雅思快速定位雅思阅读主题句方法
“伤心小海苔”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了6篇雅思快速定位雅思阅读主题句方法,下面就是小编给大家整理后的雅思快速定位雅思阅读主题句方法,希望您能喜欢!
篇1:雅思快速定位雅思阅读主题句方法
快速定位雅思阅读主题句方法
首先,在雅思阅读中,我们常见的主题句一般都会出现在一段话的开头。通常,雅思A类阅读考试中的文章都是属于学术类的,按照西方传统的学术文章书写习惯,都喜欢把自己的观点放在段落的第一句话,然后接下来解释和说明。因此,常常第一句话就是这段内容的主旨,也就是我们常见的主题句,可以看到下面的例子。
As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways that is appropriate to the society into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of behavior that are accepted as normal in his society. This process of social learning is generally referred to as socialization. By socialization, then, we mean the process whereby individuals learn the rules, values and practices of the society in which they live.
从上面例子我们可以发现,很明显主题句就在第一段,判断的理由就是“That is to say”.意思就是对上一句话的解释,然后接下来的几句话很明显看得出来是递进的解释关系。所以当考生面对这种段落,可以优先看完第一段。
其次,在定位雅思阅读段落主题方法中,第二句也会成为主题句。但是这种情况要看看第一句话是什么样的形式。当第一句话是问句,过渡句,或者转折句的时候,很多时候第二句就是主题句。其实这个也类似于句子在首段这个方法。因为像问句,过渡句,转折句等作用就是进一步强调下一句作者的观点,类似于语文写作中的先抑后扬的手法。因此,这时候第二句就成为了主题句。我们可以通过下面的例子说明一下:
What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic? Other factors must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body.
我们先看看第一句的意思,大概讲的就是除了基因让人使用左手,还有什么因素导致?从翻译可以显然得知不是主题句。再从第二句的意思可以得知大脑也对使用左手也产生了作用。因此考生可以很明显的发现,问句后面的第二句就是主题句。就是作者在这段想解释还有什么因素导致人使用左手。
最后,雅思阅读主题句的位置会出现在结尾。这个相比上述的两个方法,会更难一些。因为需要读完一整段才能知道主题句在哪儿,这时候考生会很容易找错主题句,误解段落的中心思想。这时候考生需要找到一些归纳总结的词汇,进行快速定位。例如:Consequently / Accordingly / As a result等。或者会出现一些归纳性质的词组和短句,例如:the study / the investigation / the analysis / the evidences show。
这些词组的意思的总体表达的就是对上文进行总结和观点说明。这时候考生可以很容易发现主题句的位置。我们可以看看下面的例子:
The only species which demonstrated near normal productivity was Cassin’s Auklet, in which the value for exceeded the long-term mean by 16 percent. However, given that very few Cassin’s Auklets attempted to breed, island-wide offspring production was extremely low. In short, these observations were quite similar, with slight variations, to observations made on the Farallon seabird community in other severe E1 Nino years.
上述的例子很容易让考生产生误会,因为看到“demonstrated(证明)”就认为这句话是作者观点的表明。然而考生很容易忽视前面由which引导的定语从句,是单纯修饰前面的单词,并不是作者观点的表达。这时候我们在接下来看句子,会发现“In short, these observations were”这个词组。很显然这个的意思等于“all in all”,就是我们常说的归纳性质的词组。因此可以发现后面一段话才是整个段落的主题句。
雅思阅读材料:年纪越大越觉时光飞逝
As you get older, it feels like time tends to move faster. As Dan Ariely explains over at The Wall Street Journal, we tend to fall into familiar routines as we age and that makes time move quickly.
虽然你年纪越来越大,时间似乎也越走越快。就像作者丹·艾瑞里在《华尔街日报》撰文解释的一样:我们的岁数越是增长,生活就越倾向于变得一成不变。所以,时间过得更快了。
We perceive time something like a stack of memories, so the less new experiences you have, the less likely you are to fill in those memories with interesting things.
我们感知中的时间就像是回忆的堆叠。所以新鲜的经历越少,你就越不可能在那些回忆中填满有趣的事情。
Time does go by (or, more accurately, it feels as if time is going by) more quickly the older we get.
我们越长大,时间确实会过得越快(或者更准确地说,我们确实会感觉时间过得越快)。
In the first few years of our lives, anything we sense or do is brand new, and many of our experiences are unique, so they remain firmly in our memories. But as the years go by, we encounter fewer and fewer new experiences—both because we have already accomplished a lot and because we become slaves to our daily routines.
