雅思阅读逻辑关系
“zc3384888”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了10篇雅思阅读逻辑关系,以下是小编整理后的雅思阅读逻辑关系,希望能够帮助到大家。
篇1:雅思阅读逻辑关系
雅思阅读逻辑关系
类比(compare)强调两个对象的相似点,比如A和B的相同点是什么。而对比(contrast)则强调两个对象的不同点,比如A很高B却很低。
接下来,让我们从剑桥真题中看看,有哪些考点会涉及到类比和对比。
类比连接词
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike,likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble,agree,share,harmony,compare to/with …, comparable
例题1 题目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻译 :
有些塑料是“热塑型”的,这意味着,它们像蜡烛一样,会在加热时会融化,然后就可以重新塑形。
解析:
定位后,利用题中类比词in a similar way to, 可以找到文中对应词like, 也就是统一替换,答案就是candlewax了。
例题2 题目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph:
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data…
翻译 :
另一方面,考古学家发现的这些物体本身并没有告诉我们什么。 从这个方面说来,考古学家的实践经历跟科学家非常像,他们收集数据,操作实验,制定假说,用假说检验更多的数据。
解析:
审题时重点关注题中类比词compare ... to …,定位后,可以找到文中替换词rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例题3 题目 C10’11 Q11 表格填空
Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 :
It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
翻译 :
它实际上长的像一个水库(kund意味着水库或池塘)而不是一个井,但却展示了梯井结构的特点,包括下降到底部的四个阶梯面,这四面拥有着绝美的几何对称图案。
解析:
审题时关注类比词like,定位后,发现resemble,意思相当于look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
对比连接词
while, however, nevertheless,otherwise,whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike,different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ,be distinct from sth…
例题1 题目 C10’23 Q37 判断
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
文章 :
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function.
翻译 :
因此,主流的批判方法成为艺术史学家的批判方式,这是一种专门的学术方法,致力于发现在当时的文化背景下艺术的意义。这与博物馆的功能达到了完美一致。
解析:
审题时获取考点词conflict,正是对比连接词,定位后发现in harmony with,意思是“与……协调、一致”,所以二者并非矛盾,而是一致的,因此答案选NO。
例题2 题目 C11’32 Q18 判断
Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
文章 :
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
翻译 :
Dingle认为,他定义的价值在于它将注意力集中于在牛羚迁徙现象与蚜虫迁徙现象的共同点上,因而有助于指导研究人员了解进化是如何将它们制造出来的。
解析:
审题关注到判断题对比词aim is to distinguish, 定位后,对应到原文中的focuses attention on,发现类比词share,表示“共享,公用”,与题目的distinguish“区分”意思冲突,所以答案选择FALSE。
一般来说,阅读方面通过句子意思、句子关系、段落意思、段落关系的方法来理解文章的逻辑和要表达的观点非常关键。
关于逻辑关系的利用在剑桥真题实例不胜枚举,雅思阅读当中涉及到的比较级考点的题目还是很多的,建议大家在平时训练的时候,认真分析、总结并利用这些策略。
雅思阅读材料:出题特点及解题步骤
一、出题特点
1. 永远位于文章之前
段落标题配对题是的一个位于文章之前的题型,这意味着考官建议考生事先完成这种题型。因为对文章主旨的把握有助于考生更好地寻找文章中的细节。
2. 选项以短语形式出现,数量大于段落数,且为乱序
在 List of headings 中,选项都是以一个短语的形式出现的,考生需要从中选出最能够概括一个段落大意或者主要内容的短语。出于干扰的需要,选项中一定会有若干干扰选项,需要考生去鉴别。另外选项全部是打乱顺序的,即与文章的顺序不一致。
3. 个别题目中会有示例;选项不可能重复使用
个别文章中,题目中会有一个 Example ,会提示某一段的答案。由于选项不可能出现一个选项使用两次的情况,因此这个给出的答案即可以排除。
二、解题步骤
1. 浏览文章
如果文章有标题、副标题、图片、小标题,则必须在做题之前仔细进行阅读,因为这些内容往往暗示了文章的主题,这对于考生把握全文大意、排除干扰选项会有一定的帮助。
2. 划掉示例中的选项
由于选项不可能被重复使用,因此 Example 中的选项不可能再次出现,故没有必要浪费时间去阅读这部分内容。所以直接在这个选项上划叉即可。另外,对于某些记忆力不好的考生来说,也可以把这个选项所对应的段落做上记号,以免误读从而浪费时间。
3. 阅读所有选项,标出关键词
由于选项是乱序,因此如果先读文章再去找选项,就有可能出现每读一个段落,就要通读一遍所有的选项这样的问题,发现把所有的选项读了数遍。因此,建议考生在阅读文章之前就先把所有选项仔细阅读一遍,并且划出关键词以便记忆。
雅思阅读材料:如何经营持久的爱情
If you’re in a long term relationship or marriage, you know that it’s not always easy to keep that warm glow of freshness and excitement alive in your relationship.
假如你有固定伴侣,或早已迈入婚姻殿堂,你便能体会到:在感情中,若想保持起初的新鲜和刺激感,可不是一件容易的事。
After the first bout of heady romantic love is gone, everyday sameness settles into any relationship.
当最初那阵令人迷醉又转瞬即逝的浪漫散去,你们的小日子里便渐渐开始被日复一日的枯燥所占据了。
And unless you’re making conscious efforts to keep things hot, soon boredom and tedium takes the shine off one of the most special relationships of your life, making it feel like just another chore. So what are these conscious efforts that you can make?
除非刻意保持新鲜感,否则这段生命中最特别的关系将会被无聊和单调抹去它原有的光辉,使你厌倦不堪。那么,该如何来有意识地避免这种事发生?
Here are some of the tricks my husband and I frequently use to keep things as new and happening as our first few days.
我和我的丈夫是通过以下的几个小技巧,来保持两人间的新鲜感的。
1. Surprise Surprise!
惊喜!惊喜!
Couples spend weeks – sometimes months – planning for the next birthday/anniversary gift for their spouse/significant other.
通常,俩口子会一起计划下一个生日/纪念日怎么过,以及送给对方什么礼物。这事儿可能要花上几星期、甚至几个月来完成。
Have you ever thought how you can magically sweep your partner off their feet with a fraction of that effort on an ordinary day?
不过,你有没有想过在一个平凡的日子里,突然给对方一个大惊喜呢?
Nothing works like giving tiny, simple – and most importantly, unexpected – surprises to each other in keeping the air of freshness and novelty in your relationship.
若想帮助情感保鲜,没什么比送给对方一个出其不意又意义重大的小礼物更好的办法了。
2. Romantic texts
发浪漫短信
A great thing about those “I miss you kitten” texts you used to send each other in the initial days of your relationship is the juvenile excitement in them.
我们在恋爱初期,之所以钟情于互发“想你啦,宝贝”之类的短信,是因为它能带给我们一种青涩的甜蜜。
You need that back right now. OK, it may not be 10 times a day like back then – but can you text him/her randomly, suddenly and romantically on some random ordinary day?
现在的你们也需要它。没必要像以前那样,一发就十几条,但你也可以在平日里偶尔“肉麻”一下嘛。
The smile it brings on their lips will spread its glow for quite some time in your relationship – until the next time you do the same, that is.
当你的爱人看到短信,他们不自觉的微笑将蔓延开来,为你们的感情增添一道明亮色彩。如此反复,爱将日益坚固。
篇2:雅思阅读逻辑关系解读
剑雅真题实例解析 ,雅思阅读逻辑关系
在雅思阅读的比较逻辑关系中,比较级是常见的论证方式,但是类比和对比也是英语文章中非常常见的论证手段,一般涉及到单个事物或若干个事物之间的比较,但这两种方法却有着本质上的不同。
类比(compare)强调两个对象的相似点,比如A和B的相同点是什么。而对比(contrast)则强调两个对象的不同点,比如A很高B却很低。
接下来,让我们从剑桥真题中看看,有哪些考点会涉及到类比和对比。
类比连接词
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike,likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble,agree,share,harmony,compare to/with …, comparable
例题1 题目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻译 :
有些塑料是“热塑型”的,这意味着,它们像蜡烛一样,会在加热时会融化,然后就可以重新塑形。
解析:
定位后,利用题中类比词in a similar way to, 可以找到文中对应词like, 也就是统一替换,答案就是candlewax了。
例题2 题目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph:
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data…
翻译 :
另一方面,考古学家发现的这些物体本身并没有告诉我们什么。 从这个方面说来,考古学家的实践经历跟科学家非常像,他们收集数据,操作实验,制定假说,用假说检验更多的数据。
解析:
审题时重点关注题中类比词compare ... to …,定位后,可以找到文中替换词rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例题3 题目 C10’11 Q11 表格填空
Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 :
It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
翻译 :
它实际上长的像一个水库(kund意味着水库或池塘)而不是一个井,但却展示了梯井结构的特点,包括下降到底部的四个阶梯面,这四面拥有着绝美的几何对称图案。
解析:
审题时关注类比词like,定位后,发现resemble,意思相当于look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
.对比连接词
while, however, nevertheless,otherwise,whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike,different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ,be distinct from sth…
例题1 题目 C10’23 Q37 判断
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
文章 :
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function.
