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托福阅读词义替换表

2023-11-05 08:03:03 收藏本文 下载本文

“sduxuwj”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了10篇托福阅读词义替换表,以下是小编整理后的托福阅读词义替换表,欢迎阅读分享。

托福阅读词义替换表

篇1:托福阅读词义替换表

monumental

adj. 不朽的;纪念碑的;非常的

enormous

adj. 庞大的,巨大的;凶暴的,极恶的

elaborate

adj. 精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的

vt. 精心制作;详细阐述;从简单成分合成(复杂有机物)

vi. 详细描述;变复杂

substantiate

vt. 证实;使实体化

confirm

vt. 确认;确定;证实;批准;使巩固

Refinement

n. 精制;文雅;[化工][油气][冶] 提纯

suppress

vt. 抑制;镇压;废止

define

vt. 定义;使明确;规定

identify

vt. 确定;鉴定;识别,辨认出;使参与;把…看成一样 vi. 确定;认同;一致

apparent

adj. 显然的;表面上的

seemingly

adv. 看来似乎;表面上看来

curious

adj. 好奇的,有求知欲的;古怪的;爱挑剔的

critical

adj. 鉴定的;[核] 临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的

essential

adj. 基本的;必要的;本质的;精华的

n. 本质;要素;要点;必需品

fundamentally

adv. 根本地,从根本上;基础地

boost

vt. 促进;增加;支援

vi. 宣扬;偷窃

n. 推动;帮助;宣扬

flourish

n. 兴旺;茂盛;挥舞;炫耀;华饰

vt. 夸耀;挥舞

vi. 繁荣,兴旺;茂盛;活跃;处于旺盛时期

prosper

vi. 繁荣,昌盛;成功

vt. 使……成功;使……昌盛;使……繁荣

thrive

vi. 繁荣,兴旺;茁壮成长

favorable

adj. 有利的;良好的;赞成的,赞许的;讨人喜欢的

elusive

adj. 难懂的;易忘的;逃避的;难捉摸的

allege

vt. 宣称,断言;提出…作为理由

excavate

vt. 挖掘;开凿

vi. 发掘;细查

篇2:托福阅读词义替换表

1. imaginative=creative

2. constant=unchanging

3. discard=abandon

4. suspicion=distrust

5. flexible=adaptable; bendable

6. cramped=confined

7. static=unchanging

8. outweigh=exceed

9. consensus=agreement

10. document=record

11. merely=only; simply

12. lucrative=profitable

13. context=environment

14. a wealth of=abundant

15. drastic/drastically=severe; radical/dramatically

16. sphere=area; side

17. modest=relatively small

18. relics=remains

19. sufficient=adequate; enough; rich

20. an insight into=an understanding of

21. case in point=good example

22. indigenous=native

23. conflicting=contradictory; opposing

24. adopt=start to use

25. momentous=very important

26. ample=plentiful

27. assume=take on

你可能需要的参考资料

生词表

imaginative

adj. 富于想象的;有创造力的

constant

adj. 不变的;恒定的;经常的

n. [数] 常数;恒量

discard

vt. 抛弃;放弃;丢弃

vi. 放弃

n. 抛弃;被丢弃的东西或人

abandon

n. 放任;狂热

vt. 遗弃;放弃

suspicion

n. 怀疑;嫌疑;疑心;一点儿

vt. 怀疑

distrust

vt. 不信任

n. 不信任

怀疑

bendable

可弯曲的

cramp

n. 痉挛,绞痛;[五金] 铁夹钳

vt. 束缚,限制;使…抽筋;以铁箍扣紧

adj. 狭窄的;难解的;受限制的

confine

n. 界限,边界;约束;限制

vt. 限制;禁闭

static

adj. 静态的;静电的;静力的

n. 静电;静电干扰

outweigh

vt. 比…重(在重量上);比…重要;比…有价值

consensus

n. 一致;舆论;合意

lucrative

adj. 有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的

context

n. 环境;上下文;来龙去脉

drastic

adj. 激烈的;猛烈的

n. 烈性泻药

sphere

n. 范围;球体

vt. 包围;放入球内;使…成球形

adj. 球体的

modest

adj. 谦虚的,谦逊的;适度的;端庄的;羞怯的

radical

adj. 激进的;根本的;彻底的

n. 基础;激进分子;[物化] 原子团;[数] 根数

relic

n. 遗迹,遗物;废墟;纪念物

indigenous

adj. 本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的

contradictory

adj. 矛盾的;反对的;反驳的;抗辩的

n. 对立物;矛盾因素

adopt

vt. 采取;接受;收养;正式通过

vi. 采取;过继

momentous

adj. 重要的;重大的

assume

vi. 假定;设想;承担;采取

vt. 僭取;篡夺;夺取;擅用;侵占

篇3:托福阅读词义替换表

merge=combine

pervasive=widespread

dependable=reliable

collection=group

now and then=occasionally

intensive=concentrated

cease=stop

spark=bring about

at random=without a definite pattern

divergence=difference

advocate=proponent

unprecedented=unlike anything in the past

integrity=unity

sacred=holy

interplay=interaction

exotic=foreign

enormous=massive

be accompanied by=occurs together with

diffusion=spread

consult=ask

