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美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析

2024-06-26 08:04:18 收藏本文 下载本文

“吉祥良好”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了8篇美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析,下面小编给大家带来美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析,希望能帮助到大家!

美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析

篇1:美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析

美国历史类托福TPO阅读分析

历史背景:美国殖民历史和西进运动

独立战争结束后,美国掀起了长达一个世纪的西迁,出于不同的目的,大批移民从西部原殖民洲迁入东部。西进运动既是适应自由经济的发展需要,又得益于政策的支持和交通技术的发展。TPO 20的这篇阅读就以农业发展为切入点讨论了West Migration的发展条件。

原文A段节选

The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy.

分析:全文分析第一句话是一个典型的长难句,如果我们抓住主干,可以简化为:the story is the story. 两个story的定语关键词分别是west movement 和 American agriculture。句子主体意思就可以概括为:美国西进运动的故事即美国农业的故事。

次句提出了一个新的要点:交通。这一点将会在后面的段落展开去讲。另外,农业扩张的结果是农民走出自给自足的生活方式,进入全国性市场经济(运动的结果)。

原文B段节选

Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration.

分析:B段设问句承上(farmers; drawn away)启下(why). 次句交代本段主旨:美国社会因素

原文C段节选

The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers...

分析:这一段讲西部自身的吸引力

原文D段节选:

Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move west and for those who hand farm surpluses to send to market.

分析:这一段讲农民西迁的技术因素—交通的发展。

原文E段节选:

Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy.

分析:是对上一段的拓展,关键词transportation revolution。进一步讲交通发展促发了全国性农业经济的出现。

全文结构梳理:

A 西进运动的历史是农业扩张的历史

B 农业扩张的条件一:美国社会因素

C 农业扩张的条件二:西部吸引力

D&E 农业扩张的条件三:交通运输发展(分陆上和水路交通两方面)

我们还可以看到,在DE两段中出现了关键词market economy,这一点是农业西迁的结果,也是首段中曾经出现过的。所以我们在阅读首段时,要圈划关键词,并在后面段落中有意地去注意这些关键词的复现。这对我们把握全文主旨和脉络是非常有帮助的。

必备词汇:

westward 朝西的,向西的

migration 移民

cultivation 种植

livestock 牲畜

attraction 吸引力

surplus 盈余

presage 预示

regional 地区的

specialization 专业化

托福阅读练习题:文艺复兴类

The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.

In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.

With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.

For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simple single-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his paintings are paintings and not illusions.

It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.

1 The passage mainly discusses

(a) the difference between medieval and Renaissance art

(b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art

(c) the discovery of the technique of perspective

(d) the contribution of Renaissance artists

2 The word “eternal” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a) timeless

(b) infinite

(c) frequent

(d) constant

3 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?

(a) the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings

(b) real people, real scenes

(c) eternal timeless truth of the earth

(d) themes of religious stories

4 The discovery of perspective was the result of

(a) Renaissance artists’ to prove that the medieval artists could show level of reality

(b) the need to turn an object at an angle and draw more than one side of it

(c) the subject being shifted from religious stories to individual person and surroundings.

(d) natural evolution of human senses

5 The word “it” in line 12 refers to

(a) the picture

(b) perspective

(c) angle

(d) the object

6 The word “Grammar ” in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(a) construction

(b) grammatical rules

(c) rules and regulations

(d) tones and volume

7 The author’s purpose to give the example in line14-15 is to

(a) explain how perspective work in painting

(b) support two-pointed perspective

(c) illustrate that there are exceptions about perspective

(d) point out that the technique of perspective though seems so natural is an invented technique

8 The following artists’ priorities in style shift away from perspective except

(a) Crivelli

(b) Cezanne

(c) Japanese artists

(d) Brunelleschi

9 The word ”Illusion” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(a) deception

(b) photograph

(c) decoration

(d) illustration

10 It can be inferred from the passage that Renaissance artists

(a) embraced the medieval style of eternal truth

(b) needed to develop a new approach towards painting to show a new level of reality

(c) were inspired by vertical and horizontal surfaces in inventing the technique of perspective

(d) saw two dimensional design more important than a feeling of depth

参考答案:1.b 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.c 8.d 9.a 10.b

篇2:托福阅读分类词汇:历史类考古学词汇

托福阅读分类词汇:历史类考古学词汇

dwelling 住所 dweller 居民

savages 野蛮人 disclosure 揭露

remains 残余;遗迹 remnant 残余;遗迹

remainder残余,剩余物 residue 残余

primitive 原始的,最初的 prehistoric 史前的,陈旧的

archaic 古老的,陈旧的 medieval 中世纪的,仿中世纪 的;老式的

originate 起源,发生 excavation 挖掘,挖掘成的洞;出土文物

vestige 遗迹,痕迹 trace痕迹,踪迹

primordial 原始的 primeval 原始的

chronological 按年代顺序排列的 Paleolithic 旧石器时代的

Mesolithic 中石器时代 Neolithic 新石器时代

invaluable 无价的,价值无法衡量的 precious 宝贵的,贵重的

archeology 考古学 archeologist 考古学家

artifact 人造物品 relic 遗物,遗迹;纪念物

excavate 挖掘 carve 刻,雕刻

temple 庙 kingdom/realm 王国

empire 王国 emperor 国王 pharaoh法老

the Niles 尼罗河 pyramid 金字塔 statue 雕像

chart 绘图 skull 头脑;头骨 antique 古物,古董

warship 祭拜 site地址、遗址 exhume掘出

unearth 发掘,发现 scoop 汲取;挖掘 indigenous 当地人

antiquity 古代,古老,古代的文物 offspring/descendent 后代

托福阅读背景之美国历史词汇

?THE 1421 THEORY (14中国发现新大陆)

