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做托福阅读的app

2022-05-28 04:42:25 收藏本文下载本文

“Daaaana”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇做托福阅读的app，下面就是小编给大家带来的做托福阅读的app，希望能帮助到大家!

做托福阅读的app

篇1：做托福阅读的app

做托福阅读的app

1.TPO阅读翻译

2.Merriam-Websters

3.蜻蜓fm外语台

4. Yeeaoobox

5.新东方托福词组必备

6. 迅辞

托福阅读的这五个关键点你掌握了吗

第一点，注重归纳的能力培养。

新托福阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养，那么考试的时候就不用害怕summary这种归纳概括性的题型了。

第二点，词汇基础要扎实。

新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，给四个选项，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。

第三点，逻辑关系词要牢记在心。

英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well)，比较(than, as….as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，递进(also, furthermore)，转折(but, however, yet)等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。

第四点，快速阅读能力要加强。

新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。小编提醒考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。

第五点，基本语法知识要了解。

新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的练习题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。例如指代题，要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个，有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。

提高托福阅读能力的五大要点

1、文章主旨的把握

首先，新托福的每一篇文章都附加了标题，可以通过对文章标题格式，内容，可能应用的文章书写格式三个方面对文章整体进行把握。

其次，每篇文章的长度由原来的300-400增长到了现有的700字左右，且段落由原有的2-4段增长到现有的5-10段，那么对于文章主旨的把握能力就显得无比重要。而要做到在短短的3-4分钟以内完成这件事情，就要求我们对段落结构，段落大意，以及段间结构即文章大纲的把握做到精准的程度。

2、泛读能力

所谓托福阅读泛读能力是指得在短时间以内对一篇文章内容迅速把握。在对文章段落主旨句的阅读中，我们需要读的内容约有8-15句话左右，在3-4分钟以内完成对这些句子的阅读并总结文章大纲，就要求我们对于托福句子式结构熟识于心。而托福阅读中，句子长，成份杂一直以来都是大家在阅读上遇到的最大障碍之一。解决这个问题的方法，可以采用泛读技巧中的主句阅读方式，即对读到的每个句子进行结构分析，找出主句，再补充其它成份的细节内容。

当我们对段内句子的主要意思，讲述对象，及讲述方向有所了解之后，后期解题过程中使用到的答案定位(或关键词定位)便可以达到快、准、稳的效果。

把握住了文章主旨就得到了文章的写作方向与目的，辅以段落间的关系，会使得解题过程轻松无比。

3、段落结构

文章写作过程中，为了清楚的表达中心思想，会采用不同的段落结构，而结构的选取与文章类型及内容无关，仅是选取一种最为清晰的表达方式。段落内部结构从大体上来讲可以分为总---分---(总)的分点并列结构，或者总---分的观点递进阐述结构。相对来讲前者更赋逻辑性，而后者因其逻辑性较差而导致在阅读过程中难度系数相对较大。当大家对段落内部结构的分析日渐成熟的时候，便可以对段落主旨大意总结的驾驭做到轻车熟路，进而节约阅读时间。

4、句子结构

托福阅读中的句式结构复杂，想要快速的把握完整的句意，便需要分析其间所存在的各种句式，了解每种句式的结构结成，识别方法，处理方法，更进一些，还可以探究其写作方法，达到对每种句式从里到外的熟悉。

5、单词

虽然我们一直在强调单词不是最重要的，但是没有单词是万万不能的，对于单词的积累不是弹指间能完成的，而在记忆单词的时候也有无数种方法可以借鉴，比如：记忆曲线记忆法：按照词汇书上的分类，每天一个pst，每天要做到及时复习。根据人的记忆曲线来讲，最初记忆过的单词要在最短的时间内进行不断的复习，才会对其记忆深刻。总而言之，记忆单词是学习一种语言最基础有用的方法，对于考试取得高分尤其如此，我们在学习过程中不能一味的复制别人的方法，要学会思考，找到属于自己的方法，一切皆可战胜!

托福阅读四大技巧分享

托福阅读答题技巧：

分段阅读做题，省去“扫读”的时间

在托福考试中，阅读时间相对紧张，篇幅较长，逐字阅读肯定是没有时间的，所以做题技巧中扫读是很重要的环节，目的是找到与题目相关的语句才能找到做题依据。而在托福考试中，是每阅读完一段就做只涉及该段的题目，信息集中，重要的是节省了大量的时间，缓解了托福阅读文章通篇的眩晕感。而这部分题目就是托福中常说的细节题。

文章说明性强，生词不必怕

托福阅读提高分数，对单词量的要求还是很大的，即使单词量很大了，也难免会遇上生僻词的情况，而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强，往往是自定义、自解释的模式，遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次，还可以分析选项，进行对比，往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项，此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。

词汇题解析有技巧

几乎每段中都会有词汇题，有些词考生一看就认识，这样的题目就很容易了，但是也不能粗心大意，如果时间充足或者把握不大，可以把选项带入文章中检查一遍。对于那些不认识的词汇，也是有许多技巧的。首先是分析词性，采用排除法排除词性不一致的选项。其次是用代入法。选项中给出的词意一般就是考生认识的，将选项带入，分析一下是否能够保证原文合情合理，通顺。

分段阅读打基础，全篇文章心里明

在分段阅读的同时，可以记下关键词或者中心句，在文章结束时就可以有根据回想起整篇文章的脉络结构，逻辑关系，对最后题的选择有很大帮助。同时题目中也明确给了做题方法，即没有提到的信息或者不重要的观点就可以排除了。

篇2：托福阅读做阅读需要多长时间

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间?

