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雅思阅读句型结构分析

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雅思阅读句型结构分析

篇1：雅思阅读句型结构分析

雅思阅读句型结构分析之名词性从句详解

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (noun clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、介词宾语从句等。

主语从句在复合句中用作主语的从句称为主语从句 (subject clause)。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。如：

That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.

很明显，她们的确是亲姊妹，她们的脸型很相似。(关联词是从属连词that) Who should be responsible for the senior citizens has been widely discussed in our community.

谁应该对老年人负责这个问题在社区里被广泛讨论。(关联词是疑问代词who) Where we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.

在哪儿处置日益增多的垃圾对很多政府而言是件头痛的事。(关联词是疑问副词where) Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished.

不论谁污染环境都应该受到惩罚。(关联词是缩合连接代词whoever) Wherever you are is my home—my only home.

你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。(关联词是缩合连接副词wherever)有时可以用it作为形式主语，将真实主语从句置于句末。如：

1. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.

很可能这种夜间的谋生可以追溯至所有哺乳动物的祖先。

2. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects， left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.

在数学家和建筑学家中，左撇子更常见并且左撇子的男性比女性要多，这并不惊奇。

3. It is reported that millions of people die of water-related disease each year.

据报道每年有成千上百万人死于和水有关的疾病。

表语从句在复合句中用作表语的从句称为表语从句 (predictive clause)。引导表语从句的关联词有疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、从属连词等。如：

The problem is who they can rely on.

问题是他们能依赖谁呢。(关联词是疑问代词who) The question is how they have achieved this.

问题是他们是怎样完成的。(关联词是疑问副词how) He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

他看起来还和十年前一样。(关联词是从属连词as) Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organized within particular places and occurs for regularized periods of time.

确实作为一个游客是“现代”的定义性特点之一，并且旅游的普遍性观念是它在某个特定地点组织并且发生于规律性的时间段。(关联词是从属连词that)宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句称为宾语从句 (object clause)。引导宾语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。如：

Animal right activists claim that animal tests are cruel， inhumane and unnecessary.

动物权益保护声称动物实验很残忍、没人道和不必要。(关联词是从属连词that) I know he has succeeded.

我知道他已经成功了。(在非正式文体中关联词that被省去)以上即是雅思阅读名词性从句的详细内容，大家在备考过程中可以将以上提到的几项实际引用到雅思阅读备考当中，以便更好的应对雅思考试。

雅思阅读里的同义转换

一、词的转换

词的转换一般指的是只涉及单个单词的转换。单个单词的转换包括词性转换及同义词转换。其中词性转换是比较容易的一种，考生即便遇见不认识的单词，也可以通过词根词缀进行猜测。如剑6中原文出现diabetes，考生并不熟悉糖尿病这个词汇，但是题目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的过程中遇见这样的转换不会出现太大的定位困难。另，在不带选项的Summary题型中，介于其很多题目仍然以细节为主，词性的转换在解题的过程中常常是一个考察的主要技能。如，

原文：Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.

题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.

题目：To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.

这个Summary题目中的空格前的conventional 和原文当中的conventions既是一对典型的词性转换形式。考生即使对于conventional这个词不熟悉也可以根据词性转换的原则定位到原文相关的地方，对应到相应的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根据题目要求，答案的词数限定为两个词，因此答案为discourse structure。

同义词就另当别论了。同义转换如果以同义词的形式出现就很考察一个考生的词汇量了。考生如果原文或题目中有任何一个词不明白意思的话，都很有可能造成定位不到的情况或者出现理解上的误差。如，

原文：Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.

题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.

题目： Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.

空格要填的内容是并列结构中的一部分。考生在原文中定位到这一句的主题Word order之后，只要找到并列结构中的predicting就很容易筛选出相关答案。但是动词的活跃性比较高。Predicting这个词在原文当中已经进行了同义词转换，变成了anticipation。这个情况下，考生如果不熟悉anticipation的意思，将会比较难得出正确的答案recognizing。另外这一题的空后也涉及到了一个同义词转换，combination和原文的collocation。考生在备考过程中如果做错了这样的题目，应该注意同义词的积累。

雅思阅读高分应具备的技巧

首先，拥有扎实的词汇语法基础及丰富的背景知识。

这里强调的其实是英文基础的重要性。考生想要在考试过程中游刃有余，没有一定的词汇量基本是没有办法达成的。当然我们在考试中可以通过上下文，转折词等等猜测生词的意思。但是，一旦生词量超过一定比例，势必会影响考生的理解。说到理解，在雅思考试中碰到长难句是常有的事情。那么扎实的语法基础也是考生正确理解文章意义的一个重要的必备素质。除去扎实的词汇语法基础之外，丰富的背景知识也是一名高分考生所必须的。雅思阅读考试人文社科类和自然科学类当中有众多小分支话题，涉及天文、地理、生物、地质、语言学、发展史等等众多领域。为了保证考试时的阅读效率及答题的正确性，考生需要在平时多多查阅相关资料，了解各类文章背景。至于常考的老话题及最新出现的新话题，考生可以通过对于机经的总结去获取相关信息。另外，在了解各类相关背景文章的同时，考生还可以增加相关的词汇量，实是一举两得的好办法。

其次，了解雅思阅读文章的行文结构。

一般的考生在备考过程中，很少注意培养对于一篇文章的整体把控能力。往往他们会陷于疲于读题，疲于找答案的混乱状态。其实，如果考生对于雅思考试阅读文章的行文结构有一定程度的了解，会大大提高考生答题的效率及准确率，并且节约答题时间。用我们经常会遇到的试验研究类文章举个例子。这种类型的文章开始会介绍这个实验的一些基本情况，如试验主体、试验对象等等，之后往往会介绍试验的具体操作过程，然后是实验的结果，及最终的数据结论。这样的文章出现，往往会伴随着人物观点题。而自然科学类文章则多为平行结构，对一种现象或生物的各个方面做说明介绍。此类文章结构工整，较易定位。所以，如果考生对于雅思阅读考试的文章结构有所了解的话，即使遇见自己所不熟悉的自然科学类文章，也可根据大致文章结构，快速在原文中定位题目答案所在段落，并且只针对与题目有关的部分进行精读。

第三，洞悉雅思考试的出题角度。

雅思阅读考试的题型多变，有细节题，有大意题，有考察整体理解的题型，也有考察辨别信息能力的题型。因此，建议想要取得高分的学员，在掌握每种题型的解题技巧的同时，还需要研究的是考试的出题角度，仔细研究各种题型考察的是何种能力。然后有针对性的去锻炼这方面的能力。的雅思阅读考试中，所占比重最大的几类题型为细节配对题、是非无判断题、和摘要归纳题。之前常考的小标题配对在去年的考试中所占比例并不大。几乎每场考试都有细节配对题出现，那么其实可以反映出雅思考试更加注重考生的细节定位能力以及对于材料的理解能力。这些能力的培养对于考生之后的留学生涯也是很有帮助的。