?EXPLORATION AND EARLY SETTLEMENT(地理探险与早期殖民)

?LOST COLONY & JAMESTOWN(失落的殖民地&美国第一个永远殖民地:詹姆斯镇)

?PLYMOUTH COLONY (普利茅斯殖民地)

?THE THIRTEEN COLONIES (美东最初的十三个殖民地)

?LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA (殖民时期美国生活)

?THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754~1763) (印法战争)

?THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE (美国独立之路)

?THE BOSTON TEA PARTY (波士顿茶会事件)

?TEA HISTORY IN AMERICA (美国茶叶历史)

?THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (第一次大陆会议)

?THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR BEGINS (1775~1783) (美国独立战争)

?COMMON SENSE (常识)

?THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (独立宣言)

?THE CONSTITUTION (美国宪法)

?THE BILL OF RIGHTS (人权法案)

?THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (刘易斯安纳购地)

?LEWIS AND CLARK(利瓦伊 & 克拉克将军美西探勘)

?THE WAR OF 1812 (1812~1814) (18英美战争)

?THE NATION MOVES WEST (国家西移)

?ALAMO (德州阿拉莫事件)

?MEXICAN WAR (1846~1848) (美墨战争)

?INDIAN WARS (美国与印地安人的战争)

?GOLD RUSH (淘金潮)

?FORTY-NINERS (旧金山四九人)

?THE CIVIL WAR (1861~1865) (南北战争)

?RESULTS OF THE CIVIAL WAR (南北战争的后果)

?RECONSTRUCTION(战后重建期)

?THE CATTLE KINGDOM OF THE GREAT PLAINS (美国中部大平原上的畜牧王国)

?THE HOMESTEAD ACT (安居法案)

?SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898) (美西战争)

?ROARING TWENTIES 1920’s (辉煌的代)

?THE FLAMING YOUTH (跳跃的烈火青春)

?PROHIBITION (禁酒时期)

?MAFIA (黑手党)

?THE DECLINE OF THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT (禁酒令的废除)

?THE ECONOMY-BOOM AND BUST (美国二零年代:经济的飙长与迅速萧条)

?GREAT DEPRESSION (经济大萧条)

?CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS(CCC公共资源保护队)

?WORLD WAR II (1939~1945) (二次世界大战)

?POPULATION BOOM IN THE WEST (战后的人口西拓)

新托福阅读背景知识:羊皮书制手抄本

羊皮书制手抄本

公元1前后,古希腊人将纸莎草纸裁成单页,双面书写,写完后粘成类似今书本型。这 种文献,史称“手抄本”。手抄本翻阅方便,载文量大,具备了现代书的外型,逐渐成为图书的标准形式。

公元前800年左右,中东地区帕加马人,迫于亚历山大城对纸莎草的封锁以及希腊地区两大图书馆的竞争,在公元前2世纪发明了用羊皮、牛皮制成羊皮纸的工艺。 它将绵羊、山羊、羚羊、小牛或其它动物的皮进行加工处理,弄薄后,在其上书写文字。所形成的古文献,史称“羊皮书”。羊皮书最初是书卷型的,后来演变为书本型。公元前200 年前后,帕加马成为羊皮纸的生产中心,并使该技术向各地传播。尔后羊皮纸的使用风靡罗马。

羊皮纸没有纸莎草那么笨重,而且可以折叠,成为“羊皮书”。公元1世纪,罗马人征服了地中海沿岸,没有建立起更大的图书馆,却建立了最大的档案管“Tabulation”。罗马的诗人可以在羊皮上 “发表”自己的作品,就是请专门的抄写手在羊皮上抄写多份并出售,尽管它在经济上并不合算。中世纪的欧洲,__世界里的修道院开始也使用纸莎草,后来转到使用高级的羊皮纸,而且往往有精美的插图,抄写《圣经》成为修道士的一种职业;在阿拉伯世界里,他们则用羊皮纸抄写《古兰经》。公元4世纪前后,由于羊皮纸 坚固、书写清晰,而逐渐取代纸莎草纸成为制作手抄本的材料。

篇3:托福听力冷门历史类话题应对心得分析

托福听力冷门历史类话题应对心得分析 听懂内容要抓住这5个关键点

托福听力历史类话题关键要素一:主题关键词

托福听力讲座类lecture历史类话题总是会出现和发展、起源或者历史相关的词汇,比如develpoment, change, origin, historical等等,这些词汇有很明显的提示作用,大家需要留意,比如:

Professor: And what instrument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n' roll?

Student: The electric Guitar?

Professor: Exactly. I think it's fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre,which became popular in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. But long before that even,people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars.

大家需要注意到文章开头做了两件事情:一. 提出话题“ Electrical Guitar”; 二. 提出了历史类文章要素, 教授说到电吉他是一个“the result of a continuing development” 而且人们很早之前就开始“ modify acoustic guitar”,自然而然我们就能推测文章是要讲电吉他是如何发展起来的。

托福听力历史类话题关键要素二:影响

具体来说,影响包括了话题的发展;发展过程中所受到的影响;其所产生的影响;具体的影响是什么;怎么影响的等等,比如:

The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?

But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.

很明显的,教授接下来就开始讲到吉他的发展过程,第一种吉他,wooden aka spanish guitar;接着steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重点说到“ 很多的发明者和音乐家对这种乐器的设计做出了贡献,而且每次的修改的目的就是为了改变电吉他的声音,也就是要素中提到的对话题的影响。

随后,教授继续细致的按照一定的顺序谈到了人们对于电吉他的修改有哪些方面,

托福听力历史类话题关键要素三:时间

时间顺序也是关键要素。当然,大家可能会注意到,下面例子提到的具体的时间点貌似只有两个1890s 和1920s。但是总的来讲,历史类的文章,时间顺序是一件非常关键的事情,因为在讲到某个事物的发展总是会从前往后说,提醒一点的是,时间本身不重要,只要搞明白谁前谁后即可。具体例子如下:

So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.

Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.

托福听力历史类话题关键要素四五:话题的特点&人物

一般这两点都是融合在一起的,例子:

Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.

此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改,使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” , 减少了声音失真的状况。大家尤其要注意,如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候,一定要警觉起来,区分清楚哪个特点,属于哪个人物,这通常都是要出难题的前兆。

托福听力备考:讲座部分篇章结构之总分结构解题技巧

托福听力,作为整场托福考试中耗时最长,强度最大的部分,一直是所有考生出国留学征程上的拦路虎之一。面对无论是相对接地气的对话部分(Conversation),还是绝对高大上的讲座部分(Lecture),一个个学霸们都会肃然起敬,一片片学渣们更是闻风丧胆。

以前,大家往往认为,导致听力部分困难的原因是陌生词汇多,材料不熟悉。不管是讲座部分涵盖的艺术人文(绘画/音乐/舞蹈/电影/雕塑/建筑),自然科学(天文/地质/环境/生态),生命科学(动物/植物/微生物/基因),社会科学(历史/政治/商业/心理/语言),还是学术场景类对话(论文/考试/办公室答疑),甚至是在最简单的生活场景类对话(图书馆/食堂/选课/就业)中,都有可能出现考生之前没有接触过的知识和情景。然而,这其实并不是最重要的原因,因为大家在完成托福阅读部分的时候,同样会遇到完全陌生的信息,却依然能够回去查看原文,通过考点在文章中的定位来帮助解题。而在听力部分中,考生却没有机会再回去听力材料中寻找,因而必须在首次接触的时候,就搞清篇章结构,以便解题。

而且大家也都知道,托福中听力能力的测试,不仅是通过听力部分来实现的,也通过四道综合口语题,以及一道综合写作题来间接考查。不过万幸的是,托福口语后四道题中各自对应的那四篇听力材料,每一篇都有自己固定的结构,而托福综合写作里那段听力材料的结构则更是千篇 一律的三段式,所以考生相对来说还是比较容易把握。而真正的听力部分中,结构还是比较多样化,不过即便这样,我们还是可以将所有的文章划分成几种类型。下面,我们就具体来聊聊如何通过一些关键的字词,来识别听力文章的结构,从而帮助我们解题。

通常情况下,一次考试会有两个听力正题部分(Section),每个部分包含一篇对话和两篇讲座。也就是说,每次考试中我们会有遇到两篇计分的对话,和四篇计分的讲座。其中,所有的讲座结构又可以被分成三大类:总分结构,比较结构,递进结构。本次,我们先谈第一大类——“总分结构”。

此类文章结构常年占据听力讲座部分总数量的半壁江山,几乎每次考试四篇讲座中都会有两篇的出现概率。文章一开始,往往开宗明义地抛出全文总论点,话题可能是一种天文现象对地球气候的影响,或是多种出土文物年代的测定方式,或是针对艺术品的一般鉴赏步骤,又或是一种生物的适应环境能力,等等。然后,用3-4个分论点来加以描述和支持,往往针对每一个分论点考查一道题目。最后,可能是戛然而止,也可能是用一小段话来总结前文或延伸主题。此类文章在难度上相对简单,逻辑感比较强,考生也很容易跟上老师的思路。而在文章内部的出题点,一般以如下几种原则为主:首尾原则,顺序原则,定义原则,举例原则等。这里,我们就用TOEFL Practice Online上第17套题的最后一篇讲述章鱼的生物学讲座为例,和大家具体分析一下,对“总分结构” 文章的把握是如何来帮助我们答题的。

1、首尾原则 众所周知,绝大多数讲座的行文方式都是由教授开门见山地讲述通篇的主旨,所以针对主旨题必须听明白的就是首段了。结尾方式则比较多样化,时而首尾呼应,时而深化主题,甚至有的时候会出现一些和开始不一致或者相反的结论,这时主旨题的正确选项则应该从结尾处对应获得。

1. What is the lecture mainly about?

A. Different kinds of color vision in sea animals.

B. Differences in appearance between various species of octopus.

C. Ways that octopuses attract their prey.

D. Ways that octopuses protect themselves from predators.

文章开头教授说的第一句话OK, now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that’s the octopus, one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea. The octopus is prey to many species, including humans, so how does it escape its predators? 直接明了地介绍了主旨。而结尾处的Even Proteus would be impressed, I think. 也就完美对应了D选项。而其它选项均和防御机制完全没有关系,自然无法选择成为正确选项。

2、顺序原则 一般来讲,如果听到类似基数词“one, two, three”,或者序数词“first, second, third”,亦或像逻辑顺序词“to start off, to begin with, and, another, also, something else”。还有“yet another, last but not least, that’s when the concept of X comes into the picture”之类的信息,那么这篇讲座的结构一般就可以被轻松地定性为是“总分结构”,而且考生应该了解,所有上述的提示词之后必定会出现一个分论点,必须做记录,因为对应会考查细节题。

2. What does the professor say about the function of the papillae?

A. They produce dye in different colors.

B. They propel the octopus through the water.

C. They change the texture of the octopus’ skin.

D. They help the octopus contract into a smaller shape.

当老师谈论完章鱼的第一点特征后,马上又说So, that’s how octopus mimic colors, but they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment. They can also mimic the texture of objects in their environment. They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures. The projections are called papillae.于是我们就知道第二点信息是讲皮肤质地,而且是和章鱼身上的一种凸起的结构papillae相关的,所以答案自然应该选C。而A选项里面的dye染色剂是在第一段讲述章鱼变化颜色的时候提及的,B选项里面的propel推动章鱼前行则和本文重点章鱼的变形无关,最后的D选项中讲述大小和形状,也与此段无关。