在我们人生的最初几年里,我们感觉到的一切,所做的一切都是全新的。而且,我们的许多经历都很独特,独特到足以牢牢留在我们的记忆中。但是随着时间的流逝,我们能遇到的全新经历越来越少了。这是由于我们不仅已经完成了许多事情,而且已经习惯于像奴隶般遵守自己的生活习惯。
For example, try to remember what happened to you every day last week,chances are that nothing extraordinary happened, so you will be hard-pressed to recall the specific things you did on Monday, Tuesday, etc.
举例来说,请你努力回想一下上周每天你都做了些什么事情。什么特别的事情也没有发生的概率很大,所以你会觉得回忆自己在周一、周二等日子里具体做了哪些事情非常困难。
What can we do about this? Maybe we need some new app that will encourage us to try out new experiences, point out things we've never done, recommend dishes we've never tasted and suggest places we've never been. Such an app could make our lives more varied, prod us to try new things, slow down the passage of time and increase our happiness.
对此,我们该怎么办呢?或许我们需要一些新的应用来鼓励我们尝试新经历、指出我们还没做过的事情、给我们推荐没有尝试过的菜和没有去过的地方。这样的应用可以让我们的生活更加丰富,刺激我们去尝试新鲜的事物,让时光放慢脚步并且让我们更加快乐。
Until such an app arrives, try to do at least one new thing every week.It's not too difficult to push yourself to do new things.
在这种应用被发明出来以前,每周至少尝试一件新的事物吧。逼自己去尝试新事物并不是一件非常困难的事情!
雅思阅读材料:阿里巴巴宣布启动在美IPO
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, China's largest e-commerce vendor, has officially confirmed it will hold an initial public offering in the United States, the company has announced.
The decision will “make [Alibaba] a more global company and enhance the company’s transparency, as well as allow the company to continue to pursue our long-term vision and ideals,” according to a company statement sent on Sunday to China Daily.
It did not specify which bourse it will choose to float its shares, or give a detailed timetable.
Alibaba said that, should circumstances permit in the future, it will work towards toward extending its public status in China’s capital market in order to share its growth with the Chinese people.
The company also expressed gratitude towards those in Hong Kong who have supported Alibaba Group, including the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, which shut the door on a potential listing last September.
“We respect the viewpoints and policies of Hong Kong and will continue to pay close attention to and support the process of innovation and development of Hong Kong,” the statement added.
Hong Kong regulators rejected Alibaba's IPO because of the firm's special request to keep a shareholder structure which would have allowed a group of top managers and founders to nominate and control the company's board of directors.
The unique requirement went against the exchange's one-share-one-vote principle.
The statement puts an end to rampant rumors about Alibaba’s choice of listing venue.
For example, the firm's recent purchase of a stake in a Hong Kong-listed company prompted speculation that Alibaba might use the deal to go public.
Analysts polled by Reuters have put Alibaba's market value at around $140 billion and the value of the IPO at $15 billion. If successful, it will go public in the world's biggest listing since Facebook Inc's debut in .
The announcement came just two days after micro-blogging service Sina Weibo filed to raise $500 million via a US IPO. Alibaba holds 18 percent of Sina Weibo's shares.
阿里巴巴集团16日宣布,启动在美国的上市事宜。
阿里巴巴集团表示,启动在美IPO为使公司更加透明、国际化,进一步实现阿里巴巴的长期愿景和理想。
作为中国的电子商务集团,自旗下子公司于私有化以来,阿里巴巴集团谋求整体IPO的举动一直备受关注。
此前有机构预计,阿里巴巴上市有可能成为美国近年来规模的IPO,估值在千亿美元左右。
去年10月,阿里巴巴集团曾公开回应关于其IPO的热议,集团CEO陆兆禧当时宣布,阿里巴巴决定不选择在香港上市。
以下为阿里巴巴公告全文:
阿里巴巴今天决定启动在美国的上市事宜,以使公司更加透明、国际化,进一步实现阿里巴巴的长期愿景和理想。未来条件允许,我们将积极参与回归国内资本市场,与国内投资者共同分享公司的成长。
感谢香港各界人士对阿里巴巴的关心和支持。我们尊重香港现时的相关政策和出发点,并将会一如既往地关注、参与并支持香港的创新和发展。
雅思
篇2:雅思阅读如何快速定位答案
雅思阅读 如何快速定位答案
特殊词
从原文中找“特殊词”
什么样的词是“特殊词”呢?特殊词,顾名思义,就是样子特殊、很容易在原文中找到的词。比如:时间,地点,人名,书名,杂志名,专有名词,斜体字,引号引出的词, A-B类型的词。这些词要么是数字(阿拉伯数字或是用英语单词表述的数字,需要注意形式),要么是首字母大写的词,在原文中很容易被快速找到。
定位词
从题干中找“定位词”
然而,不是所有的题目中都包含这样的“特殊词”的,在雅思阅读中更多的题目是不包含“特殊词”的题目,这无疑增加了定位的难度。但是如果我们能通过读题迅速判断出决定题目所在的这句话不同于文中其他句子的相对独特的词,再在原文中找到这些相对独特的词,我们就可以准确的找到原文的位置了。我们来看几个例子,横线划出的是定位词:
Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language
Savinglanguagesfrom extinction is notinitself a satisfactorygoal.
