雅思阅读中的句子省略现象
“月兔月入三千盖浇饭”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇雅思阅读中的句子省略现象，下面就是小编给大家分享的雅思阅读中的句子省略现象，希望大家喜欢!
篇1：雅思阅读中的句子省略现象
雅思阅读中的句子省略现象
雅思阅读考试：简单句中的省略
The meeting(being)over，we all left the room.
Tools(having been)carried，we went on our way to the fields.
雅思阅读考试：从句中的省略
(1)宾语从句中的省略：
1)以“which/where/when/how/why”等引起的宾语从句，在其谓语动词与主句谓语动词相同时，其后的主语和谓语可全部省略，而仅保留一个“wh-”词。
She can’t come，but 1 wonder why(she can’t come).
He will be back，I don’t know when(he will be back).
2)在“I’m afraid，I believe，I expect，I fancy，I fear，I hope，I imagine，I should，I should say，I suppose，I think，I trust”之后的“not”等于一个否定的“that”从句，“so”等于一个肯定的“that”从句。
“Is he sick”一“I am afraid so.”(=I am afraid that he is sick.)
(2)定语从句中的省略：
定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词that。在非正式文体中，关系副词“when/why也可以省略，关系代词后面的主谓结构有时也可以省略。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met,
He gave the same answer as (he had given)before.
I like the place for the very reason(why)you dislike it.
(3)状语从句中的省略：
在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或者从句的主语是“it” ,则从句中的动词“be”及其主语可以省略。
Any progress，however small (it may be)，is important.
Change the form of the verbs where(it is)possible/necessary.
His opinion，whether(it is)fight or wrong，would be considered.
雅思阅读中的精读与泛读
说起雅思阅读考试答题技巧，我们总会提到精读与泛读，那么到底什么是精读、泛读，在雅思阅读考试时该如何运用区别呢?下面小编就来为大家一一解惑。
skimming
skimming在牛津词典当中的解释是:“read quickly， noting only the chief points”在韦氏词典里的的解释是 “to read， study， or examine superficially and rapidly; especially : to glance through (as a book) for the chief ideas or the plot”
从这里我们不难看出，scanning主要是用来抓住文章的主要要点的(chief points)，尤其是在韦氏词典里的解释，它让我们彻底地弄清了这一方法的具体含义“找一篇文章的主要论点或是文章的高潮”。实际上，这就是一种整体阅读的方法。
据此，我们便可以在阅读的过程当中使用这种方法来找寻文章的主旨大意。说的具体点，也就是通过抓住每一自然段的中心论点或中心句来判断一篇文章的大意。而对于记叙文来说，每段的中心句是比较不好找的，那么大家在阅读的时候就应该抓住故事发展的线索以及故事的起因、经过和结果。
那么大家在阅读的时候一定要注意，不管后面的题目里有没有考查主旨大意或要求选最佳标题，我们都必须通过抓住每段的中心意思从而掌握整篇文章的大意和中心思想——因为文章里的每个单词、每个句子、每个段落都是为这个中心服务的，无论是考查细节理解或是推断或作者态度，都离不开这个中心思想。
scanning
scanning在牛津词典当中的解释是“glace at quickly but not very thoroughly ”在韦氏词典当中的解释是:“ to glance from point to point of often hastily， casually， or in search of a particular item (scan the want ads looking for a job)”
家里有扫描仪的朋友可能知道scan的意思是“扫描”。其实“扫描”和两本字典里对于这种阅读方法的描述并不矛盾——为了寻找某一特定信息而大致地快速地浏览。
这种阅读方法尤其适合于广告类题目，因为广告类题目大部分的情况下都是信息对比题——大家先看题目，找出定位词，然后再到文章里找相关信息，最后进行对比;这个过程其实就是scanning，换句话说，我们没有必要把一则广告从头到尾地、逐字逐句地阅读，只要找准定位词，快速地在文章内“扫描”出定位词，问题也就迎刃而解。
适合这种方法的不仅仅是广告题材中的信息对比题，很多考查细节理解类的题目也大多可以使用这种方法，如词义推测、数字计算等。当然，其他文体的阅读在使用这一方法的时候，千万不要忘了联系文章的主旨大意和作者的态度观点。
那么我建议大家在做题的时候按照以下步骤来:
第一步:看文章后题目，分析定位词，并用笔标出以加深印象
第二步:阅读文章。从头到尾把文章通读一遍，注意每段的中心句或中心思想，留心题目当中标出的信息;但是阅读的中途不要停顿下来去考虑单词、词组或句子的意思，不管懂还是不懂，一律跳过。
第三步:先做细节题，注意对比题目和文章当中相应信息在表述方式上的不同，要特别注意两者在用词上的区别——考的往往就是这个词!