in the same breath=immediately

methodically=systematically

expelled from=left by

shoot=photograph

advent=arrival

ingenuity=cleverness

你可能需要的参考资料生词表

merge

vt. 合并;使合并;吞没

vi. 合并;融合

pervasive

adj. 普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的

dependable

adj. 可靠的,可信赖的;可信任的

occasional

adj. 偶然的;临时的;特殊场合的

Intensive

adj. 加强的;集中的;透彻的;加强语气的

cease

vi. 停止;终了

vt. 停止;结束

n. 停止

spark

n. 火花;朝气;闪光

vt. 发动;鼓舞;求婚

vi. 闪烁;发火花;求婚

random

adj. [数] 随机的;任意的;胡乱的

n. 随意

adv. 胡乱地

divergence

n. 分歧

advocate

vt. 提倡,主张,拥护

n. 提倡者;支持者;律师

proponent

n. 支持者;建议者;提出认证遗嘱者

unprecedented

adj. 空前的;无前例的

integrity

n. 完整;正直;诚实;廉正

sacred

adj. 神的;神圣的;宗教的;庄严的

holy

adj. 圣洁的,神圣的;至善的

n. 神圣的东西

interplay

. 相互影响,相互作用

vi. 相互影响,相互作用

exotic

adj. 异国的;外来的;异国情调的

massive

adj. 大量的;巨大的,厚重的;魁伟的

diffusion

n. 扩散,传播;[光] 漫射

consult

vt. 查阅;商量;向…请教

vi. 请教;商议;当顾问

methodically

adv. 有方法地;有系统地

systematically

adv. 有系统地;有组织地

expel

vt.驱逐;开除

shoot

vt. 射击,射中;拍摄;发芽;使爆炸;给…注射

vi. 射击;发芽;拍电影

n. 射击;摄影;狩猎;急流

advent

n. 到来;出现;基督降临;基督降临节

ingenuity

n. 心灵手巧,独创性;精巧;精巧的装置

篇4:托福阅读词义替换表

1. imaginative=creative

2. constant=unchanging

3. discard=abandon

4. suspicion=distrust

5. flexible=adaptable; bendable

6. cramped=confined

7. static=unchanging

8. outweigh=exceed

9. consensus=agreement

10. document=record

11. merely=only; simply

12. lucrative=profitable

13. context=environment

14. a wealth of=abundant

15. drastic/drastically=severe; radical/dramatically

16. sphere=area; side

17. modest=relatively small

18. relics=remains

19. sufficient=adequate; enough; rich

20. an insight into=an understanding of

21. case in point=good example

22. indigenous=native

23. conflicting=contradictory; opposing

24. adopt=start to use

25. momentous=very important

26. ample=plentiful

27. assume=take on

生词表

imaginative

adj. 富于想象的;有创造力的

constant

adj. 不变的;恒定的;经常的

n. [数] 常数;恒量

discard

vt. 抛弃;放弃;丢弃

vi. 放弃

n. 抛弃;被丢弃的东西或人

abandon

n. 放任;狂热

vt. 遗弃;放弃

suspicion

n. 怀疑;嫌疑;疑心;一点儿

vt. 怀疑

distrust

vt. 不信任

n. 不信任

怀疑

bendable

可弯曲的

cramp

n. 痉挛,绞痛;[五金] 铁夹钳

vt. 束缚,限制;使…抽筋;以铁箍扣紧

adj. 狭窄的;难解的;受限制的

confine

n. 界限,边界;约束;限制

vt. 限制;禁闭

static

adj. 静态的;静电的;静力的

n. 静电;静电干扰

outweigh

vt. 比…重(在重量上);比…重要;比…有价值

consensus

n. 一致;舆论;合意

lucrative

adj. 有利可图的,赚钱的;合算的

context

n. 环境;上下文;来龙去脉

drastic

adj. 激烈的;猛烈的

n. 烈性泻药

sphere

n. 范围;球体

vt. 包围;放入球内;使…成球形

adj. 球体的

modest

adj. 谦虚的,谦逊的;适度的;端庄的;羞怯的

radical

adj. 激进的;根本的;彻底的

n. 基础;激进分子;[物化] 原子团;[数] 根数

relic

n. 遗迹,遗物;废墟;纪念物

indigenous

adj. 本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的

contradictory

adj. 矛盾的;反对的;反驳的;抗辩的

n. 对立物;矛盾因素

adopt

vt. 采取;接受;收养;正式通过

vi. 采取;过继

momentous

adj. 重要的;重大的

assume

vi. 假定;设想;承担;采取

vt. 僭取;篡夺;夺取;擅用;侵占

篇5:托福阅读词汇题同义词替换解析

托福阅读词汇题同义词替换解析

elaborate=complex

elaborate=develop

对于这组词汇,很多同学在初次遇见时,很难直接把他们进行同义的对应。

complex和develop的意思大家应该还是比较明确的,但是elaborate的确切含义很多同学其实不是很清楚,即使是背过也只是脑海中有个模糊的意思,记得好像,大概,也许是指“详细地……”这类意思。很多同学会觉得“详细地……”和“复杂的”以及“发展”看起来并没有什么同义的关系。

其实elaborate

作为形容词时的意思是made or done with great care or with much detail; marked by complexity精心制作的复杂的;

作为动词时的意思是to give more details about something; to bring something to a more advanced or developed state详细制定,详尽阐述

从它的英文释义中就不难看出它和complex以及develop的同义之处了。

respectively=in that order

Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively.

