托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解
“mmnnbb”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了5篇托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解，以下是小编收集整理后的托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解，希望对大家有所帮助。
篇1：托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解
托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解
托福词汇量除了背单词书还要靠平时积累
托福词汇量的提升不能只依赖背单词书这样死板的方法，考生平时的积累也很重要。这种积累的途径涵盖了我们从最初学习英语到现在读过的英语文章、做过的阅读和听力，以及各种杂志、报刊、电影电视剧等方式接触到的单词。这部分词汇有日常生活类、政经类、影视娱乐类等等，当然也包括托福考试最需要的一些自然、社会、科技等学术类词汇。
需要我们牢记于心的一点是，英语的学习，尤其是词汇，是一个持续的过程，不会因为某一次考试而突然开始或者结束。那么如何有效地积累词汇呢?
1. 选择喜欢并且合适的材料
主动学习比被动学习更能提高效率且印象更深，这一点相信大家都深有体会。可供选择的学习材料包括英文视频、有声读物和各类文本。
1.1 视频可以是纪录片、电影、演讲等形式，尤其是纪录片，涉及的题材十分广泛，能够补充大量学科词汇，对托福的学习有很大帮助。
1.2 有声读物则非常考验一个人的听力水平和综合能力，如果听不懂，就不用谈积累词汇了。所以这种方法并不适合初学者。初学者如果觉得难，应结合文本听材料，不能囫囵吞枣。
1.3 前两种学习材料如果合理使用，最终还是要“文本”的形态，除此之外，文本还包括各类外刊、杂志、名著、翻译作品等，在选择上根据各人的兴趣，也是因人而异的。
2. 随时记录和整理
有些同学会习惯性地把手头的材料看过一次就搁置一边，这样貌似学到了新知识，但事实上如果不做记录和整理，很快就会遗忘的。所以养成随时记录、定期整理的习惯也是十分重要的。最简单的方法是准备一本可随身携带的小本子，或者电脑常在手边的话也可以直接建立专门的excel文档，总之能随时找得到即可。
3. 培养语境意识
我们要积累的词汇不一定全都是以前没见过的生词。托福阅读词汇题中常考的就有一词多义单词的某一个释义，所以我们要积累的，也可能是你知道了意思但却不知道它具象/抽象用法的词汇，因而有必要再着重记忆一下。
比如，undermine这个词，我们知道它有“削弱”(weaken sth./sb. gradually or insidiously)和破坏的意思，也常会在文本中见到这种意思之下的例句，如：But we must recognize that an escalating nuclear arms race in this region would undermine decades of growth and prosperity.但是有一天我们看到了这样一句句子：Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.这时我们可能就会恍然大悟——原来undermine原本的意思是“挖洞”(make a hollow or tunnel beneath sth.)，那么这个时候，我们就可以着重积累一下undermine的这一含义。
托福阅读：托福备考记笔记的技巧
1、抓住主题段和主题句的关键词。
托福阅读文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的主要部分，因此记录几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。
2、关注时间和数字。
通常来讲，出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象，考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。
3、注意人名、地名和专有名词。
这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。
4、记录举例主体。
为了说明某些理论和观点，托福阅读文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上，托福考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略。
5、关注新概念和局部核心概念。
所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核 心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。
6、注重重要的逻辑关系。
很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确，这也是一种严重的错误。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。
托福阅读：怎样探寻托福阅读的规律
如果你在新托福阅读考试之前知道了这个统计结果，即使在考试时你没有完全听懂对话的内容，你也能得出正确的答案。虽然我们不能证明这些“规律”，但是对于历年的考题却从不例外。当然，如果你对自己的听力水平评价很高的话，你可以不冒这个险。
但是，至少它是一个替代的方案。以下是根据历年考题统计得出的结论。当然，如果你自己发现了其它的某些规律，也应该把它总结出来。
(A)当两个人谈到吵或者安静时，后得出的结论总是：宿舍里读书很吵，应该去图书馆。而不会说搬到别的宿舍。
(B)当对话内容涉及演出(音乐会或者电影)或者展览时，后肯定说它非常好。即使他(她)不会欣赏这些展览或者演出，也会虚伪地说“It makes more sense next time”。
(C)当谈到住在校园里还是住在校外时，答案肯定是住在校园。
(D)当谈到某门课老师讲的如何时，回答肯定与“boring”相似;而当谈到课难不难时，肯定说难。
(E)对话谈到作业时，肯定都说作业很多，而且很难。
看到这些可以发现，只要在托福阅读考试中细心，什么困难都不怕。
篇2：托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解
托福阅读词汇有效积累3大方法讲解 除了背词汇书还能这样学生词
托福词汇量除了背单词书还要靠平时积累
托福词汇量的提升不能只依赖背单词书这样死板的方法，考生平时的积累也很重要。这种积累的途径涵盖了我们从最初学习英语到现在读过的英语文章、做过的阅读和听力，以及各种杂志、报刊、电影电视剧等方式接触到的单词。这部分词汇有日常生活类、政经类、影视娱乐类等等，当然也包括托福考试最需要的一些自然、社会、科技等学术类词汇。
需要我们牢记于心的一点是，英语的学习，尤其是词汇，是一个持续的过程，不会因为某一次考试而突然开始或者结束。那么如何有效地积累词汇呢?
