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托福阅读的词量大概需要多少

2022-09-07 08:23:35 收藏本文下载本文

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托福阅读的词量大概需要多少

篇1：托福阅读的词量大概需要多少

托福阅读词汇的掌握对于很多人来说，都是一件比较有困难也是一个比较有争议的事情。大多数在托福备考时都认为，托福阅读的词汇当然是多多益善，能有一些专业词汇当然是最好。也会有小部分人认为，对于托福阅读来说，也许是六级的托福词汇量就可以了。那么，究竟孰对孰错呢?我们就细细研究一下吧。

托福阅读的词汇总量大概需要多少

托福阅读需要六级以上词汇量

在托福阅读中有着这样的一种题型——词汇题，它的特点是：你认识这个单词就肯定能做对，而且能很快地做对。你不认识这个单词就是经过层层推断，耗费了很多时间还很容易得到错误的结果，所以说解决词汇题的王道就是认识这个单词。那么词汇题在托福阅读中究竟有多重要呢?是占了25%以上的比例的。OG上说，每篇阅读题有3-6个单词题(每篇托福阅读总共只有13个题呀)，可见词汇题的重要性--只要把词汇题解决了，就能轻松拿下托福阅读中的一大块分数，还为做其它题节省了宝贵的时间。托福阅读的词汇题中考到的词汇是什么难度呢?大概是6级的词汇，也有稍难一些的。所以为了保险起见，单词的水平要达到6级以上，这样就可以把阅读中单词题的分数拿满。

词汇量提高阅读速度

对于中国考生，托福阅读的一大障碍在于时间不够用，读文章的速度太慢了。不是说认识单词就能快速读懂文章，而是说单词量太小阅读速度必然大打折扣!托福阅读需要知道一点专业词汇这不假，但绝非很难很专的词汇。

托福阅读考察的词汇是偏于专业性质的，原因是这样：托福考试是为了看考生的英语水平能否保证其在大学中顺利学习专业知识，因此考察的内容是偏重学术的方面的，而阅读文章也多从大学课本的简易内容中选取。所以在背单词的时候对于学术词汇给予一定程度的重视是合理的。

专业词汇难度有限

托福阅读考察的专业词汇难度有限。这点也是很自然的，因为托福毕竟是一门英语水平考试，又不是专业考试。难度较大的专业词汇在阅读中确实会出现，但根本不是考察的内容，而且其意思可以很容易地猜出来。举个例子：It should be obvious that cetaceans--whales, porpoises, and dolphins--are mammals，这是OG阅读题中的一个原句。这句话中的cetacean就是一个过分专业而无需背的单词，你只要认识了whales，dolphins，mammals就知道了cetacean是生活在水里(海里的)动物，而且是哺乳动物，这就相当于知道了cetacean的意思了。需要记忆的是mammal，whale，dolphin这种比较常用的专业词汇，而不是cetacean这种生僻的类型，把精力放在背这种艰涩的单词上是很不值得的。

托福阅读出题点的总结介绍

托福阅读出题点(1) 时间和数字(number)。

一般来说，出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored)，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon)，考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question)，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form)，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。

托福阅读出题点(2) 主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)。

TOEFL文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的，因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。

托福阅读出题点(3) 人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)。

这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign)，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时(concept)，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion)，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。

托福阅读出题点(4) 举例主体。有的时候，为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字。

实际上(in fact)，TOEFL考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略(omit)。

托福阅读出题点(5) 新概念和局部核心概念。

所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance)，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to)，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)。

托福阅读出题点(6) 重要的逻辑关系(relation)。

很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect)，这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。

托福阅读练习：笑有利于健康

Laughter is good for the heart because it prolongs life while depression increases the risk of an early death, according to two new studies.

据两份最新研究表明，大笑有益心脏健康，能延年益寿; 相反，忧郁增加早死的危险。

A good bout of laughter every day provides similar cardiovascular benefits as exercise because it stimulates the blood flow, said Michael Miller, who headed one research team at the University of Maryland.

其中一项研究的负责人、美国马里兰大学的迈克尔?米勒表示，坚持每天开怀大笑，能促进血液流动，像锻炼身体一样，提高心血管健康。

On the other hand, depression -- or the lack of laughter -- is often linked to unhealthy habits such as smoking and drug addiction and increases the risk of death by 44 percent, said Wein Jiang, who led a study of 1,000 heart patients for the University of North Carolina.