第四步:在作完细节题并对于文章内容有了更深理解的基础之上完成主旨大意题，最佳标题题。
个别考生如果阅读速度快的话，可以再检查一遍。
篇2：英语中的省略现象
在英语中，为了避免重复，句子中的某些部分经常省略，给考生的理解增加了困难。在近几年的NMET中，省略现象十分常见，为帮助考生更好地迎战高考，现对省略现象总结如下:
一、并列复合句中某些相同成分的省略。
1. This beeper works well，but that one doesn餿 (work well).
这个寻呼机工作正常，但那个就不行。
2. All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units，some (of them) (weigh) 235 units，and some (of them) (weigh) 238 units.ニ有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。
二、在when，while，if，as if，though(或although)，as，until，once，wheth er，unless，where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。
1. When (water is) pure，water is a colorless liquid.
水纯净时，是无色的液体。
2. When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.
我困难时总是找她帮助。
3. Errors，if any，should be corrected.
如果有什么错误，就应当改正。(if后省略了there are)
4. Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning.
木头燃烧时，它放出很多烟。
5. The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for.
这封信留在这里待领。
6. Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.
亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。
7. She studies very hard though (she is) still rather weak.
她尽管体弱，但学习仍十分努力。
三、当见到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast a s，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is(或was)。
1. Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book.
如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。
2. When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something.
必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。
四、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that。
1. It seems (或appears) (that) Joe is out，not Jack.
外出不在的似乎是乔，不是杰克。
2. It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.
我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会。
3. It餾 a pity (that) you can餿 operate a computer.
很遗憾，你不会操作计算机。
4. It is the third time (that) I have come to China.
这是我第三次来中国。
五、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that。
1. That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.
那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。
六、在direction(方向)，way(方式)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that，which，in which。
1. The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.
我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。
2. The distance (which或that) light travels in one second is 300，000 kilometers.
光每秒走的距离是30万公里。
七、以there be开头的句子，其主语的定语从句常可省略关联词，而there be结构作定语从句时，省略作主语的关系代词。
1. There is a chance Dr. Li will be able to be back for May Day.
李博士也许有机会能回来过五一节。
2. We have to make a list of all the books there are on the subject.
我们必须把所有关于这个题目的书列出一个单子。
八、命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。
1. Open the door!开门!
2. Why not?为什么不?
3. Why so?为什么这样?
4. Anybody wishing to go?谁愿意去啊?
九、用so，not或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义，是NMET的常考项目。
1.-Can Emily do this work?
埃米莉能做这件工作吗?
-I think so.
我想她行。
-I think not (或I don餿 think so).
我想她不行。
2.-Did you know anything about it?
这件事你以前知道吗?
-Not until you told me.
你告诉了我，才知道。
3. He has gone. No one knowsswheres(he has gone).
他走了，谁也不知道他去什么地方了。
4. Jenny knows what (is to be done)!
詹妮有办法!
十、当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that。
1. When was it (that) you received his e瞞ail?
你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?
2. We don餿 know who it was (that) called the doctor?我们不知道是谁请了医生?ァ糂J(0，4，0，2*2〗〖CRTT38，Z，BP#〗〖CRDD38，ZX，BP#〗〖BJ)〗
十一、某些形容词要求后面接一固定的介词短语，若接一从句，则只用that或疑问词直接引出从句，从而省略原有的介词。
1. We are certain(省去of)that air is a mixture.
我们可以肯定，空气是混合物。
2. She is doubtful (省去about) whether she can complete it in time.
她怀疑她能否按时完成。
十二、用to表示前述动词(包括谓语或非谓语动词)及其短语。
1. You may go online if you like (to) (go online).
你如果想上网就可以上网。
2. Nothing can stop the boy from playing video games when he wants to (play).
当这男孩想玩电子游戏时，没有东西可阻碍他玩。
十三、在某些动词后含有宾语补语或主语补语的复合结构中省略to be或being的情况。
1. They found the answer (to be) correct.
他们发现答案正确。
2. This conclusion proved (to be) correct.
这个结论原来是正确的。ァ糎J*4/9〗
十四、新闻标题要求简练醒目，需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分。
1. Boy 14，rescued from cliff face.
从峭壁上救下14岁的男孩(A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)。
2. American President to fly to London.
美国总统将飞往伦敦(American President is to fly to London.)。
十五、注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略。
have trouble (in) sleeping难于入睡。
spend one餾 evenings (in) reading novels
把晚上的时间花费在看小说上。
be busy (in) doing sth.
