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托福阅读突遇生词怎么办

2022-11-01 09:00:03 收藏本文 下载本文

“呜呀呀呀哟”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了8篇托福阅读突遇生词怎么办,以下是小编收集整理后的托福阅读突遇生词怎么办,仅供参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

托福阅读突遇生词怎么办

篇1:托福阅读突遇生词怎么办

托福阅读突遇生词怎么办? 6种经典方法你还不知道吗?

1. 下定义法

这个方法在托福阅读考试中的运用还是很普遍的,多用于描述一个新专业、新领域、新单词等。而且在文章首段出现的频率最高,因为文章首段通常都是为本文话题或标题下定义。

例1:Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.

从“is”这个词不难发现后面的部分都是为archaeology下定义:对过去财物的发掘,细致的科学分析,创造力的想象——考古学(以-ology为后缀都是表示某门学科)。

例2:The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism.

“is called”的前半句也起了解释说明的作用:日长的生理反应称为光周期的季节性影响。

2. 符号法

无论是考试中还是剑桥系列,我们常发现某个单词或词组,乃至句子的前后常会出现一些特殊符号,比如:破折号(—),冒号(:),小括号,引号(“ ”)。这些符号都是帮助大家猜测生词的clue, 它们的前后通常都是对托福阅读词汇的解释和说明。

例1:Generally,the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

括号里的部分是对其前面的modest做说明,即比银行的利息低一些。

例2:Inall cases, someone has to act as a source of language data— informant.

Informant指的是充当语言资料来源的人。需要提示的是,经常会在小括号里出现i.e, 意思是that is to say.

3. 举例子

托福阅读试题经常会在某个潜在生词的后面,举出一系列的例子。此时,大家可以根据例子总结它们的共性。举例子的一些标志词:for example, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.

例:The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across… such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands…

第一句的remote可以通过后面的例子,高山、北极地区、荒漠、小岛、湿地,得出指的是偏远地区。

4. 句子关联词

句子之间的关联词主要分为转折和并列,透露了两句之间表达意思的方向性是否一致。我们完全可以通过已知的半句所表述的涵义,借助关联词,来推测另外半句的意思。

并列关系:and, similarly,equally, also, both … and…

转折关系:but, however,yet, instead, nevertheless, by contrast, on the other hand

例1:International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and ironore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel.

“or”表示或者,虽然是并列关系,但在意思上是相反的。Processed commodities不难理解是加工过的产品,那“or”前面的句子指的就该是没有加工过的产品,即raw materials, 原材料。

例2:For example, desert annual germinate, flower, and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs…

从“and”可以判断其前后三个词的词性相同,意思上也应该是同一个方向。flower表示开花,seed是结种,那germinate自然也是动词,是在开花之前的阶段,可粗略理解为生长或发芽。

5. 常识&上下文

常识和上下文也是作为揣测词义的一个有效途径。这里所言的常识是涉及各领域、学科,以及平时累积的,众所周知的知识、常理。

例:The earliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms.

最早的取火方式是钻木取火,其原理是摩擦生热。通过下文的例子也可看出这一点。欧洲的农民会把一个木制的钻头插入一个圆形的洞,然后在手掌间迅速的旋转它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。

6. 同位语

同位语是指一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明,然后这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起,常出现在句子中间或者后面的位置。

例:One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion.

有时候同位语的解释更让人容易理解和接受,biomechanics专业说法是生物力学,而同位语的表达更平易近人:对身体运动的研究。

托福趣味阅读之麦兜的鱼丸粗面

McDull: Fish ball noodle, please.

麦兜:麻烦你,鱼丸粗面!

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板:没有粗面了。

McDull: Fish ball rice noodle then.

麦兜:这样啊……来一碗鱼丸河粉吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板:没有鱼丸。

McDull: Chicken wing noodle then.

麦兜:这样啊……金钱肚粗面好了。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板:没有粗面。

McDull: How about fish ball congee?

麦兜:那么要鱼丸油面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板:没有鱼丸。

McDull: Nothing left today? How about beef noodle?

麦兜:怎么样样都没了?那要个墨鱼丸粗面吧。

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板:没有粗面。

McDull: Again? Fried chicken wing with fish ball...

麦兜:又没啊?那麻烦来碗鱼丸金钱肚吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板:没有鱼丸。

Darby: Hey, fish ball and noodle are both gone... You can't combine them with other things.

得巴:麦兜啊,鱼丸和粗面都卖光了,也就是所有的鱼丸或者粗面的搭配都没有了。

McDull: Can't combine them? A bowl of fish ball then.

麦兜:哦~没有那些搭配啊?那麻烦要净鱼丸吧。

School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.

老板:没有鱼丸。

McDull: A bowl of noodle?

麦兜:那么净粗面呢?

School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.

老板:没有粗面

托福阅读之快乐的人更有魅力

快乐的生活是令人人都向往的,快乐的伴侣也是如此。

Singles who have trouble finding a date may be suffering from unresolved grief, which can block love, a US author suggests.

美国一名作家称求偶受挫的单身人士可能苦闷忧虑、难以释怀,而这些情愫会让爱情避而远之。

Aurora Winter, author of From Heartbreak to Happiness, says loneliness, disappointment and anger are all symptoms of grief and studies show most people suffer from unresolved grief.

《从心碎到幸福》的作者欧若拉 文特称孤独、失望和愤懑都是苦闷心情的典型症状,而研究表明大部分人都有难以释怀的经历。

“Divorce, death and disappointments can all hurt your chances of finding love -- without you knowing it. Unresolved grief blocks love. I can tell you from personal experience that no one wants to compete with a ghost,” Winter, who founded the Grief Coach Academy after the sudden death of her husband at age 33, says in a statement. “People who have lost a spouse to death frequently yearn for their late husband or wife.”

文特33岁时丈夫去世,随后建立了悲痛援助学院,她在一份声明中说:“离婚、死亡和失望等会不知不觉影响你找到新爱的几率。无法释怀的苦闷会将爱情关在门外。依我个人经验来看,没有谁愿意和你过去的某人争夺爱情。痛失伴侣的人往往对去世的一半念念不忘。”

It's a very small step between resenting one's former partner and being bitter at the opposite sex in general -- including your date -- but to find love, it is absolutely essential that people heal unresolved grief from prior relationships, Winter advises.

人们总是易于因对前任心怀怨恨而在异性面前惆怅或刻薄,甚至约会时也这样。然而文特建议,要找到爱情,就得对过去的感情完全释怀。

“The most attractive people are genuinely happy,”Aurora says in a statement. “People want to be around happy people. Happy people get the best dates, the best jobs and the best opportunities.”

“Happiness is feeling good about the present and optimistic about the future,”Aurora says.

她在声明中称:“异性最青睐的就是真正快乐的人,喜欢和他们相处。开心的人总能找到最好的伴侣、工作和最佳的机会。快乐就是真正享受现在,乐观对待未来。”

考友分享托福阅读做题教训

当时做题一味想着掌握技巧,想着怎样夺分,殊不知,好不容易拼来的分还抵不上因为粗心而失去的分,另人痛心,所以,我们不妨以退为攻,先改正自己易丢分的不良习惯或误区,力求在保证不轻易失分的情况下去夺分、去冲刺!

教训一:谙练把握常考词汇

良多考生在经由一段时刻的进修后,发现托福语法并不难,每次做错题后一对谜底发现问题问题现实很简单,总有一种恍然年夜悟的感受,可是若干天往后又会再一次恍然年夜悟,走进一个一而再、再而三犯同样错误的怪圈。原因是什么呢?