The way we think may be determined by our language.
Youngpeople often rejectthe established way of lifein their community.
A change of languagemay mean a loss of traditional culture.
题目定位
通过题目的前后顺序帮助定位
我们都知道五种小题型、判断题、选择题、总结题的顺序性都是极强的,那么在定位的时候我们可以通过前后的题目来帮助定位,就进一步加快了我们定位的速度。
雅思阅读效率需要怎样提升
虽然雅思阅读有难度,但是同学们也不能因此而对自己失去信心,雅思阅读学习需要恰当的方法,其中多多积累一些雅思阅读核心词汇很重要,下面小编就来给大家介绍一下雅思阅读在考试前要怎样备考,希望能给大家带来帮助。
其实,一个月的备考时间要想从根本上提高考生的雅思阅读能力显然不是很现实,那假如我们的备考时间只剩下了一个月,考生又该如何利用这一个月的时间呢?
1、合理安排复习时间
雅思考前一个月的复习时间基本上可以分成三个阶段,前三个星期,考前一个星期以及考前一到两天。这是一个循序渐进、查漏补缺的过程,也是一个冲刺的过程。这个月的阅读复习并不是要大量的做题,而是从另一个角度去阅读文章,去体会出题思路,然后再从词汇量上有一定的提高。小编还是要提醒大家注意总结雅思阅读核心词汇,对于雅思阅读学习很有帮助。
所以前三个星期每天只需要练习一篇文章就可以,只是练习的方式和平常要有所区别。在做这一篇文章的时候必须要规定时间,也就是二十分钟完成一篇练习,做完对完答案不可以就放一边,而要好好分析,精读一下。精读的概念就是把文章从头到尾每句话、每个词的意思都能搞清楚,尤其是和题目对应的文章部分。精读完后就要仔细看下做错的题目,总结一下是什么原因导致做错,是单词看不懂,还是句子看不懂,还是说思维方式上有点差距或者某个题型做题方法上还有待改进。这样做一篇练习然后再精读分析,一定要花一到两个小时,阅读练习的量这一天也够了。只是要每天坚持,都要花一到两个小时去看阅读,培养一种感觉,这样积累一个月会把自己的状态调整到最佳的。
考前一个星期可以找时间做一次或两次阅读模拟,也就是一个小时内完成三篇阅读文章。这种自测的作用就是能体会到考试时时间紧迫的感觉,了解到自己时间把握上的薄弱点,在最后的心态上进行调整。当然做完练习后的主动分析也是必不可少的。
考前2天基本上是属于最后冲刺阶段,但是对于阅读来说,平时的功夫更重要,考前1-2天再多做题也不会在阅读能力上有所提高。所以建议大家考前1-2 天可以把以前做过的题目拿出来看,尤其是做错的题目,然后把一些常见的词汇整理一下,把前3个星期自己分析过的内容再看一下。如果上过培训班的同学可以把老师讲过的内容尤其是做题方法再温习一下,然后保持一种稳定的心态去面对考试。
2、找好复习材料
市面上的雅思考试复习材料层出不穷,但是对于阅读准备来说最好的材料还是剑桥系列。在考前练习的材料选择还是以剑四到剑六为主。在前三个星期的“每天一练”就可以选择剑桥系列的文章。剑四到剑六一共有12套题目36篇文章,肯定是够用的。有些同学也许之前已经做过,但是隔了一段时间去做剑桥系列的阅读还是不一定能做好,所以不用担心以前已经做过的问题。同时除了A类的阅读文章之外,G类的section3那篇文章的长度和题型和A类是差不多的,也可以拿G类section3这篇文章进行练习。
如何提高雅思阅读效率
1. 概括地观察(Survey)
首先略读每章或每页的大概内容,例如:可从书本的序言和目录开始,通常作者会在序言中交代叙述的重点及动机,而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title,主题 main headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句,导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话),图片说明 captions to all graphics 等,这样,你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。
2. 提出一个全面的问题(Write a general question)
观察课文内容后,提出一个包含所有阅读资料的问题,把问题写在每章节的开首,令自己可以看到此问题时,便忆起全部内容。
3. 提出各别问题来引导阅读(Write questions to guide your reading)
当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时,由此而提出有关问题,写在题目或图片旁边,帮助你阅读文章内容。
4.寻求问题的答案(Read to answer the questions)
阅读章节时,尽量跟随你的问题来找答案,把握课文重点。
5.在答案下划线(Underline words that answer the question)
在了解一段内容后,找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases,并划记下来。在划记时可选用其他颜色的笔,既方便又快捷。
6. 修正问题(Revise the questions)
如果在阅读时,发现问题并未得到解答或不明确,可重新写下问题,并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章,遇到不明白的地方,再请教导师或同学。