最后，充分到位的模拟训练是必不可少的。

通过模拟训练可以提高考生两方面的能力：一是考试答题顺序的安排。而是考试时间的合理分配。首先是答题顺序的安排。考生并不用完全按照考试文章的顺序来答题。完全可以通过对于标题的浏览来确定文章大意。然后根据自己的熟悉程度来选择文章的先后顺序。另外，在确定了文章的先后顺序之后，题目的先后顺序其实也是需要进行合理安排的。比如09年很流行的段落细节配对题，虽然经常出现在文章很靠前的位置，但是，无论什么样的位置出现，这种题型都应该放在最后来解决。除了答题顺序之外，考试时间的精确掌控也是考生是否能够取得高分的一个重要因素。雅思阅读考试是个精泛读结合过程，不是所有的文字都需要进行精读的，恰恰那些基础很好有能力有机会考到高分的考生，往往会犯全篇通读的错误，导致最后答题时间不够，没能完成所有的题目而不能取得满意的成绩。另外要提醒考生注意的是，在平常的模拟考试中就养成是用答题卡的习惯，这样才不至于在考试的时候因为时间不够而出现答题卡不能填写完全的情况。相信很多次的模拟练习之后，考生一定有能力在考试时，用最合理的时间分配进行最佳顺序的答题，最终取得满意的成绩。

英语阅读

篇2：雅思阅读的5种句型结构分析

雅思阅读中出现的5种句型结构分析

1. 表转折：

but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;

A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。

例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .

解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。

总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。

练习：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, and decommissioning.

2. 表让步：

(1)although：although A, B:尽管有A，B还是出现了(A，B互不影响)若A是正，那B就是负的。

例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.

解释：miracle奇迹，表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。

(2)while：五个含义：

A. although：虽然，尽管

B. as long as：只要

C. whereas, but：表转折

D.when：当。。。的时候

E. n. 表一段时间

例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.

解释：原文在本段之前讲鸭子的好，在本段之后讲它的不好。

(3)Albeit：尽管，虽然

例如：Albeit true but not now.

3. 表并列：A and B

A...and B...

(1) 并列双方性质相同;

(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时，应该从最后一项找起，根据B的形式到前文找到A

例如：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.

解释：此句话中共有四个and ,第一个and 并列of 结构，第二个and 并列fumes和toxic,第三个and并列taxicabs, lorries 和buses, 第四个and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…

4 表递进：没有转折的意思，后项承接上文。

A furthermore B

A moreover B

A besides B

A为正向，B 仍为正向。

5 表顺序或过程：

(1) first, then, next, later on, finally

(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…

(3) in the first place, in the second place…

以上就是雅思阅读中出现的5种句型结构分析的全部内容。这5种句型都有相对应的词语，这些词语就是表示句子间和句子内关系的逻辑词。这些逻辑词在解题时对于文章内容的定位也有一定帮助，比如通常but之后才会出现作者真正的观点等等。我们在解题时也可以活用这些句型结构里面的逻辑词。

雅思阅读材料：委内瑞拉油价世界0.8元/升

英国一家名为This is Money的网站联合一家汽车网站对世界各国的油价分析对比后选出全球油价的十个国家，委内瑞拉以每升8便士(合人民币0.8元)的价格连续第二年居首，居民月度油费支出占月收入的2.73%。其余9个国家汽油价格由低到高分别为埃及、沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔、巴林、利比亚、土库曼斯坦、科威特、阿尔及利亚以及伊朗。除油价以外，此次评选还对各国居民油费开支占月收入的比重进行了调查分析。结果显示，有些国家虽然油价很低，但因为居民收入普遍偏低，油费支出占月收入的比例却很高。比如，土库曼斯坦的油价仅为每升17便士，每月的油费支出约为21英镑(约合人民币212元)，但因为平均月收入仅有115英镑左右，所以油费支出占到了月收入的17.79%。如果按此标准计算，卡塔尔应该为世界上油价水平的国家。《福布斯》杂志将卡塔尔称为世界上最富有的国家，其国民每月的税后收入达3665英镑(约合人民币37014元)，而卡塔尔的油价仅为每升12便士，月度油费支出只占月收入的0.4%。

Petrol prices in Britain remain a consistent sore talking point for motorists - it’s not surprising considering costs have almost doubled in the last 10 years.

According to AA figures, the average litre of unleaded in Britain in August was 74.8p. This has rocketed to 135.52p this month. At the same time, Brent Crude oil prices have risen from an average of $28 to more than $113 now.

It is clear that car owners in Britain have some of the most expensive costs when it comes to filling up their motor. But what about the flipside – which countries have the cheapest unleaded?

In the second exclusive annual cheapest petrol worldwide report by This is Money, alongside new and used car website Evans Halshaw, we reveal just how cheap it is to fill up a car in other areas around the world.

We also compare petrol prices to wages in each country mentioned – and reveal that one country spends just 0.4 percent of disposable income on petrol, while another sees motorists spend almost 20 percent of their income on filling up their car, despite the cheap fuel costs.

Venezuela has taken the crown for the cheapest petrol in the world for the second year running in our annual report.

Those that live in the country see cheap petrol as a birthright. An increase in prices at the pump in the late 1980s resulted in riots in Caracas and ultimately current president Hugo Chavez’s political rise.

It is so cheap in the country that petrol smuggling is thought to be a bigger business than drug smuggling – with neighbours such as Colombia paying more than 40 times the price for petrol, you can see why.

According to the statistics however, the average citizen’s income after tax is ￡354.48. This means that on average, 2.73 percent of wages are spent on filling up the motor.

This is cheap compared to some of the countries we revealed have the highest petrol costs in the world.

In Norway, where the price of unleaded is the most expensive 164p a litre (April ) the average person spends 7.4 percent of their wage to fill up their tank.

There is no doubt that Venezuelans have it good when it comes to petrol prices and how much they spend on filling up their cars, but it’s oil-rich nations in the Middle East that benefit from not only low petrol costs, but high wages as well.

Topping the list is Qatar, where the average person spends 0.4 percent of their wage on unleaded petrol. Saudi Arabia is not far behind with 0.98 percent, while Kuwait (1.2 percent) and Bahrain (1.81 percent) also beat Venezuela.

Qatar pays some of the highest wages in the world. The country, which will host the football World Cup in 2022, has a population of roughly 1.7million.

According to Forbes Magazine, it is the richest nation in the world. The research has found the average take home pay after tax is a mammoth ￡3,664.92 monthly, while the average petrol price is 12p a litre.