另一方面，北卡罗莱纳大学的Wein Jiang负责的另一项研究，研究了1000个心脏病患者则表明，沮丧或者少笑常常与不健康习惯联系在一起。比如，吸烟，吸毒等。同时，死亡的危险增加44%。

Miller said laughter produced a “magnitude of change ... in the endothelium ... similar to the benefit we might see with aerobic activity, but without the aches, pains and muscle tension associated with exercise”

Miller称笑会在心内膜内引起很大的变化，其功效类似于我们进行的有氧运动，而且避免了因为锻炼而疼痛或肌肉紧张等不良影响。

While laughter should not replace exercise, he said, “We do recommend that you try to laugh on a regular basis. Thirty minutes of exercise three times a week, and 15 minutes of laughter on a daily basis is probably good for the vascular system.”

他还表示，笑并不能代替锻炼。我们强烈建议每天都笑笑。一周坚持三次半小时以上的运动，每天笑15分钟，这样会对人们的脉管体统大有裨益。”

Notes:

cardiovascular [,kɑ:di u'v skjul ] adj. 心血管的

endothelium [,end u'θi:li m] n. 内皮;内覆组织

aerobic activity: 有氧运动

托福阅读练习：驯服噩梦

In the new movie, 'Inception,' a master thief is able to infiltrate peoples' dreams and steal their subconscious secrets -- even plant a dream idea they'll think is their own.As fantastical as that seems, an evolving area of sleep research holds that it is possible for people to direct their own dreams, in a limited way.For example, people who suffer from recurring nightmares can learn to substitute happier endings. Practitioners of lucid dreaming -- who train themselves to be aware that they are dreaming -- say they can try out fantasies like flying.

在新电影《盗梦空间》(Inception)中，大盗能够潜入人们的梦中，偷走他们潜意识中的秘密──甚至还能植入梦的构思，让人们以为那是自己的梦。正如它所展现的奇妙想象一样，一个发展之中的睡眠研究领域认为，人们可以有限地指挥自己的梦。例如，反复做噩梦的人可以学会用更快乐的梦境结局取而代之。清醒梦境的实践者──训练自己意识到在做什么梦的人──说，他们可以在梦中尝试像飞行这样的幻想。

Ordering up a dream about a nagging personal problem is difficult, but possible, says Robert Stickgold, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. 'As you go to bed tonight, really think about some of those emotional issues that you haven't wanted to deal with. You've got about a 10% to 20% shot.'

哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的精神病学副教授罗伯特斯蒂克戈尔德(Robert Stickgold)说，控制关于烦人的个人问题的梦很难，但却是可能的。“如果你今晚上床时考虑过某些你不想处理的感情问题，那么你梦到这些问题的几率约为10%至20%。”

That fits with the current understanding of what dreams are and why we have them. Once thought to represent repressed sexual urges, or simply neurons firing randomly, dreams are now believed to be mash-ups created by the unconscious mind as it processes, sorts and stores emotions from the day.'We take our problems to sleep and we work through them during the night,' says Rosalind Cartwright, an emeritus professor of at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, who has spent nearly 50 years studying sleep and dreams.

这与目前人们对梦是什么以及我们为何会做梦的理解相符。人们曾经认为梦表示被压抑的性冲动，或只是随机的神经元放电，但现在人们认为，梦是由潜意识处理、分类和储存白天的情感时产生的混合产物。“我们带着问题入睡，在夜里处理这些问题，”位于芝加哥的拉什大学医学中心(Rush University Medical Center)的神经学荣誉退休教授罗莎琳德卡特赖特(Rosalind Cartwright)说。她曾花了近50年的时间研究睡眠和梦。

Her new book, 'The Twenty-Four Hour Mind,' explains that the mind latches onto some thread of unfinished emotional business from the day. Then, in REM sleep (the rapid eye movement period when most dreaming occurs), it calls up bits of older memories that are somehow related, and melds them together. 'That's why dreams look so peculiar. You have old memories and new memories Scotch-plaided into each other,' she says. 'They are emotional connections rather than logical ones.'

她的新书《24小时思维》(The Twenty-Four Hour Mind)解释说，思想依附于某些白天未完成的情感事务的线索。然后，在快速眼动睡眠(多数梦产生时的快速眼球运动时期)中，它将唤起一些有关系的旧记忆，并将其糅合起来。“这就是为什么梦看来如此奇特。你的旧记忆和新记忆相互交织着”，她说。“这种联系是情感联系，而不是逻辑联系。”

Usually, people work through the most negative emotions first, and their dreams become more positive as the night goes on. (How do researchers know that? 'The old-fashioned way. We wake them up and ask them,' Dr. Cartwright says.)But nightmares interrupt that process; people usually wake up before the frightening emotion is resolved, so the dream keeps repeating.