The word “respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. over time

B. separately

C. in that order

D. consistently

对于这组词汇,想必大家疑惑的是respectively这个词。在我们记忆的中文意思中,respectively这个词就是指“分别地”, 所以在选择上面的词汇题时,无数同学都会前赴后继地掉入separately这个大坑里。

殊不知此“分别”并不是彼“分别”。

respectively意为in the order given。

【例子】

Mary and Anne were respectively 12 and 16 years old. Mary和Anne分别是12岁和16岁。(Mary12岁,Anne16岁)。

而separately意为apart from others, not joined or connected。

【例子】

He had insisted that we went separately to the club. 他坚持我们不要一块儿去俱乐部。

了解清楚这两个“分别地”的意思之后,再结合文章语境去选择,答案就一目了然了。

afford=provide

这是一组部分意思重复的词汇配对,也是对熟词僻义的考察。

afford作为动词时有两层意思,第一个大家熟悉的“买得起,负担得起”,第二个“提供”,This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 这给我们提供了就系统可能如何改变进行提问的机会。

pronounced=marked

这也是一组让大家大跌眼镜的同义配对,表示“发音”的pronounce加了个d怎么就变成“明显的”了。

一方面,pronounced作为形容词本身就有strong marked的意思,另一方面,pronounce作为动词时还可以指“宣称,宣布”,根据这个意义再去体会上下文语境,就能感悟到这组同义配对之间的奥秘了。

Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.

The word “marked” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pronounced

(B) fortunate

(C) understandable

(D) mysterious

pursue=engage in

Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier, the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for 1,000 miles.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. expand

B. engage in

C. control

D. avoid

同学们应该都知道pursue有“追求,继续,追捕”的意思,然而满怀期待地去浏览选项时,却并没有发现体现这个意思的答案,不禁又一次因为ETS对人生产生了怀疑。

其实本题考察的也是一个pursue的不常用的意思“执行,实行”。

【例子】

The government will be free to pursue its economic policies. 政府将可不受限制地实行其经济政策。

所以本题对应engage in,表示“从事,实行”之意。

通过上述的分析,我们再来做几个词汇题的小练习,看看你还会不会中招?

1)Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.

The word “elaborately” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) done in great detail

(B) put together carefully

(C) using many colors

(D) reinforced structurally

2)People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) practice

(B) encourage

(C) prefer

(D) combine

3)The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded.

The word “afforded” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) provided

(B) spent

(C) avoided

(D) absorbed

4)On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.

The word “pronounced” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) examined

(B) relative

(C) strongest

(D) darkest

做完再看答案哦:AAAC

托福阅读做题误区:不读完读完直接做题

托福阅读做题误区强调,详细解析如下:

考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或者平时的阅读练习时,时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线,似乎不做记号,阅读就无法进行,思维就停止活动。不过在新托福网络考试中,考生面对电脑就做不了任何标志记号。

有些考生文章根本不读完,直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象,对文章只有局部的感觉,整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是,近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以,这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。

有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况,其一,考生已具备相当的阅读水平,长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二,某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容,细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说,大部分考生采用细读文章方法,做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记,阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。

在做托福阅读词汇题时,许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关,认识单词能做对,不认识单词就会做错。事实上,那些认识的单词经常做错,不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是,做不认识单词时,考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时,忽略上下文的重要性,往往是装模作样的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉择。所以,做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文——词汇题的句子以及上下一句话,

有时候,个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。托福阅读做题误区会影响大家的做题效率,那么其他的生活中的一些不良习惯同样会影响到大家的办事效率,希望大家可以以托福考试为契机,培养自己这种良好的阅读习惯,从而在学习和研究中达到事半功倍的效果。

五组托福阅读题材术语综述

同学们反映托福阅读是不好啃的一块硬骨头,有的文科同学甚至向我抱怨说部分文章连中文译文都不好理解。那么应对这样一个学术性考试,大家是不是要考试每天钻研核物理、天文和生物化学呢?这当然是不可行,也是没有必要的。所谓考试,就是要调动一切能够利用的资源和知识,用已知的部分去推测理解未知的部分,最终达到对整个文章的把握。在这里和同学们分享五组托福阅读题材术语。

1. 人:学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家,以ist和er结尾居多。

例如:anthropologist,archaeologist,paleontologist,zoologist,geographer,astronomer

(人类学家,考古学家,古生物学家,动物学家,地理学家,天文学家)

这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写,只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时,至少要判断他们存在于那个学科,才好进行下一步的推理。

2. 地质、地貌:这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。

例如:volcano,layer,conglomerate,karst,porous,permeable,meteorolite,asteroid

火山,(地)层,砾岩,喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形),多孔的(有透气性与透水性),可渗透的,陨石,小行星

3. 气候、动物与生态:与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。

例如:unpredictable,vary,range from,extinction,endangered,tropical,jungle,equatorial

不可预测的,改变(动词),变化幅度(动词),灭绝,濒危的,热带的,丛林,赤道附近的

4. 历史、考古,这类题材是分水轮流转的对象,也要加以注意。尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古,而是从各个层面切入,有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙,那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展,那就是经济史,等等。

例如,relics,remains,mausoleum,handicraft,cohesiveness,territorial,civilization

遗迹,遗迹或残骸,陵墓,手工艺品,凝聚性,领土的,文明

5. 关键副词,这类词往往很不显眼,但是会左右整个句子的含义,他们是最需要加以注意的对象。一些看起来含有否定前缀的词可能是肯定含义,而一些完全没有否定词缀的副词却可能是真正的杀手!

例如:rarely,merely,undeniable

很少地,仅仅,不可否认

以上五类词汇在托福阅读题材中高频重现,这类词汇的掌握需要同学们的日积月累。在日常的练习中,尤其是对TPO的精读非常重要,大家千万要杜绝一知半解的解题方式。要记住一句话,一道题目,如果你是蒙对的,那和没有做是一样的。脚踏实地方能事半功倍。祝大家在考试中发挥出最好的水平!能够去往自己的理想学府!