If you compare that to Britain in our April 2012 petrol survey, the average litre of petrol was 142p and average monthly salary after tax ￡1,660.52. This meant 10.3 percent of wages is spent on filling up the tank.

It’s not all plain sailing for countries with cheap petrol however. Turkmenistan has an average petrol price of 17p, putting it seventh of our list of cheap petrol.

However, this equates to a monthly bill of ￡20.53 to fill up a motor – and with the average monthly wage before income sitting at ￡115.42, it means 17.79 percent of wages are spent on petrol.

This is easily the highest figure in the list and to put it into perspective, of the countries that made up the top ten expensive places for fuel, only three have higher percentage of income going on fuel bills.

These are Eritrea (61.1 percent),Turkey (34.2 percent) and Greece (25.4 percent).

10. Iran

Price per litre: 21p Monthly cost: ￡25.36

Income (after tax): ￡388.68 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 6.53 percent

9. Algeria

Price per litre: 17p Monthly cost: ￡20.53

Income (after tax): ￡173.26 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 11.85 percent

8. Kuwait

Price per litre: 17p Monthly cost: ￡20.53

Income (after tax): ￡1,703.98 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 1.2 percent

7. Turkmenistan

Price per litre: 17p Monthly cost: ￡20.53

Income (after tax): ￡115.42 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 17.79 percent

6. Libya

Price per litre: 15p Monthly cost: ￡18.12

Income (after tax): ￡544.94 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 3.32 percent

5. Bahrain

Price per litre: 15p Monthly cost: ￡18.12

Income (after tax): ￡998.19 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 1.81 percent

4. Qatar

Price per litre: 12p Monthly cost: ￡14.49

Income (after tax): ￡3,664.92 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 0.40 percent

3. Saudi Arabia

Price per litre: 10p Monthly cost: ￡12.08

Income (after tax): ￡1,234.78 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 0.98 percent

2. Egypt

Price per litre: 9p Monthly cost: ￡10.87

Income (after tax): ￡247.35 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 4.39 percent

1. Venezuela

Price per litre: 8p Monthly cost: ￡9.66

Income (after tax): ￡354.48 Percentage of monthly income spent on petrol: 2.73 percent

雅思阅读材料：卡梅伦奥运会看啥啥输?

When Bradley Wiggins goes for gold tomorrow afternoon in the men's cycling time trial the Tour de France champion could be forgiven for checking the crowd nervously for the face of the prime minister, who is starting to get a reputation as a bit of a jinx.

So far both Wiggins' cycling colleague Mark Cavendish and Olympic poster boy Tom Daley have been denied medals by what has been dubbed the “Curse of Cameron”.

The prime minister was present at the trackside when Cavendish failed to win Team GB's first Gold of the Games as expected.

And he was in the stands when Daley and his partner Peter Waterfield came an agonising fourth in the synchronized diving.

The curse is not restricted to the Olympics. A few weeks ago Cameron was at Wimbledon to see Andy Murray let slip a lead against Roger Federer in the tennis.

Fortunately for Britain's male gymnasts however the prime minister stayed away from the North Greenwich Arena last night where they won the country's first medal in the event for 100 years.

Although suspicions were raised that Cameron had peeked his head round the door after the team's medal was downgraded from silver to bronze.

Nerves may also be frayed in the Team GB beach volleyball camp, as the event is taking place in Horse Guards Parade next door to Cameron's Downing Street home.

Yesterday, when asked, No.10 admitted that Cameron probably “had a peek” at the event.

The British hopefuls must be crossing their fingers that the curtains are drawn during their matches.

如果环法自行车赛布拉德利?威金斯在争夺男子公路自行车个人计时赛的赛场上，紧张地环顾人群，看首相卡梅伦有没有来观战，那我们一定要原谅他，因为卡梅伦首相已开始被誉为奥运会扫帚星。

截至目前，威金斯的队友马克?卡文迪什和奥运明星汤姆?戴利也因为“卡梅伦诅咒”没能摘得奖牌。

卡梅伦观看了卡文迪什的比赛，但卡文迪什没能如众人希望的那样为英国队摘得本届奥运会的枚。

戴利和搭档彼得?沃特菲尔德在双人跳水比赛中屈居第四，当时卡梅伦也在一旁观战。

“卡梅伦诅咒”不仅限于奥运赛场。几周前，卡梅伦在温布尔登球场观战时，安迪-穆雷输掉和对阵罗杰-费德勒的比赛。

英国男子体操队很幸运。卡梅伦没有前往北格林威治体育场观战，因此他们拿下了一百年来英国队在该项目的首枚奖牌。

但有人怀疑，在英国队的银牌被降为铜牌后，卡梅伦在门口偷瞄了几眼。

英国沙滩排球队也许也紧张起来了，因为沙滩排球赛在皇家骑兵卫队阅兵场举行，临近卡梅伦在唐宁街的官邸。

昨天，英国政府在追问下承认卡梅伦可能会去“悄悄看一下”比赛。

这些英国的种子选手就祈祷比赛时卡梅伦被隔在窗帘外面吧。

雅思

篇3：雅思阅读句型结构分析之名词性从句详解

雅思阅读句型结构分析之名词性从句详解

雅思阅读句型结构分析之名词性从句详解为你带来众多的雅思阅读中出现的句型中，一种最为常见的句型——名词性从句的分析方法。名词性从句又有5个大类，在英语的表达当中也时常出现。我们应该怎样才能读懂这一类的名词性从句呢?下文就为你带来详细的分析方法。

That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.

很明显，她们的确是亲姊妹，她们的脸型很相似。(关联词是从属连词that) Who should be responsible for the senior citizens has been widely discussed in our community.

谁应该对老年人负责这个问题在社区里被广泛讨论。(关联词是疑问代词who) Where we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.

在哪儿处置日益增多的垃圾对很多政府而言是件头痛的事。(关联词是疑问副词where) Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished.

不论谁污染环境都应该受到惩罚。(关联词是缩合连接代词whoever) Wherever you are is my home—my only home.

你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。(关联词是缩合连接副词wherever)有时可以用it作为形式主语，将真实主语从句置于句末。如：

1. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.

很可能这种夜间的谋生可以追溯至所有哺乳动物的祖先。

2. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects， left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.

在数学家和建筑学家中，左撇子更常见并且左撇子的男性比女性要多，这并不惊奇。

3. It is reported that millions of people die of water-related disease each year.

据报道每年有成千上百万人死于和水有关的疾病。

表语从句在复合句中用作表语的从句称为表语从句 (predictive clause)。引导表语从句的关联词有疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、从属连词等。如：

The problem is who they can rely on.

问题是他们能依赖谁呢。(关联词是疑问代词who) The question is how they have achieved this.