事理很简单:首先,考生对于常识点必定是懂的,否则在对谜底后就不会恍然年夜悟;其次,考生在做题时对考点涉及的常考词不敏感,视若无睹,根柢想不起来。所以考哨兵需谙练把握常考词汇,完美常识点。

教训二:细心应对考试陷阱

在托福阅读考试中语法得满分的同窗并不在年夜都,良多考生经常会很是遗憾地错了一两个完全会做的问题问题。究其原因,不外乎两个:其一、过于轻率,还没看完A、B、C、D四个选项便做出了选择,或者是在看到正确选项前就已落入了ETS设置的陷阱。

教训三:长于找到自己的常识弱点

无论英语水平多高城市有常识盲点,有恍惚甚至完全不懂的处所。是以必然要长于找到自己的常识弱点。

那么考生若何知道自己的常识盲点呢?最简单也是最根柢的体例就是做全真题。小编强烈建议考生筹备一个错题本,将自己每次托福阅读备考做习题过程中做错的题全数抄到错题本上,然后在恰当的时辰总结一下,看看自己轻易犯哪些错误。

大家平时做阅读题的时候要养成良好的做题习惯,尽量减少失分的机会,这样的话更加实在,但这也是很多托福考生忽略的方面,大家要引起重视。

篇2:托福阅读生词应对方法

托福阅读生词应对方法 实例讲解阅读生词积累方法

一. 如何通过同义词来猜测生词意思

Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy

traditional与liberal意思相反,故选B。

[推荐:英美主要报刊杂志资站大全篇]

二.如何根据上下文猜测生词意思

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”,故选D。

三.如何利用生词的词形来猜测生词意思

1、前缀与后缀

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有“超过、过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有:

mis-错,误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词:

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)

2、合成词

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.

根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发),set out-outset(名词起始),come in-income(名词收入) 。

托福阅读推断题总结

推论题(Inference):文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述,但却强烈暗示出来了。例如,文章论述的结果引出了,推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较,推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述,推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型,但难度很大,需要考生花大功夫准备。

例题:Passage:…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a)They did not smoke when they were burned.

b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c)They were not available to all.

d)They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们:19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命,这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息:19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前,也就是在19世纪以前,照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革,所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明,其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明,这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。

文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭,告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期,蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow,提炼后的产品就是stearin,stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid,意思是(油脂食物,其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟),这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料,在19世纪以前是没有使用的,这与选项d相反。

托福阅读中快速做题的方法

(1) 主题段和主题句的关键词。托福文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结 构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。

(2) 时间和数字。一般来说,出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不 容忽视的,因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象,考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题,一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词,二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式,考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字,以便于之后做题时的查询。

(3) 人名、地名和专有名词。这些概念在文章中出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记,非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,当提到这几个具体的概念时,文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点,因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。

(4) 举例主体。有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上,托福考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的 原因或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略。

(5) 新概念和局部核心概念。所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之 前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现,意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核 心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意,因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。

(6) 重要的逻辑关系。很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确,这也是一种严重的错误。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。

托福阅读总结类的题目解析

总结题主要目的:

考查学生理解和识别主要内容和文中所提及重要的信息。

Direction:

An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the paage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three awer choices that expre the most important ideas in the paage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they expre ideas that are not presented in the paage or are minor ideas in the paage. This question is worth 2 points

解决这类考题的方法:

一、清楚文章的论证类型

总分型一般容易出这类考题。我以中文为例,丽丽老师是一个非常好的人。首先,她很乐于助人例如一次我看见她扶一个盲人过马路,其次丽丽老师很慷慨,有一次我看见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元),第三丽丽很谦虚和平易近人。

如下面这样的文章特别容易出总结题

Lily is a nice person.

1、丽丽乐于助人

2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路

3、丽丽老师很慷慨,

4、老余捐了100元

5、丽丽很谦虚和平易近人

6、丽丽经常打架

正确答案应该是:1、3、5

二、解决方法:

一)主体词排除错误选项法

首先抓住要总结的关键词也就是主体词,就是要问哪方向的内容,如上个例子,主体题丽丽一定会在正确答案中出现,不然问的是丽丽可以答案谈论的是别人,就变得完全不相关了,根据这个特点我们可以排除 4老余捐了100元

如OG上的一道总结题可以直接使用主体词排除错误选项的方法

The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.

1、Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors

2、Thomas Edisorsquo design of the Kinetoscope iired the development of large screen projection.

3、Early cinema allowed individuals to use ecial machines to view films privately.

4、Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.

5、The development of projection technology made it poible to project images on a large screen

6、once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of ma coumption

其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词,本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema.

二)细节信息排除法

总结题是对对文章的高度概括所以细节的出现犯了以偏概全的错误,如中文例子中的2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路。这是一个具体的事实细节,我们要绕过例子看总结。所以在排除它。

如OG中的一道题目

This paage discues foils that help to explain the likely origi of cetacea-whales, porpoises and dolphi

Awer choices

1 Recent discoveries of foils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetacea(这是本文的主题)

2、The discovery of Ambulocetus nata provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(总结性信息)

3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in foil evidence. (绝对的事实细节)-排除

4 Pakicetus is the oldest foil whale yet to be found((绝对的事实细节)-排除

5、Foils thought to be traitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.。(主题)

6、Ambulocetursquo;hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((绝对的事实细节)-排除

三)新信息出现排除

如6:丽丽经常打架,原文没有出现,所以正确答案中一定没有。

由于篇幅所限,我们下期在继续谈总结题如何做,以及总结题的几大类型和不同类型的解法,本期讲的只是总结的题通用方式,总结题题型不同,做题方法也不同.

篇3:托福阅读解题遭遇生词怎么办

托福阅读解题遭遇生词不要慌 这些推断方法顺利猜词义

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

如果该词前或后出现的内容提示它们是反义关系。(表示相反概念的词语如下rather than,instead,unlike,contrast,on the contrary.)

例如:

the main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a highvalue on hard work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother's valuesinstead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity

the word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __

A、refuses to accept B、lives up to C、tries to understand D、makes the best of

假如repudiates我们不认识,从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和妈妈价值观念是相反的,由此信息看四个选项,你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味

2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测

(1)、后面的句子或短词单词在解释前面的词。(常见的标志词:contribute to,be responsible for,account for,since ,therefore ,for,because,in which等)

his big break came with the novel so big(1924) ,which wasawarded the pulitzer in literature.

the word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___

A、rupture B、revelation C、opportunity D、rest

which was awarded the pulitzer in literature告诉我们一定考查的是正态度,所以答案不可能是AD,所以应该选C、opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。

(2)后面的和此词为并列关系。(并列关系词如下:and not only ..but also as…as and both … andeither… or neither… nor.)

托福阅读:我们都是柯南,详解推断题

推断题,顾名思义,就是要做一定的推理,于是,同学们沸腾了,推理啊!谁不会啊!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附体!我就是柯南!五花八门,无奇不有,无孔不入,似乎每个选项都很有道理!于是,陷入死循环,等到再遇到这样的题型,只能凭感觉,看到哪个选项顺眼,就选择哪个选项。然后,你就错了。

那么,今天我们从一个最简单的角度来攻破推断题,即反向推理。

反向推理,指当事物A和事物B特征相反,现在已知事物A特征,问B特征时,那么B等于A的反向特征。而其中,最为明显的在于时间前后的推理。我们先看一道非常简单的真题。

【Paragraph 1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.

1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.

B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.

C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.

D. They did not operate in a national market economy.

本题中有非常明显的信息可以帮助我们定位,即年份数字“1815”,定位到原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. 在18之后,改进的交通方式使得越来越多的西部弄明逃开了自给自足的生活方式,进入了国家市场经济。这是讲在1815年之后的事情,而题干中问的是“prior to 1815”,即在1815年之前,那么根据反向推理原理,直接对1815年之后的事情取反,即“在1815年之前,交通方式还未改进,人们是自给自足的生活方式,还未进入国家市场经济”,直接对应D选项。所以本题选择D选项。

在托福阅读考试当中,时间上的反向推理题还有很多很多,难度也可能会更高,比如,我们再来一道题。

【Paragraph 1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.