1. 选择喜欢并且合适的材料
主动学习比被动学习更能提高效率且印象更深，这一点相信大家都深有体会。可供选择的学习材料包括英文视频、有声读物和各类文本。
1.1 视频可以是纪录片、电影、演讲等形式，尤其是纪录片，涉及的题材十分广泛，能够补充大量学科词汇，对托福的学习有很大帮助。
1.2 有声读物则非常考验一个人的听力水平和综合能力，如果听不懂，就不用谈积累词汇了。所以这种方法并不适合初学者。初学者如果觉得难，应结合文本听材料，不能囫囵吞枣。
1.3 前两种学习材料如果合理使用，最终还是要“文本”的形态，除此之外，文本还包括各类外刊、杂志、名著、翻译作品等，在选择上根据各人的兴趣，也是因人而异的。
2. 随时记录和整理
有些同学会习惯性地把手头的材料看过一次就搁置一边，这样貌似学到了新知识，但事实上如果不做记录和整理，很快就会遗忘的。所以养成随时记录、定期整理的习惯也是十分重要的。最简单的方法是准备一本可随身携带的小本子，或者电脑常在手边的话也可以直接建立专门的excel文档，总之能随时找得到即可。
3. 培养语境意识
我们要积累的词汇不一定全都是以前没见过的生词。托福阅读词汇题中常考的就有一词多义单词的某一个释义，所以我们要积累的，也可能是你知道了意思但却不知道它具象/抽象用法的词汇，因而有必要再着重记忆一下。
比如，undermine这个词，我们知道它有“削弱”(weaken sth./sb. gradually or insidiously)和破坏的意思，也常会在文本中见到这种意思之下的例句，如：But we must recognize that an escalating nuclear arms race in this region would undermine decades of growth and prosperity.但是有一天我们看到了这样一句句子：Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.这时我们可能就会恍然大悟——原来undermine原本的意思是“挖洞”(make a hollow or tunnel beneath sth.)，那么这个时候，我们就可以着重积累一下undermine的这一含义。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
(C) How plant defense mechanisms function
(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ
2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover .
4. The word which in line 12 refers to
(A) tissues
(B) substances
(C) barriers
(D) insects
5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to
the Colorado beetle?
(A) resins
(B) tannins
(C) glycosides
(D) alkaloids
6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?
(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense
7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by
(A) striking
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) appealing
8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 24-27
9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on
(A) the basis of passive plant defense
(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.
(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals
(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.