一.托福阅读时间把握

一般情况下如果不遇到加试的情况下，你有60分钟来应对3篇700字左右的文章及42道左右的题目。那么如果你按照20分钟一篇文章来解题的话，那么时间刚刚好是60分钟。但是大家需要知道的是托福阅读3篇文章的难易度是不一样的，如果前面的文章偏难一些的话，那么你多些时间后面文章简单一些问题还不大，但如果前面的文章题目较简单你同样是用20分钟，在后面遇到较难的文章和题目的时候就会时间不够用了。

所以这里小站君建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。

二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目

很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做并不明智，如果你的阅读水平并不是极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。

但是这种方法也不是完全不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法阅读肯定是做不完的。

托福阅读五大类题型应区别对待

考托路上的广大“童鞋”们，一定非常关心托福考试的相关内容，除了平时的词汇复习，大家更也同样在寻找着相关解题技巧，而托福阅读解题技巧是考生们在备考托福考试的时候要做的准备之一。下面新东方托福网就为广大考生分享托福阅读解题技巧：如何区别对待托福阅读的五类题目。

1、主旨题

主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，所以这道托福阅读题的解题技巧就是放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。

2、列举题

列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归托福阅读文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。

这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。

3、文章结论题

文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题的解题技巧应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。

4、作者态度题

作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇托福阅读文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。这种题的托福阅读题的解题技巧是考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。

局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

5、文章推断预测题

文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。

首先，读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，“下文”将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。所以我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。

至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。

短期内提升托福阅读分数的秘诀

新托福阅读主要考察了考生的阅读理解能力和对文章结构逻辑的把握，另外对阅读面和词汇量也有着一定的要求。所以专家建议新托福考生要多积累词汇，并加强词汇的熟悉程度，进一步巩固阅读基础，尤其应在理解阅读文章的基础上着重思考出题意图，针对每道题的选项设置分析并回归原文，确定答案，多做泛读，加强阅读方面的语感。具体的新托福阅读备考建议，请看新东方托福网的解析!

一、首先就是要集中精力解决掉词汇量不足的问题!要想在短期内提升阅读能力，新东方托福网建议考生先巩固基础词汇再提升。很多同学没有对自己进行一个合理的词汇量测试，就贸然地开始默背红宝书，最后发现阅读成绩依然不理想，这是因为很多考生过于将它神话，忽略了基础单词的巩固。因此建议考生先确定自己的基础词汇不成障碍之后再进行红宝词汇的巩固，相信只要集中精力，词汇量是在短期内最容易解决的一个问题。

二、其次是大量的阅读练习!大部分考生虽然对单词有了认识，但是不会有机的排列组合，尤其对应英语类的文章不知道哪里断句，不知道哪部分是插入语，只知道按照文中单词的顺序排列组合下来形成一句自己完全读不懂的语言。所以，建议考生能够把学过的句型进行大量的句型训练，训练久了自然对文章的句子一目了然。

三、全面理解文章内容!主要针对读懂文章但不会做题的学生，因为在OG中明确地告诉我们托福阅读的题目总共有十个题型，托福毕竟是一门考试。所以，除了要打好语言基础外更要学会如何将自己夯实的基础发挥得淋漓尽致。这就要求考生平时将各个题型的突破点进行大量训练，学会揣摩作者的出题意图。

在新托福备考中，不少人喜欢做托福阅读真题和托福阅读tpo，另外还有大量的托福阅读材料。事实上不少考生也都考出了好的成绩。但新托福阅读考试主要还是集中在词汇和阅读面的拓宽上，只有一定量的词汇和较广的阅读面才能在阅读考试中不陌生，也才能避免在拿到文章时不产生第一次见的尴尬情况。

托福阅读提升有妙招：谨记三字要诀

在托福备考过程中，阅读对很多学生来说往往是最先想要攻克的一个环节。但是，新东方托福网想要提醒大家的就是，突破闯入托福阅读的门槛并不是件难事，但是想要冲到高分却还是要经过一番努力的。下面就为大家介绍一下，托福阅读中的三字提分要诀。

“直”

在这里所说的直，也就是让学生能够领会到在托福文章中出题的思路。对于托福阅读来时，并不像我们曾经参与过的高考等考试一样，基本所有答案几乎都可以在文章中找到非常明显的对应点。在答题过程中，我们也要学会领会老外的思维逻辑，不要刻意将题目想的过于复杂化。

“细”

我们说到的直接和回归原文，当然也不是说让大家粗心大意的就这么把文章过一遍。对于文章的关键词和原文定位我们还是要讲求直接和细心的。我们知道，考生在解答托福阅读题时，最常用到的解题方法就是利用题干中出现的关键词回原文定位答案范围，然后根据定位到的内容选出正确答案。

“巧”

我们在对于托福的解答过程中，找定位词也不能过于的盲目，最重要的还是一个巧字。对于关键字的定位，我们只有找到正确的方面才能提高答题效率和准确性。比如，阅读文章中考查点经常与转折、比较、否定、因果等逻辑密切相关，因而考生在定位答案范围时可根据这些重要的考点来进行精确定位。

篇3：托福阅读做阅读需要多长时间呢

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间?

一.托福阅读时间把握

二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目

托福阅读真题原题+题目

During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.

Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard's surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, west Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase Earth's albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glacations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.

1. What is the main topic of the passage ?

(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers

(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers

(D) The history of a particular surge glacier

2. The word intervals in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) records

(B) speeds

(D) periods

3. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a

(A) fish

(B) wave

(D) boat

4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?

(A) The decline in sea levels

(B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves

(D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier

5. The word freeing in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) pushing

(B) releasing

(D) draining

6. According to the passage , the Hubbard Glacier

(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier

(B) began movement toward the sea in 1895

(D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day

7. Yakutat is the name of

(A) an Alaskan town

(B) the last ice age

(D) an Antarctic ice shelf

8. The word plunge in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) drop

(B) extend

(D) drift

9. The term vicious cycle in line 24 refers to the

(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers

(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas

(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska

10. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?