翻译 :
因此,主流的批判方法成为艺术史学家的批判方式,这是一种专门的学术方法,致力于发现在当时的文化背景下艺术的意义。这与博物馆的功能达到了完美一致。
解析:
审题时获取考点词conflict,正是对比连接词,定位后发现in harmony with,意思是“与……协调、一致”,所以二者并非矛盾,而是一致的,因此答案选NO。
例题2 题目 C11’32 Q18 判断
Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
文章 :
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
翻译 :
Dingle认为,他定义的价值在于它将注意力集中于在牛羚迁徙现象与蚜虫迁徙现象的共同点上,因而有助于指导研究人员了解进化是如何将它们制造出来的。
解析:
审题关注到判断题对比词aim is to distinguish, 定位后,对应到原文中的focuses attention on,发现类比词share,表示“共享,公用”,与题目的distinguish“区分”意思冲突,所以答案选择FALSE。
一般来说,阅读方面通过句子意思、句子关系、段落意思、段落关系的方法来理解文章的逻辑和要表达的观点非常关键。
关于逻辑关系的利用在剑桥真题实例不胜枚举,雅思阅读当中涉及到的比较级考点的题目还是很多的,建议大家在平时训练的时候,认真分析、总结并利用这些策略。
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.
2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.
3. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.
4. “This is a big step forward,” says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, “it has been ignored rather than criticized.”
5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
6. But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).
7. Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.
8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.
9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. “The question is whether this is possible in the nose,” says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.
10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, “I didn't believe it”. But, he adds, “because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right.” Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.
11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.
12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.
13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. “So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed.”
14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. “At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations,” he says. “Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition.” At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案。
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales
1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.
3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.
5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.
6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.
7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.
2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.
3. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.
4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.
5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.
6. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
Questions 7-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.
8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.
9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.
10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.
11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.
12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.
Answer keys:
1. 答案:(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行:Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案:expensive. (第1段第4 行: Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案:impulse buying. (第2段第1 句:At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案:other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句:Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案:screen. (第3段第4 行:As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案:discounts. (第4段第第1句:Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. 答案:NO. (第4段第3、4 句:The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语 “get under way”的意思是“开始进行”,在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)
8. 答案:NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)
9. 答案:YES。 (第5段第3 句:The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.)
10. 答案:NO。 (第5段最后两句:When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“显著的、明显的”)
11. 答案:YES。 (第6段第1 句:In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
12. 答案:YES。 (最后一段最后一句:Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分
篇3:雅思阅读7大逻辑关系
雅思阅读7大逻辑关系-判断题中的比较逻辑
在很多烤鸭的眼中,当阅读题干出现比较关系时,就很容易在 FALSE 与 NOT GIVEN 之间傻傻分不清楚。
或者认为,如果答案为TRUE,就一定意味着原文出现比较级或最高级。但事实如此吗?
Of course not.
实际上,在阅读题目当中,比较关系有显性和隐性之分,直接出现比较级的形式只是显性比较关系的体现。
除此之外,还有一些隐性比较关系的情况会出现在题目当中。今天,我们来罗列以下三种情况:动词、数值以及变化。
1. 动词
一般情况下,表示 上升下降 类型的动词也可以表达比较关系。
例:
题目:There are more people than before.
原文:The population is increasing.
这道题目的答案很显然是true。虽然原文并没有直接出现比较级,但是increase这个趋势性的动词体现出了人口一直增长的含义,意味着靠后时间的人口数量一定大于靠前时间的人口数量,比较关系成立。
同样的道理,如果原文表示的是The population is decreasing,而题目信息表示There are fewer people than before,这个对应关系仍然成立。
2. 数值
除了动词的对应之外,出现不同数字的罗列也可以表达比较关系。
例:
题目:A is older than B.
原文:A is 2 years old and B is 3 years old.
这个例子也非常简单,答案是False。
在题干信息中出现了关于年龄大小的比较级,而原文只是出现了两个不同的年龄数字。
但是这个简单数字大小的对比结果对于大家而言都是显而易见的。
3. 变化
在了解了动词和数字所对应的比较情况后,我们再来看一看变化类的词,所体现的比较考点。
例:
题目:The population has changed.
原文:There are more people than before.
这道题目区别于之前的例题,在题干信息中只体现了变化的概念,但是变化性对应到原文当中,可能会出现比较级或是其他比较关系的对应。
比如,在上述例题中,原文中表示现在的人比过去的人多,题目表示人数发生了变化,这类信息对应关系成立,答案为True。
所以总结一下:比较考点是雅思阅读判断题最常见的考点之一,甚至在诸如配对题这样的难题中也十分常见。
很多同学在做题时,会盲目认为比较级是比较关系的唯一体现。
但事实上,除了比较级这种显性的比较关系之外,还有一部分诸如动词、数值对比以及变化性词汇的使用,都有可能对应比较关系。
大家在备考的时候一定要注意拓展自己的思维,了解核心逻辑考点,同时掌握重要逻辑关系在不同题型中的作用,不要被原文固定化的思路局限,影响答题噢~~
最后:如果大家感觉自己备考毫无章法,可以来参加桃子老师的免费训练营,每天不仅有老师精挑细选的题型做练习,还可以听各科公开课进行学习,孤军奋战不如和一群同在备考一线的小伙伴一起备考哦~
雅思阅读精读 | When new grows old
When new grows old (1)
————————————
Artists working with technology struggle to stay current
In 1968 the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London held an exhibition called “Cybernetic Serendipity”, Britain’s first show exploring connections between art and new technology.
It was hugely popular and in hindsight, well timed.
It coincided with two crucial developments in the relationship between art and technology: the pop-art movement, which was demolishing boundaries between high art and everyday life,and ARPANET, the computer-to-computer network which would become the internet.
The internet has continued to erode established notions of what qualifies as art,and who can claim to be an artist.
New categories flourish: net.art,new media art, the New Aesthetic, internet art, post-internet art.
Online-only sales and exhibitions are increasingly common, as is art existing solely in digital form,bought and sold through websites such as Electric Objects (on a mission “to put digital art on a wall in every home”).
Successful careers and expensive collections are built using social media, such as Instagram, the image- and video-sharing app that has users posting 80m photographs a day.
“Electronic Superhighway”, a new show at the White chapel Gallery in London,
looks at how artist shave responded to technology and change.
The exhibition, which takes its name from a phrase coined in 1974 by Nam June Paik, a video artist,to describe the potential of telecommunication systems, is arranged in reverse chronological order.
This calls particular attention to how quickly technologies become obsolete,and how art tied to those forms ages with it.
词汇与表达
hindsight
understanding the nature of an event after it has happened
n. 后见之明
coincide with
meet with
符合
demolish
destroy completely
vt. 破坏
erode
become ground down or deteriorate
vt. 腐蚀,侵蚀
qualify
prove capable or fit; meet requirements
vi. 取得资格,有资格
claim to be
regard oneself as
自称
phrase
an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence
n. 短语
coin
make up
vt. 杜撰,创造
telecommunication system
a communication system for communicating at a distance
通信系统
chronological
relating to or arranged according to temporal order
adj. 按年代顺序排列的
obsolete
old; no longer in use or valid or fashionable
adj. 废弃的;老式的
长句翻译
Successful careers and expensive collections are built using social media,such as Instagram,the image- and video-sharing app that has users posting 80m photographs a day.
语法点:
定语从句
翻译:
通过社交媒体,比如Instagram,一种用户每天会上传8千万照片的图像和视频分享软件,许多成功的事业和高昂的展览都发展起来了。
雅思考试阅读理解备考辅导
A Canary in the Coal Mine
The Arctic seems to be getting warmer. So what?
A. “Climate change in the Arctic is a reality now!” So insists Robert Corell, an oceanographer with the American Meteorological Society. Wild-eyed proclamations are all too common when it comes to global warming, but in this case his assertion seems well founded.
B. At first sight, the ACIA’s (American Construction Inspectors Association) report’s conclusions are not so surprising. After all, scientists have long suspected that several factors lead to greater temperature swings at the poles than elsewhere on the planet. One is albedo — the posh scientific name for how much sunlight is absorbed by a planet’s surface, and how much is reflected. Most of the Polar Regions are covered in snow and ice, which are much more reflective than soil or ocean. If that snow melts, the exposure of dark earth (which absorbs heat) acts as a feedback loop that accelerates warming. A second factor that makes the poles special is that the atmosphere is thinner there than at the equator, and so less energy is required to warm it up. A third factor is that less solar energy is lost in evaporation at the frigid poles than in the steamy tropics.
C. And yet the language of this week’s report is still eye-catching: “the Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.” The last authoritative assessment of the topic was done by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in . That report made headlines by predicting a rise in sea level of between 10cm (four inches) and 90cm, and a temperature rise of between 1.4°C and 5.8°C over this century. However, its authors did not feel confident in predicting either rapid polar warming or the speedy demise of the Greenland ice sheet. Pointing to evidence gathered since the IPCC report, this week’s report suggests trouble lies ahead.
D. The ACIA reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world. Skeptics argue that there are places, such as the high latitudes of the Greenland ice sheet and some buoys at sea, where temperatures seem to have fallen. On the other hand, there are also places, such as parts of Alaska, where they have risen far faster than average. Robin Bell, a geophysicist at Columbia University who was not involved in the report’s compilation, believes that such conflicting local trends point to the value of the international, interdisciplinary approach of this week’s report. As he observes, “climate change, like the weather, can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”
E. And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA’s case. For example, the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of sea ice, a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals that depend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season. The most worrying finding, however, is the evidence — still preliminary — that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.