通常，人们首先解决最负面的情感，当夜渐深时，梦就会变得更积极。(研咳嗽笔侨绾沃勒飧龅?“最老套的方法。我们把他们叫醒，然后问他们，”卡特赖特说。)但是噩梦打断了这个过程;人们通常在恐惧情绪抒解之前醒来，因此梦一直重复。

'Your brain seems to think that it's helping you to prepare, but you don't allow yourself to finish it so it becomes a broken record,' says Shelby Freedman Harris, director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at Montefiore Medical Center in Bronx, N.Y.Dr. Harris's program is one of a small number around the country that helps nightmare sufferers and people with post-traumatic stress disorder learn to rewrite the script of their recurring dreams using a technique called Image Rehearsal Therapy.

“大脑似乎认为这有助于帮助你做好准备，但你不允许自己做完这个梦，因此它会反复出现，”位于纽约州布朗克斯(Bronx)的孟特菲尔医疗中心(Montefiore Medical Center)的行为睡眠医疗项目总监谢尔比弗里德曼哈里斯(Shelby Freedman Harris)说。哈里斯负责的项目是美国为数不多的项目之一，这些项目帮助噩梦患者和创伤后压力心理障碍症患者利用被称为“意象排演治疗”的方法去改变他们反复出现的梦境。

After recalling the nightmare in detail, the dreamer writes out the new script and envisions it several times a day. Dr. Harris says one of her patients had recurring nightmares of being surrounded by sharks. She imagined they were dolphins instead and rehearsed the scene during five sessions, and the nightmares vanished. A young patient having nightmares of being chased turned the pursuer into chocolate and ate him.

在回想起噩梦的细节后，做梦的人写出新的剧本，并在一天中想象几遍。哈里斯说，她的一个病人总是反复做被鲨鱼包围的噩梦。她想像它们是海豚而不是鲨鱼，并在五个疗程中排演这一幕，于是噩梦消失了。一位年轻病人做的噩梦是被人追逐，他把追他的人想象成巧克力，一口吃掉。

'It gives the patient control over the nightmare,' says Dr. Harris. Studies have found that after several sessions practicing with a therapist, some patients dream the new ending just as they envision it, some dream another version of it, and some stop having the nightmare altogether. Can you order up a dream on a specific topic, or can somebody else influence your dreams? Numerous experiments with so-called dream incubation have tried, with mixed results.

“这让病人可以控制噩梦，”哈里斯说。研究发现，由治疗师治疗数个疗程后，有些病人梦到了正如他们所想象的新结局，有些人做了另一个版本的梦，有些人则完全停止做噩梦。你能按意愿做一个特定主题的梦吗?或者，其他人能影响你的梦吗?人们尝试过无数所谓的梦境孵化实验，并得到了不同结论。

'I can control people's dreams. I can get them to dream about videogames by having them play intensely,' says Dr. Stickgold. His studies at Harvard found that when volunteers played the game Tetris for hours a day, 60% reported dreaming about it at least once as they were falling asleep.

“我能控制人们的梦。通过让他们密集地玩视频游戏，我就能使他们梦到视频游戏，”斯蒂克戈尔德说。他在哈佛进行的研究发现，当志愿者一天玩数小时俄罗斯方块时，60%的志愿者报告说他们在睡着时至少梦到过一次俄罗斯方块。

In a follow-up study with the virtual-skiing game Alpine Racer, 14 of 16 students reported seeing skiing images at sleep onset (as did three people who were merely observing the experiment.)

在一项用虚拟滑雪游戏《高山滑雪》(Alpine Racer)进行的后续研究中，16名学生中的14名报告说，他们在刚开始入睡时见到了滑雪的图像(3位只是观察了这个实验的人也是如此)。

It's unclear how far into the night's dreams those images persisted. Dr. Stickgold and colleagues are now repeating the study having subjects play 'Dance, Dance Revolution' and waking them later in the night to ask about their dreams.