(他)忙于做某事。
They are (of) the same age.
他们年龄相同。
There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more.
这件事再向她解释是无用的。
He is carrying out this experiment (in) the same way as I did yesterday.他使用我昨天采用的方法在做他的实验。
篇3：雅思阅读之句式省略知识
【雅思阅读必备】句式省略知识
雅思文章为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害句子结构或引起误解的情况下，往往省略一个或多个句子成分或词语。这方面的知识大家可以通过雅思阅读训练进行学习，可以较明显地提升雅思阅读的答题速度。
雅思阅读中的省略--I、简单句中的省略
The meeting(being)over，we all left the room.
Tools(having been)carried，we went on our way to the fields.
雅思阅读中的省略--2、从句中的省略
(1)宾语从句中的省略：
1)以“which/where/when/how/why”等引起的宾语从句，在其谓语动词与主句谓语动词相同时，其后的主语和谓语可全部省略，而仅保留一个“wh-”词。
She can’t come，but 1 wonder why(she can’t come).
He will be back，I don’t know when(he will be back).
2)在“I’m afraid，I believe，I expect，I fancy，I fear，I hope，I imagine，I should，I should say，I suppose，I think，I trust”之后的“not”等于一个否定的“that”从句，“so”等于一个肯定的“that”从句。
“Is he sick”一“I am afraid so.”(=I am afraid that he is sick.)
(2)定语从句中的省略：
定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词that。在非正式文体中，关系副词“when/why也可以省略，关系代词后面的主谓结构有时也可以省略。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met,
He gave the same answer as (he had given)before.
I like the place for the very reason(why)you dislike it.
(3)状语从句中的省略：
1)在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或者从句的主语是“it” ,则从句中的动词“be”及其主语可以省略。
Any progress，however small (it may be)，is important.
Change the form of the verbs where(it is)possible/necessary.
His opinion，whether(it is)fight or wrong，would be considered.
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
A.
When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January ， the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favourite enemy operates.
B.
So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C
Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations， to be “locally relevant”， and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants. McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D.
He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E.
Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”， the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald’s restaurants， are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the continent.
F.
To stay in touch with local needs and preferences， McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald’s in Russia， though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers， for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was， in fact， buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum， a German model， as local brand ambassadors.
G.
In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.
H.
Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company’s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain.
I.
“Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants， but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer.
J.
M.Mark Wiltamuth， an analyst at Morgan Stanley， estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in . This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America’s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group’s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.
2. Starting from last year， detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.
3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe， but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.
4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.
5. According to David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS， David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.
6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.
Questions 7-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.
7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.
A. difficult
B. menial
C. terrible
D. excellent
8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?
A. It tends to make people fat.
B. Its operations are very vague.
C. It tends to exploit workers.
D. It tends to treat animals cruelly.
9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?
A. “Food Studio” scheme.
B. “Open Door” visitor days.
C. The “McPassport” scheme.
D. The Nutrition Information Initiative.
10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?
A. set up a “Food Studio” .
B. established a “Design Studio”.
C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.
D. employed local bosses as much as possible.
Questions 11-14
Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11. After January 2004， McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were ………………………….
12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..
13. Compared with other countries， France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America.
14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain. Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1.sterling高质量的
e.g. He has many sterling qualities. 他身上有许多优秀的品质。
2. menial 不体面的， 乏味的(工作、职业)
3. spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰
4. mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动)
e.g. The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。
5. underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14
1. FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries…”.
2. TRUE
See the last sentence in Paragraph D “The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.”
3. NOT GIVEN
See Paragraph D， E and H “Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market.”.
4. FALSE
See the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L “The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain…Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned…”
5. TRUE
See the first sentence of Paragraph I “Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS”.
6. NOT GIVEN
See the last sentence of Paragraph I “So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer”.
7. D
See the first sentence of Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.
8. B
See the second sentence of Paragraph D “McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment”
9. C
See the second sentence of Paragraph E “But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union..”
10. A
See the last sentence of Paragraph G “He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends”.
11. sluggish or declining
See the first sentence of Paragraph A “When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004， the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.”
12. seasonal menu offerings
See the last sentence of Paragraph B “December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly”.
13.most profitable market
See the second sentence of Paragraph H “But France is in fact the company’s most profitable market after America”.
14. 15%
See the second sentence of Paragraph I “Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America”.
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviour
New evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours, including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.
UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences, including sleepwalking, amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.
While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders, they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.
Zolpidem, sold under the brand names Ambien, Stilnoct and Stilnox, is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug, made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis, were prescribed 674,500 times in in the UK.
A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in . The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.
Midnight snack
In one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved,” according to the report.
The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, meanwhile, has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from to 2005.
The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries, including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case, a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.
Hypnotic effects
There is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep, the body can still move, making sleepwalking a possibility.
The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects, including hallucinations, sleepwalking and nightmares, are more likely in the elderly, and treatment should be stopped if they occur.
Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.
“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger,” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection, a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.
Tried and tested
“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug, the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects,” says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder, US.
Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects, points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School, director of the Sleep Disorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence, Rhode Island, US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications, zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.
And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained: some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.
The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to “actively investigate” and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.
The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event,” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann, adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.
Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage
FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1. Ambien, Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.
2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.
3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.
4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.
5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.
6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.
Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.
7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia?
A. 68
B. 104
C. 182
D. 240
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem?
A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.
B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.
C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.
D. Side effects include nightmares, hallucinations and sleepwalking.
9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established?
A. Kenneth Wright
B. Melissa Feltmann
C. Richard Millman
D. Vera Sharav
Questions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.
10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain?
11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients?
12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups?
13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects?
Answer keys and explanations:
1. True
See para.3 from the beginning: Zolpidem, sold under the brand names Ambien, Stilnoct and Stilnox, is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.
2. False
See para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”: Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved”…
3. Not Given
See para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”: The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, meanwhile, has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)
4. True
See para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”: In one case, a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.
5. False
See para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”: He says that unlike older types of sleep medications, zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.
6. Not Given
See para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”: And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained: some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)
7. C
See para.4 from the beginning: A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.
8. B
See the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects, including hallucinations, sleepwalking and nightmares, are more likely in the elderly, and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)
9. B
See para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”: Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.
10. 674,500 (times)
See para.3 from the beginning: Various forms of the drug, made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis, were prescribed 674,500 times in 2005 in the UK.
11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)
See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”: The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.
12. risky consequences
See para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”: Patient advocacy groups … stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.
13. Food & Drug (Administration)
See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”: The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to “actively investigate” and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.
篇4：浅谈英语句子中的省略
浅谈英语句子中的省略
一 省略句的概说省略句是我们在学习英语过程中能不断体验收获和趣味的一种惯用手法，无论是说话还是写作，都要求生动活泼，简明扼要。按照语法的分析, 有时句子应具备的成分出于修辞上的需要, 会缺少一个或几个句子语法结构所必要的语言成分，但在一定语境中可独立存在，仍能表达其意义完整并发挥交流功能的句子则被称为省略句。省略的结果不仅能使句子结构更加精练，而且可起到连接上下文并使相邻词语达到强调的作用。
英语省略句用词简练, 表意简练, 往往收到一定的修饰效果, 句中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确信息或前文已出现过的某些成分，为了避免不必要的重复，也不会引起言语上的误解，并可突出中心词，从而使整文紧密连接的一种修辞手法，其语法现象就是省略。举个例子：Glad to see you. 这是个简单句，主语I和谓语am可以省略。省略的形式从单词、短语到分句等都可省略, 而且各有其一定的衔接关系。
二 省略句的分类
（一）句中成分的省略
1. 主语的省略
Beg your pardon. （我）请你原谅。（Beg前省略了主语I）
Come on! 得了吧（你）！（Come前省略了主语You）
2. 谓语的省略
John is a lawyer，his wife (is) a cleaner.
Some of us study Japanese，others (study) English.
3. 表语的省略
She was a lover of sports as she had been in her youth..（had been后面省略了a lover of sports）
4. 宾语的省略
Let’s do the cases. I’ll read and you’ll type.（read和 type后面省略了宾语cases）
5. 定语的省略
I spent part of the money, and the rest I gave.（the rest后面省略了定语of the money）
6. 状语的省略
She wasn’t cry. Strange! （Strange前面省略了状语how）
7. 词的省略
1）名词、冠词、物主代词或介词如果与前文重复时，可以省略，如：
I like red wine better than white (wine).
The lightning flashed and (the) thunder crashed.
Please take good care of these flowers and (these) plants.
We lived in Beijing and (in) Shanghai for some time.
2）重复出现的形容词，省略后边的；两个或两个以上被形容词修饰的同一名词，前边的则常被省略。
We are young boys and (young) girls.