7. 举一反三(Use examples)
当你理解全文时,便可将知识整理起来,同时,学习类推的方法,将知识应用于其他类似事情或日常生活上,利用连带关系,才能把文章内容融会贯通,大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如:当银行利率提高时,会使银行的存款利息增加,而你可能会联想到投资受影响,或是你会类推更多其他事项。
的如果学有余力的同学可以去看下国外的网站或者材料,例如BBC的中文网站等。但基本上是以剑桥系列的为主,因为更具有针对性,而且对雅思考试的出题思路能有个更好的理解。
3、机经的使用
有很多同学会问阅读机经在准备考试的时候有没有用,从实际意义上来说,雅思阅读机经的作用并不是很大。因为阅读只能回忆出大致内容和题型,具体的文章和题目是很难回忆出来的。所以建议考生可以利用机经看看最近常考的题型是什么,题材是什么,然后去网上看看相关题材的内容,但是背机经就一点用处都没有了。所以最后一个月的复习重点我们还是放在文章分析和题目总结上,不要盲目去看所谓的机经。
雅思阅读的做题顺序解析
虽然雅思阅读在整个考试中有一定的难度,但是大家也不能因此而失去信心,可以参加一些雅思阅读培训,了解一下都有哪些雅思阅读题型,下面小编就来给大家介绍一下雅思阅读的做题顺序是什么,希望能给大家带来帮助。
雅思阅读词汇量大,长难句多,时间有限,为很多同学所惧怕。其实阅读是最简单的,只需要花时间把答案找到。如何在有限的时间内,获得更多的分数?
具体方法如下:
一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。真正的雅思考试并不是想象中的由易到难,很有可能一开始的文章就很难。设想,如果用30分钟先解决一道难题,再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目,效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例,三篇文章分别“lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇文章题目是最简单的,实际上它反而是最难的。
二、题型决定做题顺序,而不是题目。“lost for words”题型分别是:summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是:multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是:信息段落配对,多选多,人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化,理清做题思路。第一篇文章难度适中,summary 属主旨类型题建议先做,同时可以把人名全部找到以节省时间。matching题中出现五对五配对还有NB。第二篇文章题目虽难但是引言部分交待很清楚,属简单的题目。填空题实属数字游戏,整篇文章完全按顺序出题。第三篇文章难度系数较大,信息段落配对难把握,之后的人名理论配对干扰选项过多,从一开始相当于八选一。这样分析下来,我们的做题顺序应该是“Passage 2/1/3”。小编还是要提醒大家注意总结雅思阅读题型,参加一些必要的雅思阅读培训,已达到快速提高阅读成绩。
三、掌握技巧,灵活运用。题型没有绝对的难易之分,对其他考生难也许对你反而容易,要结合自己的实际情况。可以先做送分题“表格填空,图形题,完成句子”。在五大主流题型中,配对题比较费时,其中信息和段落配对最花时间,建议放在最后。而作为主旨的heading 和summary 可考虑先做,因为完成主旨题型后文章大致的内容和结构都可以掌握,对于细节题的定位会方便很多。
雅思考试像是一场战斗,应该灵活运用作战的策略和方法,后期更需要成套的阅读训练。如果能够运用这些提高效率节省时间的方法,有助于学生信心的塑造和雅思分数的提高。
雅思阅读文章结构特点分析
大多数雅思真题文章的结构是人们常说的“到金字塔”形式。这是指在一篇文章中,最重要的信息都放在开头部分,尤其是开头的前三段。也就是说,一篇文章的主题(主题句)都出现在前三段。一般我们把这样的段落称为导语段。文章一般把新闻所涉及的人物、时间、地点、过程和结果都交待出来。读者读完了导语段,也就知道了新闻的关键信息。
接下来就是逐步向读者交待事件发生的起因、过程、影响等信息。这是文章的主要部分,但是各种信息并不是平铺直叙的,而是按照它们的重要性先后出现的。与事件直接相关的信息被认为是最重要的,因此位置靠前,然后才是次要的信息。
在这一部分,文章还可以交待消息的来源,并且时常引用记者在采访中得到的有关人士的话,以证明消息的可靠。新闻还可以补充说明一些背景材料,有时不惜重复一些内容。
文章的结构有时显得松散,段落之间的逻辑关系不紧密,这是因为需要交待的信息没有一定的关联模式,只是发生的一些实事的铺陈。
新闻一般不要求结尾,尤其是总结性的结尾段。在交待完事件的全过程后,作者通常加上一两段与该消息有点关系、但是不是很重要的信息,作为新闻的结尾。
请大家参考下面的例文,体会上述结构特点。
Student Face Bleak Job Market in Japan
(introduction &main idea)
TOKYO—More than 12,000 college students in Japan, who graduate next spring, packed into the giant Tokyo Dome sports stadium Monday with the anxious hope of landing jobs.