至于这些图像在夜晚的梦中持续了多久，仍然不清楚。现在，斯蒂克戈尔德和他的同事重复了这一研究，他们让实验对象玩《劲舞革命》(Dance, Dance Revolution)，然后在夜里叫醒他们，问他们关于梦的问题。

篇2：托福阅读词量是多少

一篇托福阅读词量是多少

1. 托福阅读共三篇文章，每篇700字左右，平均20分钟/篇;

2. 阅读加试一篇文章，20分钟。有经典加试题，考生可提前准备。

阅读对大部分考生来说是托福考试四个科目中难度最低的一项，它是中国考生平均分最高的一项。

托福阅读的针对性备考训练包括两项。一是对做过的每篇文章做精读，彻底弄懂每个词汇每个句子。二是集中性的做错题。

另外，大部分考生做托福阅读做到23分之后就会进入瓶颈期，就是怎么练习都无法再提高分数。这往往是考生的某些弱项，例如某种特定题型或某种特定题材的文章做不好，考生应该找出自己不擅长的题型题材集中地反复做，找出攻克这种题的方法技巧，一般就会有改善。

要想做好阅读，第一分钟是非常重要的，这一分钟要做两件事，一是文章的方向性把握，二是文章分论点的浏览。先看标题，再花30秒左右的时间看第一段，找出其主要内容+方向+指示词。主要内容就是该篇文章要讲的事情。方向就是作者对他所要说的这件事情的态度，分为正面态度和反面态度，比如对事实真假的判断，对事物好坏的判断。指示词即递进或转折词。如果能力再强点可以多看一点，尽可能找出文章中出现的概念和文章行文的逻辑。

托福阅读练习：Silk

Silk is the strongest natural fiber in the world, as far as we know. Scientists long to understand just how exactly the silkworm manages the process of silk weaving, so they can replicate the process in order to manufacture such things as high-strength and high-performance materials for sports and law enforcement.

Though our understanding of the silk-making process is not yet complete, scientists do know that the key to making silk lies in the animal’s careful managing of the water content in its silk glands.

Silk gets its strength from its proteins. Parts of the proteins are hydrophilic, or water-loving; and parts are hydrophobic, or water-fearing. For some time it was a mystery how silkworms managed to convert these proteins into silk threads without the proteins crystallizing before the animal is ready to spin them. Premature crystallization would clog up their silk glands, which would likely prove fatal to the little creatures.

The answer lies in the silkworm’s slowly decreasing the water content in its silk glands and in the proteins’ ability to retain water, keeping the solution soluble up until it is spun. As the water decreases, the water-loving parts of the proteins fold together in chains, forcing the water-fearing parts together.

As the water level continues to drop, the folded chains of silk push together more and more to form larger and larger gel-like structures. All the while the water-loving parts retain enough water so that the solution does not crystallize prematurely, before there is enough of the material to begin spinning.

蚕丝是史上全世界最强韧的天然纤维。长久以来，科学家想知道蚕如何产丝，然后仿效制丝过程，生产高强高性能的运动原材及执法材料。

虽然我们对制丝的整个过程了解的不多，但是科学家可以肯定关键在于蚕如何细心掌控丝腺里的水分。

蚕丝的高强性是因为蛋白质。蛋白质部分是亲水的;部分是疏水的。蚕吐丝前，蛋白质尚未结晶，蚕是如何将蛋白质转换成蚕线一直是个未解之谜。而过早的结晶会阻塞丝腺，蚕很可能为此丧命。

奥秘在于丝腺里的水分逐步流失，而蛋白质可以储存水分，蚕在吐丝前先溶解于水。水分渐渐流失，亲水的蛋白质丝丝缕缕缠绕在一起，将疏水的部分也裹在一起。

水分继续流失，包裹在一起的蚕丝像滚雪球般形成凝胶状。亲水的蛋白质始终储存足够水分避免过早结晶。结晶后，蚕吐出蚕丝。

fiber：纤维

convert：转换

spin ： (蚕)吐丝;过去式spun或 span 过去分词spun 现在分词spinning

fatal:致命的

托福阅读练习：Hormones in the Body

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading：

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

篇3：演讲稿大概需要多少字

演讲稿大概需要多少字

从前辈的讲演经验上讲，我们中国人讲演的习惯语速是分钟160—230字左右，但是语速不是人为既定的，而是取决于演讲内容，演讲习惯和演讲现场各种条件（其中包括观众反映，场合，单独还是轮流演讲，甚至气候和季节等因素）。因为你的演讲是一个整体过程，每一个突发事件将对演讲的进程产生微妙的影响。

通常，抒情式演讲的语速比较慢，语气高低起伏，比如160字/分钟，则15分钟演讲要2500字左右。如果是半学术性质的，一般比较严肃，不需要过多的感情—色彩，加上通常会配以事例说明，综合起来大概200/分钟，在3000—3500字即可。