2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?

A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.

B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.

C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.

D. Few microscopic species existed.

本题中我们可以根据专业词汇“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六亿年前的寒武纪时期,肉眼可见的生物才在地球上大量出现并产生可以让我们了解物种多样性兴衰的化石。可是题干中用的是“before the Cambrian period”,即寒武纪之前,那么只要将原文中寒武纪之后的内容取反,即“在寒武纪之前,肉眼可见的生物还没有大量出现,我们还不能了解物种的多样性”,对应B选项。

所以,当问题或原句信息中出现了明确的在某种时间前后发生的事件时,大家要注意作者已经在给出一定的提示了,我们可以通过前后的信息进行推断。

从这个角度看来,其实,阅读的推断题,很可爱对吗?只要我们了解它的出题原理和作者的出题意图,明确原文中句子间的逻辑关系,其实推断题并不是为难广大考生的绊脚石,而是帮助我们取得阅读高分、提升阅读理解能力的好工具!

托福阅读:推断套路千千万,看完这篇斩一半

推断题Inference Question,又叫推理题,是许多同学最烦恼的阅读题型。往往阅读已达25分以上的同学,最后的几道错题中就有推断题的身影。曾遇到一个分数已经29的高分学员,二刷托福的最后阶段,还是每每在推断题上栽跟头。

原因呢,就在于推断题逻辑的“模糊”——比起大部分题型,比如细节题简单粗暴、非黑即白的逻辑,推断题的态度要显得暧昧许多。但首先我们要确定的是,虽然很难在原文中找到直接的同义改写,但文中一定会有依据。一旦依据不足,那做的就不是推断题,而是“脑补题“了。问我们:“What can we infer about X”,实际上是问“作者对X有什么潜台词?”

潜台词里套路多,所以我们首先把题目分为两类。一类是(1)“题干定位“型,一类可以叫作(2)“选项定位型“。读完题干就可以区分。举个简单的例子:

现在城市中养猫的人群正在兴起,逐渐改变了以往狗多猫少的情况。其中原因有很多,首先,比起养狗,养猫更加方便。猫咪几乎没有体味,不需要遛,也不需要经常洗澡:猫会自己“洗澡”。与狗不同,它们的唾液有很强的清洁力。此外,猫比狗需求的陪伴更少,这很适合生活忙碌的白领人群。现代宠物行业培养了许多适宜家养的猫咪品种。比如美国短毛猫,脾气较为温顺,尤其是银虎斑,性格乖巧,适合作为家养宠物。

根据这段原文出两道推断题。(1)关于美国短毛猫,我们可以推断出什么结论?(2)关于养猫,我们可以推断出什么结论?那么第一题就是“题干定位题”,因为“美国短毛猫”可以确定定位区间——原文的最后一句话。而第二题,我们却显然无法根据题干来定位,因为整段文字都是讲养猫的。所以第二题我们采取的策略是根据选项去定位。我们可以叫它“选项定位型”。

区分了两种类型,就可以分别看看它们的套路了!

一个简单的思维导图:

今天我们要详细讲解的是题干定位型的推断题。以下是一些用得上的推理逻辑。

1. 反向推理

要有信心的是:只要题干中的关键词是可以定位的,这道题就肯定不难,肯定可以拿下。我们要做的就是紧扣定位区间,从几句话中确定依据,再回头看选项。很快就可以知道哪几个选项的依据不足。我们还是根据上面这个养猫的例子来出几道题,考考大家的逻辑。

1. 关于动物的唾液,我们能推断出什么结论?

A. 猫的唾液比人类的沐浴液更有清洁力。

B. 狗的唾液没有清洁力。

C. 动物的唾液都有清洁力。

D. 因为猫的唾液可以自我清洁,所以猫的一生不需要洗澡。

这道题拿到手,当然是用“唾液“作为关键词去定位。找到定位区间:“猫咪并不需要遛,也不需要经常洗澡:猫会自己“洗澡”。与狗不同,它们的唾液有很强的清洁力。“依据仅有这两句话,其中没有提到“人类的沐浴液”,因此排除A;“猫不需要经常洗澡”和D中的“一生不需要洗澡”矛盾,排除D;C显然不对,因此选择B。

B这个选项,我们叫做反向推理,由“与狗不同,……”这句话推出。这个逻辑非常常见。现在来看一看TPO中的练习题:

It should be obvious that cetaceans – whales, porpoises, and dolphins – are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

B.There were great numbers of them.

C. They lived in the sea only.

D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

这道题是非常经典的题干定位、反向推理。题干中的sea otter, 定位到的区间为unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.逻辑和上面那道例题非常相似,根据unlike推出sea otter情况与cetacean相反,因此选A。

还有一种更为隐晦的反向推理。比如,托福出分了,妈妈对你说:你和小明、小红都是一个班的,你看看小明这次考得特别好,小红也考得不错!请问根据妈妈的话可以推断出什么?当然是妈妈的潜台词:“你”没有考好。这件事妈妈没有明说,但仍然是反向推理出来的。

那就让我们把这种题目拿下,考出个超级好的成绩,让妈妈无话可说:

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根据题干的commensalism, 找到定位区间“There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community”。第一句话罗列了三种关系,第二句话强调了第一种和第三种是key factor,那么没有提到的第二种——也就是题干所问的这一种,就是与之相反的不是key factor。答案呼之欲出:就是C,its significance is small.

再来一题更难的:

With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

A. It did not contain any marine fossil.

B. It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

C. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

D. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

这题拿到手,还是找定位区间:“the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.”第一句话说gypsum的内在结构说明它是在沙漠形成的;第二句话讲了gypsum上下两层的情况:富含marine fossils。从第二句话中,我们倾向于推出中间的gypsum曾并没有marine fossils,逻辑和上题一样。第一句话给了我们佐证:gypsum本身应当从沙漠来,当然没有海洋沉淀。答案:A。

反向推理的逻辑大致如此。其中还有一种较为特殊的“时间推理”,我们也可以看一看。

2. 时间推理

时间推理的逻辑非常简单。大致就是:小明在去了美国读大学——可以推出20以前小明没有去美国读大学。通过时间先后来反推,其实也属于反向推理中的一种。一道简单的TPO:

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco,

and cotton.

B. They were able to sell their product

at high prices.

C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.

D. They did not operate in a national market economy.

答案选C。你选对了吗?

再来看一看时间推理更进一步的题会出成什么样:

This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.

这道题目跪了无数人。其实这题看似信息杂乱,但题目中的canal building是可以定位的:文中的前3句话。第一句话就是题眼所在:在steam locomotive出现之前,canal building was at its height。你是否理解了at its height?它表示“达到了顶峰“。

所以选B,毫无疑问。A信息不足,而C和D都和原文有不同程度的出入。

再来练一道题:

Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?

A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.

B. They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.

C. They waste more oil than they collect.

D. They are unlikely to occur nowadays.

这道题同样绊倒了许多同学。现在我们再来根据推理逻辑做一遍,就会觉得它并不难。Gusher可以定位到这句话:“Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.“如此有限的一句话,只能推出D这个结论,其他三个选项,字面看起来虽然很有道理:gusher就是井喷,可以说有A、B、C说的石油到达地表更易、标志着巨大油储量、废油比集油多等特征。但是,它们都没有依据,根本不需要仔细研究。所以先确定依据,再看选项,可以大大节省时间。

3. 从属推理

最后来讲一讲比较罕见、也较难的逻辑:从属推理。先来举个栗子:

新东方的同学们都非常好学。比如小明,他虽然有学校的课业压力,但丝毫不放松托福的学习,不仅能很快完成作业,还能主动提问、积累词汇,最后取得了很好的托福成绩。

根据小明我们能推断出什么?

