前。
还有一篇是讲一个男孩选了两门生物课，一门钢琴课。然后导师劝他放弃其中一门课。男孩说自己非常喜欢生物，也很爱音乐，但是自己确实没有那么多的时间，每天两个小时的弹琴也没有能保证。导师也说他是个很好的学生，但是最近的成绩确实不够理想。让他想清楚自己到底想做神马。学校里有选不同方向的学生，但是他们一般两个方向都是相关的。她问男孩是不是想弹钢琴去讲生物神马的。男孩一开始不肯放弃，后来被劝着劝着觉着导师挺有道理的，决定回家仔细想想放弃哪一门。
有一篇讲百老汇的。说18x.x年有一个新的方式出现了。那段时间新兴了很多中产阶级，需要娱乐，这里有题。新出来的和普通的不一样，有很多新点子，引入了芭蕾神马的，还全美巡演，还有移动舞台，给观众全新的体验。
还有一篇讲电影的，教授说这些名字你们都很熟悉吧，但是你们不一定知道全部的信息。然后就具体讲了迪士尼的动画。说了其中一部，非常重要，重要的原因貌似是第一部盈利的，这里有题。然后讲了一个拍摄的新技巧，说镜头拉近，附近的东西会变大，树啊栅栏啊啥的都变大了，但是太阳不会变大。这个就挺难弄的，如果让画家画的话太费力了。然后有个人去看了部舞台剧，舞台剧是有背景的，给了灵感，这里有题。然后就弄了滤片啥的在相机里拍摄，就解决问题啦。
托福机经口语
1、有三个了解大学的选择
a. 周末学校一日游
b. 周末两天在playground玩
c. 参加大学的课程
问选择哪种去最好的了解学校
2、有人送了一块地，问是用来养花种菜呢还是建儿童游乐园
3、阅读：有人给学校写了封建议信，刊登在学校的报纸上。学校附近有一个小咖啡厅兮兮的东西，提供饮料和小cookie。这是非常好的，但是有两个建议，一个是提供一些耐吃的食物，三明治神马的;一个是建议多一些轻音乐。
对话：一男一女，女孩说觉得这个建议非常赞啊。说那里是休息的一个好地方，吃点东西神马的太便利了。但是饿的时候小cookie木有用，确实需要一些其他的吃的;然后音乐太吵了，自己在那里完全没有办法看书，只能回宿舍。
4、阅读：一个协同作战之类的词，讲动物之间一般会一起做一样的事情。而且协同作战还会让他们更团结，抵抗外敌。
听力：教授举了某种动物做例子，说在迁徙的时候，如果一只口渴停下来喝水，其他不渴的也会停下来喝，喝完再一起继续迁徙。为嘛他们要一起呢，因为在dry open grass上有很危险的敌人，有狮子神马的。如果单独行动太危险了，很有可能丧命。
5、一男一女对话。男孩很苦恼，遇到问题了。他现在住的屋子的房东准备把屋子卖了，然后有个看上的买家非常着急要买，他还有一周多一些的时间可以搬家。他现在有两个选择方案，一个是他的朋友在学校附近有个屋子在招租，但是他觉着这样他就没法定下心来学习了;还有就是和父母住一起，但是父母住的地方忒远了。很难抉择。
6、有关动物的。说动物有两个适应特性，一个是Physical适应，一个是habit适应还是神马的。讲了一个动物在极度寒冷的地方，为了保持自身的热量如何很好地用两种方法来适应。一个是他们的颜色是黑色的，黑色能吸收更多的太阳光，热量传到身体里面。一个是它们平时站在冰块上，于是它们采取不同于寻常的站立方式，木有用两只脚，而是用了脚后跟。
托福机经写作
1、阅读材料
科学家们和在两个相隔1500Mile的地方发现一个我不认识的物种，这个动物正常情况下是黑色带有少许白色斑点，结果两次发现的是全白色的，这个发现非常神奇。但是科学家们仔细分析了下，说这两个东西不是同一物种，并从三个方面给出了分析。
a. 轻微的颜色差异：第一次非常白，第二次微白;
b. 相隔太远：两次相隔了1500mile，他们在岸边不会走这么远;
c. 年龄估计：第一次估计是20岁，那就意味着第二次得要30岁，科学家表示不太可能，我没太能弄懂这个的意思，但是就是这么说的。
综上所述，这两个物种不是同一个。
听力材料
教授的观点是认为他们是同一个物种，从三点分别驳斥了这些科学家的观点
a. 这个生物生活的地方会长貌似是藻类alga,然后这个藻类不同季节的生长情况不太一样。不同季节会对这个动物的颜色有一定的影响，有可能白还是不白时候是被这个藻类覆盖了。
b. 这个生物按生活习性分为两类，一类是hunting，一类是fishing，有可能被发现的是fishing的，它待在冰上，随着冰漂移mi也是很容易滴，所以在这两个地方发现同一个是很有可能的。
c. 年龄有可能被预估错误了，这个生物到20岁以后就没啥变化了，20岁和30岁长得很像的。科学家认为是20岁，万一是25捏?反正就是年龄预估这事不靠谱。
综上所述，教授认为，很有可能是同一个物种
2、有些人认为成绩应该由许多小assignment的成绩综合，有些人认为应该1-2次大成绩。写出自己的观点，并给出案例和分析。
托福阅读真题及答案
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
1. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○Both are treeless zones.