3、定义原则 一旦文章当中出现了针对某个词或者某个概念的定义性解释,那么这个被解释的词或者概念一定我们笔记的重中之重。因为这个词对于大多数考生来说往往是一个完全陌生的概念,而且对这个词的理解程度很可能会直接影响我们对整篇文章的理解程度,因为文章的其它部分或许就是因为这个概念而展开的。很多推断题就是基于某个定义而考查的。

3. Why does the professor first mention Proteus?

A. To explain how the octopus got its scientific name.

B. To introduce the octopus’ exceptional abilities.

C. To point out that the octopus played an important role in Greek mythology.

D. To provide an example of a mythological character that was part animal and part human.

当教授为神话人物下定义的时候,说到Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form. He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree, anything you wanted, and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly. Well, the octopus is the real world version of Proteus.其实是为了帮助学生认识章鱼的百变能力,所以选B就显得非常轻而易举。而A选项里面的scientific科学名字和原文里的mythology神话人物可以说是截然相反,C选项里面的章鱼和希腊神话本身无关,只是功能和Proteus相似而已,而D选项里面的半人半兽则和原文信息中说他可以时而是人样,时而变兽形,有很大出入。

4、举例原则平时生活中我们举例子的目的就是为了用一个具体的实例去解释抽象的概念,在托福听力中也不例外。那么大家除了要听到“for instance, let’s take X as an example”这类短语,还要留意诸如“say, it can, one typical” 这类词,而且一定要知道这些实际的例子到底是为了解释哪个抽象的概念才存在的,也就是说,一定要找出分论点和细节之间的对应关系,切勿犯了张冠李戴的错误。题目方面可以设置成:在题干中给出分论点,要求选出对应细节的细节题;也可以设置成,在题干中给出细节,要求选出对应分论点的组织结构题。

4. What two examples does the professor mention to describe the octopus’ ability to change its shape? Click on 2 answers

A. A small round stone

B. The leaves of a plant

C. A cloud of ink

D. A piece of coral

当讲座进入到最后阶段,也就是第三种特征时,我们听到The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures. So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone, and sit perfectly still on the seafloor. Or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves.两个例子一旦记下来就知道答应必为AB。而C选项里面的ink是在前面一段讲到章鱼逃脱时使用的一种方法,和变形无关,D里面的coral珊瑚礁则在文章中根本没有提及,可谓无中生有。

综上所述,对于总分结构类型的听力讲座材料来说,如何把一篇5-6分钟的长文章,切割成4-5篇1分钟左右的相对独立的小短文,是我们解决后面问题的关键。就好像庖丁解牛一般,如果我们的眼中出现的不再是一整头牛,而是所有已经切割好的牛肉拼成完整的牛的形状,那么我们一旦要“烤”起来,不管是取材,还是加工,都会变得异常的容易。

托福听力备考:如何解决听得懂文章但做不对题目

经常会有同学问我:为什么我可以听懂文章但却做不对题目?相信这是许多基础不错却无法得到预期分数的同学都会有的一个疑问。

首先,我们要明确一个概念——什么是听懂。所谓的听懂,对于大多数同学来说就是具体到文章中的每一句话基本都可以理解。那么能听懂每一句话就意味着你能听懂文章了么?这里有一个大多数中国英语学习者共有的误区,许多人认为英语学习的最大单位就句子(sentence-level)。我们从小到大学习英语的方法基本上除了单词就是句法。所以许多同学认为英语学习到位的标志就是可以读懂、听懂甚至写出或者说出所谓的长难句。但是除了词汇和句法的学习,语言的学习还有一个更高的level--discourse level,语篇结构的学习。因此,能听懂句子不代表你可以听懂文章。

托福考试中的“lecture”作为口语文体(spoken discourse)中较为复杂的一种文章类型,非常需要对于语篇结构的整体把握和理解。语言学家Dunkel和Davis在1994年的论文中提出了一个观点“lecture comprehension depends less on the meaning of the individual sentences, and more on the structure of the whole text”(As cited in Buck, )。从这里可以看出对于学术讲座的理解,单纯依赖于能听懂句子是远远不够的。有人做过实验,把一组有意义的句子以一种没有任何逻辑和连贯性的方式连接在一起组成一个篇章后放给实验对象听,结果表明即使母语为英语的实验对象也无法理解这样的内容。所以要听懂托福听力的学术讲座,我们必须搞定文章的语篇结构。

那么我们如何在听力的过程中听懂文章的语篇结构呢?大量的研究显示文章中的信号词(discourse marker)可以帮助我们理清文章的结构脉络。语言学家总结了一系列在讲座中常用到的信号词,例如well/ right/ now等都是文章主旨(gist)的信号词。很多同学误认为文章的主旨是听完文章后总结得出的,但其实在这些信号词的后面通常就隐藏着主旨题的答案。当我们听到“Well, now, let's get on with”的时候,就可以预判出在with后面出现的内容就是文章的主旨。

相对语音,词汇和句法这种明确直接的(explicit)知识来说,对于文章结构的学习是很难通过自学完成的。研究显示即使直接告诉学生信号词(discourse marker)和文章结构知识(microstructure/macrostructure),在没有实例帮助的情况下也无法运用信号词和文章结构去理解讲座。因此,对于文章语篇结构的理解学习需要老师们配合典型例题和文章去详细讲解信号词和文章结构的作用,并结合笔记方法准确把握文章的主要信息(main points)。无法理解文章结构、主次信息的理解不是真正的理解。对于托福听力这样的听后答题的考试(post-listening performance test)来说,不能在听的过程中准确地找到可能出题重点信息就会为做题带来非常大的障碍。这也是许多同学表示似乎听懂了文章却总是做不对题目的原因所在。因此,想要做对题目必须对于听力文章的语篇结构有一个全面的认识。