A.小明在托福学习上比学校课业上花更多的时间

B.小明的词汇量比较差

C.小明是新东方的学生

D.小明的交作业交得最早

这道题很容易,选C,其他选项都是依据不足,过度推断。C这种逻辑我们就叫它“从属推理”。有点像亚里士多德的三段论,但我们更强调观点和例子之间的从属关系。例子能够满足观点的条件。

严格来讲,要定位一个选项,应当定位到完整的论证结构,而不是单纯的例子部分。就拿上题来说,如果只定位到小明个人的部分,就会遗漏观点句中的依据。前方高能,难题两道:

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

A. They become less stable as they mature.

B. They support many species when they reach climax.

C. They are found in temperate zones.

D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

掌握了从属推理之后,定位出来的区间就不是从“Once a redwood forest...”开始,而是要包含上面的观点句:”At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.”妥妥的选C。但是这道题要排除A、B、D却并不是那么容易,因为涉及到maturity, diversity 和stability三个变量。我们根据原文意思来画个示意图:

有没有感觉到A、B、D都是要欺骗感情的呢?所以这道题,应该坚决果断地选C,这样就能争取时间。

最后再来一道难题:

After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.

Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was

A. improved quality of utilitarian items

B. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology

C. higher social standing

D. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit

定位区间:从观点句“We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available”开始,直到”red-gloss pottery”具体的例子展开部分。答案C来自观点句,强调日用品和社会地位之间的关系。你做对了吗?

总结一下,今天我们研究了推断题中的“题干定位型”,即用题干中的关键信息可以确定定位空间的题。

分析了反向推理、时间推理和从属推理这三个逻辑。是不是已经可以拿下这一半的推断题了呢?下次有机会我们再展开“选项定位型”即无法用题干信息定位的推断题。

托福阅读:当心否定事实信息题中的“陷阱”

Negative Factual Information Questions,一般译作否定事实信息题,有时也被称为反向事实信息题、排除列举题或选非题,在阅读十大题型中出错率一直较高。出错的原因,往往被简单归结于“粗心大意”。诚然,在其他题型的解答过程中,同学们往往都是在努力寻找与原文说法最为接近的选项,而遇到否定事实信息题,由于思维惯性,在看到与原文说法基本一致但本该被排除的选项的时候,往往会忘记题目中那个大大的EXCEPT或NOT,导致错选。

但是,只是说不要“粗心大意”并没有什么用,就像在穿越雷区的时候只是说“要当心哦”并没有太多实际的帮助。只有当我们了解到哪里可能埋雷,哪里可能会有陷阱,才更有可能避开危险,安全抵达目的地。而在否定事实信息题的解答过程中,对题型认知不够准确是一些题目错误率居高不下的主要原因。

而且这锅还真得由ETS(即托福考试出题人)来背。在其出版的《托福考试官方指南》中,关于否定事实信息题的介绍如下:

Negative Factual Information Questions

These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.

简单翻译就是,这类题型要求你根据文章中所明确给出的信息判断哪些选项的说法是正确的,哪些是不正确或文章中未提及的。需要先在文章中定位相关信息,然后判断哪三个选项的说法正确而哪个选项是错误的。并且记住,对于这类题型来说,正确答案反而是那个说法不正确的选项。

以上,同学们很容易得出的结论即是,为了答对否定事实信息题,我们需要排除三个与原文说法一致的选项,找到那个说法不一致,或未提及的选项。而在绝大多数时候,这个判断选项的思路是正确的。例如在Spartina这篇文章中,有一道否定事实信息题:

Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the dayand exposed others).

According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT:

A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes.

B. It grows well in intertidal zones.

C. It iscommonly referred to as cordgrass.

D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast of the United States.

正确答案A中的否定词rarely使得该选项与原文第一句的说法正好相反。

但是,有些题目之所以错误率高,或同学们在答题的时候觉得难,觉得正确答案不好找,往往因为这些题属于所谓的“例外”,即常规思路看似不适用的情况。有许多否定事实信息题,仅从选项的措辞来看,四个选项看似都与原文的某些内容一致。而这是我们在解读官方指南的时候往往会忽略掉的一种可能性,也即是本文标题中所指的“陷阱”。如果没有意识到这种可能性的存在,遇到此类题目的时候,出错的几率自然大大提高。

例如以下这道经典例题,来自Westward Migration这篇文章:

Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them acrossthe Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lackedthe ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover,European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid;some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.

According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT

A. the desire to move from one place to the next

B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status

C. the opportunity to change jobs

D. the need to escape religious or political crises

本题正确答案D选项来自原文中的这句话The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. 很多同学在答题的过程中只记得看到了“因为宗教或政治而迁徙”这个内容,从而认为D选项与原文说法一致,就想当然的按照惯例排除了这个选项导致错选。但只要稍微细心,就能够意识到这是部分美国人的欧洲祖先迁移到美国的原因,而不是美国人西迁的原因,反而是可以直选的正确答案。

而另一道来自Role of Play in Development这篇文章的例题:

Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually veryactive, involving movement in space and, at times, noise making. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth orfor building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

A. exposure to predators

B. abuildup of fat stores

C. a lossof fuel that could be used for growth

D. riskof injury from slipping or falling

正确答案B选项看似在文章中有直接对应的内容“building up fat stores”,但仔细阅读会发现,失去用以形成脂肪的能量才是玩耍的代价之一,而脂肪本身的积累并不是。甚至这里的B和C选项可视作一对矛盾选项,非此即彼,必有一为正确答案。

同样,在Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia这篇文章中有一道题:

The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruptionor grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.

According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to theindustrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT

A. Generally liberal trade policies

B. Huge projects undertaken by the state

C. Relatively uncorrupt governments

D. Relatively little social or political disruption

正确答案B选项也似乎与原文中的“grandiose state projects”一致,但联系前半句话中的without就会意识到正好与问题中的EXCEPT对应,这个答案也是可以直选出来的。而这道题的B和C选项也是原文中的并列结构,被处理成了正好矛盾的选项。

还有更多例题这里就不一一列举了,而我们可以得出的结论是:否定事实信息题的四个选项,需要被排除的那三个一定与原文说法一致,而需要被选出来的那个正确答案,由于选取的只是部分内容,1)可能直接与原文矛盾,2)可能属于完全未提及,甚至3)看似在原文中能够找到对应,实际内容也符合题目,可以做直选。而意识到正确选项的这三种可能性,意识到否定事实信息题的四个选项在原文中都可能有对应,能帮助避免只凭借部分信息就认定选项对错的这种“粗心大意”,也往往比仅仅采用排除法解题更有效率。

但是再仔细想想,任何题型的正确答案,不就应该是符合题目要求的选项吗。从这个角度来看,并不存在所谓的“例外”,无非是题目和选项的措辞,使得否定事实信息题的正确答案也可能与原文的某些内容一致,刚好能够回答问题。

说到底,仔细读题目,仔细读原文,仔细读选项,句子要看完整,不要看一半就想当然,等等这些最基本的要求,是在练习和考试中都要始终如一地坚定贯彻执行的。所谓的技巧,无非是对于各种规律和套路的总结。对于前人的经验,从来不是去盲目相信或生搬硬套,而是在反复验证的过程中,去完善和优化,并最终成为自己可以熟练运用的能力。

篇4:托福阅读遇到生词及时记忆

托福阅读词汇如何积累?遇到生词及时整理记忆

一.文章完全读不懂,先去背单词

托福阅读是托福考试四个版块中涵盖词汇量最广的一块,所以,想要做好阅读必须要有一定量的词汇储备。有的同学在刚开始备考托福的时候,直接去做真题练习,结果发现阅读文章几乎完全读不懂。这其实就是因为词汇量积累不够,建议先返回去背单词,当有了一定的词汇量基础后,再开始做阅读练习题。