(A) tributary (line 15)

(B) ice dam (line 16)

(D) interglacial(line 26)

11. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?

(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.

(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.

(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth's climate.

PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B

The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting. In December of that year, a group of thirty artists gathered in the studio of John Falconer in New York City and drafted both a constitution and bylaws, establishing The Society for the Promotion of Painting in Water Color. In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting. Periodic exhibitions of the members' paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city. The society's activities also included organized sketching excursions along the Hudson River. Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the Industry of All Nations section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.

The society did not prosper, however, and by the time of its annual meeting in 1854 membership had fallen to twenty-one. The group gave up its quarters in the Library Society building and returned to Falconer's studio, where it broke up amid dissension. No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade. During that decade, though, Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was published in New York City in 1856 — the book was a considerable improvement over the only other manual of instruction existing at the time, Elements of Graphic Art, by Archibald Roberson, published in 1802 and by the 1850's long out of print.

In 1866 the National Academy of Design was host to an exhibition of watercolor painting in its elaborate neo-Venetian Gothic building on Twenty-Third Street in New York City. The exhibit was sponsored by an independent group called The Artists Fund Society. Within a few months of this event, forty-two prominent artists living in and near New York City founded The American Society of Painters in Water Colors.

1. This passage is mainly about

(A) the most influential watercolor painters in the mid-1800's

(B) efforts to organize watercolor painters in New York City during the mid-1800's

(D) styles of watercolor painting in New York City during the mid-1800's

2. The year 1850 was significant in the history of watercolor painting mainly because

(A) a group of artists established a watercolor painting society

(B) watercolor painting was first introduced to New York City

(D) The first book on watercolor painting was published

3. The word securing in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) locking

(B) creating

(D) acquiring

4. All of the following can be inferred about the Society for the promotion of Painting in

Watercolor EXCEPT:

(A) The society exhibited paintings in lower Manhattan.

(B) Instruction in watercolor painting was offered by members of the society

(D) Scenes of the Hudson River appeared often in the work of society members.

5. The exhibition at the Crystal Palace of the works of the Society for the Promotion of Painting in

Watercolor was significant for which of the following reasons?

(A) It resulted in a dramatic increase in the popularity of painting with watercolor.

(B) It was the first time an exhibition was funded by a private source.

(D) It resulted in a large increase in the membership of the society.

6. The word it in line 15 refers to

(A) time

(B) group

(D) studio

7. Which of the following is true of watercolor painters in New York City in the late 1850's?

(A) They increased in number despite a lack of formal organization.

(B) They were unable to exhibit their paintings because of the lack of exhibition space.

Colors.

(D) They formed a new society because they were not allowed to join groups run by other kinds

of artists.

8. Henry Warren's Painting in Water Color was important to artists because it

(A) received an important reward

(B) was the only textbook published that taught painting

(D) attracted the interest of art collectors

9. The word considerable in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) sensitive

(B) great

(D) planned

10. The year 1866 was significant for watercolor painting for which of the following reasons?

(A) Elements of Graphic Art was republished.

(B) Private collections of watercolors were first publicly exhibited.

(D) The National Academy of Design held an exhibition of watercolor paintings.

11. The word prominent in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) local

(D) organized

PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C

托福阅读做一篇阅读需要多长时间

篇4：托福阅读来不及做怎么办

托福阅读来不及做?这四点你做到了吗?

1.单篇阅读文章定格20分钟

所以这里小编建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。

2.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目

很多考生都会有这样一个习惯，就是先将托福阅读文章通读一遍，然后再去看题目。这样做的考生不是你的阅读水平极高的话，建议大家不要这样做，因为如果你的的阅读水平不够的话，或者词汇量积累不够，很有可能你的阅读文章将耗尽你大部分时间，从而没有时间去看题找答案了。

但是这种方法也不是不可取了，如果这篇文章是你曾经读过的，就算你一字一句读也不会浪费太多时间;还有一种就是前面提到的，你的阅读水平极高，可以应付这种阅读文章，否则用这种方法就宣布你的“死刑”。

3.词汇量是否达标

在托福阅读考试当中，词汇题占据的的数量比较大。而词汇题做得好不好就看你的词汇量的储备上面。说到底还是时间不够的问题。如果你有时间来看文章的话，通过上下文的联系，从该单词出现处上下段结合来比较你还是可以找到正确答案的。如果你的词汇量储备不达标的话，只能通过这种方法来做题了。

4.托福阅读做小建议

1)读文章的首尾段，以及段落的首尾句。

2)先看题目再做题，带着题目去阅读文章。

3)遇到一时解决不了的题目，可以先放一放，以节省时间，先将简单的和自己会的先做，这样你的时间就会很充裕，回头再来做也不迟。

托福阅读背景知识：美国土著的语言文化

Native American languages

Before Europeans arrived in North America there were over 300 Native American languages. Some have now died out, and of the 250 or so remaining many are spoken only by a few older people. Other languages, like Cherokee, are more widely spoken. Most Native Americans speak English, some as their first language and others as their second.

Native American languages have added many words to English, though the meaning of a word has often been changed. Teepees are a kind of tent, wampum belts were made of beads and since the belts had great value Europeans used wampum to mean 'money'. Moccasins, a kind of shoe, are today worn by people all over the world. Many Native American words describe the things they name. For example, the Asakiwaki tribe's name means 'people of the yellow earth', and the Cherokees' name for themselves, Ani-Yun'wiya, means 'the leading people'. Indian names for Whites included 'people greedily grasping for land'.