问题是他们是怎样完成的。(关联词是疑问副词how) He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

Animal right activists claim that animal tests are cruel， inhumane and unnecessary.

动物权益保护声称动物实验很残忍、没人道和不必要。(关联词是从属连词that) I know he has succeeded.

解答雅思阅读判断题的两点法则

很多考生由于没有掌握一个比较巧的做题方法，使得这个题型略显有难度。通常，大家在处理这种题型的时候，会采取定位----翻译题干----翻译原文这样的方法，这种方法不能说不对，但不是最省力的。

我们都知道，在处理细节题的时候，定位词是我们必须掌握的东西。所以，我们在做判断题的时候所谓“两点法”的第一个点就是我们的定位点，而第二个点就是考点。

在做判断题的时候，大多数同学会在定位好之后去翻译题干，然后再翻译一次原文，把两者对比。但实际上，经过对剑桥雅思里面所有判断题的分析，我们可以发现任何一道判断题所谓的对错，对也对在一个点，错也错在一个点，而不会是在几个地方都出现错误。所以，我们只要在做判断题的时候找到这个用来判断对错的关键点，其他的地方就无需再读了。也就是说，我们只要抓到定位点和考点这两个点，“两点就可以确定一条直线”。

在判断题中涉及到的考点共有六种类型，我以剑桥雅思的几道题为例，简单谈谈这六种考点。

1.是非考点

通常是题干的谓语或表语，这种考点占到判断题数量的一半以上。

例：The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.

定位词是The parents of athletes，考点词是successful athletes，在题干中作表语。

2.绝对考点

在判断题题干中，经常出现almost，only，never等表示绝对意义的副词。

例：Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.

考点在Not all这个词上。

3.比较考点

当题干中出现比较关系的时候，比较的双方作为定位词，比较关系就是我们的考点。

例：Johnson has become more well known since his death.

定位词是since his death，考点就是more well known。

4.因果考点

判断题中的因果关系里，通常结果是定位词，原因是考点。

例：The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.

其中的考点就是the growing importance of the middle classes。

5.数字考点

当选择题中出现数字、时间、年代的时候，这个就是我们的考点了。

例：Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin’ s ability as a student of chemistry.

6.目的考点

当原文和题干都在考察一件事的目的或意义的时候，这个目的(意义)就是我们要关注的考点。

雅思考试阅读材料精选

Timer Keeper

HInformation Theory信息论is one of the few scientific fields fortunate enough to have an identifiable可以确认的beginning - Claude Shannon's 1948 paper. The story of the evolution发展, 演变of how it progressed进步from a single theoretical理论的paper to a broad广泛的field that has redefined重新定义our world is a fascinating one. It provides the opportunity to study the social, political, and technological interactions相互作用that have helped guide its development and define阐释its trajectory轨迹, and gives us insight洞察into how a new field evolves发展.

We often hear Claude Shannon called the father of the Digital Age. In the beginning of his paper Shannon acknowledges承认the work done before him, by such pioneers先驱as Harry Nyquist and RVL. Hartley at Bell Labs贝尔实验室in the 1920s. Though their influence影响 was profound深远的, the work of those early pioneers was limited and focused on their own particular独特的 applications应用. It was Shannon’s unifying统一 vision视力,先见之明,想象力,景象 that revolutionized使革命化 communication传达信息, and spawned使产生 a multitude of多数 communication research that we now define as the field of Information Theory.

One of those key concepts概念 was his definition of the limit for channel capacity通路容量. Similar to Moore’s Law, the Shannon limit can be considered a self-fulfilling完成 prophecy预言能力. It is a benchmark基准 that tells people what can be done, and what remains to be done – compelling强制性的 them to achieve it.

Information Theory was not just a product of the work of Claude Shannon. It was the result of crucial 关键性的contributions贡献 made by many distinct独特的 individuals个体, from a variety of多种的 backgrounds, who took his ideas and expanded延伸 upon them. Indeed the diversity差异/多样性 and directions of their perspectives观点/看法 and interests shaped the direction of Information Theory.

篇4：雅思阅读中出现的5种句型结构分析

雅思阅读中出现的5种句型结构分析

雅思阅读中出现的5种句型结构分析为你带来出现在雅思阅读中的5种句型结构以及他们出现时的代表性词语列举。这5种句型结构不仅是常常出现在雅思的考试中，也可以说是英语当中常见的5种句型。了解这些句型结构能够帮我我们更快并且更准确地把握句子间和句子内的关系。以便更好地理解文章内容和中心思想。

1. 表转折：

but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;

A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。

例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .

解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。

总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。

2. 表让步：

(1)although：although A, B:尽管有A，B还是出现了(A，B互不影响)若A是正，那B就是负的。

例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.

解释：miracle奇迹，表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。

(2)while：五个含义：

A. although：虽然，尽管

B. as long as：只要

C. whereas, but：表转折

D.when：当。。。的时候

E. n. 表一段时间

例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.

解释：原文在本段之前讲鸭子的好，在本段之后讲它的不好。

(3)Albeit：尽管，虽然

例如：Albeit true but not now.

3. 表并列：A and B

A...and B...

(1) 并列双方性质相同;

(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时，应该从最后一项找起，根据B的形式到前文找到A

4 表递进：没有转折的意思，后项承接上文。

A furthermore B

A moreover B

A besides B

A为正向，B 仍为正向。

5 表顺序或过程：

(1) first, then, next, later on, finally

(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…

(3) in the first place, in the second place…

雅思考试必备阅读高分技巧

雅思阅读高分必须要下的五个功夫，正在进行雅思阅读备考的学生可以一起来看看下面的介绍，希望能给大家的雅思考试准备带来帮助!

雅思阅读高分必须要下的五个好“功夫”

一，要高分没有歪门邪道可走，词汇量不够的背单词去(衡量标准：一篇雅思文章，30%以上的单词看不懂)

二，做题前必须耐心分析文章结构(文章结构按照不同文章类型是明确而且一定的)。结构出来了，作者写作思路也就呼之欲出了，你懂写作思路，你就是作者，你自己分析自己写的文章还有难度吗?你换位思考一下，当你写一篇文章是怎么想的，说白了无非就是提出问题，分析问题，解决问题这三部。

三，没有一劳永逸的方法，要说一劳永逸以上就是。阅读速度慢，分析能力差，那就去练。剑桥的文章都分析个遍，功夫下到了，能力自然就上去了。

四，通过对阅读出最新题趋势的观察，雅思阅读回归到文本本身的时代来临了，因为这才是最扎实的东西。

雅思考试阅读材料精选

美国人搬到中国学汉语

American families are uprooting their entire lives and relocating their families to China to give their children a leg up in learning Mandarin as China's influence continues to grow, according to The Wall Street Journal.