F. That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week’s report. Like a canary in a coal mine, the hypersensitive Polar Regions may well experience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does. However, there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedly rapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate change elsewhere on the planet.
G. Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One is that huge amounts of methane, a particularly potent greenhouse gas, are stored in the permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests to invade the tundra, which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that is going on (since trees capture carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas most talked about in the context of climate change), a melting of the permafrost might also lead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere, more than offsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.
H. Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation in ways that are not fully understood. One link in the chain is the salinity of seawater, which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial melt waters. “Because fresh water and salt water have different densities, this ‘freshening’ of the ocean could change circulation patterns.” said Dr. Thomson, a British climate expert. “The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt, a current which brings warm water from the tropics to north-western Europe, and which is responsible for that region’s unusually mild winters,” he added. Some of the ACIA’s experts are fretting over evidence of reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adversely affect this current.
I. The biggest popular worry, though, is that melting Arctic ice could lead to a dramatic rise in sea level. Here, a few caveats are needed. For a start, much of the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already. Archimedes’s principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea’s level, although it would change its albedo. Second, if land ice, such as that covering Greenland, does melt in large quantities, the process will take centuries. And third, although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise, the main way they believe this will happen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.
J. Nevertheless, there is some cause for nervousness. As the ACIA researchers document, there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheet might be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in the sheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base, explains Michael Oppenheimer, a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of the report’s authors. That water may act as a lubricant, speeding up the sheet’s movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted, the sea might rise by 6-7 meters. But when will this kind of disastrous ice disintegration really happen? While acknowledging it this century is still an unlikely outcome, Dr. Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is more likely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warming trend may yet push the ice melt beyond an “irreversible on / off switch”.
K. That is scary stuff, but some scientists remain unimpressed. Patrick Michaels, a climatologist at the University of Virginia, complains about the ACIA’s data selection, which he believes may have produced evidence of “spurious warming”. He also points out, in a new book, that even if Arctic temperatures are rising, that need not lead directly to the ice melting. As he puts it, “Under global warming, Greenland’s ice indeed might grow, especially if the warming occurs mostly in winter. After all, warming the air ten degrees when the temperature is dozens of degrees below freezing is likely to increase snowfall, since warmer air is generally moister and precipitates more water.”
L. Nils-Axel Morner, a Swedish climate expert based at Stockholm University, points out that observed rises in sea levels have not matched the IPCC’s forecasts. Since this week’s report relies on many such IPCC assumptions, he concludes it must be wrong. Others acknowledge that there is a warming trend in the Arctic, but insist that the cause is natural variability and not the burning of fossil fuels. Such folk point to the extraordinarily volatile history of Arctic temperatures. These varied, often suddenly, long before sport-utility vehicles were invented. However, some evidence also shows that the past few millennia have been a period of unusual stability in the Arctic. It is just possible that the current period of warming could tip the delicate Arctic climate system out of balance, and so drag the rest of the planet with it.
M. Not everybody wants to hear a story like that. But what people truly believe is happening can be seen in their actions better than in their words. One of the report’s most confident predictions is that the breakup of Arctic ice will open the region to long-distance shipping and, ironically, to drilling for oil and gas. It is surely no coincidence, then, that the Danish government, which controls Greenland, has just declared its intention to claim the mineral rights under the North Pole. It, at least, clearly believes that the Arctic ocean may soon be ice-free.
篇4:雅思阅读高分技巧之把握好逻辑关系
1、并列关系
并列逻辑关系是这四种逻辑关系里面最简单,最容易理解的一种,对于很多同学来说,无外乎就是and, or这两个词
2、因果逻辑关系
既然是因果关系,那么就存在谁因谁果的问题世间没有无因之果,也没有无果之因,cause和effect是相互依存的,在任何一个句子中出现了表述原因的词,必然能看到其结果,反之亦然。
3、比较逻辑关系
说到比较逻辑关系,大家可能首先想到的则是T,F,NG中对比较关系的判断,诚然,判断题里比较级是一大考点,但是比较逻辑关系的运用比这要广泛得多,做此类题时要记住两个原则即可:
原则一:但凡题目出现了比较逻辑关系,那么原文中答案所在的句子也必然会有比较逻辑关系出现,只是其关系词表述形式可能会替换
原则二:如果题目存在比较级,回原文去找比较级,如果题目是最高级,则抓最高级,或者extremely,或者比较级和最高级替换着找都可。……
雅思阅读备考之实例解析四类信号词
雅思阅读信号词一、顺接和递进
例词:also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…
考点:And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom…(C6, P28, T31找标题)
解析:And在这句话开头,有一定的递进含义, this wisdom则是指代了前面一句话出现的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因纽特人传统的知识),所以这两句话有紧密的联系,同学们在读题的时候要通过发现信号词,然后发散地看它的前后句,最后把考点考察的意思补充完整。
雅思阅读信号词二、对比和转折
例词:however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison…
考点:However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.(C4, P66, T13主旨选择题)
题目中出现了conclude的字眼,总结段落一般是在文章的最后,然而带有转折信号词however这句话,显然就是文章的考点所在。
雅思阅读信号词三、相似
例词:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way…
考点:In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were‘limits to growth’.(C4, P97, T32分类题)
解析:In other words是解释,换一种说法,通常会以更加简单易懂,清晰的话语陈述出难点,常常难点就是雅思阅读考点出没的地方。
雅思阅读信号词四、时间先后
例词:firstly, second, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考点:Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain…Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.(C6, P94, T30选标题)
解析:段落结构很清楚,主要是因为有表达顺序的信号词First、second、third,让我们认识这段是在讲,侍强凌弱这种现象已经开始改变,主要是从三个方面入手:意识、资源、监督。这种发展让学校有了更多的方法和有效途径解决存在的问题。这里的First、second、third提示我们三个方面,同时也是一个发展的过程。
雅思阅读备考:培养逻辑能力的四大方法
一.要培养雅思阅读逻辑能力,首先要高质快速地阅读
第一遍读文章时,我们应当模拟考试的紧张气氛,尽量高质快速。但,对完答案后,我们有充足的时间再次阅读文章。第二次阅读文章我们的目的不在是获取信息,而是把握文章的布局安排,分析作者的意图。
二.要培养雅思阅读逻辑能力,要克服长难句障碍
几乎每一篇阅读,总有一两句长难句。有许多同学这样分析那样分析,可就分析不出什么名堂。听力好的同学不一定发音好,可发音好的同学一定听力好。同样,能写出长难句的人当然不会怕什么长难句。
三.要培养雅思阅读逻辑能力,要把握句子结构规律
同学们应当做的是找一本好的语法书,认认真真学习句子结构那部分。英语的句子主干往往并不复杂,只是其粘着修饰成分过多。我们一开始应当学会如何写出简单的基本句型,然后再通过附加各种从句、插入语、非谓语形式,来逐步扩充句子结构。
分析长难句与扩充句子正好是反其道而行之,我们必须一步步“砍”去插入语、各种从句、非谓语形式,来获得句子主干。所以只要“欲简之必先扩之”,我们与其寻求各种长难句分析法,不如先学会自己写长句。 最后,文章归类阅读,考前复习有奇效
阅读文章成千上万,如何从有限中把握规律才是关键。阅读文章总是按照每套试题四篇文章分布,于是众多学子也就按部就班。
四.要培养雅思阅读逻辑能力,要对文章分类
可是如果我们把自己读过的所有文章按照主题分类,比如分为校园类、医学类、家庭类、环境类等等,到了考前,再按类别复习这些文章,我们不仅能系统掌握某一类别文章常用的词汇,也能把握该类文章的结构特点和出题规律。
雅思阅读备考之学术类问题解答方法
STEP TWO:带着问题扫描文章
1. 扫描标题
考生拿到一篇雅思学术类阅读文章,首先应该看一下文章的标题,而迄今为止,雅思学术类阅读理解考试中大致出现过下列三种题目类型:第一种是正规标题,始可用来判断文章大意、类型、而得知文章结构;第二种是主标题加副标题,副标题有时承担揭示文章结构的重任;第三种是无标题,这种考试形式自99 年开在中国考区出现,一般文章较长而且难,但仍然可以在文章第一段发现揭示文章主题的主旨句。考生应注意:描述性标题应该予以忽略;如果文章分几个SECTION 论述,则SECTION 的标题也应该加以注意
2.扫描全文的分段情况及其他信息
考生应注意数字、百分比、分数、时间或货币符号出现较多的段落;引号、大写专有名词、括号及破折号出现较多的段落;斜体字、黑体字、下划线出现较多的
段落
3.扫描每个段落的首末句,把握文章主题:
主题句提示文章每段的主题含意,进而合成整个文章的大意。因此,一定要找出主题句,从而找出这一段的主题。主题句通常是一段文章的首句(当然并非永远如此),寻找主题句的方法可按下列顺序:
首句 --→ 第二句 --→中间句--→ 末句
注意:如果首句是描述性语句则应该予以忽略,通过段落首末句判断段落主题的关键是找准中心词(KEY WORD)中心词最可能是表示主要概念的名词,一般是句子的主语和宾语;表明状态的动词;表示程度高低、范围大小、肯定或否定的副词;中心词会在题目及原文中以同义词形式大量出现。比如:famous - prestigious;restructure delayer.