Many American place names have their roots in Native American languages. Ohio, for instance, is a Native American name, and the names of many of its towns and cities, such as Chillicothe and Sandusky, and the lakes Scioto and Olentangy, are of Native American origin.

托福阅读备考中值得注意的三个问题

1.考前没有认真背单词

单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多 vocabulary 的题目的解答。所以一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。而且考生考T是为了什么? 不就是为了出国吗? 从这个根本目标出发，单词的积累也是重要的。或许有人会问，看哪本托福词汇书?实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题。关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。有人或许会问，专业词汇到底看不看，看的话当然最好，不看实际上也不影响理解文章并解答题目。如果考生时间比较紧张的话，还是建议不要背了，毕竟背单词是一个很杀时间的事情。

2.考前没有适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式

其实要想适应托福考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读文章。这里必须要强烈推荐TPO，原因对付阅读需要把ETS出题的角度和考题给出的正确选项都研究透了，才能保证练习的质量，也是真正可以提高咱们阅读能力的途径。

多问自己几个为什么，不要对完答案就把这篇阅读文章扔到一边，否则我们做再多的阅读针对性练习也只是为了寻求一种无谓的placebo effect(自我安慰).

3.注意到TOEFL考试的字体

每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的，某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感，等到考试的时候，看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样，可能会感到很别扭，很不习惯。这种情绪和考试中的紧张一结合可能会影响到考生的临场发挥，影响到最后的成绩。所以，还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial，这样与考试中英文字符的字体一样，到了考试的时候就会感到很亲切，很适应。

托福阅读背景知识之流星与流星雨

流星与流星雨

什么是流星?外空间的尘埃颗粒闯入地球大气，与大气摩擦，产生大量热，从而使尘埃颗粒气化。在该过程中发光形成流星。尘埃颗粒叫做流星体。

大小

在狮子座流星雨中，一颗5等流星通常仅由一个0.00006克、直径0.5毫米的流星体产生。狮子座流星雨中的可见流星的大部分流星，体直径在1毫米到1厘米之间。

速度

一个微小的流星体就足以产生在几百公里之外就能看见的亮光，其原因就在于流星体的高速度。在刚进入地球大气层时狮子座流星雨中流星体的速度可达71公里/每秒。

光之来源

当流星体闯入地球大气时，它与大量的空气分子相碰撞，使颗粒的外层微粒被撞离母体。在碰撞的过程中，一些空气分子发生电离。当被离解的电子再次被原子俘获时便会产生发光现象。

流星的颜色

大部分的狮子座流星颜色，像钠灯燃烧时的色彩。一个流星的颜色是流星体的化学成分及反应温度的体现：钠原子发出橘黄色的光，铁为黄色，镁是蓝绿色，钙为紫色，硅是红色。

声音

流星通常不会发出可以听见的声音。如果你没有看到它的话，它就会悄无声息的一扫而过。对于非常亮的流星，曾经有人听到过声音。这些声响主要集中在低频波段。一个非常亮的流星，如火流星，可能会听到声音。如果流星体的直径大于大气分子的平均自由程，则在流星体的前边会产生大量的激波。偶然情况下，这些激波会深入到大气的底层从而被我们听到。听起来像远处发出的隆隆声。

持久余迹

流星有时会在它通过的轨道上留下一条持久的余迹。余迹主体颜色多为绿色，是中性的氧原子。持续时间通常为1到10秒。可见余迹亮度迅速下降，在极限星等为4到5等的情况下，一般可持续1到30分钟。这些亮光来自炽热空气和流星体中的金属原子。

火流星

质量较大的流星体，有机会造成火流星，亮度至少比金星(-4等星)亮，出现时间可持续2~3秒。有时火流星可接近至地表一、二十公里处才消失，我们可听到火流星发出的声音

流星雨在一年中的某些天，可以看到大量的流星从同一个天区划落下来。这就是流星雨。狮子座流星雨就是其中之一。

辐射点

流星雨中的所有流星仿佛是从天空同一处散开的，这点就称为辐射点。狮子座流星雨的辐射点位于狮子座。辐射点是一种透视效果。流星从一个观测者的前后左右扫过天空，然而它们的反向延长线交汇一处，即辐射点。

流星雨从何而来流星雨是由于彗星的破碎而形成的。狮子座流星雨的流星体与坦普尔-塔特尔彗星的轨道相同，所以一般认为坦普尔-塔特尔彗星是狮子座流星雨的母体。

流星体因何离开母彗星彗星主要由冰和尘埃组成。当彗星逐渐靠近太阳时，冰气化，使尘埃颗粒像喷泉之水一样，被喷出母体而进入彗星轨道。

彗尾

大颗粒仍保留在母彗星的周围形成尘埃彗发;小颗粒被太阳的辐射压力吹散，形成彗尾。剩余物质继续留在彗星轨道附近。然而即使是小的喷发速度，也会引起微粒公转周期的很大不同。因此，在下次彗星回归时，小微粒将滞后母体，而大颗粒将超前于母体。当地球穿过尘埃尾轨道时，我们就有机会看到流星雨。

流星雨活动性

位于彗星轨道的尘埃粒子云被称为“流星体群”。当流星体颗粒刚从彗星喷出时，它们的分布是比较规则的。由于大行星引力的作用，这些颗粒便逐渐散布于整个彗星轨道。目前，这个过程还不是十分清楚。在地球穿过流星体群时，各种形式的流星雨就有可能发生了。

周期性的流星雨

每年地球都要穿过许多彗星的轨道。如果轨道上存在流星体颗粒，便会发生周期性的流星雨。大部分年份，狮子座流星雨的数量都不是很大。坦普尔-塔特尔彗星的回归周期是33.2年。当它运行到近日点时，地球穿过它的轨道就有可能发生大规模的流星暴雨。