据《华尔街日报》报道，因为中国的影响在日益增强，为了给孩子增加一个学习汉语的优势，许多美国人正改变以前的生活方式，举家迁往中国生活。

High-powered American couples reportedly move to China and enroll their children in elementary schools that teach Mandarin. Instruction is completed in two years in these schools, and then the families move back to the United States.

报道称，有钱的美国夫妇举家迁往中国，并在教普通话的小学里给孩子报了名注了册。在学完了学校的两年课程后，全家人又搬回美国去。

And even if parents aren't moving there, they are choosing Mandarin submersion programs, hiring tutors, using Skype to talk with teachers in Beijing, and even hiring Chinese-speaking nannies.

即使家长没有搬过来，他们会选择含有汉语内容的教程，或请家教，或使用Skype和在北京的老师对话，甚至是雇佣说汉语的保姆。

Sources told The WSJ that prospective employees who speak Mandarin have a leg-up in the job market, and doting American parents are trying to do everything they can possible to give them that edge.

消息人士告诉《华尔街日报》，未来的求职者，如果是会说汉语的求职者，那么他们在就业市场拥有更多的优势。溺爱孩子的美国家长在尽他们的一切可能让孩子们拥有这样的优势。

Learning Mandarin is hardly an easy task. It's a tonal language and there's no “right” way to learn it.

学习汉语并非易事。汉语是一种声调语言，学习它没有所谓的“好”方法。

To earn certification in Mandarin, it takes 2,200 class hours, and half of that time spent must be spent in a Mandarin-speaking country. For comparison's sake, Spanish can be learned in 600 to 750 class hours.

要获得汉语等级证书需要花2,200学时，其中有一半时间必须要生活在说汉语的国家里。作为对比，学习西班牙语只要600到750个学时。

Ironically in China, where a huge emphasis is placed on education, 85 percent of people whose household income is more than $950,000 recently said they planned on sending their children abroad to study.

不过具有讽刺意味地是，在非常重视教育的中国，85% 家庭收入超过950,000美元的家庭最近表示，他们计划着要把自己的孩子送出国深造。

So, Americans are still playing catch up.

因此，美国人正在迎头赶上。

篇5：雅思阅读中的复杂句句型结构分析

雅思阅读中的复杂句句型结构分析

雅思阅读中的复杂句句型结构分析为你带来出现在雅思阅读中的复杂句的句型结构分析。雅思阅读的难点之一就是对于复杂句的理解和分析。我们应该怎样分析这些复杂句呢?在遇到它们的时候应该怎样解析句子的逻辑和表达的含义呢?下文将这些复杂句拆分成不同部分，按照每一个组成部分进行解说。

雅思的阅读部分有大量句型结构复杂、难以理解和把握的复杂句或难句。一般来说，这些句子有以下特点：

一、句子冗长，大多数句子由20个以上单词组成，很多句子超过40个单词

二、结构复杂，频繁使用并列复合句、多重复合句等复杂句式

三、大多是阅读考试的出题点，在阅读试题中常常有所涉及

我们可以从简单句开始分析语法

简单句

对于难度较大的简单句，阅读的基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾，找出句子的主干，忽略其他的成分，将长句变成短句，将句型结构复杂的句子变成句型结构简单的句子。

例1：It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions, and making trade-offs and compromises where interest are opposed.

分析：句子的主语是it, 谓语是involves,三个动名词短语probing for deeply rooted concerns、devising creative solutions和making trade-offs and compromises作宾语。意思是说：它涉及了探究深层次的关注、想出更有创意的解决方案以及当利益发生冲突的时候，做出交易和妥协。

例2：Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a person's identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.

分析：该句主语是automated techniques, 谓语是attract,宾语是attention, in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail在句子里起时间状语的作用。意思是说：在信用卡和电子邮件越来越多地被使用的今天，用来测量这些特性和确认人的身份的自动技术吸引了广泛的关注。

并列句

如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，最常见的并列连词有and,or 和but。最简单的方法就是将句子从并列连词处断开，将并列句变成两个或若干个相对短的句子，然后再用处理简单句的方法——抓句子主干，来依次处理每个相对短的句子。

例：Government has encouraged waste paper collecton and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.

分析：这个复合句可以从and处将句子分成两个相对较短的句子：and前面是一个简单句;and后面的句子有一个由that引导的定语从句，充当new recycling technologies的定语。意思是：政府鼓励了废纸的回收和分类计划，同时造纸工业也通过开发新的回收技术作出了反应，这个回收技术为更大程度地利用已经使用过的纤维铺平了道路。

插入语结构

插入语一般是对句子的某个成分的解释或补充说明，前后有逗号与其他句子成分分开，比较容易识别。处理插入语的基本办法是先略去不读，直接跳过两个逗号之间的内容，使插入语结构前后意思顺畅。

例句1:To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless.

分析：该句中，as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners充当插入语，阅读句子时，可以先忽略这部分。意思是说：对不经意看到的人和有影响力的自然科学家、区域规划者来说，亚马逊地区的繁茂的森林似乎是永恒的。

例句2:Over 120 years ago, the English botanist J.D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were 'eatable but not worth eating'.

分析：此句中，两个逗号之间的内容即writing of Australian edible plants, 充当插入语。意思是说：120多年前，在写到澳大利亚可食用的植物时，英国植物学家J.D.Hooker就指出它们当中有很多可食用的，但却不值得食用。

倒装结构

在英语当中，主语和谓语有两种顺序：一种和汉语一致，即主语在前;另外一种顺序是谓语在主语前面，即倒装。阅读中一般会出现以not only等否定连词和never,seldom rarely, hardly等否定副词引导的倒装句。理解倒装句，就要把它转换成普通语句，把倒装语序还原为自然语序，在自然语序下理解句子。

例句1：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.

分析：该句中，not only...but also...引导了倒装句，把其中的句子换成正常语序就是：the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party.整句的意思是：在一个争论中，不仅一方的利益和另外一方不一致，而且它们是相互矛盾的。

例句2：Hardly had we arrived in Shanghai when it began to snow.

分析：此句是由hardly...when引导出了倒装，意思是：我们一到上海天就开始下雪。

以上就是雅思阅读中的复杂句句型结构分析的全部内容。文中就这些复杂句当中的一些特殊结构进行的专门的讲解，基本上来说，如果能理解这些特殊结构的逻辑和意义，这个复杂句也就迎刃而解。如果还不知道怎样去分析复杂句的同学，不妨同分析这些特殊结构入手。

雅思阅读中的思维转换：熟练度是根本

问：Hi Jennie，我的一个英语很好的朋友曾经跟我说，依我现在的水平，在做雅思阅读时可以不用转到中文，直接用英语去理解原文。我尝试过，简单的文章或句子我完全可以直接理解，不用在大脑中再用中文中转一下，但遇到长难句，必须得用中文中转，否则肯定晕。想请您推荐比较适合的一种阅读方式。当阅读速度越来越快时，是否就自然而然的进入到了无中文思维状态了?