其实，我要说的是，如果你的演讲水平比较高，大抵不应该受字数限制。因为一个良好的演说家，经常明白自己的任务是什么，也就是说它可以在自己可控制的时间内，在基本腹稿的基础上旁征博引，恰当的调动现场的气氛来帮助自己的演讲达到很好的效果。

因此，长期的练习和吸取经验见识才是演讲者的.法宝。记住，如果你的讲演完全是自己一个人在讲，没有现场听众的反应，将是失败的。我的建议是，在你的演讲内容里适时适当加入一些活跃元素，以及吸引听众互动的内容。这样你的听众就会成为讲演的一部分，你的演讲也会逐渐焕发光彩。

篇4：留学美国费用大概需要多少

留学美国费用大概需要多少

去美国大学的学费，公立与私立大学差异是很大的。美国留学费用算上学费，再加上生活费、保险费等费用，赴美国留学一年的费用大概在1.5万美元―5万美元之间。

美国留学一年的学费和杂费：$10000-$2

留学美国的学费是以一个学年计算，约从每年9月到来年5月，共9个月；有些大学还提供暑期课程（6月-8月）。一些大学学费是统一的，有一些则根据学时收费。每个学校对外籍学生的收费有所不同。杂费大致包括：综合医疗保险费$300-$500、学生活动费$100-$300.

美国留学一年的`书本和必需品费：平均$500

学校会估算每学年的书本和必需品的美国留学费用。如果您计划学习的领域需要专门的必需品，如机械、艺术、电影，您的消费就要比普通的高。

美国留学一年的膳食和宿舍费：平均$5000

一些学校要求学生住在学校宿舍，至少第一年是这样。也有一些学校，学生可以走读。走读生比住校生省钱，但增加了交通费。学校设定的膳食是学校食堂提供的常规食物。宿舍费用是指明双人合住一室，需要了解住宿费是否已包括床上用品（被子、枕头、毯子）和基本的寝室服务。倘若您暑期住校，食宿费用的预算需增加三个月。

美国留学一年的费用之交通费：平均$600

学校的交通费预算通常不包括您在美国和中国之间的国际旅费，所以您得加上这一段的双程费用。如果您计划由住读改为走读，那您得负担当地的交通费用。

美国留学一年个人耗费费：平均$1000

这些花费包括基本生活用品、服务、活动等，如洗衣服、看电影、做运动。另外需包括健康保险。如果您有眷属或特殊的医疗需要，您的生活费将增加很多。

综上所述，美国留学一年的费用要20多万，美国留学费用在所有留学国家中属于比较高的，对于要留学美国的学生来说，如果完全自费的话，家庭负担也是很大的。所以提醒学生在决定赴美国留学前，要做好经济预算。

以上是留学美国费用大概需要多少，希望能对有意赴美国留学的学生有所帮助。如有更多美国留学问题，欢迎咨询育路出国留学专家。

篇5：托福大作文的字数大概多少字左右

托福大作文的字数大概多少字左右

对于托福的综合写作来说，对于字数的要求并非想象中的那么苛刻。只要考生所写内容可以回答考题，不会因为超过规定字数而扣分。但是一些托友的经验来说，好文章的字数一般在300到350字左右。

在ETS公布的相同题目的其他范文中，也出现了字数很少、错误较多的1分范例，因此大家不必对字数过于恐慌，只要超过ETS的最低标准，并且在内容上稍有发挥并使之富于细节，分数一般就不会低。而针对着文章的字数，ETS也曾指出：考生所写内容能回答考题，考生不会因为超出规定的字数而被扣分。在此就能看出，考生可以在规定的时间内尽其所能地写，但写的内容要切题。

字数超了会扣分吗?

很多同学有提到，综合写作部分字数不能超225个词。很多不太会归纳总结的考试就很痛苦，“我描述一下阅读部分，再描述一下听力部分，做个小比较，一段的字数就已经七八十了，再加个开头结尾，这势必要超啊”。这里我们可以参考OG里的描述：

Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what your writing answers the question.

也就是说只要你是在回答问题，多写是不会扣分的。而什么叫做回答问题呢?是不是整合听力和阅读材料呢?

You will receive a score of zero if all you do is copy words from the reading passage. You will receive a score of 1 if you write ONLY about the reading passage. To respond successfully, you must do your best to write about the ways the points in the lecture are related to specific points in the reading.