(more facts)
Hundreds lined up before dawn, some having traveled from distant cities for a huge job-counseling program organized by the ministry of Labor.
(background)
September brings the formal start of Japan's annual job-recruitment season. But after nearly five years of recession and “job shock”, those entering the work force face the most forbidding season in years, and many have settled for jobs they would have once dismissed.
(quotes)
“I am looking for a job as receptionist, a sales clerk—it doesn't matter,” said Takako Nakahara, who flew more than 500 miles from her two years college in southern Japan for Monday's program.
(more detail)
High school and college graduates—especially women—have borne the brunt of Japan's economic pain. Thanks in large part to the lifetime employment practices of most Japanese companies, the nation's official unemployment rate is only 3.2 percent—a level Americans would consider a victory over joblessness.
篇3:雅思阅读定位方法谈
雅思阅读定位方法谈:请给我一双慧眼or写轮眼
那么如果同学们定位定不到,到底是为什么呢?我认为有以下三个原因:
雅思阅读定位之真的缺乏一双发现的眼睛
这个应该是很多同学会比较头痛的问题,那是真的没有善于发现爱的眼睛啊。人家出题句就在那个地方,死都看不到,这也真的是醉醉了。其实,这就是在考察各位scanning的能力,我们所谓的scan是带着一个特殊的词或信息,在文中寻找,找到了停住即可,其他那些在寻找中所遇见的词或句子都是浮云,千万不要较真的一一读懂,浪费表情~
雅思阅读定位方法:scanning在生活中无处不在,你看航班,火车信息,其实都是在用scanning只是自己不知道而已,所以大家要好好的训练一下,定位词的选择不要出错(否则你看破大天也定不出来)。这里,刚刚提醒各位,我们雅思阅读中很多题目都是有顺序的,请千万不要犯倔,一定要从第一题定到最后一题,先定最好定位的,然后再根据顺序原则去推(把全文定位变为局部定位)
雅思阅读定位之碰到难题,定位词同义替换了
如果各位烤鸭对于雅思阅读的分数停留在7分以下,那么碰到这种定位词同义替换的题目,我只能说大家运气不好,一般这种情况都会发生在第三篇。那这种情况,其实不怪各位,你们的题干定位词都找对了,但就是在文中找不到,这个时候一定要有一个意识,也许定位词被同义替换了,
如:C10T1P3的第34题:Peopleworking under a dominant boss are liable to
这道题目我们的定位词用dominant boss 是没有问题的,可是你通篇去找你会发现根本找不到类似的词,这个时候我们发现,他就是定位词被同义替换了,大家看下下面这个出题段,看看同义替换成了什么?
没错,就是Authority,dominant boss就是支配型的老板,那么衍升一点就是有权利的老板,对应我们的Authority,所以这道题目的对应出题段就是文中的倒数第三段。碰到这种题目怎么办呢?
雅思阅读定位方法:同义替换的总结,这一定是不能偷懒的
另外,还是想说,把全文定位变为局部定位,各位如果从全文去找dominant boss这无疑是大海捞针,所以为什么不先做33题,然后做35题,然后根据顺序原则在35和33的中间去卡34的位置呢。这样加上前面对同义替换的准备,我们找起来,也会方便很多。
雅思阅读定位之不相信自己,总觉得自己是错的
这个问题,主要出现在判断题上。我们都知道判断题是有一个选项NG的,而NG的一种情况就是原文未提及。很多同学在做此类题目的时候,定位定不到就往死里定(有的时候我真的不怕你们定不到,而是怕你们凭想象力去定,天啊噜)。总觉得,自己定不到肯定是自己的问题。同学你这样真的好嘛?