篇6:实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换

实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换

所以今天就让我们一起来细数一下那些在托福考试中容易错选或根本不知道选什么的同义词配对。

elaborate=complex

elaborate=develop

对于这组词汇,很多同学在初次遇见时,很难直接把他们进行同义的对应。

complex和develop的意思大家应该还是比较明确的,但是elaborate的确切含义很多同学其实不是很清楚,即使是背过也只是脑海中有个模糊的意思,记得好像,大概,也许是指“详细地……”这类意思。很多同学会觉得“详细地……”和“复杂的”以及“发展”看起来并没有什么同义的关系。

其实elaborate

作为形容词时的意思是made or done with great care or with much detail; marked by complexity精心制作的复杂的;

作为动词时的意思是to give more details about something; to bring something to a more advanced or developed state详细制定,详尽阐述

从它的英文释义中就不难看出它和complex以及develop的同义之处了。

respectively=in that order

Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively.

The word “respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. over time

B. separately

C. in that order

D. consistently

对于这组词汇,想必大家疑惑的是respectively这个词。在我们记忆的中文意思中,respectively这个词就是指“分别地”, 所以在选择上面的词汇题时,无数同学都会前赴后继地掉入separately这个大坑里。

殊不知此“分别”并不是彼“分别”。

respectively意为in the order given。

【例子】

Mary and Anne were respectively 12 and 16 years old. Mary和Anne分别是12岁和16岁。(Mary12岁,Anne16岁)。

而separately意为apart from others, not joined or connected。

【例子】

He had insisted that we went separately to the club. 他坚持我们不要一块儿去俱乐部。

了解清楚这两个“分别地”的意思之后,再结合文章语境去选择,答案就一目了然了。

afford=provide

这是一组部分意思重复的词汇配对,也是对熟词僻义的考察。

afford作为动词时有两层意思,第一个大家熟悉的“买得起,负担得起”,第二个“提供”,This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 这给我们提供了就系统可能如何改变进行提问的机会。

pronounced=marked

这也是一组让大家大跌眼镜的同义配对,表示“发音”的pronounce加了个d怎么就变成“明显的”了。

一方面,pronounced作为形容词本身就有strong marked的意思,另一方面,pronounce作为动词时还可以指“宣称,宣布”,根据这个意义再去体会上下文语境,就能感悟到这组同义配对之间的奥秘了。

Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.

The word “marked” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pronounced

(B) fortunate

(C) understandable

(D) mysterious

pursue=engage in

Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier, the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for 1,000 miles.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. expand

B. engage in

C. control

D. avoid

同学们应该都知道pursue有“追求,继续,追捕”的意思,然而满怀期待地去浏览选项时,却并没有发现体现这个意思的答案,不禁又一次因为ETS对人生产生了怀疑。

其实本题考察的也是一个pursue的不常用的意思“执行,实行”。

【例子】

The government will be free to pursue its economic policies. 政府将可不受限制地实行其经济政策。

所以本题对应engage in,表示“从事,实行”之意。

通过上述的分析,我们再来做几个词汇题的小练习,看看你还会不会中招?

1)Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.

The word “elaborately” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) done in great detail

(B) put together carefully

(C) using many colors

(D) reinforced structurally

2)People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) practice

(B) encourage

(C) prefer

(D) combine

3)The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded.

The word “afforded” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) provided

(B) spent

(C) avoided

(D) absorbed

4)On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.

The word “pronounced” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) examined

(B) relative

(C) strongest

(D) darkest

做完再看答案哦:AAAC

生命科学类托福阅读官方材料

一、植物学

1 Sample:Opportunity and Competitors

2 TPO 01:Timberline Vegetation on Mountains

3 TPO 05:Minerals and Plants

4 TPO 09:The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

5 TPO 22:Spartina

6 TPO 25:The Evolutionary Origin of Plants

7 TPO 32:Plant Colonization

二、动物学

动物特点

1 OG:Swimming Machines

2 OG:Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores

3 TPO 04:Deer Population of The Puget Sound

4 TPO 13:Biological Clock

5 TPO 15:A Warm-blooded Turtle

6 TPO 17-3:Symbiotic Relationship

7 TPO 32:Distribution of Tropical Bee Colonies

动物变化

1 Sample:Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction

2 TPO 05:The Cambrian Explosion

3 TPO 08:Extinction of The Dinosaurs

4 TPO 15:Mass Extinctions

5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations

6 TPO 30-2: The Pace of Evolutionary Change

7 TPO 33: Extinction Episodes of the past

动物行为

1 TPO 02:The Origins of Cetaceans

2 TPO 11:Begging by Nestlings

3 TPO 11:Orientation and Navigation

4 TPO 17:Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest

5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development

6 TPO 29-2:Competition

7 TPO 28-3:Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes

8 TPO 27-3:Predator-Prey Cycles

自然科学类托福阅读官方材料

一、地质学

冰川类

1 OG:green Icebergs

2 TPO 15:Glacier Formation

3 TPO 19:Discovering The Ice Ages

地质现象

1 OG:Geology and Landscape

2 TPO 01:Groundwater

3 TPO 02:Desert Formation

4 TPO 03:Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer

5 TPO 07:The Geologic History of The Mediterranean

6 TPO 12:Water in The Desert

7 TPO 20:Fossil Preservation

8 TPO 21:Geothermal Energy

9 TPO 24:Lake Water

10 TPO 28-1:Groundwater

11 TPO 27-2:The Formation of Volcanic Islands

二、天文学

火星类

1 TPO 08:Running Water On Mars

2 TPO 25:The Surface of Mars

其他行星类

1 TPO 16:Planets in Our Solar System

2 TPO 22:The Allende Met

eorite

托福阅读文章是从哪儿来的

其实,托福阅读题材大部分来源于美国大学的教科书,一方面希望考生熟悉美国的教育,留学以后能够更快地适应美国大学的课堂生活,另一方面也能让考生了解一下美国的文化,毕竟文化的力量是非常强大的,一个民族的底蕴都是透过文化传达给大家的;另外也有一部分题材来源于出题人对相关文章的整理,使呈现出来的文章难易度与雅思阅读题型想匹配,并能有效去区分和测试出不同考生的英语水平。