托福听力备考:扩大听力词汇量需要巧用故事

老师,之前教我的老师都说我的单词量低,我怎么扩大自己的词汇量?看到很多同学如饥似渴地想要解决自己的英语难题,我心里是欣慰的。在出国这条路上,这一群家庭条件还不错的同学,从小就在父母提供的锦衣玉食里成长的孩子们,开始直面自己在托福准备上出现的状况了。

老师给大家讲个小故事:

在高中的时候,我的英语并不是班上最好的,虽然我是英语课代表。人教版的教材中,除了Li Lei,Han Meimei之外,还有各种人文科普文章。英语老师最喜欢的事情就是让我们大量背诵这些文章,然后举手示意老师,她就会走到你的身边进行抽查。不幸的是,我永远位于背诵速度的后半段,甚至有的时候还会回家朝爸爸妈妈撒气,觉得他们没有给我一个好的脑袋。

奇迹发生在大学二年级。做为英语专业的我,不仅有更多的文章要读,有更多的句子要复述而且有更多奇奇怪怪的单词要记忆。我的表现不但没有后退,反而背诵东西越来越快,越来越准,而且使用越来越熟练。那个时候自己不得其解,用老师们的话说:这个青年终于在英语上开窍了。

后来做了老师,我更多次的分析自己的状况,把自己学习英语的经历当成一个case study(案例分析)来研究。我总结出来下面一些规则:

1首先,我们必须承认,英语语言的词汇是极其丰富的。这里我就不长篇累牍了。早期的野蛮,后来法语的入侵,文艺复兴时期的拉丁语,到后来成为殖民地遍布全球的不列颠,就这样,把英语带到了世界的主要地区,也极大的丰富了自己的语言。所以,我们要抱着必胜的信心,仅一切可能去接触英语,多见面必定熟悉,这是不会改变的事实。2当我们学习一个新的单词的时候,仅仅知道它的意思是不够的。一定要知道搭配,一定要知道搭配,一定要知道搭配。重要的事情说三遍。这种搭配不仅仅是老师告诉你,你然后去背诵,一定要自己去了解才可以。 例如:

在托福听力中有太多这样的例子,这些搭配包括:

-adj+n. (形容词+名词)eg. royal family, analytical research, archaeological site,rich vocabulary等等,这些词组的中心核心词语都是名词,所有需要的时候,还要在前面加上冠词(a,an,the)

-vt.+n. (及物动词+名词)eg. reflect your potential,cut the tree bark,attend an exhibit等等,所有的这些词组一定是文章中最重要的内容,也是最容易辨认的动宾关系。我平时在进行英语阅读的时候,也是用这样的方法来提高自己的表达。这样的词组能够让你表达内容时找到最核心的东西。

-v.+adv. (动词+副词)eg. behave extraordinarily, finish completely, do unconsciously等等。用这样的方法,你就轻而易举的把副词的使用增加了。

-n.+n. (名词+名词) eg. WTO= world trade organization, plant root, fossil fuel,carbon dioxide等等。这一类词组在我的大脑中,一开始时不能接受的,因为我总是想着把前面的名词变成形容词,但是后来慢慢接受,也就自然了解了英语的深邃。

-介词词组 eg. at a high level, thanks to your help, throughout my life等等。在这些词组的帮助下,我对于一个句子的完整意思的了解就更加清晰了。

所以大家要在准备托福听力的时候,多注意词组的时候,而不仅仅是某个单词。这样你会发现你的视角会慢慢变大,原来不能理解的句义在慢慢变好,而且猜词能力在增加,最后去理解段意就不在话下了。

篇4:托福听力历史类话题解题5个要点分析

所谓影响,其中包括话题的发展;发展过程中所受到的影响;其所产生的影响;具体的影响是什么,怎么影响的。来看下例:

The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar,which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?

But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years,many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way,at first at least with the electric guitar,to make it louder.

很明显的,教授接下来就开始讲到吉他的发展过程,第一种吉他,wooden aka spanish guitar;接着steel guitar;lap guitar;然后有了electric guitar。而且重点说到“ 很多的发明者和音乐家对这种乐器的设计做出了贡献,而且每次的修改的目的就是为了改变电吉他的声音,也就是要素中提到的对话题的影响。

篇5:托福听力历史类话题解题5个要点分析

历史类话题的第三个关键要素是时间。当然,大家可能会注意到,下面例子提到的具体的时间点貌似只有两个1890s 和1920s。但是总的来讲,历史类的文章,时间顺序是一件非常关键的事情,因为在讲到某个事物的发展总是会从前往后说,提醒一点的是,时间本身不重要,只要搞明白谁前谁后即可。

So let's get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh,Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long,Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage in the mainland US. It actually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres,rock ‘n' roll most notably,but also jazz and blues.

Anyway,by the 1920s,with the advent of the public dance movement,people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it,especially in large public settings. As I mentioned,the instrument was played horizontally,on the lap. Since the strings faced upward,the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done,because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger.

托福听力历史话题关键要素:话题特点和任务

在时间要素之后出现的就是要素四:话题的特点以及时有时无的要素五:人物,一般这两点都是融合在一起的。

Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul's solid body eliminated the vibrations,and thus the distortions.