4. 扫描连接上下文的信号词
5. 扫描文章文章中是否有图表或示意图
这些图表一般包含了一些有关回答问题的信息,因此可以先对这些图表做一扫描,了解其内容从而加快答题速度,不然的话,就可能陷在文章中四处找寻答案而乱无头绪。但应注意,一般照片、地图、漫画可以予以忽略。
STEP THREE:
以问题为中心,通过上述扫描工作,找出文章中对应的中心词,从而定位正确答案。
篇5:雅思阅读考试高分技巧:逻辑关系是关键
雅思阅读考试高分技巧:逻辑关系是关键
1、并列关系
并列逻辑关系是这四种逻辑关系里面最简单,最容易理解的一种,对于很多同学来说,无外乎就是and, or这两个词
2、因果逻辑关系
既然是因果关系,那么就存在谁因谁果的问题世间没有无因之果,也没有无果之因,cause和effect是相互依存的,在任何一个句子中出现了表述原因的词,必然能看到其结果,反之亦然。
3、比较逻辑关系
说到比较逻辑关系,大家可能首先想到的则是T,F,NG中对比较关系的判断,诚然,判断题里比较级是一大考点,但是比较逻辑关系的运用比这要广泛得多,做此类题时要记住两个原则即可:
原则一:但凡题目出现了比较逻辑关系,那么原文中答案所在的句子也必然会有比较逻辑关系出现,只是其关系词表述形式可能会替换
原则二:如果题目存在比较级,回原文去找比较级,如果题目是最高级,则抓最高级,或者extremely,或者比较级和最高级替换着找都可。……
怎样备考ielts阅读考
中学英语教学的实际情况决定了大多数中学生的口语和听力实力往往较为薄弱。为了获得理想的雅思成绩,很多参加雅思考试的中学生都寄希望于阅读部分,期望能在阅读部分获得一个相对较高的分数,从而平衡听力和口语部分相对较低的分数。
备考雅思阅读 考试,中学生首先需要突破词汇关。词汇是阅读的基础,没有词汇基础,阅读根本就无从谈起。
突破词汇,不能够单纯依靠机械背诵单词表,而是应该在阅读文章的过程中,结合具体的语境来记忆生词。雅思阅读练习是大家每天的工作,希望同学们能够通过自己的努力解决雅思阅读时间不够的问题。
除了词汇以外,题型也是中学生参加雅思阅读考试必须突破的难点。雅思阅读考试共计有十种题型,而很多中学生因为长期参加标准化考试,仅仅了解四选一的选择题的解法,对其它题型的特点和解题方法缺乏了解。雅思阅读考试庞大的阅读量决定了考生在考场中毫无任何可能性专门抽出一小块时间用于分析某一具体题型。
只有透彻了解各类题型的特点以及相应的解题方法,考生才可能提高解题速度,在规定的时间内顺利解答所有的阅读试题。
雅思阅读解题技巧总结
想要在雅思阅读题中取得好的成绩,一方面要求考生要拥有一定的外语基础,持此之外,一定的答题技巧也是非常重要的,只有合理的应用方法,就会在原有的基础上进一步提高自己的雅思阅读成绩,下面小编就为大家介绍一下雅思阅读解题技巧,大家可以在平时多加练习,只有这样在考试当中才能熟练应用,从而取得雅思阅读好成绩。
做好阅读的关键就是多练习。看报纸、杂志和原文小说,努力提高阅读能力,加快阅读速度。剑桥雅思3的阅读模拟题要认真做。 最重要的是,阅读考试并不考你对某一篇文章读懂了多少,而是考查你的阅读技巧,就是快速阅读的能力--扫描与略读。
所谓的扫描就好像看电话号码簿,你心里很清楚你要找什么,所以你快速扫描所看的那一页来找到答案。这种技巧通常用来回答多项选择题以及配对题。快速扫描文章找到问题所问的信息。
略读就是快速阅读一个段落,了解中心意思,而忽略细节。这种技巧可以用来回答:“给出一个段落的小标题 ”或是“在那个段落中提到这个信息?”或是“作者的观点”这类的题目。 雅思阅读的难度是渐进的,做题的时间安排应该是:第一篇文章大约用15-17分钟,第二篇20分钟左右,23-25分钟做第三篇。如果有多余的时间就检查一下答案。
建议在读文章以前先快速浏览一遍所有的问题,有个大致的概念你需要去寻找什么样的信息,需要用扫描阅读还是略读,还是两种技巧都要使用。浏览问题的时候,用铅笔划出重要的信息,例如:日期、地点和名字。
浏览完毕所有问题之后,扫读一次文章,标出重要的部分。如果看见任何与问题相关的信息,直接标出来,有些题目边看就可以边答了。
根据自己标出的重要信息一次回答问题,文章看过一遍以后,去找特定的信息就会变得更容易。
答案在文章里面出现的顺序通常与问题的顺序是一致的,例如第4题的答案通常会比第5题的答案先出现。不过这主要看问题的类型,如果问题问的是In which paragraph does this information appear?“ 以及Yes / No / Not given类型的问题,那么答案就不一定是按顺序了。
一找到问题的答案就在答题纸上作答,不一定要按顺序回答问题。
注意看题目要求,如果题目要求用不超过3个单词来作答,记住不要超过3个。
最难的是 True / False / Not given 与Yes / No / Not given 类型的题目。平时多练习做这种题型,考试的时候要记住看清楚要你回答True / False还是Yes / No,不要用True / False回答Yes/No,也不要用Yes/No回答True/False,这种回答会被视为错误而没有分数。不要在一个题目停留太久,找不到答案就接着做下一题,有时间再回头做
配对类雅思阅读解题技巧解析
1. 仔细查看答题指引,了解回答何种问题。
2. 查看例句,确定答题方式。
3. 弄清那些选项是同义选项,那些选项是反义选项,那些选项是有关数字选项。
4. 根据在题目中自己划出的中心词在原文中寻找信息点,注意以大写、斜体、括号和引号方式出现的概念。
5. 对于有关人名与理论、新产品和发明家、时间的配对题,首先要快速找出人名、公司名和时间,然后在附近的上下文中找答案。
配对类雅思阅读解题技巧有哪些?以上就是配对类雅思阅读解题技巧,希望广大烤鸭们能够抽出点时间细细的消化这些技巧,并将这些学到的技巧运用到平时的雅思复习中,只有这样,这些配对类雅思阅读解题技巧才能真正的被你掌握。祝愿同学们能够顺利通过考试。
篇6:雅思英语逻辑关系的连接词
雅思英语逻辑关系的连接词
在雅思写作的评分标准中,有很重要的'一项叫做连贯与衔接(Coherence and Cohesion)。连贯性指文章的流畅程度,文章的观点应该逻辑清楚,易于理解和把握。
而衔接性是指连接词的使用,这有助于整合观点并阐明段落、句子或句子成分之间的关系,是为了考察大家组织文章、衔接信息和观点的能力。
下面整理一下写作中常见逻辑关系的连接词使用前记得查找例句了解正确用法哦~
1. 比较关系(相同点) similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from(doing)...; ... rather than...,by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way;not only...but (also)
2. 对照关系(不同点)yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although;though; but; however; something is just the other way around(另一种方式);yet;conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast; by way of;on the contrary;different from this;nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while
3.举例关系for example; for instance; in thiscase; namely; as you know;like; such as; a case inpoint is...; in particular;including...; put it simply;stated roughly;as an illustration;a good example would be...;to detail this, I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;as proof;take the case of;take…as example;as for;as regards;according to;on this occasion.
4. 强调关系in fact;especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably;it is certain/sure that...;by definition;definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth;in any event; without reservation;obviously;not only..
5.条件关系if;unless;lest;provided that(考虑到);if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all;if anything
6.归纳总结in other words;to put it in a nutshell; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude;the conclusion can be drawn that...; in short
7.方位关系beyond; opposite to; adjacent to(毗邻的); at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above;below; at the right; between; on this side
8.目的关系with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way;since; so that; on that account;in case; with a view to; for the same reason.
9.重申关系in other words; that is to say; namely;to put it in another way;as I have said;again;once again.
10.时间关系at once; immediately; at length; in the meantime; meanwhile; at the same time;in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of asudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once;since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly;whereupon; previously.