托福阅读背景知识汇总之表现派
表现派 (Expressionism)
野兽派之后, 法国有毕加索为首的立体主义, 几乎在同时的德国则有表现派(Expressionism)兴起. 19, 表现派的画家们首次在德国的德勒斯城组织团体“桥派”. 19, 康丁斯基(Sassily Kandinsky)和马尔克(Franz Marc)在德国慕尼黑地区组织“黑骑士”的美术团体, 标榜表现主义从事绘画创作. 依年代来看, 正值第一次世界大战后期, 表现派的画家们看见战争的残酷, 一切的一切被战争摧毁. 因此, 他们开始批判的角度来探讨物体的本质, 否认眼睛所看到物体的姿态, 而注重物体在眼中所表现出来的样子. 因为每个不同的人所看见的物体会有不同的体认, 自然每个人所描述及表现的方法也不同, 所以表现派是极端主观的个人主义, 他们写意而不写实, 象征而不表象. 表现派与野兽派一样注重使用鲜艳的色彩, 当然与野兽们不同的是他们绝对不会让你轻易了解, 因为每个人不会对同一件物体有完全一样的看法, 你不是他. 虽然表现派没有如野兽派与表现派出现特别了不起的人物, 但他们对二十世纪中期以后的现代抽象主义(Non-figurative Art)具有深刻的影响. 对不起, 因为现代的抽象主义, 你更看不懂.
篇3：实例讲解托福阅读词汇积累方法
托福阅读词汇丨实例讲解托福阅读词汇积累方法
一. 托福阅读词汇记忆实例解析
It should be obvious that cetaceans---whales, porpoises, and dolphins---are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not though gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
浏览完之后，可能有同学会感到难，那是因为文章中有很多生词。但是，我让大家看这段段落的目的是想告诉大家一个事情：镇定、冷漠地对待生词!现在我们从段首开始，看看这个段落究竟难在哪里。首先是“It should be obvious that cetaceans...”这句话，其中“cetaceans”指的是“鲸目动物”(这个单词并不要求大家背诵，因为它太难了)。不认识也没有关系，我们继续往后看，发现有大家很熟悉的“whales”(鲸)。接下来的“porpoise”这个词估计又不认识了，其实它是“鼠海豚”的意思。而后面的“dolphin”，地球人都知道它是“海豚”的意思。也就是说，刚才看的这句话里面既有生词又有熟词，这时候我们可以利用“and结构”来解题。我曾经讲过“and”前后应该连接意思相近的概念来表示列举，这个句子中有一个“A, B, and C”的结构。只要认识其中的任何一个单词，比如“whale”，那么我就可以把这个结构理解为“鲸，鲸and鲸”(也就是说先把其他两个词也都当作“鲸”来处理，对文章有个大概的印象，虽然不够精准，但并不影响做题)。大家发现没有?这个结构的前面有一个破折号，而我们都知道破折号表示的是列举或者解释说明。所以就能推断出来前面的这个单词应该是鲸类的总称，暂且把它称为“鲸们”。于是经过一番分析，现在这个句子就变成了如下的模样：It should be obvious that鲸们——鲸 ( A ),鲸 ( B) and鲸 ( C ) are mammals.
事实上，如果大家能理解到这个层次，那么就已经达到了规定的考试要求，完全可以做对题了。
继续往后读，看到“They breathe through lungs, not through gills”，其中“lung”和“gill”这两个单词不要求全部认识，但是大家只要知道这两个里面的任何一个就足够了。—个是腮( gill)，—个是肺(lung)。因为认识其中的—个的话，另—个通过“not through”应该就可以推断出来了。
接下来的这个句子中的确有非常多的单词我们压根儿就不认识。比如说“the presence of fluke and blowhole” 中的“fluke”这个单词，坦率地说，第一次见到的时候我也不确定它是什么含义。虽然“fluke”这个单词我背过，但是我背过它是“比目鱼”的意思，这里不作“比目鱼”讲;我还背过它是“侥幸成功”的意思，这里也不作“侥幸成功”讲。“fluke”这个单词在这里是指“鲸尾叶突”。于是大家会发现：这个单词是不可能要求大家背的。而“blowhole”是什么?它的中文释义为“鲸的喷水孔”。对于这两个超纲的单词，同学们只需要在心中把它们变成“F”和“B”两个代号就可以了。
我们可以继续往后读，看到“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds”中的“sea otters”是指“海獭”，那么“pinnipeds”是什么东西呢?“鳍足类动物”。这个单词太难了，即使一句话中的两个单词我们都不认识，问题也不大，因为“pinnipeds”的后面有个括弧，依旧表示列举和解释说明。而括弧里面有这样的内容(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)其中“seals“可作“封条”讲，但在这儿它是指一种动物，叫作“海豹”。有同学说：“老师，我不知道。”但你至少认识“sea lions”是“海蛳”的意思，对不对?后面这个“walruses”也不认识，但是大家至少知道它又是一个“A，B，and C”的结构，所以括弧里面的内容就可以换成“海狮，海狮and海狮”了。那么“pinnipeds”应该是海狮的总称，“sea otters”肯定也跟海狮脱不了干系。如此一来，即便有单词不认识，但这个句子我们至少应该读成这种感觉：unlike the cases of海狮们and海狮们(海狮，海狮and海狮，whose limbs...)