近彗型流星雨

当只有母彗星运行到近日点时才发生的流星雨，称为近彗型流星雨。这说明流星体群仍在彗星附近。周期在几百年以内的彗星所形成的流星雨多为该类型。如狮子座流星雨。

远彗型流星雨

由于行星的引力摄动作用，长周期彗星的流星体群可能与母彗星相差甚远。在母彗星不在近日点时也有可能发生流星雨，这种流星雨便是远彗型流星雨。如Lyrid就是这种。这种流星雨很难预报

流星暴雨

当每小时出现的流星超过1000颗时，我们称为流星暴雨。当然，流星雨和流星暴雨之间并没有严格的界限

篇5：托福阅读为什么做不对题

托福阅读为什么做不对题

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是“被影响”，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

托福阅读如何攻克考试难关

单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要考生自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在文章中理解使用单词。

句子：在托福阅读材料中，文章中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。

段落：托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章，在学习中，对于段落的安排和段与段之间的的关系问题也是托福阅读技巧中的一部分。对此，大家还是应该选举则一篇文章来一仔细研究，找出其中的关系之后，其他的文章就好办多了。

篇章：像托福的题型之一--小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。

托福阅读怎样拿到高分

科学的阅读方法

关于阅读方法只是对在有限时间内有效阅读托福文章的方法进行一个简单的介绍。阅读技巧，特别是速度技巧中，有两个重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是 but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家最熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。

托福的文章长度大多在300-400字之间。以平均每篇读10分钟计算，按照每分钟阅读150字的速度，一篇文章从头到尾通读，至少需2-3分钟。这可了解文章的大意，但不一定保证读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。

托福阅读考试的高难度句子

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

篇6：托福阅读

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B)A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word “essential” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(D) fundamental

3. The word “pertinent” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5.According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that “On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once

(lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word ”succinct “in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word ”it“ in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(D) decision

11. The word ”revise“ in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(D) predict

篇7：托福阅读

ADADCABDBB C

托福阅读之心理学知识

1.认知

在托福听力中认知类文章首先会提出一种现象，然后分析这种现象产生的原因。一般情况下通过举例子等方法进行分析。例如，

TPO10 lecture 4关于儿童健忘症的两种解释。一种是儿童在3岁之前的阶段确实也形成了记忆，但是在我们长大的过程中就慢慢遗忘了;另一种是3岁以下的孩子缺乏记忆认知能力。

TPO15 lecture 1做事情时的精力分散和怎么集中精力做事情。首先讲的分散精力的一种遗忘;以电脑上敲字母为例子，后来又举分辨字母大小写的例子，讲到大脑区域的一部分V5与注意力的关系。

2.条件反射

一般情况下，这类文章会根据一个例子，然后提出假设，接着用实验验证假设，最后得出结论，考生可以分析文章的假设的观点，实验的方法以及结论，这三部分加深对文章的理解。

TPO14 lecture 1举了一个关于单词的例子解释了认识能力，记忆力和想象力，这些都是引导我们熟悉某事物并相信其存在的内在精神过程。每一个过程都有其局限性，可能会让我们产生错误的新年或做出错误的预测。

TPO2 lecture 1肌肉运动规律反应出我们的想法。约翰沃森认为喉部的运动是我们思想的符号。这是因为我们

解决问题的时候喉部肌肉运动增加。威廉詹姆斯认为人们都有自己意识不到的动作和活动，但是这些结论都是不确定的。

心理学高频词汇

psychology n. 心理学;心理状态

behaviorism n. 行为主义

muscular adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的

amnesia n. 健忘症，[内科] 记忆缺失

cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的

psychology n. 心理学;心理状态

infants n. 婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿

cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的

distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱

心理学家从事基础研究的目的是描述、解释、预测和影响行为。应用心理学家还有第五个目的--提高人类生活的质量。这些目标构成了心理学事业的基础。

心理学符号的含义：符号在希腊语里是灵魂的意思，后来变成英文psyche。

托福阅读|心理学专业核心词汇及真题梳理

篇8：托福阅读材料

下面是托福阅读材料的集锦，希望对你们有帮助，谢谢。

托福阅读材料：全球气候变暖

Rice yields falling under global warming

全球气候变暖也与亚洲的一些主要大米出产国的耕地面积减少有关。

Global warming is cutting rice yields in many parts of Asia, according to research, with more declines to come.

Yields have fallen by 10-20% over the last 25 years in some locations.

The group of mainly US-based scientists studied records from 227 farms in six important rice-producing countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India and China.

This is the latest in a line of studies to suggest that climate change will make it harder to feed the world's growing population by cutting yields.

In , other researchers found that rice yields in the Philippines were dropping by 10% for every 1C increase in night-time temperature.

That finding, like others, came from experiments on a research station.

The latest data, by contrast, comes from working, fully-irrigated farms that grow ”green revolution“ crops, and span the rice-growing lands of Asia from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu to the outskirts of Shanghai.

Describing the findings, which are published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), lead researcher Jarrod Welch said:

”We found that as the daily minimum temperature increases, or as nights get hotter, rice yields drop.“

The mechanism involved is not clear but may involve rice plants having to respire more during warm nights, so expending more energy, without being able to photosynthesise.

By contrast, higher temperatures during the day were related to higher yields; but the effect was less than the yield-reducing impact of warmer nights.

However, if temperatures continue to rise as computer models of climate project, Mr Welch says hotter days will eventually begin to bring yields down.

We see a benefit of [higher] daytime temperatures principally because we haven't seen a scenario where daytime temperatures cross over a threshold where they'd stop benefiting yields and start reducing them,” he told BBC News.

“There have been some recent studies on US crops, in particular corn, that showed the drop-off after that threshold is substantial,” said the University of California at San Diego researcher.