○Both mark forest boundaries.
○Both are surrounded by desert areas.
○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
5. The word “attain” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
6. The word “they” in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
7. The word “prone” in the passage is closest in meaning to，bj.xhd.cn/toefl/来源：北京新航道托福培训
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys.
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
11. The word “prevalent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
Answer choices
○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures.
参考答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○2
8. ○1
9. ○3
10. ○4
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. ○4
14. There is no agreement among…
The temperature at the upper …
The geographical location of…
托福阅读真题及答案
The Origins of Theater
In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.
A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.
In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○changed
○debated
○created
○supported
2. The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ascribes
○leaves
○limits
○contrasts
3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater
○are mainly hypothetical
○are well supported by factual evidence
○have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists
○were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development
4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?
○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society
○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply
○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies
○To increase the society’s prosperity
Paragraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
5. The word “this” in the passage refers to
○the acting out of rites
○the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society
○the separation of myths from rites
○the celebration of supernatural forces
6. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○artistic
○important
○independent
○established
7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?
○Emphasizing theater as entertainment
○Developing a new understanding of why events occur
○Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters
○Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition，来源：北京新航道托福培训
Paragraph 5: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT:
○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.
○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.
○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.
○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
○The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
○The author points out problems with two popular theories.
Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
10. The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○compromise
○inclination
○tradition
○respect
11. Why does the author mention “comedy”?
○To give an example of early types of theater
○To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare
○To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater
○To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society
12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.
○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.
○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as
useful for social well-being.
○Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
Paragraph 3: █Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. █Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. █Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. █Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
To enhance their listeners’ enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and memorable.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.
Answer choices
○The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early storytellers traveled to different groups to tell their stories.
○Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.
○The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.
○Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.
○Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.
○The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.
参考答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○1
4. ○4
5. ○3
6. ○3
7. ○2
8. ○4
9. ○1
10. ○2
11. ○3
12. ○4
13. ○4
14. Many theorists believe that…
Theater may have come from…
The human capacities for imitation…
篇11：托福TPO6Part2阅读及答案解析
托福TPO6阅读文本Part2
William Smith
In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the “father of English geology,” it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.
As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history.
Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.
Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
Paragraph 1: In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He receivedrudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.
托福TPO6阅读题目Part2
1. The word “rudimentary” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○thorough
○strict
○basic
○occasional
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?
○Smith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local surveyor.
○Smith's family lived in a small English town and possessed little wealth.
○Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his uncle.
○Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English canal.
Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
4. According to paragraph2, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?
○It indicates the locations of England's major canals.
○It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel possible.
○The data for the map were collected during Smith's work on canals.
○It is no longer regarded as a geological masterpiece.
5. The word “meticulously” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○carefully
○quickly
○frequently
○obviously
Paragraph 3: In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the “father of English geology,” it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers.
○Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.
○Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.
○Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.
7. Why does the author use the phrase “Quartz is quartz”?
○To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocks
○To point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it more difficult to date than other rocks
○To provide an example of how regional differences in rock sequences can make a particular rock difficult to date
○To explain that rocks are difficult to use for dating because their chemical compositions always remain the same over time
Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history.
8. According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because
○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other
○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata
○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another
○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same
9. The word “endured” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○vanished
○developed
○varied
○survived
Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
10. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○possibly
○absolutely
○surprisingly
○nearly
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora.
○It was discovered independently by two different geologists.
○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata.
○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time.
12. In mentioning “trilobite”, the author is making which of the following points?
○Fossils cannot be found in more than one rock stratum.