二.关于托福阅读词汇的总结
其实小站君用这个例子是想告诉大家：有很多的专有名词大家压根儿就不太可能背诵得到，而它们在阅读的时候也压根儿不应该成为障碍。ETS本来就知道一般的小孩儿不可能背得到这些专有名词，所以它们不应该也不会影响解题过程。大家必须要养成好习惯，即使在有大量生词的情况下做题，也不发怵。
托福阅读出题的十原则
1、顺序原则：美中题目基本上按照文章顺序排列;
2、特殊符号，特殊字体原则：括号，引号“”，黑体，斜体，下划线，以及比较罕见的词汇有可能出题。
3、数字原则：会出现一些带有简单运算最难不超过四则运算的简答题;
4、首尾原则：大约50%的题目分布在文章首尾句以及首尾段;
5、改写原则：出题关键字基本都是对文章内容的改写;
6、图表原则：如果文章中有图表则要留心图表部分会出题;
7、连词原则：表因果、转折、相似、递进以及比较的连词会有题目出现;
8、举例原则：Forexample/Forinstance/Suchas等短语前面是考点;
9、名词原则：出题关键字基本都以名词作为考点;
10、下定义原则：破折号，同位语从句，定语从句有可能处提;
如何提升托福阅读的答题正确率
许多考生难以理解托福阅读文章，原因有两点：
(一)、没有掌握一些熟词的生僻含义。
(二)、缺乏分析长难句结构的能力。
举例说明：
There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst piles of assorted junk that litter the floor.
该句是由两个that引导的从句，分别充当hope的同位语从句和piles of assorted junk的定语从句。第一个由that引起的同位语从句，是由一段地点状语“in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms”来展开全句的，其主句的语态是一个由a real rarity做主语的被动语态。全句可以翻译如下：人们还常常幻想在发霉、阴暗、无序的迷宫般店堂里，从杂乱地堆放在地面上的、各式各样的垃圾中淘到一件稀世珍品。
我们再来看一下这个句子，它是这样写的：
In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those (whom) they consider their equals from that which they assume with people (whom) they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.
Though my aunt pursued what was， in those days， an enlightened policy， in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day， she was extremely difficult to please.
托福阅读文章中曾出现过一个典型的长句。其难度更胜GRE：In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.
句子的主干为people tend to have a different approach from that，其中that为代词，指代approach，此处译为“方式”最为贴切，因此主干的意思很简单：“人们倾向于采用一种方式，与其它方式不同。”
句子开头为Though引起的状语，动词pursue的宾语是一个由what引起的名词性从句，在插入了一个非常书面的in that(意思相当于since)引起的从句之后，终于出现了主句she was extremely difficult to please。这种一步步将句子意思推向高潮的写法就是英文中非常有气势的“圆周句”，直到句子的末尾，作者最终的意思才被揭晓。全句可以这样理解：“(尽管)姑妈对待佣人们的做法在当时那个年代算是开明的，(因为她)从不让佣人们每天干活超过8个小时，但佣人们还是很难让她感到满意。”
代词that后紧跟which引导的从句充当that，即the approach的定语。此外，句中还有两个省略了whom的定语从句，将之补全如下：
全句直译如下：在日常生活中，人们用一种方式对待他们认为与自己社会地位同等的人，而用另一种的方式去对待他们认为比自己社会地位高或低的人。