老师：短句子容易懂是因为你熟，长句子不容易懂是因为你不熟，所有的问题归根结底就这个原因而已。当然，阅读时的好习惯，例如我们在课上说过的克服指读、唇读和心读等耗费时间的做法会有一定帮助，此外就是要熟悉英语长难句的结构和构成方法。再长的句子也无非是由若干短句子拼接而成的，只要明白了这个道理，在阅读长难句的时候有意识地寻找这些连接处，主动地把它们分解还原成短小的句子，习惯以后，阅读速度自然而然地就会上去了。英语长难句的构成主要来自于两个渠道：连接和从句，认出了连接词和从句的线索，再长的句子我们也就都不会害怕了。值得注意的是，刚开始练习的时候，其实不必过于追求速度，先扎实地理解了每一个长句子构成的原理，在理解的基础上再提高速度才是王道。

雅思考试阅读材料精选

Tide Power

The invention of writing and in particular of alphabetic writing拼音文字 marked a milestone in cultural development. It provided humanity人类 with a new means of communication that literally确切地 inscribed雕刻 in stone the spoken word. Communication could now span跨越 both space and time. Space, because writing could be sent from one place to another. Time, because writing could preserve the words for generations to comePSince the art of writing was discovered, nearly every form of writing material has been used. Some were intended to ensure permanence 永久while others were simple and inexpensive but temporary暂时的. From the wax notepad记事本 of the schoolboy to the grand重要的 inscriptions 碑铭 on monuments纪念碑, almost everything we know about antiquity古代 is derived from源自于 writings such as those written on animal hide/s兽皮and minerals.

LStone was mainly used for writing on permanent monuments and public buildings. The writing on stone usually requires the use of hammer锤子 and chisel凿子. The most comfortable, accurate and hence productive多产的 manner 方式 of carving雕刻stone inscriptions题字 is to hold the chisel in one hand and hit it with the hammer held in the other hand. Although this sounds like too simple an explanation, one must consider that as most people are right handed then there would be a tendency倾向 to cut the letters from right to left. Therefore, we find that the flow of ancient Semitic闪族人 languages such as Hebrew希伯来人 and Arabic阿拉伯的 run from right to left. Stone is one of the oldest forms of writing material.

Sheets of metal金属片 were rarely used for writing or are rarely found. For one, they were expensive to manufacture制造 and secondly, the metal was often re-smelted 冶炼 for use as weapons in times of war, so few sheets remain. Royal houses sometimes used silver or gold and examples of writing on gold has been excavated挖掘 from the Second Temple 神殿period in Jerusalem耶路撒冷/以色列的首都. More commonly, bronze青铜 tablets牌匾and copper sheets铜片 were used to provide semi-permanence永久 and could be stored more easily than cumbersome 讨厌的/笨重的rock. Archaeologists have discovered row upon row of bronze tablets from ancient Roman archives档案/公文 that contain details about treaties条约/谈判 and decrees法令.

As written forms of language slowly developed the materials upon which the text was applied also changed to become more user friendly. Early writing materials consisted of stone, metal sheets, wooden boards木板, wax tablets and ostraca陶片. All of these materials are rigid刚硬的 and rather primitive原始的 in kind. As the need for better communication and recording occurred so too developed better forms of writing materials.

Clay tablets are probably the invention of the Sumerians苏美尔人 of southern Babylonia. The use of soft clay tablets was popular right up until the Christian Era基督纪元. Use of clay tablets became widespread 分布广泛的/普遍的and was the general means of written communication throughout Mesopotamia美索不达米亚/现伊拉克境内 and the entire ancient East.

The system of use involved two parts:… was fashioned as a 'letter' and formed the inner core of the communication. Shrouding覆盖 the inner tablet was a folded clay 'envelope' that completely enclosed 装入/围绕 the inner tablet. The message to be sent was first written on the smaller, inner tablet, while the clay was soft using a thin, sharpened tool to inscribe记下 wedge-shaped楔形的 cuneiform letters楔形文字that comprised组成 the text. This tablet was then fired to harden it and make the message permanent.

It was then wrapped包装 in a thin sheet of clay that was folded around the main message like a modern envelope信封. This was inscribed with the name of the recipient接受者, the contents of the inner tablet and the name (and possibly the seal封印) of the author.tablets have been excavated by the thousand, from archaeological sites all over the East. There are at least one million tablets held and displayed in various museums throughout the world.|WThe envelope system provided privacy隐私 to the writer and if the seal had not been broken, the recipient 接受者would know that no one had read his mail邮件.

篇6：掌握这几种雅思阅读的句型结构

掌握这几种雅思阅读的句型结构，长句分析再也不是问题

掌握这几种雅思阅读的句型结构，长句分析再也不是问题为你带来雅思阅读材料中出现的高频句型结构的分析方法。这几种句型既有英语表达当中最基本的简单句，也有较有难度的复句句型。建议掌握的顺序是由简单的句型到难的句型。下面就让我们来看一下这几种雅思阅读中出现的句型吧。

一、主语+谓语(S+V)：

这类句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语都能表达完整的意思。谓语动词是不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

例如：An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. (剑8 Test 1Passage 2 )

句子结构分析：这句话的主干是An accident resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)。主谓结构式An accident resulted，后面跟得是介词短语。That引导定语从句修饰An accident，to regulate and oversee…表示目的，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰the operation of aircraft。

二、主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+DO)：

这类句子的谓语都是实意动词，也都是及物动词，表示主语发生的动作，但是后面必须跟一个宾语，也就是动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。

例如：They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.