There were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to attend the meeting;
8. 英语中一些固定特殊的省略结构
1）在回答一般疑问句的简略答语中，或回答用陈述句，祈使句表示要求、命令的简略回答中，常用Yes /No＋主语＋助动词，而省略主动词或其它成份，但助动词应和原句的'助动词和时间概念须保持相应的一致。
― Could I borrow your dictionary?
― Yes, of course you can. (句中 could表示委婉语气，并不是过去式，因此答语用can，其后省略borrow my dictionary.)
― Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
― I won't. (祈使句原含有未来的意味，再加上有tomorrow的限制，因此答语用 won't，其后省略forget to go you’re your birthday party tomorrow.)
2) 同时省掉句子几个部分有时好几个句子成分都被省掉，除了对疑问句的简略回答外，也出现在反意疑问句中。如：You are a superman，aren’t you (a superman) ?
3）在以know, forget, remember等动词结尾的简答句后的子句通常也可省略，以避免重复。
― Who won the football match last night?
― Sorry, I don’t know (who won the football match last night.)
4）在以if, when，though，as，as if 等连词引导的从句中，如从句中主要动词是be，可将主语和动词be省掉。
He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old.
The boy looked as if ( he were ) afraid of nothing.
5）so，nor/neither 用来表示“……也一样”时的省略结构
― I am a student.
― So am I (a student).
― We haven't been there.
― Neither (Nor) have we (been there).
（二）句中结构的省略
1. 简单句的省略
1）名词所有格之后的省略
He is going to his uncle’s (house).
2) 含there be结构中的省略
(Is there) Anything wrong?
3) 独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时的省略
The examination (being) over, we all left the school.
4) 不定式的省略
（1）并列的不定式
Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.
（2）为避免重复, 作某些动词hope, want等宾语或tell, order, ask的宾补时，省略不定式短语, 只保留不定式符号to.
The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to.
（ 此句中 not to 后省略了和上文相重复的play in the street.） .
（3）感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, hear或使役动词let, make, have,等后跟不定式作宾补时省略to.
I saw the girl cross the street.
I had my father repair my bike.
注意：当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时，需恢复to的省略! 如：The girl was seen to cross the street.
（4）有had better, would rather, can’t but 或Why not等句型后面直接跟动词原形，实际上是接省to的不定式。
You had better tell me the truth.
I could not but (to) laugh at him.
Why not go and ask the teacher for help?
（5）在回答问句及其它形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而把动词和其它部分省略。
― Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
― I'd like to. But I'm too busy. （ 此句中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight.）
5) 介词（或介词短语）的省略
（1）动名词前面的介词in在一定条件下常被省略
We spent a large sum of money (in) building the mansion.
而当spend money in doing sth. 结构用于被动语态时in不能省略
A large sum of money was spent in building the mansion.
（2）near或opposite作形容词表示“在…的附近”或“在…对面”时后接的介词to可省略
It is near (to) the airport, opposite (to) the supermarket.
（3）of +形容词+名词作补语表示大小、年龄、形状、颜色或价格时of常被省略
We are（of）the same age, I suppose.
（4）含有side, height, length, size, shape等惯用语前介词on有时可被省略
Try to keep your discourse（on）this side of 3000 words．
（5）有些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配介词短语, 在以what, when, how, whether, that出现的从句或不定式短语之前有时被省略介词短语as to.
Be careful (as to) how you do that.
6) 同源宾语的省略
同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时可以省去该同源宾语
During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout).
She sang her sweetest (song).
7) 英语中惯用的省略句型
即，What/How about后只跟名词、代词或动名词（短语），以及感叹句中的省略现象。
How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden?
What a beautiful view (it is)!
2. 并列句中的省略
1) 并列句的省略是最常见的，一般说来，在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都会被省略。
To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.
2) 简单句的并列结构中也常有省略的做法
We may go there by train or (by) air.
3）并列平行结构有时会出现在状语从句中
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
（此句中，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构，their…，their…，their…在and后的分句中，the confidence后省略了is cut off.）
3. 复合句中的省略
1） 复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉
Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor).
2）含有定语从句的复合句
（1）定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词；非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when或why.
I shall never forget the day (when) I entered TV University.
I like the film for the very reason (why) you dislike it.
（2）关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略
He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.
3）含有宾语从句的复合句
（1）在两个并列的that从句如主动词及其宾语、表语、状语等都一样时可将第二个that从句的主动词及随带成份省略。
I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party).
（2）在两个并列的that从句如主语相同，而谓语不同，可把第二个that从句的连词和主语一起省略。
Tell Peter that I'll call to see him and (that I 'll ) have talk with him.