二. 阅读中遇到生词及时积累

即便是积累了一定的词汇量,在做阅读练习的时候也会遇到一些生词。建议大家及时将遇到的生词积累下来,做完阅读文章以后及时回顾复习。要注意的是,及时积累并不意味着遇到生词就中断做题,拿本记录生词。积累阅读生词的环节应该放在对完答案重读文章时。做题的过程中即便遇到影响理解的单词也不要停下来查单词,应该先保证在规定时间内将阅读题做完,如果影响理解,可以试着结合上下文猜一猜单词的意思,就像大家做词汇题使用的猜词方法一样。

三. 代入法记忆

阅读词汇的记忆不应该像背单词书那样死记硬背,阅读词汇积累建议大家使用代入法记忆。因为生词都是阅读文章中的词汇,大家可以代入到具体的语境中记忆,这样记忆能不仅能帮助大家记住单词的意思,还能了解单词的用法。如果觉得寻找单词出处太浪费时间,大家可以在积累生词的时候将原文例句抄下来。代入法不但记忆效率高,记忆效果也很牢靠,但是却有一个不可避免的缺点:记忆单词释义太过单一。阅读文章中生词所对应的释义都是唯一的,所以代入法记忆只能记住生词在文章中的释义,延伸释义则需要大家自己去做拓展练习。

四. 坚持

“坚持”两个字说起来非常容易,但真正做到却很难。词汇记忆最为重要的就是坚持,一开始大家都热情高涨,非常积极,但是能坚持到最后人则少之又少,正所谓“靡不有初,鲜克有终”。希望大家能保持最初备考的热情,将阅读词汇积累的工作坚持到底。

以上是小站君为大家整理的关于托福阅读词汇积累的方法。托福阅读词汇涉猎的范围非常宽泛,大家在做阅读之前需要有一定的词汇基础,做阅读的过程中要及时积累遇到的生词,可以使用代入法高效记忆。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony integrity.

Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.

Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing. On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse. If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.

1. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants

(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals

(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources

(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones

2. The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) daily activity

(B) effective functioning

(C) delicate balance

(D) permanent location

3. According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?

(A) It protects the queen.

(B) It attracts other ant species.

(C) It informs workers of possible danger.

(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.

4. The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) organ

(B) activity

(C) group

(D) cycle

5. According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to

(A) find the location of the nest in the dark

(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants

(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants

(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack

6. The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) allow

(B) transport

(C) warn

(D) provide

7. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?

(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.

(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.

(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.

(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.

8. The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) agreeing

(B) appearing

(C) competing

(D) rushing

9. The word others in line 21 refers to

(A) private messages

(B) species

(C) trails

(D) signals

10. Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?

(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects

(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter

(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects

(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants

11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) pheromones (line 2)

(B) colony integrity (lines 12)

(C) mass migrations (line 14)

(D) private messages (lines 18-19)

PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A

篇5:托福阅读中遇到生词的对策

如何Hold住托福阅读中的生词

可这不是说平时阅读一涉及到托福阅读生词便去猜测,如有条件使用词典,同学们还是应该将不会的生词一一查明,并加以记忆。只有这样才能扩充我们的词汇量,提高阅读理解能力。猜词可有多种方法,下面介绍几种常用且准确性高的方法,同样也适合在托福阅读考试中。

一、托福 阅读利用上下文线索猜测词义

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy

traditional与liberal意思相反,故选B。

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2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”,故选D。

解决托福阅读中生词的六种方法

1. 下定义法

这个方法在托福阅读考试中的运用还是很普遍的,多用于描述一个新专业,新领域,新单词。而且在文章首段出现的频率最高,因为文章首段通常都是为本文话题或标题下定义。

例:Archaeologyis partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful workof the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.(“The Nature And Aims of Archaeology”) 从“is”这个词不难发现后面的部分都是为archaeology下定义:对过去财物的发掘,细致的科学分析,创造力的想象------考古学(以-ology为后缀都是表示某门学科)。

例:Theseasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is calledphotoperiodism. (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) “is called”的前半句也起了解释说明的作用:日长的生理反应称为光周期的季节性影响。

2. 符号法

无论是考试中还是剑桥系列,我们常发现某个单词或词组,乃至句子的前后常会出现一些特殊符号,比如:破折号(—),冒号(:),小括号,引号(“ ”)。这些符号都是帮助大家猜测生词的clue, 它们的前后通常都是对托福阅读词汇的解释和说明。

例:Generally,the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). ( “Micro-Enterprise Creditfor Street Youth”) 括号里的部分是对其前面的modest做说明,即比银行的利息低一些。

例:Inall cases, someone has to act as a source of language data--- informant.Informant指的是充当语言资料来源的人。需要提示的是,经常会在小括号里出现i.e, 意思是thatis to say.

3. 举例子

托福阅读试题经常会在某个潜在生词的后面,举出一系列的例子,此时,大家可以根据例子,总结它们的共性。举例子的一些标志词:forexample, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.

例:Themarket for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries allacross… such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands andwetlands (“The Impact of Wilderness Tourism”) 第一句的remote可以通过后面的例子,高山,北极地区,荒漠,小岛,湿地,得出指的是偏远地区。

4. 句子之间的关联词

句子之间的关联词主要分为转折和并列,透露了两句之间表达意思的方向性是否一致。我们完全可以通过已知的半句所表述的涵义,借助关联词,来推测另外半句的意思。

并列关系:and, similarly,equally, also, both … and…

转折关系:but, however,yet, instead, nevertheless, by contrast, on the other hand

例:Internationalcommerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and ironore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. (“Delivering The Goods”)“or”表示或者,虽然是并列关系,但在意思上是相反的。Processedcommodities不难理解是加工过的产品,那“or”前面的句子指的就该是没有加工过的产品,即raw materials, 原材料。

例:Forexample, desert annual germinate, flower, and seed whenever suitable rainfalloccurs… (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) 从“and”可以判断其前后三个词的词性相同,意思上也应该是同一个方向。flower表示开花,seed是结种,那germinate自然也是动词,是在开花之前的阶段,可粗略理解为生长或发芽。

5. 常识和上下文

常识和上下文也是作为揣测词义的一个有效途径,而这里所言的常识是涉及各领域,学科,平时累积而成,众所周知的知识,常理。

例:Theearliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants wouldinsert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between theirpalms. (“How Fire Leapt to Life”) 最早的取火方式是钻木取火,其原理是摩擦生热。通过下文的例子也可看出这一点。欧洲的农民会把一个木制的钻头插入一个圆形的洞,然后在手掌间迅速的旋转它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。

6. 同位语

同位语是指一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起,常出现在句子中间或者后面的位置。

例:Oneof the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. (“How much higher?How much faster?”) 有时候同位语的解释更让人容易理解和接受,biomechanics专业说法是生物力学,而同位语的表达更平易近人:对身体运动的研究。

如何克服托福阅读的词汇障碍

1.构词记忆法

据估计,英语词汇有100万到120万,但大部分单词是由构词法构成的。构词法包括派生、合成和转化。学生掌握常用的前缀(un/dis/im/il /super/de/hyper). 后缀( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含义及用法,就可以根据已知词猜出它的派生词,从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如:前缀super 有超过,超越的含义,就可以猜出supernatural (超自然的). superman (超人). 等词的含义.hyper有超,过渡,在…之上之意,hypertension(过度紧张;高血压),hyperactive(活动过度的;极度活跃的)等词的含义便一目了然。

2.分类记忆法

托福阅读分类记忆法是按主题,所属范围等条件对词汇进行分门别类汇总,然后综合记忆的方法。我们从医疗,购物外贸等方面归类,也可以按时间、决心、态度等主题进行汇总,然后根据记忆原则记忆。每天制定一个背诵任务,按部就班的背诵各个词条。