(剑8 Test 1Passage 1 )

句子结构分析：这句话的主语是They，谓语是based，宾语是their calendars，后面是on引导的介词短语。冒号后面的三个并列结构：the solar day, the lunar month and the solar year，是对three natural cycles的解释说明。 that引导定语从句修饰changing seasons changing seasons。

三、主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)：

这类句型的谓语部分是连系动词，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语才能表达完整的意思。常见的系动词有两类：一类表情况——be，look，smell，taste，sound等;一类表变化——get，grow，become，turn，go等。

例如： The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. (剑8 Test 1Passage 1 )

句子结构分析：这句话的主干是主系表结构，不过有两个并列的表语。主语是The revolutionary aspect，系动词是was，表语是neither the descending weight nor the gear wheels。第一个that引导定语从句修饰weight，括号里的句子做插入语，是对gear wheels的补充说明，that引导定语从句修饰gear wheels，分号后面是一个简单的句子。

四、主语+谓语+间宾+直宾(S+V+IO+DO)：

这类动词后面必须跟两个宾语，才能表达完整的意思。一个是动作的直接承受者，为直接宾语，另一个是动作的间接承受者，为间接宾语。

例如： We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their abilities. (剑8 Test 3 Passage 2)

句子结构分析：这句话的主语是We，谓语动词是may give，直接宾语是some precision，间接宾语是them。 at best、whatever we do做插入语，这句话的主干是We may give them some precision…but we should never delude ourselves into believing that…save in the degree to which…。That引导宾语从句，save做连词，表示除了，which引导宾语从句。

五、主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(S+V+DO+OC)：

这类句型的谓语都是及物动词，但是只有宾语不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个宾语补足语来补充说明整句话的意思。

例如：Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. (剑8 Test 1 Passage3 )

句子结构分析：这句话的主语是Reports，谓语是had led，宾语是parapsychologists，宾补是to suspect。by people during meditation表示在某种实验环境下，修饰experiences。第一个that引导宾语从句，第二个that引导定语从句修饰'signals'，第三个so faint that…如此以至于表示结果状语从句。

以上就是掌握这几种雅思阅读的句型结构，长句分析再也不是问题的全部内容。同学们都掌握了吗?对于句型结构的分析，所要求的英语基础是对从句结构的理解和分析。这几种句型中，主要还是对于复句的分析比较有难度，如果在语法知识上面还不够扎实的同学建议先补全这部分的语法知识再来分析句型。

雅思阅读List of Headings主旨句的确定方法

大家都知道雅思阅读中有一种题型叫做List of Headings，也就是根据文章的段落内容从题目中选取相应的段落大意。由于雅思阅读文章长，词汇量大，并且题目类型繁多，因此我们在做阅读题目的时候，应当争取用尽量短的时间做对题目，否则很有可能无法完成3篇40个题目。那么我们应该怎样做到在减少阅读时间的同时提高正确率呢?这就考察我们定位段落主旨句的能力了。

在做这类题的时候我们的原则是，先看段落的首句，第二句以及最后一句，因为主旨句最后可能出现在这三句中。如果我们可以通过这三句中的任何一句选择出段落大意，那么剩下的部分就可以略过不读，以节省时间。为什么我们可以断定这三句很多时候可以概括段落大意呢，这是与西方人的写作习惯密切相关的。他们在写作的时候通常使用inductive和deductive两种方法。Deductive即演绎法，也就是先给出一个观点或者概念，然后再举出例子支持自己的观点，即总分的写作方法。在这种段落中，主旨句则为段落的第一句。但有时候，文章的第一句会先对上一段内容进行总结，这种情况下，第一句就成为了承上启下句，主旨句就变成了段落的第二句。另一种常用的写作逻辑为inductive的写作方法，即先举出例子，最后提出总结性的观点。在这种情况下，主题句则通常会出现在段落的最后一句。因此当我们阅读段落时，应该首先对首句，第二句和最后一句进行重点阅读，争取从这三句中找出段落大意。若这三句无法使我们确认段落大意，我们要再注意例子前的总结概括句，表示下定义的主系表结构句子，用细节帮助我们确定答案。

我们以剑七Test 1，Passage 2为例，在这篇文章中，E段首句“At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change.”Change一词对应i选项中的revision，都是表示改变，剩下的选项没有相关的意思，因此可以通过首句确定段落大意为i. Scientists’ call for a revision of policy. F段首句”Fortunately – and unexpectedly- the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.”unecpectedly对应选项ix中的surprising，not rising对应downward trend,很容易看出答案为ix. A surprising downward trend in demand for water。G段同理，首句“What explains this remarkable turn of events?”即此段要解释这样一种现象的原因，很容易看到ii中的同意转换词explanation。而D段首句“The consequence of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health.”很明显是在总结上一段的段落大意，即承上启下，这时我们可以通过这句来验证上一个段落的大意，并从剩下的内容中去寻找段落大意。B段虽然给出了答案，但我们还是可以来自己分析一下，B段开头给出的都是新时期我们面临的种.种问题，而最后一句“Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.”为我们指出了这些问题是被怎样解决的，即对应Headings 中的iii. How a global challenge was met。

因此以后在做list of headings类题目是，一定要仔细看段落的首句，二句以及末句，争取通过这三句话弄清段落大意。

雅思考试阅读材料精选

经典长难句分析

1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

5.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

6.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.

7.The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.

8.After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia“s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

9. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ of ”a touch on the brakes“ , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.

10. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America”s, have little productive slack.

11. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

12. “The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column”, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...”

13. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

14. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

15. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them.

篇7：如何利用雅思阅读句型结构找出题点

如何利用雅思阅读句型结构找出题点?

雅思阅读中有很多句型结构关系，尤其在一些篇幅长、专业性又强的文章内容中，分清楚句子结构，看清表达关系，对快速找准出题点、提高雅思阅读速度很有帮助。

雅思阅读句型结构1. 表转折：

but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;

A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。

例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .

解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。

总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。

雅思阅读句型结构2. 表让步：

(1)although：although A, B:尽管有A，B还是出现了(A，B互不影响)若A是正，那B就是负的。

例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.

解释：miracle奇迹，表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。

(2)while：五个含义：

A. although：虽然，尽管

B. as long as：只要

C. whereas, but：表转折

D.when：当。。。的时候

E. n. 表一段时间

例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.

解释：原文在本段之前讲鸭子的好，在本段之后讲它的不好。

雅思阅读句型结构(3)Albeit：尽管，虽然

例如：Albeit true but not now.

雅思阅读句型结构3. 表并列：A and B

A...and B...

(1) 并列双方性质相同;

(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时，应该从最后一项找起，根据B的形式到前文找到A

雅思阅读句型结构4 表递进：没有转折的意思，后项承接上文。

A furthermore B

A moreover B

A besides B

A为正向，B 仍为正向。

雅思阅读句型结构5 表顺序或过程：

(1) first, then, next, later on, finally

(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…

(3) in the first place, in the second place…

考前冲刺丨雅思阅读句型结构分析

雅思阅读句型结构1. 强调句

比如：(剑桥7，It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors.)

理解强调句的时候可以先将其还原成正常语序的句子，便于理解。 The building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors only thirty years ago. 建筑行业才开始有信心去建立办公大楼，办公大楼是钢筋混凝土结构，办公大楼超过12层，尽仅仅30年前。重新组合一下这些短句的顺序，就变成建筑行业是从30年前才开始有信心建造超过12层楼高的钢筋混凝土结构的办公大楼。

雅思阅读句型结构2. 倒装句

比如：(Down came the “white only” notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.)