（3）在两个并列从句如连词不同而其它成份相同时，可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分，只把两个连词连接起来。
Her parents don't know when (she was born) and where she was born.
（4）在以某些形容词或过去分词，如：sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied的词所引导的宾语从句
篇5：现代日语中省略现象的语用功能论文
摘要:立足于语用学的研究平面,以先行研究理论为基础,对现代日语中的省略现象进行语用学角度的分析,提出简练原则、礼貌原则、交流原则、强调焦点信息四类省略的语用功能。从语用学角度探究日语中省略现象产生的动机和原因。
关键词:省略;语用功能;简练原则;礼貌原则;交流原则;日语
语言是在某一语言环境中使用时具有实际传达功能的东西,话语的意义会因为当时说话的环境而产生变化,同一种语言表达,如果说话的人不同、场面和时间有异,话语的意义也可能不同,因此语用学应运而生。结合语境因素研究话语的意义,就是对语言的语用功能的研究。现代日语中广泛存在的省略现象从语用功能方面进行研究,就是对语言和语境以及语言使用者之间关系的分析,主要是分析话题与说明、表达的焦点、交际类型以及同语境的关系等。
欧美对于语用学的研究起步较早。美国语言学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)提出的“合作原则(Cooperative.Principle简称C P)”、人类文化学家布朗(P.Brown)和语言学家列文森(S.Levinson)基于“面子”(face)角度提出了“礼貌(politeness)论”,以及利奇的(Geoffrey N.Leech)“礼貌原则”(Politeness Principle)在省略的语用学研究方面成为指导性理论。本文基于以上理论,尝试对日语中的省略现象进行语用学角度的探究,将省略的语用功能分为简练原则、礼貌原则、交流原则、强调焦点信息,下面则对这四类语用功能进行说明。
一、简练原则
关于语言省略方面的研究虽然是百家争鸣,但对于省略的作用却达成共识,就是使语言更加简洁。所以说,简练是采取省略表达的根本原因。利奇在他的《语用学》一书中提出简练原则这一概念,他提到省略的语用条件即听话者可以通过某种途径来正确复原说话者所省略的内容。当然,复原的途径可以是多种多样的,除语言自身特点外,可以是说话人的表情、声调甚至眼神,或者是说话人与听话人之间的关系以及他们所共有的知识等因素。如1995年5月30日中京电视台播放的节目中,主持人在与一对老夫妻讨论解决婆媳矛盾的良策时,有如下一段对话:
○主持人:「お二人の年は?」
观众:「65」
主持人:「と?」
观众:「65」
主持人:「両方と?」
观众:「はい」
以上这段对话如复原被省略部分则应该是以下表达方式:
○主持人:「お二人の年はおいくつでか」
观众:「65歳で。」
主持人:「65歳と何歳でか?」
观众:「65歳と65歳で」
主持人:「両方と65歳でか?」
观众:「はい、両方と65歳で」
为何如此省略的表达方式能被听话人所理解,而不会引起误解和歧义呢?笔者认为,除了借助词汇的意义和语法功能外,还因为说话人借助了对话场景、上下文、语调、与听话人共有的知识背景等因素。下面则从这四方面分析如何借助语言外的语境因素进行省略。
(一)对话场景
该段对话的场景是主持人询问参与节目的观众,讨论题目为如何解决婆媳矛盾,开始谈话的第一步是了解对方年龄等的基本信息。所以,即使没有明确说明“おいくつでか”,从对话场景来看,由于讨论的是婆媳矛盾,所以代沟和年龄自然是矛盾产生的原因之一,因而询问观众的年龄是自然而然的。而且,此处从词汇的意义和语法功能方面考虑,借助名词“年”的意义和提示助词“は”的语法功能,而省略了“おいくつでか”。
主持人的第二个问题“と?”,从对话场景看来,因为有两位观众,所以主持人问到的“と?”则很容易能够理解为在询问另一位的年龄。
(二)上下文
说话的双方为了使对话顺利进行下去,需要双方的合作,所以被主持人询问年龄,观众自然回答自己的年龄,所以数字“65”后即使省略了量词“歳”也不会引起误解。
观众回答年龄为“65”之后主持人又问到“と?”,联系上文去理解主持人所问“と”的含义,则不难理解为“65と何歳でか?”。