The assessment of climate impacts from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that although a modest temperature rise could increase crop yields in some regions, for “temperature increases more than 3C, average impacts are stressful to all crops assessed and to all regions”.

A study published at the begining of last year concluded that half of the world's population could face a climate-induced food crisis by 2100, with the most extreme summers of the last century becoming routine towards the end of this century.

托福阅读材料：莫斯科烟雾死亡率

Death rate doubles in Moscow's smoke, heat

高温和森林大火带来的烟尘使俄罗斯首都莫斯科的居民饱受煎熬

Scorching heat and acrid smoke have nearly doubled death rates in Moscow, a city official said on Monday, as a shroud of smog from raging forest and peat fires beset Russia's capital for a third week.

Firefighters battled wildfires covering 1,740 square km (672 sq miles) -- bigger than the area of Greater London -- in what the state weather forecaster said was Russia's worst heat wave for a millennium.

“The average death rate in the city during normal times is between 360 and 380 people per day. Today, we are around 700,” Andrei Seltsovsky, Moscow's health department chief, told a city government meeting.

Russia's worst drought in decades has spooked world grain markets, driving wheat prices up at the swiftest rate in more than 30 years and raising the specter of a food crisis.

Seltsovsky said heat stroke was the main cause of the recent increase in deaths. He said ambulance dispatches in Moscow were up by about a quarter to 10,000 a day and problems linked to heart disease, bronchial asthma and strokes had increased.

“This is no secret,” Seltsovsky said. “Everyone thinks we're making secrets out of it. It's 40 degrees (Celsius, or 104 Fahrenheit) on the street. Abroad, people drown like flies and no one asks questions.”

Moscow morgues and hospitals were overcrowded, funeral parlors were doing a brisk business in coffins, and a sign in one crematorium said it was fully booked and taking no new orders.

“Today we have 80 bodies. We store them anywhere we can because the refrigerators are full,” an attendant at Hospital No. 62's morgue, designed to hold up to 35 corpses, told Reuters.

Until Monday, neither federal nor Moscow authorities had announced data on deaths from heat and pollution, giving rise to suspicion of a Soviet-style cover-up in the face of criticism of the government's handling of the wildfire crisis.

Officials say 52 people have been killed by fires that have ravaged forests and fields and destroyed a handful of villages since late July.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

Prime Minister Vladimir Putin last week announced a grain export ban from August 15 to December 31, sending prices higher and hurting shares of brewers such as Carlsberg and Heineken.

SovEcon, a leading agricultural analyst, said on Monday the government might extend the ban even longer, reducing -11 wheat exports to about 3 million tonnes instead of the earlier expected 10-11 million tonnes.

SovEcon also said Russia's wheat crop might be about one-third smaller than last year's, dropping to 43 million tonnes from 61.7 million tonnes in .

Russia's main sugar lobby warned on Monday that the drought may hamper this year's beet sugar output, reducing it from the earlier expected 4 million tonnes to 3.2-3.5 million tonnes.

The downgraded sugar beet forecast is not expect to change Russia's import needs as it has large domestic reserves. Almost all sugar produced in Russia is consumed domestically.

Kremlin critics have blamed Putin for what they call a sluggish and ineffective government response to the fires, but polls have so far shown no decline in his popularity.

Russia has begun to feel economic effects from the horrid weather conditions, which have prompted banks and businesses to reduce staffing and slowed activity in the service sector.

Alfa Bank, a Moscow investment bank, said it would not publish a daily research bulletin on Monday or Tuesday.

“Owing to severe weather in Moscow, there is only a limited presence at the bank,” an Alfa official said in an e-mail.

According to the business daily Kommersant, investment bank Uralsib shortened its workday on Monday, and state-controlled behemoth Sberbank closed some of its back offices.

But many Muscovites did report for work, trudging to metro stations or driving on streets where visibility was far below normal and smog veiled buildings.

Many people wore facemasks to try to filter the smoke, but the masks were increasingly hard to find and some doctors raised concerns about an official whitewash of the real impact of the smoke in Moscow.

An unnamed doctor at a Moscow clinic wrote on his Internet site over the weekend that he was wary of diagnosing patients with heat- and smoke-related illnesses for fear of dismissal.

Another doctor at a major hospital, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Reuters on Sunday that senior management had instructed staff not to link patients' illnesses with the heat.

Moscow authorities said over the weekend that reception centers were operating city-wide as refuges from the heat. But Vitaly Bredikhin, deputy manager of one of the centers, said that about 90 percent of the facilities lacked air-conditioning.

At one of the shelters, in an old building near Pushkin Square in the center of the city, about 10 elderly people sat in a hot dining room with no air-conditioning or even a fan.

托福阅读材料：美国对狼的保护

Judge orders US to keep protecting 'endangered' wolves

A federal judge has ordered the US to put Rocky Mountain grey wolves back on a list of protected endangered species.

Encouraged by the recovery of the once nearly-extinct wolf, the US last year moved to allow wolf hunts in two states while protecting them in a third.

But a judge ruled the law did not permit the US to protect part of a species population while allowing hunting of the rest.

Despite the ruling, Idaho said it would seek federal approval for a wolf hunt.

The decision puts wolves in the states of Montana and Idaho back on the endangered species list following their removal last year.

Wyoming's wolves had remained protected because the US government was unsatisfied with the state's wolf protection plan.

In Montana, US District Judge Donald Molloy came down on the side of a coalition of conservation groups who had challenged the US Fish and Wildlife Service's move to take the grey wolf off the endangered species list in Montana and Idaho.

Among several arguments, the coalition said the law did not permit the Fish and Wildlife Service to “partially delist” protected species - protecting the wolf in one state but not others.