托福阅读部分的内容涵盖的知识层面很广泛,从自然科学到生物科学还有一定程度的美国历史和艺术,另外也会出现一些社科类或者是人文类。考生如果仔细研究会发现新托福阅读考试的内容其实就是人类的发展史,由最开始的自然界事物的发展变化,包括地理、气候等,慢慢演变到对生物的探究,如动植物、微生物等。人类出现以后人们的生活逐渐丰富多彩,渴望探索的领域也在逐渐增多,这不仅是文化的积淀还涵盖了对于历史的回顾和探究。

篇7:实例解读托福阅读词汇题同义词替换

实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换

所以今天就让我们一起来细数一下那些在托福考试中容易错选或根本不知道选什么的同义词配对。

elaborate=complex

elaborate=develop

对于这组词汇,很多同学在初次遇见时,很难直接把他们进行同义的对应。

complex和develop的意思大家应该还是比较明确的,但是elaborate的确切含义很多同学其实不是很清楚,即使是背过也只是脑海中有个模糊的意思,记得好像,大概,也许是指“详细地……”这类意思。很多同学会觉得“详细地……”和“复杂的”以及“发展”看起来并没有什么同义的关系。

其实elaborate

作为形容词时的意思是made or done with great care or with much detail; marked by complexity精心制作的复杂的;

作为动词时的意思是to give more details about something; to bring something to a more advanced or developed state详细制定,详尽阐述

从它的英文释义中就不难看出它和complex以及develop的同义之处了。

respectively=in that order

Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively.

The word “respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. over time

B. separately

C. in that order

D. consistently

对于这组词汇,想必大家疑惑的是respectively这个词。在我们记忆的中文意思中,respectively这个词就是指“分别地”, 所以在选择上面的词汇题时,无数同学都会前赴后继地掉入separately这个大坑里。

殊不知此“分别”并不是彼“分别”。

respectively意为in the order given。

【例子】

Mary and Anne were respectively 12 and 16 years old. Mary和Anne分别是12岁和16岁。(Mary12岁,Anne16岁)。

而separately意为apart from others, not joined or connected。

【例子】

He had insisted that we went separately to the club. 他坚持我们不要一块儿去俱乐部。

了解清楚这两个“分别地”的意思之后,再结合文章语境去选择,答案就一目了然了。

afford=provide

这是一组部分意思重复的词汇配对,也是对熟词僻义的考察。

afford作为动词时有两层意思,第一个大家熟悉的“买得起,负担得起”,第二个“提供”,This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 这给我们提供了就系统可能如何改变进行提问的机会。

pronounced=marked

这也是一组让大家大跌眼镜的同义配对,表示“发音”的pronounce加了个d怎么就变成“明显的”了。

一方面,pronounced作为形容词本身就有strong marked的意思,另一方面,pronounce作为动词时还可以指“宣称,宣布”,根据这个意义再去体会上下文语境,就能感悟到这组同义配对之间的奥秘了。

Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.

The word “marked” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) pronounced

(B) fortunate

(C) understandable

(D) mysterious

pursue=engage in

Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier, the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for 1,000 miles.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. expand

B. engage in

C. control

D. avoid

同学们应该都知道pursue有“追求,继续,追捕”的意思,然而满怀期待地去浏览选项时,却并没有发现体现这个意思的答案,不禁又一次因为ETS对人生产生了怀疑。

其实本题考察的也是一个pursue的不常用的意思“执行,实行”。

【例子】

The government will be free to pursue its economic policies. 政府将可不受限制地实行其经济政策。

所以本题对应engage in,表示“从事,实行”之意。

通过上述的分析,我们再来做几个词汇题的小练习,看看你还会不会中招?

1)Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.

The word “elaborately” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) done in great detail

(B) put together carefully

(C) using many colors

(D) reinforced structurally

2)People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.

The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) practice

(B) encourage

(C) prefer

(D) combine

3)The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded.

The word “afforded” is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A) provided

(B) spent

(C) avoided

(D) absorbed

4)On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.

The word “pronounced” in the passage is closet in meaning to

(A) examined

(B) relative

(C) strongest

(D) darkest

做完再看答案哦:AAAC

托福阅读词汇特点:六级词汇量+专业不偏

托福阅读高分至少六级词汇量

第一是因为托福阅读中有一种题目叫做词汇题,词汇题是这样的一种题:你认识这个单词就肯定能做对,而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断,耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果,所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。

OG上说,每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀),可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了,就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数,还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇,也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见,单词的水平要达到6级以上,这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。

第二是托福阅读速度的问题。对于中国考生,托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用,读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章,而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!