此处教授讲到Les Paul此人对于电吉他的修改,使得电吉他有了一个”solid body” , 减少了声音失真的状况。

尤其要注意,如果一篇文章出现了好几个人和一个事物的好几个特点的时候,一定要警觉起来,区分清楚哪个特点,属于哪个人物,这通常都是要出难题的前兆。

托福听力练习:新月和满月时更易发生大地震

Every two weeks, on the full and new moons, the sun, moon and Earth fall along a nearly straight line. The combination of gravitational forces in this arrangement creates large swings in the tides. But the celestial alignment affects more than the oceans—it also tugs on Earth's crust, adding to the stress on faults. This makes it more likely that major earthquakes will strike at these times, according to a new study.

The idea isn't new, but scientists have had a hard time testing the earthquake-tide relationship. For instance, three of the largest earthquakes in recent years happened when tidal stress was high. But those big ones are rare and the link seems to break down for smaller events.

So the researchers crunched a bunch of numbers: by looking at more than 10,000 medium and large earthquakes, they found that the proportion of large events increased when tidal stress was high.

The results do not imply that every full or new moon will bring an earthquake—obviously. What the findings mean is that high tidal stress during new or full moons may up the chances that an earthquake will grow bigger than it otherwise might have been.

“Even magnitude 9 earthquakes start like magnitudes 1 or 2.” Satoshi Ide, the University of Tokyo seismologist who led the study. “So, at the initial stage, it's very difficult to distinguish small or large earthquakes. It starts similarly, but it grows at some probability to large scale. That probability is controlled by some other effect.”

And one of those effects might be the tides. Ide points out that tides in the Earth's crust are known to cause tiny tremors along deep faults. “Earthquake faults are locked everywhere, but that kind of slow deformation unlocks very small part of the fault...so it doesn't make large failure there, but once earthquake rupture starts...it can propagate very far and become very large earthquake.”

The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

Ide is now doing a similar analysis on earthquakes that all happened in the same geologic setting, like subduction zones. Perhaps that research will confirm whether heavenly bodies can take smaller shakes and supersize them.

每两周,在出现满月和新月时,太阳、月亮和地球几乎就会排成一条直线。这种引力组合会产生巨大的潮汐波动。但是,这种天象影响的不仅仅是海洋,同时还会拖动地壳,增加地壳对断层的压力。一项新研究表明,这使大地震更可能在这种时期发生。

这种想法并不新鲜,但是科学家很难测试地震与潮汐之间的关系。比如,近几年最大的三起地震发生时,潮汐应力都很高。但是,大型地震发生次数较少,所以地震和潮汐之间的联系似乎被小型地震破坏了。

所以,研究人员分析了大量的数据:通过对1万多次大中型地震的观察,他们发现当潮汐应力增高时,大型地震发生的比例也会增加。

当然,这个结果并不能表明,每一次满月或新月都会引发地震。研究结果表明的是,在出现满月或新月时,潮汐应力会增高,这会使地震级别增强的可能性增加。

“即使是9级地震,开始时也只像1、2级地震。井出哲是东京大学的地震学家,也是本次研究的负责人。他还表示:“所以,一开始很难辨别是大型地震还是小型地震。因为开始时很类似,但是,之后就可能演变成大型地震。这种可能性会受到其他因素的影响。”

其中一个影响因素可能就是潮汐。井出哲指出,地壳上发生的潮汐能引起深断裂层的微小震动。“地震的断裂层是固定的,但是这种缓慢的变形解锁了一小部分的断裂,所以,不会带来巨大的影响,但是一旦地震发生,潮汐的微小震动可能会传播很远,从而演变成大型地震。”

该研究结果发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。

井出哲现在正在对所有同一地质环境下发生的地震进行相似性分析,比如说消减带。也许那项研究可以确定天体是否可以引发小型地震并使其增强。

重点讲解:

1. for instance 例如;譬如;

例句:For instance, oranges, bananas and pineapples, are all fruits from the south.

例如橘子、香蕉、菠萝等,都是南方的水果。

2. break down 破坏;消除;

例句:We should break down old conventions and think big.

我们应该打破旧框框,敢于幻想。

3. a bunch of 大量;大批;

例句:I scanned a bunch of pictures from our trip to Hawaii last summer.

我把去年夏天到夏威夷旅游的一堆照片扫了进去。

4. point out 指出,说出(事实或错误);

例句:Let me point out some of its special features.

让我指出它的一些独特的特点。

2020托福听力练习:已婚人士更易发福

Bridget Jones, in print and on screen, called them the “Smug Marrieds”—the happy couples that seemed to have it all.

But maybe the fictional Jones should have called them the “Plump Marrieds.”

Because along with offering couples unbridled bliss, marriage can cause them to pack on some extra pounds.

That's according to a study in The Journal of Family Issues.

Sociologist Jay Teachman, at Western Washington University, examined data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth.

The data included info about more than 3,000 African Americans over a 20-year period.

Teachman tracked body-mass-index, BMI, a measure of obesity, from adolescence to middle age.

And he analyzed the relationship between BMI, marital status and changes in marital status.

It turned out that living without a partner usually equated to being thinner and having a lower BMI compared with married people and couples living together.

The single folks included the never-marrieds and divorced.

Both men and women gained weight but when it came to race, black women had the most rapid weight gain, followed by white women and then black and white men.

The weight gain was just a few pounds—but even a slightly higher BMI is associated with weight-related health issues.

Several reasons exist for the weight discrepancy between the single and married people.

For example, married men and women may be less concerned about their body weight because they're no longer actively seeking a mate.

Plus, married people have a regular dining partner, possibly leading to more meals.

On the single side, those who are widowed or have gone through a divorce may lose weight due to stress.

So while this news may not be good for the smug marrieds, it may be welcomed by Bridget Jones.

The single, and very weight-conscious, Jones may actually have had the easier path to staying thin than her married friends.