Significant protection

“The plain language of the Endangered Species Act does not allow the agency to divide a [population segment] into a smaller taxonomy,” Judge Molloy wrote.

Grey wolves were once abundant in the US, but a government-sponsored hunting programme nearly eradicated them. The wolves were gone from Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and south-western Canada by the 1930s.

The US passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the wolf was listed as endangered in 1974, affording it significant protection from hunters.

In the 1990s, the government reintroduced wild wolf populations into the northern Rocky Mountains, situated in the western US.

Powerful ranching interests in the states concerned have opposed protection of the wolves, saying they threaten livestock.

篇9：托福阅读时间把握做阅读需要多长时间

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间?

一.托福阅读时间把握

二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目

托福阅读TPO30第1篇:Role of Play in Development

【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an “enriched” environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an “impoverished” environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.”

1.According to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

A.Play must be defined with concepts, not examples.

B.Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.

C.Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.

D.Play occurs independently of an animal's intentions.

2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

A.The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.

B.The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.

C.The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.

D.The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.

3.The word “considerable” in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to

A.Initial.

B.Practical.

C.Eventually.

D.Significant.

4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

A.exposure to predators.

B.a buildup of fat stores.

C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.

D.risk of injury from slipping or falling.

5.Why does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets”?

A.To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.

B.To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.

C.To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.

D.To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.

6.Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.

A.The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.

B.The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

C.The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

D.The larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.

7.According to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

A.Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.

B.Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.

C.The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.

D.Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.

8.The word “comparative” in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

A.relative.

B.temporary.

C.sufficient.

D.complete.

9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

B.Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

C.Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

D.Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

10.What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?

A.Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.

B.Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.

C.Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.

D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.

11.The word “potentially” in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

A.undoubtedly.

B.possibly.

C.unfortunately.

D.quickly.

12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?

A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.

B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.

C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.

D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “what follows is just for play.” ■【D】

14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.

A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.

C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.

F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

托福阅读答案

1.原文中，同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中，所以B正确。A与原文第一句矛盾。C选项没有提到。D选项与原文第一段最后一句矛盾。

2.看第二段的最后两句。倒数第二句说动物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面说确定玩耍的作用(function)非常难，那也就对应了原题的challenge。Because后面出现了原因，说这些function是长期的，其beneficial要到动物成年才出现。所以跟A选项吻痕。B、C选项原文没提到。D选项也和问题无关。

3.Considerable：重要的，值得考虑的。选项A是最初的，B是实用的，C是最终的，D是重大的，有意义的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各种cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解为一定量的损失或者风险。

4.从Therefore开始后面的都是potential cost。三种cost已经用红色字体标出。B选项看似提到了，但是原文是说失去了fat store的机会，而不是因为play而build up了。所以B错。

5.这里提到的试验的结果。前面从in one research of study开始描述这个试验，提到了两个对比组，under different conditions。后面是在说结果，括号里面的内容是对结论的解释说明。A,C,D三个选项一点儿都不沾边。只要高中学过一点数理化就知道这个是控制变量的试验，所以答案选B。

6.原文中从other studies 开始有描述了另外的观点。说greater stimulation不仅会影响大脑的大小，也会增加神经细胞间的连接的数量，而这个stimulation是由active play提供的。根据上文，环境越复杂，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，导致动物的大脑更大，也就更重。所以A选项符合这个观点。BCD都没提到。

7.这道题的关键词在于needed for survival。因为prey species和predator species对于survival的要求不同，所以导致他们play behavior也不同。所以选C。 A，B，D原文都没提到。

8.comparative是相对的，相当的。A是相对的;B是暂时的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以选择A。这里C可能会是迷惑选项，因为其意思带入原文也通顺，但是失去了原词的“比较”的那层意思。

9.这道题中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特别是对于群居的动物。然后用了monkey做例证。A选项只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群体，但没提到主干部分。 B选项说自私和攻击性强的动物药学social behavior，这就把其他动物排除在外了，改变了原句的意思。C正确，不仅提到了monkey也说到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)为了融入群体要学social behavior。 D是错误选项，原文并没说猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…与原文矛盾，不选。

10.根据young & adult定位到第六段第一句。说成年动物要让年轻的动物在相对安全的环境下玩儿。因此可以得到答案C正确。A原文没有说让young去学怎么dominant，B原文虽然提到social group 但没提到是从adults身上学习。D原文完全没有相关描写。

11.potentially潜在地。A市毫无疑问地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表达了一中可能性，后半句没有转折，应该是接上上半句往下说的。所以意思应该想近。

12.这一段前半部分一直在描述说有动物之间会误以为是真的aggression，中间出现了thus证明后面会说解决的方法。这里说解决方法是用clear signals 去表达playfulness。所以答案是D。

13.要插入的句子开头为With message such as those，那么说明前面肯定会描述一些messages，后面又说even dogs，那证明前面应该也提到了狗的行为。所以这里应该插在最后一个空里。

14.选项A对应在原文第一段，提到play的行为包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行为，但是很难确定其function所以A正确。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。B这个原文没有提到，虽然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也说adults通常会让young在相对安全的情况下play，但并没有说太多太多的小动物变成了victims。不选。C这个原文虽然说他们要学social behavior，但没提到说这类动物要学着去dominant，不选。D选项对应原文第一段，但选项中的原因和原文不符，不选。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。F选项对应原文第四，五段。第四段说play会影响大脑发育，神经细胞间连接的数量。第五段说到了有益于muscle tissue的发育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。