托福阅读词汇需要专业但不偏

第一是托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的,原因是这样:托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识,因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的,而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。

第二是托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的,因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试,又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现,但根本不是考察的内容,而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。

举个例子:It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals,这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词,你只要认识了whales,dolphins,mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物,而且是哺乳动物,这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal,whale,dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇,而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型,把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。

托福阅读考试介绍+备考方案

新托福阅读考试注重的是一步步的积累,正所谓万丈高楼平地起,我们不可能一步登天,又由于新托福阅读考试更加注重对考生语言应用能力的考核,对于考生来说无疑具有很大的难度和挑战。就新来说,如果考分在25以下,很可能导致整体分数在100以下。

机考模式

新托福阅读考试分两种模式:Short Format以及Long Format。前者历时60分钟,要求学生在规定时间里完成三篇阅读约36-42道题目;而后者则将考试时间拉长至100分钟,按需完成60-70道题目。

本来这对学生来说只是“小菜一碟”,但自从新托福将考试形式由笔试改为电脑操作,这对很多人来说无疑是“当头一棒”。也许对大多数人来说看几个小时的网上新闻或是打上半天的游戏都不是什么新鲜事儿,但面对屏幕做上一两个小时的题目倒真不是随便可以信手拈来的。

考试强度

无论是Short Format还是Longre Format,考试强度上对考生的要求都是相当大的,新托福阅读部分每篇文章字数增至了700字左右。然而,在托福阅读当中,对于初学者来说最难的不是单词,而是要求在规定时间里完成规定的题数。我们索性就从这里下手。

托福阅读考试不同于CET4,CET6,与高考也有很大区别,因为CET4、CET6与高考的阅读考试大都是提供约4-5篇文章,然后出20道选择题,要求考生根据所读文章答题。最大的不同在于这些考试都没有要求做完每个科目考试所用的时间。

因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候,十分不适应托福的时间限制,有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。有的同学在考试前总是按一篇文章来练,认为自己在20分钟内(按总的时间平均分配到每篇阅读文章的用时)完成12-14题绰绰有余。但问题在于托福考试并非一篇一篇来考,而是将3篇或5篇看作一个整体来考验学生对强度的适应能力。

由此建议考生在备考期间一定要养成3篇一练或者5篇一练的习惯,培养自己在规定时间里完成尽可能多的题数,并保证一定的正确率。

题型变化

考试题型的主要变化在于题型中增加了词汇解释题、填表、插入句子和完成段落等。根据新托福阅读测试的目的,考生需要在平时训练中着重培养和加强三种阅读技能,即信息定位能力、速读理解能力和研读整理能力,来帮助自己适应新题型。

这一点表现出新托福考试阅读明显雅思化,因此增加题目并不意味着增加难度,其难度体现在考生对题型的熟悉程度。可以说,新托福在阅读内容上难度降低,于是便通过题型变化增加难度,因此阅读理解部分并不需要过于担心,关键是了解题型。

知识面和信息量

大家都知道,做题基于读文章的基础之上,因此增进阅读能力会对完成题目起到至关重要的作用。在备考阶段,大家要多读各类题材的文章。新托福阅读测试的选材大多涉及自然科学(天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文章,一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景知识,同时可借此机会熟悉不同学科的常用词汇。

各类书籍、报刊及网上文章都可以选择作为练习阅读的材料,如果是选取带有一定学术性的文章或大学教材则是再好也没有了。这一点大家可以结合适应“机考”这一变化来共同实现更多地去选择在电脑上阅读文章而非实际的报纸或杂志。

实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换

篇8:深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换

深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换

以TPO为例,来看一下一篇文章中究竟会出现多少种同义替换。

第一种:单词替换

这一类型替换其实是语言中最容易辨别的,也就是单词会以原形进行不同的变化。总共有两种不同的变化;

1. 同义词/近义词

原文:The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in594B.C.,when he broke the aristocracy's strangle hold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding...

题目:According to paragraph3.an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to

[A]make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly

[B]make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office

[C]help the aristocrats maintain power

[D]Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens

原句中的broke the aristocracy’s strangle hold on elected offices 这句话中的broke 为否定词,替换成近义词否定,成为否定前缀non-, 而aristocracy 则替换成同义词,替换成aristocrats。

TPO40 P1T9中也考察了类似变化

原文:Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures...

题目:According to Paragraph 4. one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to

[A]ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners

[B]distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region

[C]limit the number of aristocratic clans

[D]reduce the importance of family connections

不难发现原文中的weakening 同义替换成D选项中的reduce,近义词变化,因此答案选D。

这一类型同义替换最主要是考察对于单词的认知,最常见就是相近相似单词的变化,所以在辨识度上面比较容易,对于这样的同义替换现象,其实只要针对固定的单词进行背诵,也就是托福常考的单词类型背诵,其实就可以大大避免错误量。

2. 词组同义替换

TPO40P1T8

原文:By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out,andin508B.C.a new reformer, Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already underway.

题目:The tyrants were driven out, and in 508B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy

本题中出现的同义替换是词组的同义替换,gave final form替换成completed the weakening , 虽然单词不是特别的难,但是重点在于阅读时不能只阅读单词,而是要以意群式阅读,以词组或者是短语为阅读单位,这样就不容易被此类干扰项混淆。

第二种:逻辑关系词变化

这一种同义替换经常出现在逻辑关系的句子中,也就是句子主语和宾语在单词上并不会有很大的变化,但是关系词变化比较明显,一般在平行结构(and, but,or )或者在因果关系上最为明显。

如:TPO33P3T3

原文:However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.

题目:3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.

B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.

C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.

D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.

该长句其实是2个长句的并列;主要分成2个意思:第一是没有任何一种生物能永远地统治,第二是恐龙灭亡之后,哺乳动物开始发展统治,且两层意思之间可以构成因果关系。所以只有B选项满足所有条件。从此题不难发现在备考过程中一定要熟悉句子内部的逻辑关系,如让步,转折,对比还有因果等关系等。

这一类型的同义替换最重要是能判别出前后二者的关系为何,一旦明确关系后就可以根据逻辑连接词进行干扰项的排除,快速解题。

第三种:句子信息概括

这一类型的同义替换是所有变形中最难也是托福阅读中最难的一部分,大多数情况下这类型句子原文会比较长,甚至有可能是两句话, 而答案会稍短一些,将两句话中的内容综合就可以得出答案。

举例说明:

TPO 40 P1T1

原文:One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800B.C.to500B.C.was the rise of the polis, or city-state,and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.