○Faunal succession can help put rock layers in relative temporal sequence.
○Faunal succession cannot be applied to different strata composed of the same kind of rock.
○The presence of trilobite fossils makes it difficult to date a rock.
Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. █By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
13.Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
William Smith's contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Earth's history.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
○Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.
○Smith's work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over England.
○Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are.
○Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.
○Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.
○The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth's rock layers
托福TPO6阅读答案Part2
参考答案：
1. ○3
2. ○3
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○1
6. ○2
7. ○4.
8. ○1
9. ○4
10. ○4
11. ○2, 3
12. ○2
13. ○3
14. Smith's work on canals allowed
Smith found that fossils are
The discovery of the principle
托福TPO6阅读翻译Part2
参考翻译：威廉;史密斯
1769年，在英国牛津郡的一个小镇上，一个小男孩儿出生在村里一户穷铁匠家，他的名字很普通，叫做威廉o史密斯。史密斯只在村里的学校接受了最基本的教育，大部分的时间都是在他叔叔的农场里搜寻化石，这些化石在科茨沃尔德山的岩石里是很常见的。长大后，他开始用微薄的积蓄买书自学测量，18岁的时候，史密斯成为了当地教区测量员的助理。后来，他又自学了地质学，24岁的时候，他开始为挖掘英格兰南部Somerset Coal运河的那家公司工作。
那是在蒸汽火车发明之前，运河建筑正处于顶峰时期。致力于开掘运河来运输煤的公司需要测量员帮助他们探寻值得挖掘的煤矿的地址以及最佳的运河路线。这份工作为史密斯提供了机会，使他能够接触和学习那些因为运河开掘而露出地面的新鲜岩层。后来他仍从事类似的工作，行遍全国，不断地研究那些新出现的地层，同时收集他所能发现的化石。史密斯乘着邮件马车每年行进将近1万英里。1815年，他绘制了第一张现代地质学地图--《英格兰、威尔士及部分苏格兰地区地层地图》，这张地质地图绘制得非常精确，直到现在仍有参考价值。
1831年，史密斯最终被伦敦地质学会认可，并赋予他“英国地质学之父”的称号，这不仅仅是因为那张地图，而且是为了其他更重要的原因。从人们开始对露出地面的特殊岩层进行分类的时候起，大家就开始认为这些岩石可能会以某种方式被用于计算地质年代。但是，随着各地越来越多的岩层的积累和分类，岩层顺序也因地区的不同而不同，因此，全世界没有一种特定的岩层能被认作是划分地质年代的标志。即便排除区域差异的影响，岩石作为确定年代的标记还是存在一些难题。石英就是石英---四个氧离子包围一个硅离子的化合物--而200万年前更新世的石英和5亿年前寒世纪的石英并无差别。
史密斯在全英国的岩层中不断搜集化石，后来他发现化石所反映的史实和岩石反映的完全不同，尤其是那些新产生的地层里的岩石，这些岩石非常类似，不易于区分地层。而区分其中的化石对史密斯来说简直就是轻而易举。在同一地层中发现的岩石可能在这片地层中属于泥板岩，而在另一片地层中可能是砂岩，而在那些泥板岩或者砂岩中的化石往往都是一样的。有的化石经历了数百年万之久，它们存在于很多岩层中，但有的化石只存在于部分地层，还有一部分生物的化石从出现至灭绝都只出现在一个特定的岩层中。因此，化石才是真正划分地球历史特定年代的指针。
史密斯不仅可以通过岩石中包含的化石来识别地层，而且可以看出他们显露出来的模式：一些特定的化石往往出现在更为久远的沉积物当中，而其他的化石则可以在距今年代较近的地层中发现。通过追踪化石，史密斯将英国范围内所有的地层进行了彼此出现时间的排序。同时，乔治o居维叶在研究巴黎周围的岩石时也得出了同样的发现。很快人们就开始认识到，这种动物物种的延续性是符合逻辑的，不仅仅是在英国、法国，而实际上在全世界范围都是适用的。事实上，这一原则同样适用于证实植物的延续性，因为植物和动物一样，它们的化石也显示了时间的推移。人类有可能在侏罗纪时期的地层中发现寒世纪或者3亿年后的石灰岩，但绝不可能在侏罗纪时期地层中发现三叶虫化石(三叶虫是寒世纪非常普遍的水生节肢动物)，也不可能发现寒世纪时期的恐龙化石。
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