雅思阅读定位方法:任何一种题型,一定有定位的突破口,找到它(也就是最好定位的题目),先去定位,然后根据判断题的顺序原则去上下推测附近题目的出题范围(局部定位),相信自己,如果没有找到,就大胆的选择NG(但千万不要选太多NG啊,一般6-7个判断题出2-3个NG)
最后刚刚想说的,定位是雅思考察的最基本的语言能力之一,这将在各位出国留学的时候起到非常大的作用,所以各位同学一定要注意这个问题。当然,大家也不要被刚刚上面说的给吓到了,雅思作为一门语言评测类考试,只要各位下功夫,多练习,多总结(当然要每天关注刚刚的推送啦),是一定会有提高的。
雅思阅读素材积累:A Drier and Hotter Future
While I was reading William deBuys's new book, A Great Aridness, two massive dust storms reminiscent of the 1930s raged across the skies of Phoenix and of Lubbock, Texas. Newspapers blamed them on the current drought in the West, which is proximately true. But what ultimately is causing this drought, and why would any drought produce such terrifying clouds of dust? The answer is that they may be portents of a more threatening world that we humans are unwittingly creating. As deBuys explains, “Because arid lands tend to be underdressed in terms of vegetation, they are naturally dusty. Humans make them dustier.”
Agriculture is the main reason for those dust storms—the clearing of native grasslands or sagebrush to grow cotton or wheat, which die quickly when drought occurs and leave the soil unprotected. Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.
DeBuys is an acclaimed historian turned conservationist in his adopted home of the Southwest. A Great Aridness is his most disturbing book, a jeremiad that ought to be required reading for politicians, economists, real-estate developers and anyone thinking about migrating to the Sunbelt. In the early chapters he reports on the science of how and why precipitation and ecology are changing, not predictably but in nonlinear ways that make the future very uncertain and dark. In later chapters he visits ancient pueblo ruins left behind by earlier civilizations that were destroyed by drought, and he follows the grim trail of migrants crossing the border from Mexico, stirring up a controversy that climate change can only exacerbate. The book is an eclectic mix of personal experience, scientific analysis and environmental history.
Smoke as well as dust is spoiling the southwestern skies. As deBuys points out, forest fires are getting much bigger. In June the Rodeo and Chediski fires erupted on Arizona's Mogollon Plateau, soon merging into a single conflagration that consumed nearly 500,000 acres. It was Arizona's largest fire—until the Wallow Fire eclipsed it in June . Another devastating effect of climate change has been the explosion of bark beetles among western pines, which in turn contributes to the new fire regime; in , dead trees covered 2.6 million acres in Arizona and New Mexico. Could anything be more demoralizing than the sight of green forests turned a grisly brown, then bursting into flame and left charred and black?
Even more depressing than declining forests are mountains bare of snow. When future springs arrive, the sound of running water will be much diminished. The biggest environmental catastrophe for the Southwest, already our most arid region, is losing the melting runoff from snowpacks into rivers, canals and irrigation ditches. An ominous chapter in the book examines the future of the Colorado River, which for decades has been the “blood” of the Southwest's oasis civilization. In the 1920s Americans divided the river between upper and lower basins, allocating to each a share of the annual flow. California, which contributes almost nothing to the river, sucks up the largest share of any state, spreading it across the Imperial Valley's agricultural fields and diverting the rest to Los Angeles. Years ago policy makers assumed that the river carried about 17 million acre-feet of water per year—that is, enough water to cover 17 million acres to a depth of one foot. They overestimated, as people tend to do when hope and greed outrun the facts. Now comes a drier and hotter future, when the Colorado River will carry even less water—perhaps as little as 11 million acre-feet.
Tim Barnett and David Pierce of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography estimate that to adjust to a sustainable level of supply, consumers of Colorado River water will have to get along with 20 percent less water than they use today. That is still a lot of water to lose, but the loss may not be catastrophic. Urban users are already conserving about as much as they can per capita. Farmers, on the other hand, who consume about 80 percent of the western water supply, including in California, are wasting much through inefficient management and low-value crops. Half of the water goes to raise alfalfa to feed cattle, and much of the rest evaporates or soaks into the sand. If some of agriculture's share could be diverted to cities, there might be enough to sustain the current population. Rural communities would decline, some lucky farmers would retire with a potful of money, and the public would have to figure out where to get its lettuce, tomatoes, oranges and meat. The cost of water would go up dramatically, and those without money would go thirsty and leave. New hierarchies would take the place of old ones.
Thirty million people now depend on the Colorado River. Perhaps they can manage to adjust to a diminished flow and to declines in domestic food supplies and hydroelectric power. But more people are on the way: Demographers calculate that the population of the Southwest may increase by 10 or 20 million between now and 2050. Some of those people will come from other parts of the country, some from Mexico and Central America, and some from other nations that are coping poorly with their current problems or are overwhelmed by climate change. Whatever their origin, the new arrivals will go to the familiar oases, hoping to find the good life with a swimming pool and a green lawn.