当主持人被告之另一位观众也是65岁的时候,主持人寻求确认又问了一句“両方と?”。由于之前的问答内容都是围绕两位观众年龄展开的,所以主持人的“両方と?”自然也是在确认两位观众是否都是65岁。
面对主持人的“両方と?”这个问题,观众用表示肯定的感叹词“はい”来回答,那么后面被省略的内容一定是“両方と65歳で”。
日语中,借助上下文进行省略的例子最多,这里就不一一列举,除上述例句外,另举一例为证。
○水野:「いい先生がいっぱいいるんだろうなあ。」
村上:「東大だからね。」
(テレビドラマ「東京大学物語」)
该段对话中,村上说的“東大だからね”只有在上文“いい先生がいっぱいいるんだろうなあ”的补充下才能准确地把握村上所要表达的“東大だから、いい先生がいっぱいいるんだろうなあ”的含义。
(三)语调
主持人的三个问题“お二人の年は?”、“と?”、“両方と?”因为都采用了省略形式,此时只有通过上扬的语调才能让听话人正确理解为说话人在询问问题。
这里需要说明的一点是,日语口语中,常常借助上扬的语调省略疑问句的谓语部分,或者省略疑问终助词。如:
○沢田俊介:「ちょっと話がしたいんだけど、れから一杯やらない(か)?」
(テレビドラマ「ナースのお仕事」)
○村上:「一人になりたい時はに来ぼうっとしいるんだ」
水野:「ゃ、二人になりたい時は?(どうしまか)」
(テレビドラマ「東京大学物語」)
从例句中可见,如果使用了上扬的语调,即使省略了疑问终助词或疑问句的谓语部分,也不会产生歧义。
除了依靠对话场景、上下文、语调进行省略外,说话人与听话人共有的知识背景也是进行省略所借助的因素之一。
(四)共有知识
如母亲问孩子“今度の夏休みは?”由于母亲和孩子具有同样的知识背景,当母亲用这句外人看不明其所以然的省略句询问孩子的时候,孩子则会做出准确的判断和回答。如这个孩子每个假期都在补课,母亲很可能是在问这个假期是否需要补课、需要补习什么科目;如这个孩子每个假期都要去旅游度假,母亲很可能是在问这个假期是否还要去旅游度假、去哪里旅游度假;如这个孩子每个假期都在乡下的外婆家度过,而这个时期恰巧外婆身体不适不便打扰,母亲则很可能是在问这个假期孩子打算在哪里、如何度过。
综上所述,简练是会话时进行省略表达的根本目的,简练原则是在最短的时间内用最小的力气完整传达说话人所要表达意思而需遵循的基本原则。达到语言简练目的的手段除借助词汇的意义和语法功能等语言因素之外,还可以借助语言外的因素,即对话场景、上下文、语调、共有知识等因素。
二、礼貌原则
在日语中,在拒绝别人的建议或邀请、埋怨对方抒发不满或者请求对方帮忙的情况下,要尽量避免引起对方的不悦甚至伤害对方。此时,说话人要采取委婉的说话方式,避免使用直接拒绝、责难、批评、反对、命令的语句,不伤害听话人的面子,使对方从言外之意去理解说话人还要表达的心意。以下三种情况下,日本人经常按照礼貌原则使用省略的表达方式。
(一)抱怨
日本人在抱怨或表达不满时经常使用“みませんが、あのテレビでが、音が…”、“恐れ入りまが、お宅の坊さんのとでちょっと…”、“何回説明したのに…”等表达方式,省略后半部分自己真正意欲表达的'重点内容,将容易伤害对方的语言省略不说,这是日本人最善用的委婉的表达方式。
(二)拒绝
日本人在拒绝别人的时候,为了避免直接拒绝的表达方式,也常常将话语说到一半,省略后半部分直接拒绝对方的语言。比如,被邀请参加宴会,可以拒绝说“その日はちょっと…”;被邀请一同去钓鱼,可以婉转地拒绝说“いいけど。で、朝早く起きないといけないんゃない?早起きはあんまり…”。
(三)请求
日本人在请求别人帮忙的时候,也同样喜欢使用省略后半部分直接表示请求的话语,以减少对方的心理负担。如“時間がありましたら…”、“ご面倒でなけれ…”、“ご都合がよけれ…”、“お手伝いいただけるといいんだけど…”都是采用了省略直接表示请求的话语。再比如“今日傘を持っくるのを忘れしまったんでけど…”,将希望对方借给自己雨伞的直接语言省略,只是说明借伞的原因,以此种表达方式来减小对方的心理负担,并且避免提及自己获得利益的语言。
三、交流原则
日本人在会话交流中,为了使对话流畅进行,有时也故意将语言说到一半,把完成剩下谈话内容的任务交给谈话的对方。
○阿川:「夫婦喧嘩は…(ありまか。)」