11.先后关系at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously;simultaneously;eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this;prior to this
12.因果关系because;because of this;since;as;for;owing to;due to;for the reason that...;in view of;for such areason; as a result of; therefore;consequently;as a resu 13.转折关系but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that;in spite ofthat;regardless of;while…yet…;unless... 14.并列关系and;also;too;as well as;either...,or...;both...and...;for onething...,for another...; meanwhile;at the same time 15.递进关系furthermore;moreover;further;In this way;still; notonly...but also...; not...but...;in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting;more specifically;next;besides; as faras... is concerned; moreover;in other words;on one hand...;on the other hand...;even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; to make things better(worse);accordingly; 以上就是关于雅思写作连接词关系的详细内容,希望对大家的雅思考试有所帮助,对于文章中的连接词一要避免重复,二要适当,不可强加逻辑关系,也不可过度使用,否则一样会影响成绩。 雅思听力四种官方常见逻辑关系 雅思听力解析1:左右并列关系,帮助推测出缺失内容 左右并列关系,体现两条信息的相近性。要点在于通过并列连词的提示,由已知内容推断出相应位置的缺失内容,即答案句。考生应熟悉典型的并列连词,听到时,能够迅速根据已知信息的位置,向前或向后识别出答案句。 常见并列关系连接词大概分为两大类: 1)和、或、而且:and, also, or, both...and..., either...or... 2)除…之外还有:apart from, as well as 雅思听力解析2:前后对比关系,被突出的内容很可能是答案 前后对比关系主要体现在两个内容间的转折。通过连接词,在前后两个内容中突出其中之一,而被突出的内容往往就是答案。 因此,考生应当熟悉这一类型的常见连接词,如能在听题过程中听到,便能迅速确定答案句位置,并准确圈定答案。 通常,听力中的对比关系连接词可分为以下三类。 1)但是、然而but, however 在句中的出现说明对比连词之前的表述只是铺垫,连词之后的信息才是句子传递的主要信息,即“答案句”。 2)而不是rather than, instead of “而不是”类连词的作用是通过否定连词后面内容,反衬其之前信息的重要性,所以主要信息(答案句)会位于连词之前。 3.)不像…,…才是… unlike,dislike 这类连词在于引导反例,主要信息(答案句)通常是反例后剩余句子部分。 雅思听力解析3:因果关系,得出的结论很可能就是答案 因果关系,体现对某个事件的归因,或对某个意群的总结。要点在于通过因果关系连词,对上文描述进行原因归纳或给出结论,最终形成的归纳或结论就是答案句。 常见因果关系类的连词可分为两大类: 1)原因:because, due to, for, by, the main reason is that..., is caused by... 2)结论:so, that means, which means that, what I mean… 雅思听力解析4:先后顺序关系,多用于流程图题和提纲填空题 先后顺序关系,体现多条信息在流程上的先后衔接,多用于流程图题和提纲填空题。要点在于原文中通过典型连词,引出下一个环节、步骤或程序等。其中,与题干表述对应的顺序点,往往就是答案句所在位置。 考生应熟练听辨此类连接词,听题过程中一旦出现,马上做好准备,捕捉其后的答案信息。先后顺序关系连词种类繁杂,但可从三方面进行总结: 1)引入部分:first系列(firstly, in the first place, at first, the first step), start, begin, initially, originally...) 2)中间部分:second系列(then, next, after that, afterwards, going back to, on top of that, when...is completed, when you finish...) 3)结尾部分:third系列(finally, lastly, end with, close...) 雅思听力考试题型全析 关于IELTS考试的听力部分概述如下: 1. 社会生活 双向交流的谈话 听力理解和记录特定的事实性信息 10 2. 社会生活 具有交流目的的独白 (如介绍一个公众活动) 听力理解和记录特定的事实性信息 10 3. 教育和培训 2-4人在学术环境下的讨论 (如辅导或讨论会) 听力理解涉及语义猜测的对话。听力理解特定的信息、态度和发言者的看法。 10 4. 教育和培训 在学术环境下的独白 (如授课) 听力理解学术论证。听力理解特定的信息、态度和发言者的看法。 10 作答方式 考生需将答案填写在答卷上。 考试时间 IELTS考试听力部分用时30分钟,外加10分钟供考生转抄答案到答卷上。 评分方式 每道题目算一个得分,总计40个得分。 听力材料介绍 前两段听力材料涉及社会生活范畴的话题。第一段材料以两人间的对话形式出现,如关于旅行安排的对话。第二段材料为一个人的独白,如介绍博物馆开放时间的录音。 后两段听力材料与教育或培训环境下的话题更为贴近。第三段材料是不超过4个人之间的对话,比如老师和学生关于作业的讨论。第四段材料为一个人的独白,如关于一般性学术话题的讲课内容。 题目形式 IELTS考试听力部分的题型多样,主要的题型有: 题型1 选择题 题型2 简答题 题型3 填空题 题型4 完成句子 题型5 为图表、计划或地图进行标记 题型6 配对 录音材料 每段听力材料只播放一次,材料中会出现多种不同的英语口音,包括英式、澳洲式、新西兰式和美式。 题型一 完成填表/记笔记/流程图/总结 对考生的要求 考生需对听力材料部分或者全部的要点进行填空。要点为材料中的主要内容。 在除总结以外的其他情况下,笔记形式的答案可以被接受为正确答案,也就是说在不影响语义的情况下冠词、助动词等可以省略。总结类型的题目使用的是互相连接的句子,因此必须符合语法的规范。 这种题型的变化形式如何? 要点可能出现的形式有: 1. 表格:通常用来记录事实性的信息(如名字)。 2. 一组笔记:用来总结任何形式的信息,采用相应的格式来表示不同内容之间的关系。 3. 表格:用来总结分类清晰的信息(如地点、时间或价格)。 4. 流程表:用来总结阶段清晰的信息,并用箭头表示过程的顺序。 5. 总结:用来总结完整信息。 考生可能需要: · 从答卷里中可供选择的答案中选择正确的答案; · 根据听力材料找到对应表格/笔记等中空缺的单词。在这种情况下,考生不能以任何方式改变听力材料中所出现的单词,并需按照题目指示中规定的字数作答。 填空时可以填写多少个单词或数字? 考生应该仔细听材料中所给出的指示,每道题目可填单词或数字的字数限制不尽相同。 总之,了解雅思听力考试是在复习中的第一步,如果连雅思听力的流程以及评分规则都不懂,那你参加的雅思听力考试心里都是没底的。 雅思听力读不懂题目一样做 这几年教授雅思听力,在这一过程中常常遇到些基础欠佳的同学总是因为单词量或者基础的问题被雅思听力难住。雅思考生因为生词不认识,读不懂题目,进而该题甚至整个section的题目全部报废。本文会帮助考生帮助分析读题方面常出现的问题,并且提出一些考场上切实可行的解决方法。 众所周知,雅思考试一共考察学生4种能力,即听,说,读,写;其实雅思主办方在考试中巧妙地考察了学生另外一种英语基本能力,那就是翻译的能力。拿听力考试举例,考生首先需要读懂题干,正确理解题目含义,这个就是学生把英文(源语)解码转化生成中文(目的语)的过程,学生在不知不觉中完成了笔译员的工作。而当听力音频播放的时候,学生又充当起口译员的角色;把听到的英文句子翻译成句意通顺,符合中文表达习惯的译文,和口译员唯一不同的地方是,学生把翻译好的句子自己进行内部消化,而不是把译文念给其他听众。所以说,听力所考察的内容,远没大家想象中的那样简单。但是,如果我们可以从读题中获得充足的信息,可以有效帮我们缓解听力答题过程中的压力。 1.如何读题? 在第一节强化课开始的时候,我就会跟学生强调一点,读题是否准确,对能不能在原文中抓住正确答案起着至关重要的作用。根据我的做题经验总结,读题答题分为2个步骤,第一步是通读题干,进行英译中的工作;第二步,在已经理解了题干的基础上,对本题进行预测工作。 1)通读题干,进行英译中 在这个过程中,就会出现若干个小问题,比如大家都会或害怕遇到的问题就是题干中出现不认识的生词。这该如何处理呢?首先,不要害怕生词,因为有时即使不认识的单词也并不一定给读题带来困扰;比如剑4-3-2中的一道选择题: 例:how many circuses are there in the festival? A. one B. two C. several 每当课上给学生做这道练习题目的时候,学生总是会习惯性地问我:“老师,circuses什么意思啊?”在学生看来,读题就是要把题目中的每一个单词意思都弄懂,然后再进行字对字形式地翻译。其实,我们在碰到生词的时候,首先要猜测下单词的读音,不论发音是否正确,而不是非要知道这个词什么意思。这是因为,首先,像这种不认识的词,而且是名词词性的生词一般会在原文中原词重现,所以当知道单词的发音后,就方便我们回到原文大致定位该题出现的位置了。接下来,我们进行翻译的动作了。有的同学问,发音知道了,可意思不知道,还是不能翻译啊?这个其实可以通过意思转化来解决,比如该题中的circuses一词,经过判断后得知是名词的复数形式,那么在翻译中,只要是名词词性的生词我们都可以用中文中的“什么”来替换生词的含义,最后放在原文中得出的意思就是:有多少个“什么”在festival中;而通过阅读选项可以得知,此题询问的是具体数量,所以我们要做的工作就是通过生词发音定位答案出现的位置,以及辨识和生词有关的数量是否正确。在知道了如何处理生词的步骤后,让我们来看看听力原文中是如何进行描述的。 “For today’s report though, Geoffrey, I’m looking at some of the theatrical events that you might like to see; in particular, at this year’s theme-Circuses1.(此处原词第一次重现,学生需要再此处提高警惕,答案即将登场). I’m going to tell you about two Circus2 (原文中生词第二次出现) performances, but there are plenty of others in the programme”. 通过生词的发音我们就可以定位它在原文中的位置了,而通过题干中的关键词in the festival和原文中转折词but,plenty of 和in the programme的出现,我们就可以把正确答案several选出来了。 如果在题干中碰到动词不认识又该如何处理呢?我们接着来看例题: 例:Where does Circus Romano perform? A. in the theatre B. in a tent C. in a stadium 这道题中除了上面例题中的circus,还出现了一个生词perform(虽然此生词为常用词汇,但此处假设有同学视之为生词),我们刚才讲过的内容就可以用上啦,猜测circus和perform 两个词的发音,把名词circus置换成中文中的“什么”,那perform又该如何处理呢?通过对题目的理解,does为一般现在时的助动词,Romano一词首字母大写,所以可判断其为名词,那么显然剩下的perform就是本句话中的动词了;而且句中疑问词where是对动词提问。我们可以把不认识的动词perform转化成中文中的“怎么”的意思,带入句子,得出的译文为:“什么”在哪“怎么”了,通过阅读选项的意思加以验证题干,果然这道题的出题点就是问和Romano有关的地点。 2)进行题目预测 在从英文题干提取出中文意思后,我们就要对题干中空格处进行预测工作了。在预测环节我们要进行2个步骤,第一是对空格处词性或答案组合进行预测;第二步是提前预测此题是不是会出现听力陷阱。第一个工作我们应该已经不陌生了,比如看到空格前如有$或是?符号,那么空格处填写的内容一定是和数字有关,如果是单词address出现在空格前,那么这道题的答案一定是数字加单词的组合,对于第一步来说,能够预测到这里已经算是合格了,接着让我们来看第二步。比如某道题中题干中除了之前碰见过的address,还有个单词present,那么我们就要来想一想了,多出个present这个词的用意是什么呢?present的意思是“现在的,当前的”,那么题干问“当前的地址”,我们能从其中察觉到此题话中有话,所以在听原文的时候要对此题特别重视了。当原文中提到Where do you live? 