无论是小说还是大荧幕,《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯夫妇可算得上“令人羡慕的一对”了—这对幸福小夫妻看起来拥有了一切。

但虚构出来的琼斯夫妇应该也能被称为“丰满的一对”。

因为婚姻除了带给这对新人无尽的幸福之外,也增加了两人的体重。

这是根据《家庭问题》期刊上登载的一项研究得出的结论。

西华盛顿大学的社会学家杰伊?特克曼对全国青年纵向研究的数据进行了详细检查。

这一数据涵盖20多年来超过3000名非裔美国人的数据信息。

特克曼对这些人从青春期到中年时的BMI,即身高体重指数进行了跟踪调查,这一指数可反映出人体的肥胖程度。

而且他还对BMI同婚姻状态及婚姻中产生变化之间的关系进行了分析。

而结果表明相比已婚人士及同居人士,单身者会更瘦,而且BMI指数更低。

而单身者则包含未婚者及离异人士。

无论种族,婚后的男女体重都会增加,其中增幅速度最高是黑人女性,接下来是白人女性,黑人男性及白人男性。

体重的增加只是几磅—但即使BMI指数略微增加也可能引发健康问题。

而单身及已婚人士存在体重差异存在下面几个原因。

比如,已婚男女可能不会过度关心自己的体重问题,因为彼此已经不用再积极寻找各自的另一半。

此外已婚人士在饮食方面有了规律性的伴侣,可能会导致其食量加大。

而单身,丧偶或离异者可能会由于面临压力而减轻体重。

因此这项研究对那些自鸣得意的已婚者可能不是利好消息,但《BJ单身日记》中的琼斯却接受这样的事实。

同已经步入婚姻殿堂的朋友相比,单身、注重保持身材的琼斯已经有了保持纤细身材的妙招。

1.along with 连同;以及

例句:I'll go along with you.

我将随同你一起去。

2.according to 根据

例句:Prices vary according to the quantity ordered.

价格随订购数量不同而有所变化。

3.associate with 与…交往,联系

例句:I associate with you through choice.

我是通过自主选择和你联系在一起。

4.turn out 关掉;结果是

例句:It's turned out nice again.

天气又突然转好了。

篇6:托福听力讲座类历史话题考点分析经典案例点评

历史类场景往往和其他分支学科产生联系,具体可以从以下几个方面来考察:

1. 国家政权或制度体制:如农业的产生,古埃及的女法老等。

2. 文化方面:如茶文化历史,戏剧的起源,考古方面等。

3. 著名历史人物:如爱默生,意大利画家等。

4. 其他话题:历史容易和其他学科产生交叉,如考古和艺术。

历史类的话题有一个很大的特点,就是专业词汇较多。很多考生有这样一种感觉,就是好像听明白了一些,但一考到细节题就不知所措。也就是说,历史类话题可能出现较多的专业词汇和细节,考生需谨慎。下面我们就几个例子来仔细体会一下。

篇7:托福听力讲座类历史话题考点分析经典案例点评

从上面这个例子可以看出历史话题具有以下特点:

1. 细节偏多:可能没有信号词引领,听时要聚精会神。

2. 信号词:信号词的形式多种多样,可能是单独的词组,也有可能是融汇在句子当中,要及时做好笔记。

3. 陌生概念:可先记下首字母,上下文一般会有定义解释或同义词。也可以注意计算机屏幕的提示词是否为这个词。

关于托福听力讲座类历史话题的考点和出题思路小编就为大家分析介绍到这里,希望以上内容可以帮助各位考生更好地解答历史类题目拿到听力高分。

托福听力:提高速度的5种方法

第一步:盲听。托福听力不看材料听,了解大概讲的内容就行。同时还把听力的Gist题给练了。

第二步:再听。这一遍要照着材料听。新托福听力精听每一个发音和那种洋腔洋调。尤其要注意刚才在遍的时候你没有听清楚的部分,是生词的缘故,还是发音的缘故。 如果是生词,你不用着急,查一下字典,把音标标注一下就好,用金山词霸,那里有发音,尽管个别会有不准的(这个你可以根据音标自己判定),但绝大多数都是准的,而且也还是美式发音。一定要读几遍,声音熟悉就很容易记住单词了。如果是发音的缘故,诊断一下是连音,省音,还是弱读,缩读,同化等现象。这一步你可以多听几遍新托福听力,熟悉句子的连续声音输入的过程。你可以整段泛听,也可以单句精听。根据你当时的感受来。

第三步:听后跟读。前两步听熟了,做了很好的铺垫以后,这一步才开始跟读。起初,建议单句跟读,模仿发音。增加托福听力训练,在听下一句的时候要复习前一句里出现的音素,同一音素在不同单词中的发音给你的感觉是不同的,认真体会。这就是外语的差异。同时还要学习新出现的音素,总之无数的材料都是由那48个音素堆积而成的声音集合。 另外,在读的过程中,标注一下重音(具体到每个音节的词重音),语调 (升调,降调和降升调,就是拐弯的调子) 和停顿(不只是标点符号后的停顿,主要是句子内部的意群停顿)。如果你觉得这个复杂,那么就听N遍之后跟着感觉走吧。

第四步:只读不听。在第三步足够熟练以后,这一步要做的就是根据刚才耳朵被冲击的感觉去读,读熟为止。体会在第三步中你标注的东西,在这一步里要实践出来。

第五步:边听边读。就是达到听说同步。起初可以看材料,然后慢慢脱离材料。以至于到后来,你会上瘾,听到别人讲英语,你的嘴巴都会不由自主的跟着动起来。

托福听力:怎么善用单词推断意思

托福听力用单词推断对话内容分析!小编为大家介绍的这些托福听力技巧在托福听力备考过程中基本上得到验证,大家可以根据自己的经验总结出更多技巧。

场景方法可行的原因仍在于ETS的出题原则,大家肯定已经非常熟悉托福听力考试中的“学生生活原则”,它是ETS坚定不移的出题原则,这一原则使托福听力从内容上永远离不了学生生活这一中心。学生生活的圈子是很小的,学校的校园也就那么大一点儿,而托福听力已经考了几十年了,所以学校里的每一寸上都不知被考过多少遍了。过去考的是这些东西,将来考的仍是这些东西。考生在考前只要把学校里的主要场所(如图书馆、食堂等)中常发生的重要而又典型的学生生活场景加以熟悉,寥寥几个词便可以知道整个段子或对话的基本内容,而答案也就唾手可得。