题目:Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?

A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.

D. By 500B.C.the city-states were no longer powerful.

题目中的句子是针对原文中那么长的一句内容进行概括, 每一个城邦有一种适应其特征的政权概括起来就是不同的城邦有不同的政权,因此答案应该为C。

本题的概括性其实并没有很难,重点在于了解句意, 并且知道该句的重点内容究竟在何。

如果遇到更长一点的句子,那么重点就在反复讨论的内容和重点细节为何,这一点在TPO31P3T3上特别明显:

原文:In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.

According to paragraph 3. rain forests and savannas differ in that

A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.

B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.

C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.

D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.

本题的答案其实就是根据该段中的for example一句内容进行概括后得出,不难发现原句句子很长且单词比较具体,而答案中信息则是简洁明了。这就是典型的概括性同义替换,同时题目难度也增加了。应对这一类型题目,需要了解句子中的相关关系,摈弃过于细节的内容,抓主干即可。

托福查询分数可能出现哪些问题?

问1:考完考试分数多久出来,可以刷分(就是考多次考试)吗?

答:考试结束后,一般10-13个工作日ETS官网上就可以查询成绩了。托福考试的分数是没有记录的,也就是说考生无论参加多少次的托福考试,申请是都可以用自己的最高成绩进行申请,其他次的考试不会对成绩造成任何影响,但是两次考试要间隔12天以上。

问2:考试之后的正式成绩单如何寄送?

答:托福考试的成绩单的寄送是指将托福成绩单邮寄给考生自己,而并非将成绩单邮寄给美国大学。一般成绩单在考试完成后8周左右会邮寄到考生手里。

问3:什么是口语成绩的“复议”?

答:口语“复议”的概念是:提出口语部分重新评分的申请。同时需要交纳一定的费用。

复议的收费分下面两种

第一种,如果你只是想要对口语或者是写作部分进行成绩复议的话,那么你所要交纳的费用是535元人民币。

例如:口语复议申请单项:535元。

例如:作文复议申请单项:535元。

第二种,如果你想要对两项都进行成绩复议的话,就是说,你也想复议口语也想复议作文,那么你就要交1067元人民币。

例如:口语与作文同时申请双项:1067元。

问4:何种情况适合复议?

答:以下两种情况比较适合复议:

1)其它分数很高,单项成绩很低,比考生自己预想的成绩低。

2)申请的时间允许,因为复议需要较长的时间。

注意:复议可能会加分同样可能会降分一旦降分将无法修改!

如果考生判断自己应高于或等于此分,可选择复议。只有口语和作文是可以复议的。但许多同学遇到听力或阅读只得到个位数成绩的情况。想口语复议的考生可以回忆一下考试时的发挥,以及对照高分的EXAMPLE ANSWER来决定是否复议。也有说法是说如果其他三项的分数都很高,口语复议加分的可能性比较大。作文方面,有的时候自己认为写的很不错的文章,拿给别人一看就会被挑出很多毛病,所以作文的主观感觉有时不是很准。作文可以把自己平时的文章拿来参照OG上的评分标准。如果平常的文章就有一些语法错误和拼写错误的话,真正考试的时候只会多不会少,提分的可能性就不大。

问5:申请复议的时间有要求吗?

答:自10月10日起托福网考成绩复议申请期限开始调整改变,由原来的考试结束后的三个月内变为考试结束后30天内提出申请。与此同时,如果考生已申请了向机构或者学校或寄送成绩单,包括免费和付费申请,那么就不能再对该次考试成绩提出复议。

托福阅读考试七个高分技巧

(1)概括地观察 Survey

首先略读每章或每页的大概内容,例如:可从书本的序言和目录开始,通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机,而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title,主题 main。

headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句,导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话),图片说明 captions to all graphics 等,这样,你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。

(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question

观察课文内容后,提出一个包含所有新托福阅读数据的问题,把问题写在每章节的开首,令自己可以看到此问题时,便忆起全部内容。

(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading

当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时,由此而提出有关问题,写在题目或图片旁边,帮助你阅读文章内容。

(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions

阅读章节时,尽量跟随你的问题来找答案,把握课文重点。

(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question

在了解一段内容后,找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases,并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔,既方便又快捷。

(6)修正问题 Revise the questions

如果在阅读时,发现问题并未得到解答或不明确,可重新写下问题,并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章,遇到不明白的地方,再请教导师或同学。

(7)举一反三 Use examples

当你理解全文时,便可将知识整理起来,同时,学习类推的方法,将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上,利用联带关系,才能把文章内容融会贯通,大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如:当银行利率提高时,会使银行的存款利息增加,而你可能会联想到投资受影响,或是你会类推更多其它事项。

关于托福阅读备考的八个建议

托福阅读复习TIPS:

1.考试采取早签早考原则,所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队,早点开考。不过如果过早的话,就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。

2.一进考场在托福阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒,会有些影响,一定要集中注意力;

3.每个人开始的时间不一样,所以具体休息的时间不一样,具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。

4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师,因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来,下一个人才能去,所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你,这样就会让你先出去,否则要等很长时间;

5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样,但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的,不要跨去做题,顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;

6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩,不要点错,否则就白考了。

7.中间根本没有时间吃东西,考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累,接近虚脱状态。

8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复,甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的,但是分配到每个国家,时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经,可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。

篇9:托福阅读词汇题如何用构词法猜词义

所谓用构词法猜词义,就是指利用前、后缀及合成词来猜词义,具体做法如下:

1、用前、后缀猜测词义

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有“超过、过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分

英语中常用的前缀还有:

mis-错,误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词:

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)

2、利用合成词猜测词义

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.