的时候,一个说话人会说我之前住在X,但是那里环境不好,太吵了,所以我搬到了X,我现在的地址是X。果不其然,我们这道题中碰到了第一部分中如幽灵般存在的听力陷阱,如果大家做好准备的话,可以很轻松地把陷阱跳过去,直接面对正确答案了。 通过上文的介绍和例题的讲解,我相信大家应该对如何读题以及在实战中如何处理生词的问题有了一番了解和新的认识,总之,希望借由此文唤起大家对读题重要性的重视,并在考试中能运用文中提到的方法去客服读题困难,最终取得自己满意的成绩。 雅思听力 雅思听力常见逻辑关系听辨 对比关系 对比关系主要体现在两个意群间的转折。要点在于通过连接词,在前后两条信息中突出其中之一,而被突出的信息往往就是答案。 因此,考生应当熟悉这一类型的常见连接词,如能在听题过程中听到,便能马上确定答案句的位置,并准确圈定答案。通常,听力中的对比关系连接词可分为三类,分别是表示“然而”、“但是”类的连接词;表示“而不是”类的连接词;表示“不像…, …才是…”类的连接词。 下面,我们将结合例题来具体分析各类对比关系连接词。 1“然而”、“但是”类的连接词 通常“然而”、“但是”类的对比连词,比如,but, however等,在句中的出现说明对比连词之前的表述只是铺垫,连词之后的信息才是句子传递的主要信息,即“答案句”。 例题: Preferred location: in the 5. ________ (题目来源: Cambridge 5, T4, P78) 原文: Q5: Well, I'm studying right in the center but I'd really like to live in the northwest. 解析: 结合例题和原文,可得出本题问的是“更中意的住所”,But构成了in the center 和in the northeast二者的比较关系,同时通过but 后的…really like… 突出了prefer的概念, 所以in the center只充当铺垫信息,but后的northwest才是正确答案。 2“而不是”类的连接词“ 而不是”类连词的作用是通过否定连词后面内容,反衬其之前信息的重要性,所以主要信息(答案句)会位于连词之前。常见的“而不是”类连词有:rather than, instead of等。 例题: Other requirements: own facilities own television 7._____________(题目来源:Cambridge 5, T4, P78) 原文: Q7: …and I'd also like the house to have a real garden rather than just a yard. 解析: 因为rather than的意思为“而不是…”, 处在 rather than后面的内容通常为被否定内容, 也就是说明本题原文中的 a yard为被否定内容,即正确答案是 rather than之前的 gardern。 3“不像…, …才是…”类的连接词 这类连词在于引导反例,主要信息(答案句)通常是反例后剩余句子部分。此类常见连词有:unlike; dislike等。 例题: Q14:On Travelite Holidays, people holidaying alone pay A. the same as other clients. B. only a little more than other clients. C. extra only if they stay in a large room. (题目来源:Cambridge 4, T4, P82) 原文: Q14: Unlike almost all travel operators who happily charge large supplements for single rooms, we guarantee that no single client will pay more. 解析: 由原文可得出本题的答案是A。文中先由unlike引导反例(不像其它旅行社对单人间收差价),之后紧跟答案句:no single client will pay more(单独旅行的客人不需要额外付钱),言下之意是:与其它客人花费一样。 并列关系 并列关系,体现两条信息的相近性。要点在于通过并列连词的提示,由已知信息推断出相应位置的缺失信息,即答案句。考生应熟悉典型的并列连词,听到时,能够迅速根据已知信息的位置,向前或向后识别出答案句。 常见并列关系连接词大概分为表达“和”“或”“而且”,以及“除…之外还有”两大类,具体见下方说明: 1“和”“或”“而且”类的连接词 常见表达有:and, also, or,both…and…,either…or… 等。 例题: Visit places which have: ( 题目来源: Cambridege4, T1, P10 ) historical interest good 1. _______ 2. ________ 原文: Q1-2: …always places of historical interest and also which offer a variety of shopping, because our students always ask about that… and then we go for one where we know there's guided tours. 解析: 本题的解题关键是确定答案与已知信息之间是并列关系, 听辩时重点听取并列关系连接词,确定答案所在位置。本题中,考生将先听到已知信息 historical interest, 然后由并列连词 and also引出Q1答案 shopping,再由 and then引出Q2答案 guided tour。 2“除…之外还有”类的连接词 常见表达有:apart from, as well as等。 例题: Experiment 3: 23. _______ and a jar of water. (题目来源:Cambridge 4, T4, P84) 原文: Q23: Now for number three you need rock salt or copper sulphate… Well just put down the rock salt then, um, apart from that you only need a jar of water. 解析: 本题的解题关键是确定Q23答案同题面中的and a jar of water是并列关系,并在听力中定位并列关系词,之后再听取答案。在本题中,可代表并列关系的词是apart from…(除…之外还有), 而由于已知信息a jar of water在apart from…之后,则考生需要前推答案位置,即最终答案是apart from…之前的rock salt。 顺序关系 顺序关系,体现多条信息在流程上的先后衔接,多见于流程图题和提纲填空题。要点在于原文中通过典型连词,引出下一个环节、步骤或程序等。其中,与题干表述对应的顺序点,往往就是答案句所在位置。 考生应熟练听辨此类连接词,听题过程中一旦出现,马上做好准备,捕捉其后的答案信息。顺序关系连词种类繁杂,但可从三方面进行总结: 1. 引入部分:first系列 (firstly, in the first place, at first, the first step),start, begin, initially, originally… 2. 中间部分:second系列,then, next, after that, afterwards, going back to, on top of that, when…is completed, when you finish… 3. 结尾部分:third系列,finally, lastly, end with, close… 例题: Start with information that makes the audience 32. _______ End with 33. _______ (题目来源:OG, T2, P176) 原文: Q32: Right at the beginning, you should tell them something that forces them to pay attention. Q33: After this you should summarize what you've presented and close with what I called ‘next steps’. 解析: 本题的解题关键是对应题干与原文中的顺序关系连词,并以此抓取答案句,识别答案信息。考生可在答题过程中先识别题干中的顺序关系表达start with,听题时同原文中的at the beginning对应,引出答案pay attention; 识别题干中end with, 听题时同close with对应,引出答案next step。 因果关系 因果关系,体现对某个事件的归因,或对某个意群的总结。要点在于通过因果关系连词,对上文描述进行原因归纳或给出结论,最终形成的归纳或结论就是答案句。 常见因果关系类的连词可分为“原因”和“结论”两大类: 1“原因”类连接词 具体包括:because, due to, for, by, the main reason is that…, is caused by… 例题: Application processing may be slowed down by postal problems delays in sending 13. _______ (题目来源:Cambridge 5, T3, P57) 原文:… but most often the hold-up is caused by references—the people you give as referees… 解析: 首先,考生需要明确题干中的by表明此题需听辨事件的原因。之后,再通过原文中引导原因的连词caused by带出答案reference。 2“结论”类连接词 具体包括: So, that means, which means that, what I mean… 例题: General level of English: 4. _______ (题目来源:Cambridge 5, T4, P78) 原文: Q4: um good, I think I'd like to say ‘advanced’ but my written work is below the level of my spoken, so I suppose it's intermediate. 解析: 本题先阐述了水平从高级改为中级的原因,而后由表结果的连词so对之前内容作出总结,引出答案intermediate。 以上是在雅思听力中常见的逻辑关系考点说明。建议考生在今后的练习中多从逻辑关系角度深入思考答案句的引出方式,练习逻辑关系的听辨,提升关系连词的听辨敏感度,以便可以更精准地抓取答案,最终提高答题正确率。 听力审题三妙招 轻取7分不是梦 有效审题是关键 对于在选择题中听力材料听得懂却得不到理想分数的考生,新东方在线的老师给出了应对的审题方法。第一步,审题干:划分专有名词、定位题干的限定范围、避开时间陷阱。以上三条都能做到,听力选择题的一大部分都在你的掌控之中了。第二步,审选项,选择题分短选项和长选项两种。解读短选项,要先观察选项中是否有相同或相反项,如果出现这种情况,其中必有一个为正确答案;没有出现的话,画出选项中的名词。然而对于长选项来说,只需要定位好名词,再仔细听材料,找出对应即可。同时,考生需要注意审题的时间安排,以免错过听力播放时间。 理清逻辑是王道 考生如果不重视听力中的逻辑连接词以及重点转折词,就算可以理解句意和段落大意,也不能清晰的选出正确答案,而且会因为听力材料中出现不熟悉的场景而打断思路。在线的兰轩老师提醒各位考生不要忽略材料中的逻辑词汇,这往往是雅思听力成绩好坏的决定因素。在听题的过程中,首先听到专有名词定位,接下来最重要的就是转折词的指示作用,重点例如:but, however, actually, in fact这样的词之后的句子才是和正确答案息息相关的部分。再则,对于选择题中的否定表达,像:no, not, rather than, instead of等等这类词在听题过程中也要提高敏感度,可以帮我们直接排除某选项。最后,如果听到某两个选项之间有“and”连接,也可以直接排除了。以上就是逻辑词汇在雅思听力中的重要程度,希望各位考生们可以予以重视。 对应笔记拿高分 在最后检查阶段,注意回忆音频或者对应笔记,选择题的正确答案一般不会出现与听力材料中完全相同的词汇,基本上都被“同义替换”,所以,当我们听到某选项原封不动出现时,基本可以排除掉了,这样我们也更加精确了自己的选择。 听力速记法入门3招 让雅思听力如闲庭信步 1. 缩写 这个方法其实很常见,相信烤鸭们也用过。在考雅思听力的时候,由于听力语速较快,往往来不及把单词整个写下了,那么,就得用上缩写了。用缩写的原则是有固定的缩写就用固定的,没有的就以自己能懂为标准,比如,organization可以写成org,education可以写成edu等。 2. 混合笔记 所谓混合笔记,就是在速记时什么符号,数字,甚至中文都可用到,只要能帮助你快速记下内容就行。烤鸭在考试的情况下,大脑的反应是非常迅速的,这个时候,第一反应往往是最靠谱的,不管反应出的符号是什么,能够助你快速记录内容,拿高分就是王道。 3. 图像笔记 这种笔记就是口译人员用得比较多的了。图像笔记往往包含简单的图像和抽象符号,比如,“压力”就可以画一条横线加一个向下压的箭头。烤鸭们如果想要更进一步的了解这种笔记法可以找来一些口译入门的书来看,一般都会有详细介绍。 托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系?