这一方法所需的准备工作相当简单,较次要的场所和少见的场景考生甚至可以置之不理。但它的作用又相当大,在此列出三点,略作说明:作用一,做过一些托福听力题的人都会有种感觉:即托福听力,尤其是小对话题中有相当数量的题目仅靠听清字面意思尚做不出答案,还必须生动形象地想象出对话发生的具体环境和生活场景。在这里场景的方法是一个必须,考生的英语水平再高,语言能力再强都无助于这些题目的得分。

场景方法可为考生提供更加有效的技巧,而且这些技巧的有效程度也更加令人吃惊。

“学生生活原则”决定了托福听力中涉及的常见生活场景的有限性和它们的高重复率。它们必然是学生的日常学习生活中为普遍、易发生的场景。这些场景中所牵扯到的内容和人们常说的话又是固定的,这种固定性是由客观的生活现实决定的。而ETS出题人不会歪曲现实,这是由他们所谓出题原则决定的。所以只要考生抓住了这些固定的内容和相关的固定词汇、句型,就抓住了众多绝妙的技巧。

例如托福听力有很多谈及音乐会的对话,而一旦谈到音乐会,话题永远都是固定死了的。全是好话,一句坏话没有,所有的题目都在说:昨天晚上的音乐会可真好啊!我们过的可真是个wonderfu1 time啊!票可真难买啊!人可真多啊!别说坐着啦,能站着就不错啦!过道上全是人!所以也不需要听力水平太好,只要粗略地听明白:“嗅!这又是谈音乐会的啊!”再看选项有一个写着:The concert is excellent。选它就是了!

各位已经知道,学生生活是托福听力考试的核心,学生关心的事也是容易考到的,因此谈到课程、考试的对话和段子可谓层出不穷。假如在一个对话题中听到个人在问:某门课程难不难?(Is the course hard or not?),则无须听第二人的回答即可知答案肯定是难。又如在一个对话题中只要听到两人是在议论“某位老师要求严不严”,其余的话别听了,答案肯定是严!

又如托福听力中有大量谈及食物这个场景的。在这个场景中只要谈到apple pie,答案肯定是好吃,考生照好吃去选肯定没错;而谈到pizza答案肯定是难吃,考生照难吃去选也肯定没错。

篇8:托福听力讲座类历史话题考点分析经典案例点评

下面是一个历史话题的经典案例:

听力原文:

Well, their astronomers had discovered that at a certain time of year the brightest star, Sirius, would disappear. Actually, it’d be hidden in the glare of the Sun. Even more significantly, the reappearance of Sirius would occur around the same time as the Nile’s flooding. And this annual event is called a heliacal rising. The heliacal rising was a fair indicator of when the Nile would flood. The next new moon, after the heliacal rising of Sirius, which happened in the last month of the calendar year, marked the New Year.

Why was the helical rising if Sirius important to the Egyptians?

Click on 2 answers.

A. It helped determine the beginning of the New Year.

B. It was used to calculate the length of the month.

C. It marked the beginning of harvest time.

D. It indicated when the Nile would flood.

分析:

此处考的是埃及的历法。在这个节选原文中包含了Sirius(天狼星),heliacal rising(偕日升)等概念,比较难以理解,需要考生有较快的反应速度。不少学员在遇到这类话题时会怀有抵触心态,大呼这种难度跟阅读都差不多了。诚然专业度高理解困难,考生应该认识到一点:ETS的考察宗旨还是不变的——检验考生的瞬时理解能力和知识储备的快速激活。在此,要做对这道双选题,要留心粗体信号词;还可以将辨音中听不懂的陌生词转化成抽象符号,搞清楚其作用即可。可以看出,Nile和New Year是关键词,故轻松选出AD。

下面再看一个例子:

听力原文:

Now for the taste... Now, this is a good point to mention one of the biggest myths about spices. It’s commonly said that medieval Europeans wanted spices to cover up the taste of spoiled meat. But this isn’t really true. Anyone who had to worry about spoiled meat couldn’t afford spices in the first place. If you could afford spices, you could definitely afford fresh meat. We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police to make sure that people did not sell spoiled food, and if you were caught doing it, you were subject to various fines, humiliating public punishments. So what actually was true was this: In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt, not a spice. Spices actually aren’t very effective as preservatives.

What two factors explain why medieval Europeans did not use spices to cover the taste of spoiled meat?

Click on 2 answers.

A. Fresh meat was less expensive than spices were.

B. Spices were mainly used in incense and perfume.

C. The sale of spoiled food was prohibited.

D. Salt was cheaper than most spices were.

分析:

这里考察的是香料在历史上的角色。背景知识:香料在中世纪的欧洲是非常名贵的东西,只有贵族皇族才能享用得到。原因诸多,运输昂贵是其中之一。考生若不熟悉spice这个单词,可以根据上下文猜测,此处很容易猜出。

在这里想强调一下myth的含义。大多数考生对这个词的理解都存在误区。实际上这个词只要考到,一般取“误解”这一含义,而非神话等义。在这里是说,人们用香料腌制坏掉的食物这种理解是错误的,因为人们有钱买香料就有钱买鲜肉,前者的理解本身就有矛盾。同时注意also这个重要并列词,后面引出第二个原因,所以选AC。

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