如果你照抄阅读材料的内容的话，你会得到一个0分;如果你只描述了阅读材料的内容而没有比较听力材料的话，你会得到一个1分;你必须指明听力部分的观点，并联系阅读材料作比较。

托福写作实用技巧丨注意细节慎用长句

一.托福写作技巧之注意细节

出现My brother, friend的时候要加上名字，出现university的时候要给上名字，给出事例的时候要给出时间地点人物，没人愿意看“我的弟弟去了一个大学，然后再大学里交了很多朋友，后来去了公司里那些朋友成为了他的财富”，而“我的弟弟Dan去了Upenn读书，在学校里认识了Jeff、Dennis等好朋友，而他后来去Google公司工作的时候发现了他们成为了自己一生宝贵的财富”比上面那句好了很多。实在要写流水账也要写出细节和感觉。

二.托福写作技巧之慎用长句

用长句都有两个问题，一个是很多考生的水平不够，这样就很难写出语法没有错误、以及意思表达准确的长句出来，语法错误、还有几个逗号连用、以及还有倒装从句混合是经常的。二个是看essay的人也是人，并且还经常是那种大学生研究生，压根就没人愿意去看长句混在起的文章，短句往往更讨人喜欢，并且短句的表达意思更加清晰，准确。

三.托福写作技巧之自圆其说

这个问题尤其出现在例子的应用上面，很多考生对于想要引用的例子并不是十分清楚，就自己按照一个模糊的印象进行描述。这是非常危险的事。专家建议考生在备考的时候，对于自己想要用的例子，一定要有一个清晰的了解。

四..托福写作技巧之不懈自身事例

应用自己的事例最重要的问题是主观性太大，没有太多的代表性。尤其是，对于自己的例子，考生提前准备的几率并不大，所以如果没有对文章结构等的把握能力，最好不要用。

五.托福写作技巧之重积累

这个就是老生常谈了，写作是最需要平时积累的，无论是论述和方法还是论点的新颖与否，或者是例子的应用。

托福独立写作丨如何写好独立写作结尾段?

一.托福独立写作之建议性结尾

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve theproblem.Toefl

这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢?

更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

二.托福独立写作之结论性结尾

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，你就可以拿高分了，比如下面的例子：

Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise frompoliteness and respect for others.

更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we canfind that…

托福写作真题回忆范文：竞争关系是否影响友谊?

Competition is thought to inhibit the development of a friendship. This idea is not unreasonable. There are cases where friends split up because one wins and the other loses. However, despite the many break-ups, I remain optimistic.

竞争被认为阻碍了友谊的发展。这个想法不无道理。有些情况下，朋友分手是因为一方赢，另一方输。然而，尽管有很多分手，我仍然保持乐观。

When a person believes that competition is favorable to a friendship, the immediate idea is that competition enables two individuals to better know each other. To win a contest, one must study the other—his or her character and personality. As a result, mutual understanding, which may be in-depth as the study goes on, will develop, laying a firm foundation for the friendship.

当一个人认为竞争有利于友谊时，最直接的想法是竞争使两个个人更好地了解对方。要赢得比赛，一个人必须研究另一个人——他或她的性格和个性。因此，随着学习的深入，相互了解会不断加深，为友谊打下坚实的基础。

Without denying the aforementioned reason, we should find reasons that matter more. First, competition tests a friendship. In other words, whether a friendship is authentic is not certain unless the relationship goes through the competition between two people. It is only if a person, either winning or losing, respect rather than despising the other or being green with envy that the friendship is true. For example, a friend of mine always achieve higher academically than I do. However, never do I for this reason feel disgruntled, and he never looks down upon me. Instead, thanks to the numerous competitions during the years that challenge our relationship, we are aware of that our friendship is unbreakable.

在不否认上述理由的前提下，我们应该找到更重要的理由。首先，竞争考验友谊。换句话说，一段友谊是否真实并不确定，除非这段关系经历了两个人之间的竞争。只有当一个人，无论是赢是输，尊重而不是轻视对方，或者是嫉妒，友谊才是真实的。例如，我的一个朋友总是取得比我更高的学术成就。然而，我从来没有因为这个原因感到不满，他从来没有看不起我。相反，由于多年来无数的竞争挑战了我们的关系，我们意识到我们的友谊是牢不可破的。

In addition, a friendship is likely and sound only between two people who are able to compete with each other.

此外，友谊很有可能也只有在两个人之间才能建立起来。

In conclusion, the competitive relationship does not diminish a friendship, as long as the two rivals do not resent but respect one another. The reasons, stated above, could not be clearer.