这3类常见易混淆关系详解 托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析:因果关系 涉及的题型有:细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。 因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高,我曾做过一个统计,在托福给出的官方练习题中,细节题中考查到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。所以,无论是从考试的角度,还是提高阅读力本身,掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。 以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇文章”The origin of theaters“为例,有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的”rituals“。 在定位词出现的句子中,我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做”as a result“。 根据题目要求,答案的出处应该就在前一句话中,而只要能够认识”detached“这个单词,考生还是能比较顺利地选出正确答案。 类似于”as a result“这样具有因果关系提示的词组还有很多,写作的时候也能派上用场,所以提醒各位考生一定要踏实地做好积累。 比如,”attribute X to Y“这个短语在官方练习题中就出现过三次,并且都是决定考生是否能读懂文章的必备词汇。 同理,在推理题中,我们也可以利用常见的因果关联词找到推理的方向。 官方大纲中也明确指出,推理题会“给出一个结论,让考生推理结论产生的原因”。 在官方练习题中一篇名为”The extinctions of dinosaurs“的文章里就有一道非常典型的推理题,根据段落最后一句话句首的”So“,考生可以将解题的突破囗锁定在前一句话中。当然,推理题本质上不同于细节题,还需要在文章给出的基础之上做适当地引申。 而且,推理题也会让同学们去推文中的某些信息带来的影响,但是考查“推结果”没有“推原因”的比例高,所以在备考的时候还需要合理分配时间。 因果关系更是在修辞目的题中有着明显的出题规律。考生们一定要学会换位思考,作者为什么要在一个段落中交代“原因”?无外乎就是为了给对应的事情一个解释。 反之,作者为什么要提及“结果”,也是为了告诉读者相关事情带来的影响。 此外,有个不可忽视地信号,在最新放出的官方练习题中,因果关系在修辞目的题中的体现越来越含蓄。这无疑是暗示考生,未来的考试中不一定会出现明确的关联词,但仍然考查的是因果关系。 托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析:比较关系 涉及的题型有:细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。 比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。 大家可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话: Tunas,mackerels,and bill fishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact.The body shapes of tunas, in fact ,are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view.Most species lack scales over most of the body,making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.They are also covered with a slick,transparent lid that reduces drag.The fins are stiff,smooth,and narrow,qualities that also help cut drag.When not in use,the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. 读过这篇文章的同学应该不陌生,是官方指南上的第六篇例文,这道题目问的是作者为什么要提及方框内的这部分信息。 通过句尾的四个单词,同学们能够理解到飞机的这一操作其实和前文描写鱼在海里游的行为具有相同的道理,也就能判断出最后两句话之间是类比的关系。 所以修辞目的题中对于比较关系的考查还是比较容易上手的,无外乎对比和类比两个角度。 在推理题中,比较关系是常见的推理思路一一“反向推理”的逻辑基础。例如,官方指南上一篇讲到”Himalayas“和”Caledonia“山脉的文章,作者利用了对比的手法论证山的高度和年龄之间的关系。不仅有时间上的比较,也有两座山之间的比较,这种类型的题目往往是大家容易出错的点。 托福阅读句子逻辑关系分析:例证关系 涉及的题型有:词汇题、细节题、修辞目的题、推理题、句子插入题。 众所周知,一篇成熟的议论文,都会有强有力的例子来证明作者自己的观点。 所以,例证关系也是非常重要的句间关系,这一关系的体现我们从词汇题开始说起。 官方指南上有一道词汇题,提问的对象是”distort“这个单词。 相信很多同学都认识这个词,现在,请大家从句间关系的角度上去重新思考下。 请看下文: Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.For example,they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not. 在”distort“这个词出现的后一句就是一个非常简单的实例,通过实例我们发现这句话就是对”distort“最简单的一种解释,从而理解出这个单词的意思是“误解”。 在主流的八大题型中,例证关系体现最频繁的就是修辞目的题,超过半数的修辞目的题都是在考查举例的写作意图。这类题目的未来趋势是尽量减少关联词的出现,取而代之的是句子的具体表达。 怎么通过句子的表达来判断提问的对象是否是一个例子呢?就要从例子的呈现的特点去思考。 比如在一篇议论文中,如果出现了描写一个人或者一个团队的冒险经历,亦或是他们做实验的过程,有具体的记叙型要素,那么他们的出现就是为了证明上文中的论点服务的。 官方指南中讲“食草动物的饮食习惯”和“19世纪的美国政治”两篇文章中都有典型的例题。 到了推理题中,题干中的对象多半是一个“例子”,也就是说我们不仅要读懂例子本身,更需要去结合例子和前文观点之间的关系。 最典型的一道例题在一篇名为“生态系统的长期稳定性”的文章中,通过前后句的例证关系我们才能推理出“redwood forests”可能的生长地带。虽然例证关系在推理题中出现比例并没有在修辞目的题中那么高,但是为了在考场上游刀有余,还是要进行相应的思维训练。 托福阅读机经真题回忆 第一套 阅读 第一篇:北极的住民原来被认为是从加拿大迁徙过 去的,但是后来发现说他们其实起源就在 北极,有的迁徙到加拿大有的留在了那里,并拥有了抗冻的能力。他们有冰刀之类的工具和冰房子。这些原住民因为气候而导致的动物稀少所以需要去海边捕捞食物。 有几个原因在当时影响了原住民,第一个是气温升高后迫使他们要改变一些捕鱼方式;还有就是爱莫斯基人移民进来,他们有更为发达的捕鱼业所以人数暴增...不 过没有证据表明他们和原住民有战争活动.. 然后他们可能有和原住民接触,因为他们 的工具和房屋都是一样的。 第二篇:一种海星的暴增 先讲了reef以前的reef和现在的reef的形成不同 (此处有题) 一些物理的自然灾害,比如台风暴雨 第二段讲海星暴增的原因,但是海星出现不知道是自然,还是人为的就有了两个理论一个理论是人抓海星的predatory但是没有证据另一个是大雨导致水土流失使得浮游生物多浮游生物是海星幼虫的捕食对象但是没有证据 第三篇:植物shading就是把一些枝条脱掉一个是因为有 限枝消耗掉碳物质比生产的多另一个是有时候 很干减少耗水 第四篇:说专家以为小孩子要到7、8岁才能有认知能力 但是其实4岁就有 然后说了两个帮助他们make conclusions的理论 一个是specific 一个是general 托福阅读机经真题解析 R1 讲birds adaptations for flight 雌性鸟tract two sides of the body 变 为one side来relieve baggage,雄鸟 organ变小,都是为了减轻体重,更好 的飞行。 还讲了no teeth,有beak来crush,还 有hollow bones,最后举了个例子 osprey把fish放在头的前面into streamline,词汇题考了个myriad。 R2 讲苏美尔人和楔形文字,需要drainage system然后就需要warrior来监督和管理workforce,苏美人的贸易推动了他们文化的传播 (词汇题diffusion)然后说什么进口的copper比进口的石头更effective和 useful,然后讲社会形式是以temple为中心, 然后由于要keep record就有了writing 进而发展成为cuneiform,然后社会变成 enterprise of freedom后,楔形文字有了更多用途。 R3 有一种obsidian做的stone tool的edge many times thinner than steel stone 然后讲考古学家用做的tool来cut food 和砍树什么的,然后看看上面的wear marks,并且和考古发现的tool的痕迹 比对to identify它们的用途 然后讲ceramic, sundried和低温kiln做的陶瓷不durable,所以剩下的 fragment很少,但是在亚洲和欧洲有 的地方用高温kiln然后更durable,所以保留下来的fragment of ceramic很多,其中考了ambiguity的意思,还有 portray。 R4 大象之间的交流有的动物交流用ultrasound象群可以在很远距离接受 信息但是male和female的大象能力不同。 R5 欧洲城市和经济发展说随着人 口增加不仅是商人开始做生意农民也可以 有产业举例子说一家开在桥边的烘焙店买 面包给tourist致富。 R6 otter可以生活在更冷的水,而一些更大的marine mamma 会被冻死因为otter有浓密的毛。但在18世纪被发现后幵始被捕杀因为中国人穿皮草炫富后面还讲了 otter吃其他海洋生物balabala R7 复活节岛上的雕塑有大有小好 像说外面很硬里面的clay遇水会软一点还 有一个疑问是不知道怎么移动这些雕塑因 为岛上treeless后来发现岛上之前有树木 还做了一个实验证明依靠这样roost还是 roots拉动雕塑到platform。 R8 一种远古语言的重建。 R9 海盐层的形成。 托福阅读机经预测 1.British colonial products in regulation act brought 2.soil composition 3.Mesoamerican art and architecture 词汇题: exceedingly 非常;极端地(=extremely) hasten 加快;促进(=speed up;accelerate) bulk 大量(=speed up;accelerate) contribute 捐助;添加(=give;add to) enomous 巨大的;极大地(=huge;immense) embody 使具体化;代表(=incarnate;incorprate;represent)迅速的(=fast;ready) 阅读 plan2 1.关于水资源在农业上的利用,以一个古国为例,说过度灌溉造成盐碱化的内容较多。说以前耕种的灌溉方式,增加管道加宽了灌溉的面积,可是也因此容易造成水灾。随着人口在增加田地不足,朝着高地开放,由于高地灌溉困难,好像是种某种植物,增加土壤表面含水量,借此来保持土壤水分。 2.工业的发展:石油的提炼;还有提高一些原油提炼产生的副产品&价值 3.恐龙减亡(从地质方面讨论) 大灭绝:65亿年前的陨石冲撞造成地球上75%生物死亡,地表95%死亡,好像有提到有人认为陨石冲撞杀不死这么多生物,然后是说陨石冲撞造成尘土飞扬,遮住了阳光造成地球温度下降,最后提剩下25%如何生存之类的。 详解托福阅读文章段落四大逻辑关系 1.因果关系 因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with 果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly 因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。 隐性因果: A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for 如:The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。 在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。 B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to 如:“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。” 在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。 