Developers are eager to make money by selling homes to these newcomers. The political and economic culture of the Southwest is dead set against any acknowledgment of limits to growth. In the last few chapters of the book, deBuys shows that even now those in power refuse to accept any check to expansion; business must be free to do business. Others say that they are helpless to stop the influx: Patricia Mulroy, general manager of the Southern Nevada Water Authority in Las Vegas, declares, “You can't take a community as thriving as this one and put a stop sign out there. The train will run right over you.” Her solution is to create an expensive “straw” to extract water from a shrinking Lake Mead, drawing on the “dead pool” that will be left below the intakes for generating electricity. She doesn't have the money to build that straw right now, but she is working hard to keep her improbable city from drying up and becoming a casualty like ancient Mesopotamia. Similarly, Phoenix continues to issue building permits helter-skelter and counts on “augmenting the supply” of water sometime in the future. But where will the state and city go for more supply, and how will they bring it cheaply over mountains and plains to keep Phoenix sprawling into the sunset?
DeBuys gathers enough scientific evidence to make a convincing case against that growth mentality. A similar case could be made against growth in the rest of the United States, although in the East the threat may be too much water, not too little, and too many storms, not too much smoke and dust. The past warns us that ancient peoples once failed to adapt and survive. Will theirs be America's fate? Perhaps. But past human behavior may not be a reliable indicator of how people will behave in the future. If the environment is becoming nonlinear and unpredictable, as deBuys argues, then human cultures may also become nonlinear and unpredictable. No other people have had as much scientific knowledge to illuminate their condition. What we will do with that knowledge is the biggest imponderable of all.
篇4:雅思快速阅读方法技巧
雅思阅读方法很多,但是快速阅读就涉及到了略读或浏览,意味着考生要有选择地进行阅读,可跳过某些细节,以求抓住文章的大概,从而加快阅读速度。那么这种雅思阅读方法该如何练习呢?
A. 雅思阅读方法的练习一定要抓住文章中的主要内容,所以要利用印刷细节(typographical details),如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等,对文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式),以便把握大意,有关的细节及其相互关系。
B. 以一般阅读速度(200~250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段,力求抓住文章大意,背景情况,作者的文章风格,口吻或语气等。
C. 阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意,然后略去细节不读,以求得略读速度。
D. 注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however,moreover,in addition等;序列词如firstly,secondly等。
以上四点就是关于雅思快速阅读方法的详细信息,包括了大家在练习这个阅读方法的过程中需要关注的和可以忽略的细节都进行了解析。大家可以在备考的时候,进行适当的参考。
篇5:雅思快速阅读方法技巧
紧抓段落的主题句
抓住主题句就等于掌握了段落大意,略去细节不读,以求得略读速度。
这种看似很粗的阅读过程中,又隐含了对某些细节的掌握,比如主题句,比如一个句子里的关键词,因此,我们把这叫做粗中有细做略读。
略读在雅思阅读考试中的运用非常广泛,当学生拿到一篇文章时,他如果想要拿高分,首先要对文章进行一个全面的概括性的了解,那么他就需要花一分 钟左右对整篇文章进行一个整体性的把握,这时就需要运用到略读;在做list of headings,段落加信息的匹配题,都可能运用到略读,尤其是段落加信息的匹配题需要我们快速浏览一个段落,发现与题目相匹配的有用信息,没有这种快速阅读的能力,势必会浪费大量的时间,而且正确率还得不到保证。