3.广泛阅读法

我们刚才提到了泛读的作用,其中之一就是对我们词汇的补充。我们千万不要漠视了我们在泛读过程中遇到的词汇和词组,尤其是重复出现的词条,此方法有助于我们准确记住词汇及其用法,可以加深我们的记忆。日积月累,词汇量自然就提高了。

4.趣味记词法

托福阅读单词记忆是个单调,枯燥的过程,但是我们可以尽量减少这种,如在记忆waif ( n. 无家可归者,流浪儿童)时,我们可以这样拆分,wai(外)+f(放)【联想】一个被外放的人是无家可归的;pore (vi.钻研) 谐音:泡【联想】钻研一个东西就要泡在里面,花上许多时间和精力;journeywork (n. 短工,散工)【联想】在旅行中打的工,不可能是长工而只能是短工。趣味记忆既可以加深对词汇的记忆,又可以降低整个过程的单调性。可谓是一举两得。

篇6:托福阅读技巧之遇到生词怎么办

托福阅读技巧之遇到生词怎么办

1.托福阅读技巧:【下定义法】

这个方法在托福阅读考试中的运用还是很普遍的,多用于描述一个新专业、新领域、新单词等。而且在文章首段出现的频率最高,因为文章首段通常都是为本文话题或标题下定义。

例1:Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.

从“is”这个词不难发现后面的部分都是为archaeology下定义:对过去财物的发掘,细致的科学分析,创造力的想象——考古学(以-ology为后缀都是表示某门学科)。

例2:The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism.

“is called”的前半句也起了解释说明的作用:日长的生理反应称为光周期的季节性影响。

2. 托福阅读技巧:【符号法】

无论是考试中还是剑桥系列,我们常发现某个单词或词组,乃至句子的前后常会出现一些特殊符号,比如:破折号(—),冒号(:),小括号(),引号(“ ”)。这些符号都是帮助大家猜测生词的clue, 它们的前后通常都是对托福阅读词汇的解释和说明。

例:Inall cases, someone has to act as a source of language data— informant.

Informant指的是充当语言资料来源的人。需要提示的是,经常会在小括号里出现i.e, 意思是that is to say.

3. 托福阅读技巧:【举例子】

托福阅读试题经常会在某个潜在生词的后面,举出一系列的例子。此时,大家可以根据例子总结它们的共性。举例子的一些标志词:for example, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.

例:The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across… such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands…

第一句的remote可以通过后面的例子,高山、北极地区、荒漠、小岛、湿地,得出指的是偏远地区。

4. 托福阅读技巧:【句子关联词】

句子之间的关联词主要分为转折和并列,透露了两句之间表达意思的方向性是否一致。我们完全可以通过已知的半句所表述的涵义,借助关联词,来推测另外半句的意思。

并列关系:and, similarly,equally, also, both … and…

转折关系:but, however,yet, instead, nevertheless, by contrast, on the other hand

例:International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and ironore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel.

“or”表示或者,虽然是并列关系,但在意思上是相反的。Processed commodities不难理解是加工过的产品,那“or”前面的句子指的就该是没有加工过的产品,即raw materials, 原材料。

5. 托福阅读技巧:【常识&上下文】

常识和上下文也是作为揣测词义的一个有效途径。这里所言的常识是涉及各领域、学科,以及平时累积的,众所周知的知识、常理。

例:The earliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms.

最早的取火方式是钻木取火,其原理是摩擦生热。通过下文的例子也可看出这一点。欧洲的农民会把一个木制的钻头插入一个圆形的洞,然后在手掌间迅速的旋转它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。

托福阅读需要注意的知识点

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是:First,Second,Third等逐条列出。并列句是指:A,B and C,即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”,主要有两种:

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案,其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下,往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2. EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型,即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容,剩下一个不符合,题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如:All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句,这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的,也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点。我们在读文章的时候就可多留意,如看到并列、列举句,可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型,则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有NO或NOT,NEVER等否定词的句子,而转折句则指带有HOWEVER,BUT 或RATHER等关联词引导的句子,它们可以用下面的句型说明:A is not B,as C,but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由as或such as,for example等引导的短语或句子为举例句,常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的as C为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现must,all,only,anyone,always,never等绝对性词汇或first,most beautiful等最高级词汇,往往是考题要点,一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点,那就是概念绝对,答案唯一,无论是出题还是做题,不会产出歧义和疑问,因此很容易出题,答案绝对正确。相反地,如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats, and others blue ones. 其中some为相对性词汇,如果我们出这样一道题:What color hats did some people choose. 那么就没有唯一正确的答案,因为有可能为red,green 或blue,给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有more than或as as,like(a fly)等句型,则为比较级或比喻句结构,往往也是考题点,一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由that is,i.e.,or等词汇引导的名词词组,放在一个名词后面,为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首,句中或句尾,不做句子成分,但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点,一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句:

(1)因果连词:because,since,for,as,therefore,so,consequently 等;

(2)表示因果的动词:cause,result in,originate from 等;

(3)表示因果的名词:base, basis, result,consequence 等,这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的,尤为出题者所青陈。因为通过出题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

九、段落句

文章各段第一句(段首句)和末段员后一句(文尾句)都是十分重要的地方,往往是文章作者表达中思想,进行总结综述的地方,因此常出(1)主题性问题,(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。

十、特殊标点

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围,它们是:

(1)破折号,表示解释。考细节性问题;

(2)括号,表示解释。考细节性问题;

(3)冒号,一股同上,有时冒号也表示列举,则考“ EXCEPT ”题目;

(4)引号。表示引用,考细节性问题:

(5)惊叹号,表示作者感情,考态度性问题。

托福阅读考试出题点和应试技巧

托福阅读出题点1:时间和数字(number)

一般来说,出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关,作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored),因此,除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon),考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question),一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词,二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form),考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字,以便于之后做题时的查询。

托福阅读出题点2:主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)

TOEFL文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的,因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时,文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。

托福阅读出题点3:人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)

这些概念在文章中出现的时候,一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign),非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,当提到这几个具体的概念时(concept),文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion),因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。

托福阅读出题点4:举例主体

有的时候,为了说明某些理论和观点,文章中会出现大段的举例文字。

实际上(in fact),TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此,考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所阐述的具体信息,可以适当忽略(omit)。

托福阅读出题点5:新概念和局部核心概念

所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时,之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance),意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题,所以,新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念,对于这种概念来说,无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to),因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)。

托福阅读出题点6:重要的逻辑关系(relation)

很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容,但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系,因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect),这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此,在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。

希望上面的内容能给有需要的同学提供帮助,也希望同学们可以取得好成绩。如果想了解更多关于托福阅读题及相关信息,请关注新东方的托福考试频道,小编也会持续为大家更新信息。出国留学,我们一直在!

说了这么多托福阅读考试的出题点,那么大家有哪些应试技巧呢?

一、猜测生词的技巧

考生在托福阅读词汇备考中不可能穷尽所有的单词,因此考生有必要掌握一些猜测生词的技巧。考场上遇到生词不要慌,一般文章中都会有一些提示性信息来帮助我们理解单词的意思。此外,我们还可以通过上下文的逻辑关系来推测单词的意思。这里小编为大家分享几种猜词生词的方法。

1. 通过例子猜单词

例1:In the animal world the task of moving about is fulfilled in many ways. For some animals locomotion is accomplished by changes in body shape.

通过阅读上面的句子我们会发现,后面的“some animals”是前面“the animal world”的一个子集,是为了具体说明所有动物的某种特征而举的例子,它们之间是部分与整体的关系,那么整体具有的特点,部分也一定会具有。因此,单词“locomotion”应该和前面的“moving about”意思是一样的。

2. 通过连接词猜单词

句子中的连接词主要分为并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系等。通过连接词我们就可以根据已知半句话的意思推测另外半句话的意思,进而猜测单词的意思。

例2:The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.