C 反映,体现(果-因):reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show This result demonstrates that… D 考虑到:given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。 E 依赖于:rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems。 F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。 G 分词短语,不定式做状语:Failing in the final exam, she cried。 2.对比转折关系 A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand 在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。 B 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however 转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一,掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。 3.比较关系 A 同级比较 as…as B 比较级:more…than, -er than, less…than C 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him。 从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。 4.否定关系 显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。 双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式,由于在平时中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。 其实长难句在托福阅读考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。对于这样的题目,我们在不能读懂句子的情况下,能够把握的就是句子的内在关系,即逻辑。逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要,以前有学生反映,在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂,而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项,从而找到正确的答案。所以说,掌握托福阅读文章的逻辑关系是我们的隐形解题帮手,建议大家在平时的托福阅读练习中一定要予以关注。小编祝大家学习愉快,托福考试取得理想的成绩。 托福阅读关于段落逻辑理解的讲解 托福阅读中的四类逻辑关系 第一类,因果和条件结果在一起,即这两类逻辑关系可以相互替换。 第二类是转折、让步、比较、对比。这个大家比较好理解,可能当中比较麻烦的是比较。举个例子,你跑得快,但我跑得更快。这是转折,可以改成比较:我跑得比你快。 第三类是并列、类比。类比是like A and B,表示A和B差不多。举例来说,我打了你,and我打了他,可以改成我打了你and他。所以类比和并列也可以在一起考虑。 第四类,如果没有上述明显的逻辑关系,考生就可以考虑其他。所谓其他就是由谓语动词体现的逻辑关系。 这四类逻辑关系教给大家,希望在做句子改写题时可以通过这样的逻辑关系来判断四个选项的优先级。 把握作者的意图应用于作者目的题 举例:作者目的题 Paragraph 3: … However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so [even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention]. The author remarks that “Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive” in order to explain why ■ this form of lightning has been investigated so much ■ this form of lightning is not as common as lightning within a cloud ■ scientific understanding of this form of lightning is important ■ the buildup of positive charge on the ground beneath a storm cloud can have serious consequences 作者目的题是最直接考察作者讲话意图的一种题目。这个题目问作者为什么在文中讲了下划线标出的部分。下划线的内容是说击中地面的闪电是最具有破坏性的。把这句话放在你面前,问作者为什么讲这句话,考察的是信息与信息之间的关系。这时应该往前文看,还是应该往后文看呢?其实往前往后看要看作者的逻辑指向。 这句话中有个so,那么so前面是原因,后面是结果,作者讲原因的目的当然是解释结果。所以我们看结果后面的内容,可是这个题目没有那么容易,后面还有个even though。我们知道so是并列连词,even though是从属连词,当并列连词和从属连词同时在句子中出现的时候,并列连词优先,所以句子在so这里断开,so后面全都是结果。 在这个结果中,有一个结构even though A, B,意思是即使A,但是B。重点是在B,不在A。所以so后面真正的结果应该直接跳过even though,看it has received…这种闪电受到比较多的科学关注。所以这句话的同义改写是A,这种形式的闪电被调查研究得最多。 3大策略让你快速理解托福阅读的段落结构 一、托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围 作为一项语言能力测试,托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力,以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此,其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材,以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛,涉及有自然科学包括:天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括:艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括:政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。 从选材范围可见:托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求,但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业,对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质,因此为了遵守考试公平性原则,文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。 二、托福阅读的文章类型及 篇章段落结构 根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围,我们可以将这些文章归为三类:说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为:学术性文章。这种类型的文章,必须具备说理性特质,即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。 一句话:托福阅读文章的 篇章结构有规律可寻,段落组成有原则可守: 1. 学术性文章的 篇章结构: 在学术性文章中,一般需要具备三个组成部分: (1)Topic 话题:即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象,探讨某个历史事件; 在托福文章中,这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解; (2)Aspects 方面:即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点,则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象,则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件,则方面为几段发展时期; 在托福阅读文章中,往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系,将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落,共同组成行文主体; (3)Attitude态度:即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定,或是消极否定,或是保持中立。 在托福阅读文章中,态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。 Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度,这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构,考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向,再抓住文章的各个段落主旨,便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。 2. 学术性文章的段落结构 学术性文章的自然段落,一般需要具备两个组成部分: (1) Topic Sentence 主旨句:表达段落的主旨,即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么; (2) Detail 细节:为了详细说明段落中心含义,所罗列的相关支持内容,即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。 Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节,这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构,考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。 总结:当考生们了解了这种TAA 篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后,对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数,更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。 三、托福阅读考试的量化指标 新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。 无阅读加试的情况下,共有3篇文章,分为两个部分,第一部分为独立的1篇文章,考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章,考试时间为40分钟,期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和,即60分钟。 有阅读加试的情况下,在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上,再加两篇文章,并作为一个部分,共计40分钟,加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和,即100分钟。 托福阅读考试文章段落逻辑规律举例分析 (A)当两个人谈到吵或者安静时,最后得出的结论总是:宿舍里读书很吵,应该去图书馆,而不会说搬到别的宿舍。 (B)当谈到某门课老师讲的如何时,回答肯定与“boring”相似;而当谈到课难不难时,肯定说难。 (C)对话谈到作业时,肯定都说作业很多,而且很难。 (D)当对话内容涉及演出(音乐会或者电影)或者展览时,最后肯定说它非常好。即使他(她)不会欣赏这些展览或者演出,也会虚伪地说“It makes more sense next time”。 (E)当谈到住在校园里还是住在校外时,答案肯定是住在校园。 【雅思阅读逻辑关系】相关文章: 1.雅思阅读资料 2.雅思阅读考试要点 5.雅思阅读总共几题 6.雅思阅读考试技巧 7.雅思阅读做题方法 8.雅思阅读速读技巧 9.雅思阅读备考经验篇7:雅思听力四种官方常见逻辑关系
篇8:雅思听力常见逻辑关系听辨
篇9:托福阅读如何正确理解句子逻辑关系
篇10:如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系
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