总之，竞争关系不会削弱友谊，只要两个竞争对手不怨恨，而是互相尊重。上述原因再清楚不过了。

篇6：托福阅读词数多少

托福阅读词数多少

1. 托福阅读共三篇文章，每篇700字左右，平均20分钟/篇;

2. 阅读加试一篇文章，20分钟。有经典加试题，考生可提前准备。

阅读对大部分考生来说是托福考试四个科目中难度最低的一项，它是中国考生平均分最高的一项。

托福阅读的针对性备考训练包括两项。一是对做过的每篇文章做精读，彻底弄懂每个词汇每个句子。二是集中性的做错题。

托福阅读练习：2030年人类将需要两个地球

Humans are overusing the planet's resources and will need two Earths by 2030，a new report warns.

一份新报告警示：由于人类过度的使用地球上的资源，到2030年人类将需要两个地球。

According to the Report， human demands on natural resources have doubled in under 50 years and are now outstripping what the Earth can provide by more than half; and humanity carries on as it is in use of resources， globally it will need the capacity of two Earths by 2030.

该报告指出，人类对自然资源的需求量在不到50年内翻了一番，目前已超出地球供应能力的一半。如果人类继续以这种方式消耗资源的话，到2030年，人类需要两个地球才能满足对资源的需求量。

Wildlife in tropical countries is also under huge pressure， with populations of species falling by 60 per cent in three decades.

热带国家的一些野生动植物也承受着巨大的压力，在30年内，动植物的种类已经下降了60%.

And the report， from the WWF， the Zoological Society of London and the Global Footprint Network， said that British people are still consuming far more than the Earth can cope with.

该由世界自然基金会、伦敦动物学会和环球足迹网络共同完成报告指出，英国人资源的消耗量远远仍然超出了地球的的供应量。

If everyone lived such a lifestyle， humans would need 2.75 planets to survive.

如果每个人都过这样的生活方式，人类恐怕需要2.75个行星来维持生存。

The study's authors looked at 8，000 populations of 2，500 species and studied the change in land use and water consumption across the globe.

做该研究的人观察了2500多个物种、8000个种群的生存状况，并研究了全球范围内的土地使用以及水资源消耗的变化情况。

Britain comes 31st in a list of countries based on their 'ecological footprint' - the amount of land and sea each person needs to provide the food， clothes and other products they consume and to absorb the carbon dioxide they emit.

在关于“生命的足迹”这一多个国家排名中，英国位于第31位。“生命的足迹”指每个人维持生存所需的衣食和其他消费品以及吸收一个人排出的二氧化碳所占用的土地和海洋的面积。

The country has fallen down the league table from having the 15th biggest footprint in the last report two years ago， but WWF attributes this to an increase in other countries' impact rather than a reduction in the UK's use of resources.

英国已经从两年前“生命的足迹”排名的第15名下降了。但是世界自然基金会认为是其他国家影响力的增加而不是英国资源消耗的减少导致这一现象的。

This report also carried a warning about the loss of wildlife and ecosystems which people depend on for food， fuel， clean water and other resources - with populations of species declining by 30 per cent worldwide between 1970 and .

该报告也对动植物种类的减少以及生态环境的破坏做出了警告：这是人类获取食物，燃料和其他资源源泉，然而在1970年到之间，世界范围内的动植物的种类已经下降了30%.

So we should be responsible for our actions. Save our “neighbors” and live harmoniously with them. let “green” become our guidebook and lead us to a right direction.

所以我们应该为自己的动作负责，救助我们的邻居，和它们一起和谐的生活，并且让“绿色”成为我们生活的准则，指引我们走向一条正确的路。

托福阅读文章的练习：THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

The geologic timescale is marked by significantgeologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billionyears ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin ofeukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei) about 1.5billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago. Thelast event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animals originatedrelatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last 10 percent of Earth’shistory. During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, all modern animalgroups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved. This rapidorigin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “the Cambrianexplosion.”

Scientists have asked important questions about thisexplosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history ofEarth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple stepcompared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not documentthe series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why didanimal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossilrecord for answers to these questions.

One interpretation regarding theabsence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that earlyanimals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization ofsoft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals,but it does occur. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animalsinclude very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment thatdiscourages decomposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animalshave been known for many years.

The Ediacara fossil formation, whichcontains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodiedforms. Although named after a site in Australia, the Ediacara formation isworldwide in distribution and dates to Precambrian times. This700-million-year-old formation gives few clues to the origins of modern animals,however, because paleontologists believe it represents an evolutionaryexperiment that failed. It contains no ancestors of modern animalgroups.