上面这句话中出现了表示转折关系的连接词while(然而),说明前后内容是相反的。如果知道depriving是“剥夺”的意思,那么drenching的意思则与之相反,也就是“给予”的意思。

二、破解长难句的技巧

托福阅读中经常会出现一些长难句,遇到长难句考生首先要做的就是找出句子的主干,也就是句子的主谓宾,然后再确定剩余部分的成分。要想快速地找到句子的主干,考生必须要有扎实的语法基础,熟练掌握英语中的五大基本句型以及主要的修饰成分。

在阅读长难句时有一个技巧能够帮助考生迅速找到句子的主干,那就是按照意群阅读,而不是一个字一个字地阅读,因为逐字阅读往往会破坏句子的整体性,影响对句子的理解。

三、阅读提速的技巧

参加过托福考试的同学都深有体会,那就是托福阅读的时间是非常紧张的。要想在规定时间内完成所有文章的阅读和题目的作答,就需要掌握一些提高阅读速度的技巧。首先是关于做题习惯的问题:有些考生习惯读完文章再做题,这样在熟悉全文的基础上,做题也会更有把握;有些考生习惯先看题,带着问题去阅读文章,这样就会更有针对性。事实上,托福阅读是按照文章顺序来出题的,考生不妨每阅读完一段话做一下这段话涉及到的题目,这样信息量比较集中,缓解了阅读通篇文章的疲劳感。

托福阅读目标28+的准备策略

此文虽然专门针对那些真实托福考试已经达到89分或以上并且想要在下一次托福考试中的提高阅读成绩的同学而写,但实际上也同样适用于所有想要提高下一次托福考试的阅读成绩的同学。如果你目前为止还没有考过真实的托福考试,只参加过新东方的模考,那么在看这篇文章的时候,需要把这个89分的标准再适当默默上调2~4分。这么做的原因是模考的压力不如真实考试大,同时也没有暂时没有阅读和听力的加试。

以我目前的教学经验(5400小时),托福总分在88或以上的同学,阅读以21分为界,可分成两个群体。

阅读21分以下 总分89+

其听说能力通常远胜于读写能力。这部分同学最可能是正在(或曾经)在国外读(或读过)小学/初中/高中/大学一年级。由于长期浸泡在英文的语言环境下,其听说能力(语感)非常好,这种情况出国越早越明显。这部分同学能掌握大部分生活场景中常见的非学术性词汇和表达,但学术文章的读写能力却相对弱,大部分缺乏一些基本的学科常识,不能识别大部分的学术词汇和表达,无法识别同义转述,偏科的情况也非常普遍(比如生物/天文/地理/历史等学科的文章一碰就要狗带)。这时候需要在有一个具备良好学术能力(名校毕业/托福成绩单科满分)并且拥有丰富教学经验的托福冲分班教师,利用其专业知识来快速测试/识别出学生所存在的相关学术问题,再针对性地布置薄弱学科的文章精读任务,并配合介绍和讲解学术文章常见结构和后续针对性的测验和作业批改以及晚自习答疑,让学生通过大量而深入的阅读理解来积累学术词汇以及学科背景知识,不仅能帮助学生克服对于学术文章阅读的心理和生理障碍,不再害怕阅读学术文章,而且能进一步体会到学术文章规范结构和表达严谨的美,喜欢上学术阅读,从而提高阅读能力和托福阅读的分数。

阅读21分以上总分89+

这部分学生群体组成比较复杂,可以分为两个小群体:

学神型的初中生和学霸型的高一生

这部分学生的家长从孩子出生就非常注重孩子英语能力的培养,导致这批幸运儿的英语能力远胜于同龄人好多个马位,也让孩子从“学习-领先-成就和满足感-更努力学习-领先更多-更多成就和满足感”的正循环中得到有非常强的自信心和自我管理能力。这部分同学由于年龄小,很多学术和学科词汇还没有接触,所以首要的任务是先把终极词汇4300里面的前30个list(托福阅读和听力的高频词)背得滚瓜烂熟。同时由于之前的学校的阅读材料大部分的内容都是短句,所以托福的长难句结构的分析能力就成为了另外一个重点进攻的战场。托福阅读中所涉及的句法点看似不多,但其实都需要非常深刻的洞见,才能灵活地把句法知识和托福阅读考试的考点结合起来。在实际的教学过程中,这个能力几乎所有同学都没法自行掌握。经常出现的一种情况是,同学明明觉得文章已经“读懂了”,但是题目却老做不对(有同学还会质疑题目出得不好

篇7:托福听力遇到生词怎么办呢

相信大多数同学都有这样的体会:当我们在听文章的过程中,听到一个不太懂的单词或句子时,会把思维停留在这个词或句子上,同时漏听了接下来的信息,等回过神儿来才发现已经不知道文章说到哪儿去了。

其实在托福听力考试中,当出现重要的信息或者生僻的单词的时候,讲话者绝大部分情况下都会加以解释,甚至是反复解释这个信息或单词。

所以我们需要做的就是听到生词的时候忍住回想的冲动,硬着头皮往下听,听懂生词后面的解释之后,在笔记中记下主要的信息。

而且,我们需要注意的是,托福听力中反复出现、解释的信息一定是重要信息,极有可能是考点,因此也是需要我们重点记笔记的地方。

篇8:托福听力遇到生词怎么办呢

下面给大家举一个例子。来看看你能分辨出下面的段落说了几个重要信息吗?

Ok, a lot of people think of earth's orbit around the sun as being perfectly circular, as smooth and as regular as, say, the way that hands move on a well-made watch, but it just doesn't work that way. You are probably aware that the earth's orbit around the sun, it is not shaped like a perfect circle. It is more of an oval, it is elliptical. But the shape of this orbit isn't consistent; it varies over time, over a period of about a thousand years. Sometimes it is a little more circular, sometimes it is more elliptical. And when earth's orbit is more elliptical, earth is actually closer to the sun during part of the year. Which makes earth, and in particular, the northern hemisphere, warmer. And why is that important? Well, because most of the planet's glaciers are in the northern hemisphere, and if it gets too warm, then glaciers will stop forming.And we've already talked about how that affects earth's over all temperature.

其实别看这个段落这么长,其实它只传达了三个重要信息,也就是说归纳起来只有三个重点,其余的部分都是对重点的解释。

第一个信息:地球绕太阳的轨道是椭圆形的。原文用了5句话来反复解释这个信息,而且虽然出现了相对生僻的单词oval,但出题者怕考生听不懂又用了一个比较常见的elliptical来解释。如下:

Ok, a lot of people think of earth's orbit around the sun as being perfectly circular, as smooth and as regular as, say, the way that hands move on a well-made watch, but it just doesn't work that way. You are probably aware that the earth's orbit around the sun, it is not shaped like a perfect circle. It is more of an oval, it is elliptical.

第二个信息:这个轨道形状会变。这里又用了5句话来反复解释,其中出现了一个稍微有些难度的单词consistent,而且防止有些考生不认识这个词出题者又苦口婆心的给你解释了这个现象。有时候这个轨道形状圆点儿,有时候更椭圆点儿,更椭圆点儿的时候,地球更接近太阳。这里说的就是我们中学地理知识中的近日点这个概念。

But the shape of this orbit isn't consistent; it varies overtime, over a period of about a thousand years. Sometimes it is a little more circular, sometimes it is more elliptical. And when earth's orbit is more elliptical, earth is actually closer to the sun during part of the year.