披沙拣金做寻读
寻读又称查读,也就是说,在对文章有所了解(即略读)后,读者在文章中查找与某一问题、某一观点或某一单词有关的信息,寻找解题的可靠依据。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围。
在雅思阅读考试中,当我们明确了题目信息,需要从文章里获取答案时,我们往往会选取一个两个定位词,到文章中进行定位,而这种在1200-1800字的文章中以最快速度找到定位词的能力就是寻读所必备的能力。
作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧,寻读既要求速度,又要求寻读的准确性。寻读时,我们的视线在文章中扫描的速度极快,大部分的信息都是一带而过,只有当我们所需信息出现时,从大量的沙子中以最优的效率挑选出里面的金子出来,这就是寻读能力。
在雅思阅读中,学员要学会利用文章的组织结构,以及题型与题型之间的联系,甚至是段落号等来提高寻读效率。文章的组织都是有一定的规律的,如果 拿到文章时就先做好了略读,了解了文章的架构以及信息组织顺序,那么在寻读时,我们的大定位就会非常省时,而且每一个大题与前一个大题之间的答案出现是有一定的关联的,这样我们在通过寻读定位时,还可以利用前一道大题以及本题内部联系进行。
另外我们也要充分利用提示词,比如当我们寻找某个球队的背景时,我们可以把这两个球队的名字作为提示词,因为它们更为明显,更容易定位,他们附近去寻找相关信息会更为节约时间。同样的道理,在雅思阅读里,经常也会有相似的提示词出现,参考提示词,有效的帮助我们拨开迷雾,看清真相。
按照意群浏览,而不是一个单词接一个单词地看,以减少眼球的移动。我们来看下面四个句子:
World/science/is/dominated/today/by/a/small/number/of/languages。
World science/is dominated today/by a small number of/languages。
World science is dominated today/by a small number of languages。
World science is dominated today by a small number of languages。
第一句是一个单词一个单词的读,最后一句一气呵成,不难看出,什么样的读法更能体现速度,而且事实上,一个句子里,像副词、介词、冠词等成分其实是大可不必看的,如果我们只抓主谓宾等成分,阅读效率就能大大得到提高。
篇6:雅思快速阅读方法技巧
1; 第一步: 宏观阅读: 明确: 文章的主题 环保问题
文章的主态度 态度与一般的文章不同,一般的文章通常会强调环境恶化的后果,号召大家采取行动。 本篇文章从第二段就开始转折, 举很多例子来说明环境问题并非我们想象中的那么糟糕。
全文的行文结构 新老观点对比型。 旧观点, 新观点,旧观点形成之原因
用中文总结段落大意, 标注在文章旁边。 这样做可以节省很多时间。 在后面看到相关题目可迅速定位。
环境没有恶化的四个事实陈述
1) 能源 2)粮食 3) 物种 4)污染
观点和现实相左的四个原因
1)研究偏好 2)筹集资金 3) 媒体偏好 4)个人认知
2 第二步: 题目定位, 微观阅读
题目基本是按照文章段落进行顺序出的。
所以本文可以边读题边看文章
27 通过刚才我们的分析, 因为种.种原因,环境学家的确对对世界环境持悲观的态度。 pessimistic. optimistic.
28 迅速在文章定位1972, 因为题目提到这个具体的年份, 文章中绝对会有涉及。文章中提到1972年有一本书叫做增长的极限。 但是并没有提出关于收集自然资源数据。 因此此题不确定
29 讲到饥饿的问题, 我们就马上想到刚才总结到的第二段第2个事实:粮食,立刻定位, 文章中说 fewer people are starving. 因此29明显错误
30。 讲物种问题, 立刻定位到第二段 物种, 文章中并没有提到新物种, 没有提到的一律不能判断正误,因此
31。 将污染, 立刻定位到污染, 本句是一个复杂的长句,但我们并不需要读完它, 文章中的事实很明确, 污染和早期工业化相关,马上就可以判断出题目是正确的。然后后面都是在扩展如何解决, 这些我们都不需要读,在有的题目中读了是浪费时间。
32。 根据常识许多人都可判断出这个题目是错误的,但做阅读我们不能靠先入为主的观点,以免落入出题人的陷阱, 所以我们还是在文章中定位,还是讲污染的那段, 作者说 best cured not by restricting growth, 这个主语是什么呢? 就是pollution,污染。 因此这道题目的确是正确的。
其实通过判断题,大家对文章前两段有了大概的认识, 这对我们做题基本够用了
下面看选择题。
本文中选择题的定位很简单,题目大体都是一段出一题。
33。 研究的偏好---也就是研究选择对象,选择范围的问题。
34。 因为关键句已经找出, 文章其后都是支持关键句的, 第二个原因讲筹资的问题,我们细看本段,为了要筹集到资金,they sometimes overstate their arguments.什么是overstate呢? state有陈述的意思, over这个前缀有过分,过头的意思,因此这个词我们如果不认识也可以猜得出有夸大的意思。 那么我们很容易看出下面举的World Wide Fund 这个例子就是为了说明环保组织这个倾向。
35。 第35题比较有难度, 需要花多点的时间看懂第6段的意思。我们用排除法, 文章没有讲到的一律不选。 active, 没有讲到。 organized 也没有涉及, 那么讲到critcism 没有? 我们注意到文章中有一个词scepticism,这个词比critcism 更专业点,是怀疑论调,怀疑主义的意思, 再看文中提到lobby groups人们会applied scepticism.
36 题目中谈到newspaper,我们快速定位,文章提到newspaper and ..are there to provide what the reader wants,那么很容易选出选项B, B 是文章句子的同义改写。
37。
38 做填空题,我们可以通过语法,句意,搭配来排除多余的选项。
例如38题: 通过句意我们很容易得出两个备选单词,但根据语法我们必须排除urgent.
39题:
根据句意,我们判断出这里要填的是一个褒义的词汇, 这样备选答案有right和agreed两个, 把两个分别代进句子里看,发现right更好。
40。 根据文章的意思, 选 urgent.
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