A slightly younger fossil formation containing animal remains isthe Tommotian formation, named after a locale in Russia. It dates to the veryearly Cambrian period, and it also contains only soft-bodied forms. At one time,the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animalgroups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils representunique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared beforethe end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

Athird fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animalsprovides evidence of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossilformation, called the Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the CanadianRocky Mountains of British Columbia. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mudslides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favoredfossilization. These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animalgroups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from anymodern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups.These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called Anomalocarisand a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae. TheBurgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives ofmodern animal groups. For example, a well-known Burgess Shale animal calledSidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (acategory of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, andcrabs).

Fossil formations like the Burgess Shale show that evolutioncannot always be thought of as a slow progression. The Cambrian explosioninvolved rapid evolutionary diversification, followed by the extinction of manyunique animals. Why was this evolution so rapid? No one really knows. Manyzoologists believe that it was because so many ecological niches were availablewith virtually no competition from existing species. Will zoologists ever knowthe evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion? Perhaps another ancientfossil bed of soft-bodied animals from 600-million-year-old seas is awaitingdiscovery.

Paragraph1: The geologic timescale is marked bysignificant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, theorigin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei)about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion yearsago. The last event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animalsoriginated relatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last 10 percentof Earth’s history. During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, allmodern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved.This rapid origin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “theCambrian explosion。

托福阅读实用提分指南!

第一要义是把问题读懂

在某种程度上，把问题读懂比把文章读懂更重要。托福阅读除了词汇题、句子插入题和归纳题不需要读问题，其他题目都需要读懂问题。读问题看两点：对应段和关键词。先看问题考的哪一段，把那段读完;再看是考的这一段的什么，是一个概念还是解释某一现象的原因，是实验结果还是实验中的一个细节。读懂了问题，脑海中对于这个问题的考点立即定位了刚才阅读的内容，再去读选项就非常容易选了。

特别需要注意的是排除题，这类题目问题中一定会出现大写的EXCEPT，选择时要选问题不考察的/跟问题不相关的选项。如果你做题时发现有两个甚至三个选项都看着好像对，纠结选哪一个时，不妨找一下问题中有没有出现EXCEPT，很可能你漏看了!

注意区分paragraph和passage

前者指的是文章中的一个自然段，后者指的是整个文章。非词汇题的题目中如果出现了passage则意味着答案可能在全文的任一个段落。

一般来说上一题答案在文中出现的位置必然比下一题答案在文中出现的位置靠前。知道这一点是非常有用的，可以缩小寻找答案的范围。但是有一个情况例外：当题目(非词汇题)中出现了passage，则这个题答案的位置可能在上一题答案位置之后，但也可能在上一题甚至上几题答案的位置之前。

跟随题目读文章

简而言之就是题目考哪一段就读哪一段，跟着题目的顺序读完全文。托福阅读的题目设置非常有秩序，一定是从文章的第一段开始出题，顺着往下走。开始做题时先看题目对应的哪一段，然后不看题目，把对应段读完、读通、读懂，再去做题，你会发现题目一读就懂，选项意思也清晰明了。先读对应段的好处就是让原文在大脑中先入为主，避免了先读题看选项时大脑一片混乱的情况。读完对应段再读题目，这时大脑中对应段是“主”，题目和选项内容是“客”，以“主”的内容甄别“客”的真假，自然就能选对了。

当然，这种方法难免遇到漏看某一段文章的情况，这就要求在做两道题之间检查一下有没有跳过一段，如果跳过了，把跳过的这段和题目要考的那段连起来读。基本上顺着题目读，能对整篇文章的意思了如指掌，每一段也能清楚讲的什么，等做到了最后一道题(归纳题)，根本不用再读文章了。

需要注意的是，以上方法只是托福的应试技巧，并不一定适合其他英文阅读。

技巧性的做题

根据关键词定位

分析题目后定位题目中的关键词，然后根据关键词去文章中找所需要的信息从而选出答案。要注意的是，有时可以根据关键词在原文中找到含有关键词的所需信息;有时关键词在原文中会以“整形”后的面目出现(被同义改写)。所以根据关键词去文中找信息的时候不可以过于死板，要知道原文中的关键词和题目中的关键词未必一模一样!我们在文中需要寻找的是和题目中的关键词意思近似或基本对等的词。比如，government role和government responsibility就基本是对等的。

选项分析排除法

每个问题的四个选项，或者是歪曲原文，或者与原文毫不相干。换句话说，命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏，用各种表达形式让考生晕头转向、雾里看花。考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪，找到合符文章意思和题意的选项。

有时仅仅可以通过读题目、选项就可以排除一些错误选项，从而提高准确率和做题效率。