第三个信息:形状的变化会影响地球上冰川的形成。说话者再一次用了5句话来解释这个信息,并且怕你不知道这里要出考点,还用了反问句提醒你。

Which makes earth, and in particular, the northern hemisphere, warmer. And why is that important? Well, because most of the planet's glaciers are in the northern hemisphere, and if it gets too warm, then glaciers will stop forming. And we've already talked about how that affects earth's overall temperature.

所以,虽然你听到了这么多词汇和句子,但其实你的笔记上需要记的只是这三个主要信息。由此可知,ETS是一个很人性化的的机构。当你遇到听不懂的信息的时候,你要勇敢坚决地继续往下听,你的思维要同时跟着说话人走,绝不能出现自己的思维断层。

2020托福听力主旨题答题技巧

新托福听力考试总共有六大技巧的测试与考核。与这六大技巧相对,ETS有六大题型的测试,分别是:主旨题、细节题、句子功能题、态度题、结构题和推论题。而托福官方指南将这六大考题细归类为B, P, C三部分(Basic Comprehension Question, Pragmatic Comprehension Question, Connecting Information Question)。B部分包括:主旨题和细节题;P部分包括句子功能题和态度题;C部分又包括结构题和推论题。

在这六大题型中,出镜率、几乎每篇文章(我们知道托福听力考试涉及的文章有两种:conversation和lecture)都会涉及到的题目就是主旨题。把握好主旨题同样又是解答其他题目的关键。什么是主旨题呢?ETS官方给出的解释是:对话和讲座的大概意思,即文章主要涉及的是什么内容!关于主旨题,其实很多学生发现它是所有题型中简单的一道题目。可是往往我们如果不掌握一定的解题技巧和关键策略的话这道题同样可能丢分。所以,把握好主旨题是解题的重中之重。

下面我就如何解答主旨题做一下总结与点评:

1、主旨题在原文和题目中的位置

首先,大家要明确托福听力考试的一大特色就是题目顺序与文章的行文顺序相一致。所以,同学们要明确的是主旨题出现在文章的开头部分,不会出现在文章的中间部分。其中需要注意的一点是,在结尾部分同样可能会出现帮助解答主旨题的解题内容。因为老师很可能对文章内容进行概括和总结。那么,结尾部分就可能出现主旨题的答案!但是,这种情况比较少见!所以按照文章的行文顺序,主旨题题目一般只会出现于道题。所以通常,不管是conversation还是lecture,主旨题都会出现于首道题目。明确了题目的位置之后,我们来看一下主旨题的分类。

2、主旨题题型分类及典型问法

主旨题分为目的主旨和内容主旨。

目的主旨: 考查对话目的而非内容,即两个说话者的对话目的和教授讲这篇文章的目的。目的主旨一般出现于conversation中。

目的主旨典型问法:Why does the student visit the professor?

Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?

Why did the professor ask to see the student?

Why does the professor explain X?

内容主旨: 要求考生理解讲座或对话的主旨大意。材料有时会明确提出主旨,有时会很含蓄。 要求学生对听到的信息进行归纳总结。

内容主旨典型问法:What problem does the man have?

What are the speakers talking about?

What is the main ideaof the lecture?

What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?

3、主旨题解题技巧

关于解题技巧大家应该首先注意的是这两种题型与大家词汇量的多少无关。也就是说,词汇量即使很少也不会给这两种题型的解题造成障碍。首先要听准开头;特别是开头句型,之后找出对话目的;如果开头没有把握准,那么要注意全文重复词汇;后要听准关键词并对实义词(名词、动词、形容词)足够敏感。那么,如何听准开头呢?在conversation和lecture的开头中,有的文章会出现寒暄部分。

比如,在conversation中两个说话者的在开头部分都会出现互相问好的寒暄语:

e.g.1 A : Hey, how is everything going?

B: Well, everything is going fine.

e.g.2 A: Hi, are you Paula?

B: Oh, hi, Jim. Nice to see you!

在这些寒暄之后说话人A说Do you need some tutoring in English? 说话人B说:yes, I am taking English composition and my English is not very good. 这才是文章的真正内容,也就是文章的主旨!所以选项的相应部分选择的是:She needs a tutoring appointment!

在lecture中,有时教授上来不会直接切入正题,而是先会寒暄几句。

例1: 有个教授上来先说I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class. Today, I want to continue our topic about Renaissance. 所以 “I am sorry that I didn’t bring your paper, and it took longer to grade than I thought. So I will bring you the paper next class.” 这句话都是在说与文章主旨无关紧要的话。而真正与文章主旨有关的是以today开头的这句话!所以,显而易见,这篇文章的主要内容就是Renaissance(文艺复兴)。

例2: In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history. But today, I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么很显然,In the last class, we discussed the Jazz music history.这是上节课讲的内容。在强转折but之后,老师紧接着说I am going to talk about the development of the jazz music. 那么,文章的主旨也就很明确了。

在了解了如何在文章的开头抓主旨以后,我们再来看一下引导文章主旨的信号标志词,以便我们更好地定位选项。

4、主旨题的信号标志词

Lecture引导主旨题信号标志词总结

1) 总结口语词后的动词词组:

• today we will talk about...

• today we will discuss...

• today we will look at...

• today we will tell...

2) 旧托福:

• today we will spend several minutes in...

• today we will focus on...

• today we will concentrate on...

3) 动词时态

• 've, -ed

• will, be going to

4) 介词 :

• about

注意点:在第三条中,动词过去式和过去分词后面引导的都是上节课涉及到的内容,所以即使大家听到了discuss这个词也可以放弃这部分内容。而只要听好并把握准today后面要讲的内容即可,也就是be going to/will 后面引导的内容!那么,about就是一个经常引导主要内容的一个介词。这个词很关键,要求听准其后面的宾语是什么!因为这个宾语就是解题的关键。

Conversation 引导主旨题信号标志词总结

1. wonder (e.g. I was wondering,…)

2. think (e.g. I am thinking, I was thinking,….)

3. hope (I was hoping,…)

4. need (Do you need, I need….)

5. figure out, work out, sort out,

conversation的主要内容,一般情况下都是以上的这些词引导的。常用句型已在后面括号中标注出来。

2020托福听力怎样避免无效信息

首先,你其实记下来的东西基本都是无效信息。你并没有在大脑中经过过滤和分析,只是茫然的听到什么记什么。其次,你在做笔记的时候肯定记得很乱。所以即使想回原文定位也找不到。你需要锻炼自己抓取核心信息的能力。比如一句话你要抓住主句。也就是主谓宾。而不是一些小的信息点比如时间之类的。其次,对于笔记来说,你需要锻炼把笔记记得比较清楚。比如说可以分层次记。不同的意群之间可以拿横线划开。如果你能听的懂大部分,再加上笔记的帮助,就能克服一些。但是如果你听不懂,也记不下什么,就很容易这样啦。所以还是去练习基本功吧,词汇+精听+总结。

问:怎么记笔记,以及确定出题点,我自己基本能听懂,也能判断一些出题点,但是还是有漏的情况,打错。

答: 讲座以后做题后要分析文章结构,比如考艺术家:style-works-events-professor attitude 笔记对话像小说三要素,人物,情节,地点。结构是问题 原因 建议

问:每句就是它说完我默写那样吗?它说的快边听记不下来。

答:对,不过我们要听一句,不管是否打全。也逼自己听下一句。不能一句反复听。这样一句一句听写完再从头听写一共5遍。对答案,查生词,跟读。控制在30分钟

答:考试碰到怪怪的学术词汇,练就听音写词能力。然后几乎都考题干或正选,打字听写还能帮打字慢的同学提高速度

问:如果听力基本都可以听的很流畅 需要记笔记么。尤其是lectires。

答:讲座有的是有结构,平常总结,比如一个科学家出现留意他的理论-实验-结论-教授对他态度。还有些常考点,比如问答,举例等。你应该有所总结。

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