根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发),set out-outset(名词起始),come in-income(名词收入) 。

托福考试阅读背景材料

关于美国的历史

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

托福考试阅读背景材料

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock & roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country. The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

篇10:小站托福阅读算分表一览

托福如何算分?详解托福阅读算分方法

从OG中我们可以看出托福阅读的算分方法,原来是这样的:

The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set, you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.

The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows:

If you had: You received

1 correct answers 0 points

2 correct answers 1 point

3 correct answers 2 points

关于托福阅读评分标准的解读:

1. 这里所说的转换(convert),不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准,所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。

2. 所以,计算新托福阅读的分数,不要计算对多少题,而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point Total(0-45)”,然后再参照评分表,计算最后的分数(0-30)。

下面解释下新托福阅读怎么算分。并公布下新托福阅读算分表,希望对托福备考有帮助。

托福阅读算分表:

原始分数    最终分数    原始分数    最终分数    45    30    22    13    44    29    21    11    43    29    20    10    42    29    19    9    41    29    18    8    40    28    17    7    39    28    16    5    38    27    15    4    37    27    14    3    36    26    13    2    35    25    12    2    34    25    11    1    33    24    10    1    32    23    9    0    31    22    8    0    30    21    7    0    29    20    6    0    28    19    5    0    27    18    4    0    26    17    3    0    25    16    2    0    24    15    1    0    23    14    0    0

托福阅读评分方法.

新托福阅读考试共三篇文章,每篇12-14道题,如果遇到加试时从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。满分为42至45分不等,转换为标准分后满分为30分。在这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的“total points”。

除重要观点题和归类题以外,每道题的分值都是1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。

考试所得分数范围::0-30分。

托福阅读算分中成绩计算方法是怎样的?下面就将为大家解答。

托福阅读部分,总共有3篇文章(如遇到加试,则随机3篇文章算分,另1篇文章不算分)。每篇文章700个字,对应14道题目。其中,13道题是基础信息和推断题,每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题,俗称大题,满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3,3个选项错一个扣一分,扣完为止,即在答题中错2或3个选项,这个题目不得分。

因此,每篇文章对应14个题目,共15分。阅读部分整体42道题,对应原始分数满分45分。根据如下表格,将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。

比如,某位学生阅读部分,错了5道小题,3道大题各错一个选项,因此扣去的分数就应该为5+1+1+1=8分,因此原始分数就是37分,最终得分为27分。另一位学生,错了12道小题,3道大题中,1道大题选错2个选项,另外两道大题各选错一个,则扣分为12+2+1+1=16分,原始分数为29分,最终分数对应为20分。

在此分数对应表格中,需要特别注意的是25分和20分的最终分数。如果得到25分以上,那就等于总分有可能上100分,而100分是申请美国名校的比较有竞争力的分数。如果得到20分以上,那就意味着总分有可能到80分以上,这个分数是申请美国前100名学校时比较基本的分数。

大家还需要注意的是托福阅读算分为0分的最终分数,对应的9分以下的原始分数。在传统考试中,如果不看题目,直接“蒙”,可能会得到一定的分数。而在托福阅读中,如果用“蒙”的方法,可能会得到9分的原始分数,但最终分数就是0分。

托福阅读多选题算分。托福阅读存在着一种题型,就是托福阅读多选题。新托福阅读题最后一道题一般都是多选题,多选题分两类,一类叫图表题,给你一个图表,让你6选3或者8选4。第二类叫文章内容小节题,文章内容概述题,托福阅读考试的算分和我们平时国内的考试不同,所以如何对托福阅读多选题算分,成了不少学生的问题。

托福阅读怎样提高阅读词汇水平

托福阅读读不懂很多情况下是由于单词量不够,或者单词存储量够大但释义不清晰。为了增加托福阅读单词量,一定选一本适合自己的托福阅读词汇书,新东方网托福频道为大家带来怎样找到适合你的托福阅读词汇书一文,希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。

如何找准适合你的单词书

大家都知道托福阅读的文章如果你想要看懂一定要有足够的单词量。所以选择托福词汇书的时候,一定要配有音频资料,你可以看这个单词的音标,也可以看拼写,还有发音,一定要配有例句,便于结合语境练习。

单词书到底用哪本要取决于你自己的英语水平。要找一本大部分的词都认识的书,至少要有30%的单词你是认识的,然后在此基础上不断积累。吃透的过程,我认为是要过三遍。

第一遍,看到单词要能反应出意思,第二遍听到单词能知道是哪个单词,第三遍,学会应用单词,背的单词总有一些会沉淀下来,它可以用于写作,提升写作的质量。

所以说背单词要有三遍,不仅要记住单词,而且要让每一遍都服务于不同的项目。

托福阅读答题的时候可以看文章吗?

一些没参加过托福考试的同学可能不了解阅读考试的实际流程,比如,托福阅读答题的时候可以看文章吗?

托福阅读考试,大约3-4篇文章,每篇文章长度大约为700词,每篇文章包含10个问题。托福阅读考试过程中你可以返回上一题查看并修改答案。考试的界面上,文章在左边,题目在右边,所以解答过程中都可以查看文章。

【托福阅读词义替换表】相关文章:

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5.托福阅读答题准确度

6.托福阅读词数多少

7.三天提高托福阅读

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9.高三高考阅读理解词义猜测题解题技巧

10.托福阅读备考要注意细节

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