托福阅读译文

【1】用例证来定义玩耍要比用概念简单得多。在任何情况下，动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃，奔跑，攀登，投掷，格斗和另外的一些动作，而玩耍的对象可能有其它物品或者动物。根据物种的不同，玩耍的目的主要包括社交，锻炼，或探索。定义“玩耍”的难点之一是，玩耍过程中常常包含一些与其它情况下相似的行为，例如统治，捕食，竞争和搏斗。因此，判断其是否玩耍，要根据动物的目的来确认，而常常通过行为本身很难分析其目的。

【2】玩耍似乎是那些有着相对复杂的神经系统的动物，主要是鸟类和哺乳动物，的一个发育，发展的特征。玩耍的大量研究主要在灵长类和犬类中进行。动物到底为什么要玩耍仍然在文献中存在争议，并且每种物种玩耍的原因也不尽相同。确定玩耍的功能很难，因为它的功能是长期的，伴随着一些直到动物成年才会显现出来的有利影响。

【3】玩耍对于动物个体并非没有一定的代价。玩耍通常是非常活跃的，包括一些动作，有时也会发出声音。所以，这些都会导致一些年幼的动物的本来可以用来生长或者储存脂肪的能量流失。另一个潜在的代价是玩耍增加了动物暴漏给天敌的几率，因为这些多动是吸引注意的行为。大量的运动也会增加摔倒滑倒导致受伤的危险。

【4】根据达尔文理论，玩耍的好处一定超过其损失，不然玩耍就不会得以进化。其中一些潜在的好处就是直接关于动物的大脑和神经系统的健康发展。在一项研究中，两组小鼠被养在不同的环境中。第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，这样的环境使其可以与其他老鼠接触，和玩具玩儿，并且接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷困”的环境中，它们被养在独立笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺激。最后，结果表明生活在单一环境中的老鼠的大脑重量要比生活在复杂情况下的老鼠的大脑轻(即使它们被喂养的食物一样的)。另外一些研究表明，较大的刺激不仅会影响大脑的大小，而且也会增加神经细胞间连接的数量。因此，活跃的玩耍可以为大脑中的突触连接提供必要的刺激，特别是负责运动机能的小脑。

【5】玩耍也会刺激肌肉组织的生长，并能提供练习生存技能的机会。被捕食者，比如小鹿或者山羊，其典型的玩耍动作就是突然快速跳跃和转弯，相反捕食者，比如猫科动物，则练习潜行追踪，猛扑和撕咬。

【6】玩耍有助于幼年动物探索其生存环境，并且由于周围的成年动物一般不期望孩子去处理威胁和捕食者，所以它们可以在相对安全的环境中练习技能。玩耍也可以练习求爱和交配的社交行为。学习适当的社交行为特别重要，尤其是对于群居动物，比如猴子，它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，学着去懂得付出和收获的关系以融入群体。它们要学习怎么去统治和顺从因为每只猴子都会在将来扮演其中某个角色。大部分这类事情都在灵长类的长期的幼龄时期学习，期间它们有数不清的玩耍经验。

【7】当然玩耍也有危险。玩耍可能会被别的动物误会，或者不被当做玩耍而潜在地造成攻击。这个情况尤其在扮演练习正常的侵略性或捕食行为过程中。因此，许多物种都有其明确的表明玩耍的信号。比如狗，它们用会摇尾巴，前腿趴下，撅着屁股来表示“以下行为都是逗你玩儿的!”

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间

篇10：托福阅读时间把握：做阅读需要多长时间

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间?

一.托福阅读时间把握

所以这里建议大家在托福阅读考试的时候第一篇阅读做题时最好不要超过20分钟。那么你的时间真的就不够用了，到最后时间快到的时候你后面的题目还没有来得及看只能靠猜了，想想这样的正确率将会大打折扣。

二.做题方法是先通读全文后看题目

托福词汇：与电影相关的托福单词

电影

animated cartoon

卡通片

cartoon

卡通片

cast

演员表;全体演员

close-up

特写镜头

director

导演

documentary

纪录片

illumination

照明

light effect

灯光效果

review

试演

script

电影剧本

theme song

主题歌

托福词汇：考古学专业分类词汇

archaeology

考古学

ancestor

祖先

ancient civilization

古代文明

origin

起源

originate

起源于

anthropology

人类学

paleo-anthropology

古人类学

artifact

人造物品;手工艺品

antique

古物，古董

antiquity

古代，古老

relic

遗物，文物

clan

氏族;部落

tribe

部落

cluster

丛生,群聚

dinosaur

恐龙

paleontology

古生物学

prehistoric

史前的

excavate (unearth)

挖掘

hominid

原始人类，人(科)

Bronze Age

(青)铜器时代

Iron Age

铁器时代

Neolithic Age

新石器时代

Neolithic

新石器时代的

Mesolithic

中石器时代的

Stone Age

石器时代

Paleolithic Age

旧石器时代

Rock painting

岩画

remains

遗迹，遗骸

ruins

遗迹，废墟

skull

颅骨;头盖骨

fossil

化石

托福词汇：与农业相关的托福单词

农业

agriculture(farming)

agrarian

土地的，农业的

agricultural

农业的

aquaculture

水产养殖

clay

黏土，湿土

clod

土块

corn

玉米

cotton

棉花

cultivate (till)

耕作

dairy (dairy cattle)

奶牛

grain (cereal)

谷物，谷粒

greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed)

温室

harvest

收割

hay

(作饲料用)干草

insecticide(pesticide)

杀虫剂

irrigate

灌溉

land (soil)

土壤;土地

livestock

家畜

manure(fertilizer)

肥料

pasture

牧场

pea

豌豆

pest

害虫

plantation

种植园

roost (hen house)

鸡舍

soil erosion

泥土流失

sow(seed)

播种

soybean

大豆

spray

喷洒(农药)

stable

厩，马厩

tomato

西红柿

weed

除草

wheat

小麦

托福阅读时间把握做一篇阅读需要多长时间

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