这句话因为把down放句首了，用了倒装的结构，正常顺序应该是the “white only” notices came down in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. ‘in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches’这个介词短语作为后置定语修饰notices。介词短语后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰notices。对倒装完成没有概念的同学看到这句话后说不定还会觉得这个句子写错了。

雅思阅读句型结构3. the more..., the more... 句型, 翻译成越...，越...

比如：(剑桥6，In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘ The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’)

事实上，Newman认为采取偏向采用某种交通工具的主要原因是政治：“过程越民主，公共交通就越受欢迎。”)

雅思阅读句型结构4. 宾语+宾补

比如：(剑桥7，Food production has kept pace with soaring population mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.)

主干是food production has kept pace with soaring population 粮食生产跟上了人口飙升的步伐，后面跟了一个because of artificial irrigation短语作原因状语，并且在irrigation systems后面还跟了一个定语从句that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food 来修饰irrigation systems。在这个定语从句里， make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food这个就是宾语加宾语补足语的结构，the growth of 40% of the world’s food 是宾语，possible是补充说明宾语的结果，合起来就是make the growth of 40% of the world’s food possible。但是为了不让只有一个单词possible作补语看起来太单薄，就将它和he growth of 40% of the world’s food换了位置。但是学生在读句子的时候，应该要自动帮它们还原。

最后，小站雅思君提醒考生们，大部分人都习惯地把阅读中的理解障碍归因于词汇量不够，但是如果对句子结构不熟练的话，一样会存在阅读困难，因为考生很难把每个词的意思窜连成意思合理的句子。其实烤鸭需要了解英语句子的基本句子结构，在分析长句时，把主谓结构都先找出来，分清楚哪些是主句主谓结构，哪些是从句主谓结构，了解从句的功能。其次，不要受一些附属结构的影响，像是定语、状语、补语，这些成分可以在分析完主谓结构后再加入进去理解。最后，要注意一些特殊句型，特殊句型的数量并不多，平时的备考中不需要花很多时间就可以学习完。

雅思考试双语阅读：奥巴马就职演讲

My fellow citizens:

我的同胞们：

I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.

今天我站在这里，看到眼前面临的重大任务，深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任，也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献，以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.

迄今为止，已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣，但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中，支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见，也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰，以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。

So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.

前辈们如此，我们这一代美国人也要如此。

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.

现在我们都深知，我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗，对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨;国家的经济也受到严重的削弱，原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任，但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误，同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人民正在失去家园，失去工作，很多企业倒闭。社会的医疗过于昂贵、学校教育让许多人失望，而且每天都会有新的证据显示，我们利用能源的方式助长了我们的敌对势力，同时也威胁着我们的星球。

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.

统计数据的指标传达着危机的消息。危机难以测量，但更难以测量的是其对美国人国家自信的侵蚀--现在一种认为美国衰落不可避免，我们的下一代必须低调的言论正在吞噬着人们的自信。

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.

今天我要说，我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战，而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信，我们一定会度过难关。

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.

今天，我们在这里齐聚一堂，因为我们战胜恐惧选择了希望，摒弃了冲突和矛盾而选择了团结。

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.

今天，我们宣布要为无谓的摩擦、不实的承诺和指责画上句号，我们要打破牵制美国政治发展的若干陈旧教条。

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.

美国仍是一个年轻的国家，借用《圣经》的话说，放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来，我们要为历史作出更好的选择，我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利，秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念：上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由，以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时，我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的，伟大需要努力赢得。(我们的民族一路走来)，这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协，这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路，是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史，但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行，带领我们走向富强和自由。

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.

为了我们，先辈们带着微薄的细软，横渡大洋，寻找新生活;为了我们，先辈们忍辱负重，用血汗浇铸工厂;为了我们，先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作，定居他乡;为了我们，先辈们奔赴(独立战争中的)康科德城和葛底斯堡、(二战中的)诺曼底、(。。中的)Khe Sahn，他们征战、死去。

Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

一次又一次，我们的先辈们战斗着、牺牲着、操劳着，只为了我们可以生活得更好。在他们看来，美国的强盛与伟大超越了个人雄心，也超越了个人的出身、贫富和派别差异。

This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.

今天我们继续先辈们的旅途。美国依然是地球上最富裕、最强大的国家。同危机初露端倪之时相比，美国人民的生产力依然旺盛;与上周、上个月或者去年相比，我们的头脑依然富于创造力，我们的商品和服务依然很有市场，我们的实力不曾削弱。但是，可以肯定的是，轻歌曼舞的时代、保护狭隘利益的时代以及对艰难决定犹豫不决的时代已经过去了。从今天开始，我们必须跌倒后爬起来，拍拍身上的泥土，重新开始工作，重塑美国。

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise healthcare's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.

我目之所及，都有工作有待完成。国家的经济情况要求我们采取大胆且快速的行动，我们的确是要行动，不仅是要创造就业，更要为(下一轮经济)增长打下新的基础。我们将造桥铺路，为企业铺设电网和数字线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将回归科学，运用科技的奇迹提高医疗质量，降低医疗费用。我们将利用风能、太阳能和土壤驱动车辆，为工厂提供能源。我们将改革中小学以及大专院校，以适应新时代的要求。这一切，我们都能做到，而且我们都将会做到。

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.

现在，有一些人开始质疑我们的野心是不是太大了，他们认为我们的体制承载不了太多的宏伟计划。他们是健忘了。他们已经忘了这个国家已经取得的成就;他们已经忘了当创造力与共同目标以及必要的勇气结合起来时，自由的美国人民所能发挥的能量。

What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

这些怀疑论者的错误在于，他们没有意识到政治现实已经发生了变化，长期以来耗掉我们太多精力的陈腐政治论争已经不再适用。今天，我们的问题不在于政府的大小，而在于政府能否起作用，政府能否帮助家庭找到薪水合适的工作、给他们可以负担得起的医疗保障并让他们体面地退休。哪个方案能给与肯定的答案，我们就推进哪个方案。哪个方案的答案是否定的，我们就选择终止。而掌管纳税人税金的人应当承担起责任，合理支出，摒弃陋习，磊落做事，这样才能在政府和人民之间重建至关重要的相互信任。

篇8：考研英语句型结构分析

一、理论常识

比较结构

1. no/not ... other than

2. the 比较级……，the 比较级……

3. rather ... than ...

4. more than / no more than

5. less than / no less than

6. more A than B / no more A than B

7. less A than B / no less A than B

8. nothing else than

10. as much as

11. not as ... as ...

12. not so much ... as ...

二、真题举例

They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment . (2006,50)

【重点词汇解析】reflection，n. 反射、沉思;involve，n. 涉及、包含

【参考翻译】他们可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是这些人大部分对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。

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