浅丘:「(夫婦喧嘩は)あまりなかったでね。喧嘩しあちらが勝ちまからね。私は感情的でから、言葉が出ない。あちらにべらべらべらべらっ理論的に言われると、ああ、そうかと思っ。」
(『週刊文春』2002「阿川佐和子のの人に会いたい」)
这组对话中可以看出,主持人阿川故意将话语说一半,把继续谈话的任务交给对方,以保证对话流畅不间断地进行。除了以上例句中以助词结尾省略后半句谓语部分的手段之外,日语对话时经常使用“～けど…”、“～が…”、“～まし…”等形式,看似说话未完,实际上则是在借助这种省略的表现形式,句末部分不说出来,等待对方的反应,也就是说将进行对话交谈的任务暂时交给对方,从而使对话流畅不间断地进行下去。如:
○A:「お邪魔しま。」
B:「どうぞちらに。」
A:「ありがとうございま。で、早速でが…」
B:「はい、何でしょうか。」
A:「実はお願いがありましね。」
B:「どうぞご遠慮なく。」
A:「あの、実は私の娘が大学生になりまし…」
B:「それはよかったでね。」
A:「とろが、大学が遠いのでアパートを探しいるんでが、なかなか見つからなく…」
B:「そうでか。」
A:「それで、お宅にしらく娘を泊めいただけないかと思いまし…」
(《流畅日语对话》)
以上这段对话是A请求B的帮忙,要将自己上大学的女儿暂时寄住在B家,几乎每隔一句便有省略形式的话语(即划横线部分)出现,省略形式话语的下一句必定得到对方附和,从而将对话进行下去。A为把寒暄客套之词结束,进入新话题,说 “早速でが…”,B马上接话说“はい、なんでしょうか”,既提示对方自己已经做好准备进入新话题,也可以催促对方继续新话题的内容;A说完“お願いがありまし”,B礼貌地让对方无须顾虑地把请求说出来,这样才能让对方无顾忌地说出自己的请求,将对话顺利进行下去,于是B说“どうぞご遠慮なく”;A便切入正题,说出了“娘が大学生になりまし…”,虽然还未说出究竟请求的内容是什么,B听到这个消息之后,尤其是对方使用了未完结的句子形式,B一定会在此时表示祝贺说“それはよかったでね”;A便说出了女儿上大学这件好事背后的麻烦“大学が遠いのでアパートを探しいるんでが、なかなか見つからなく…”,B此时大致明白了对方的困境,于是附和对方的谈话说“そうでか”;最后一句,A终于说出了请求的真正内容“お宅にしらく娘を泊めいただけないかと思いまし…”,而且这句使用了中顿形式,是为了给对方留有考虑拒绝的余地。
四、强调焦点信息
久野暲在《谈话的文法》中提出了关于省略先后顺序的问题,他认为省略时采取的顺序是将重要的、新的信息保留下来,将次要的、旧的信息省略。也就是说,被保留下来的信息是比较重要且比较新的,是说话人最想要传达给听话人的信息。用一个比喻来解释,好像一棵树如果把繁枝末节都去掉,只保留树干的话,树干则会更加醒目。说话时如果采用了同样的手段,省略掉了次要的旧的信息,就等于强调了重要的新的信息。例如:
○A:「東京には何時ごろ着きまか。」
B:「十一時ごろ」
以上例子中的问句中“何時ごろ”是说话人意图询问的重要信息,在回答的时候只需要回答出重要信息即可,如果将次要信息一并重复作答,说成是“東京には十一時ごろ着きま”,则显得语言冗繁啰嗦。
综上所述,日语中省略现象的产生从语用学层面解释,是说话人根据个人需要为了达到更好语言表达效果,如简练、礼貌、交流或强调焦点信息等,而出现的语言产物。说话人通过想要达到的语言表达效果,选择不同的省略手段,以尽可能简短的话语建立良好的交际关系,颇有一箭双雕的精妙意境。
参考文献:
[1]久野暲.談話の文法[M].大修館書店,1978.
[2]小泉保.言外的语言学——日语语用学[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[3]富阪容子.流畅日语会话[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社,2000.
[4]王维贞.日语语篇中的省略分析[J].浙江工业大学学报,2004,(12).
[5]马安东,王维贞.日语会话中省略现象的语用分析——利奇会话原则的运用研究之一[J].外语教学,2002,(1).
[6]马安东,王维贞.省略的语用条件和语用策略[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002,(4).
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