对于这种长句的准确分析，需要日积月累的语言知识及良好语感，大家在托福阅读备考过程中，千万不能忽视真题演练。
托福阅读高分的硬件条件
首先，托福词汇的积累。也许很多正在备考的学生会认为词汇的积累并不是什么技巧。确实在托福阅读中想要能拥有快速的阅读速度，词汇量必须达到5000以上。否则，即便是再精妙的技巧对你来说，也是纸上谈兵没有任何用处的。所以，词汇量是在探讨技巧前一道必过的门槛。
其次，合理的阅读方法。在阅读托福文章时候，会有阅读完之后答题或是边阅读边答题两种不同的方法。而在网络中也是流传着众多“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”等不同阅读方法的介绍。但是，万变不离其宗的就是主动地阅读文章的关键部位。也就是应该不断的进行思考和预测文章的内容，细心分析每一段的开头和结尾部分，找到文章的主题脉络。
最后，就是解题的训练。对于选择题多数同学在答题中还是会采用排除法。但实际上，这样的方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。所以在训练的过程中，我们还是应该习惯于有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，带着自己的答案在选项中寻找答案。
篇4：托福阅读词汇如何积累
托福阅读词汇如何积累?掌握正确方法快速扩充词汇库
托福阅读词汇积累攻略一，遇到生词及时积累
阅读是积累词汇的一种方法。阅读的材料既可以是托福真题，也可以是课外英语读物。考生可以根据自己的爱好，选择自己感兴趣的阅读材料，比如名人轶事、新闻报道、科普文章等等。但要注意的是，文章的篇幅要适当，难度要适中，生词不要太多，这样才能充分调动学习的积极性，迅速扩大词汇量。
托福阅读词汇积累攻略二，构词法辅助记忆
在阅读中积累的单词，考生可以利用构词法来记忆。比如记住“friend”是“朋友”的意思，那么加上一个后缀“-ly”就变成了形容词“friendly(友好的，友善的)”。如果在前面再加上一个前缀“un-”就有了否定的含义，意思是“不友好的，不友善的”。同样的道理，“wait”是“等待”的意思，后面加上“-er”就是“服务员”的意思了。根据词根词缀记单词可以通过一个单词记住一连串的单词，既巩固了已学的词汇，又记住了新词。
托福阅读词汇积累攻略三，记忆词汇常用搭配
相比于机械地背单词书而言，一边阅读一边记单词的方法会更加高效。因为单词书中的单词往往是孤立的，而阅读材料中的单词是嵌入到一定的语境中的。掌握单词的用法是词汇学习的重要任务之一，通过阅读便可以达到这一目的。在阅读中记单词，可以了解单词的语法特征，掌握单词的固定搭配。此外，考生还要把词汇的练习扩展到文章的重点句型中，这样不仅可以巩固词汇，还可以提高写作能力。
托福阅读词汇积累攻略四，及时学以致用
掌握了一定量的词汇不等于就提高了阅读能力，还要培养在阅读文章中运用词汇的能力。词汇一定要放在具体的语境中理解才有意义，因为同一个单词在不同的语境中其意思有可能是不同的，也就是说单词往往会因语境的不同而产生词义的变化。这就要求考生在阅读文章时，运用所学的知识，根据上下文推测单词的词义。对阅读中遇到的生词要在理解的基础上大胆地进行猜测，这样不仅可以提高阅读速度，还可以提高阅读理解能力。
托福阅读背景拓展之画家Turner
(1)透纳的绘画成就的不仅仅是山水风景画，还体现了人文元素。
(2)透纳的三个作品：迦太基建物，郊外，和英国工业革命带来的速度。
托福阅读背景拓展：
约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·透纳(Joseph Marroad William Turner，1775～1851)，是英国最为著名，技艺最为精湛的艺术家之一，19世纪上半叶英国学院派画家的代表，在西方艺术史上无可置疑地位于最杰出的风景画家之列。与约翰·康斯特布尔并称为“真正使英国风景画摆脱荷兰、法国或意大利绘画影响而走上自己独立道路的两个人”。
透纳以善于描绘光与空气的微妙关系而闻名于世。他在艺术史上的特殊贡献是把风景画与历史画、肖像画摆到了同等的地位。透纳生前即享有盛名，1851年去世后依然在世界各地受到敬仰和追捧直至19世纪晚期。然而，对透纳所有艺术成就的认识则是更后来的事。
透纳晚年尤其自19世纪40年代起即致力于绘画形式与色彩的探索，人们从他后期那些大胆的习作中找到了印象主义和现代抽象绘画的发端。透纳的绘画艺术到底具有哪些历史意义?对这一问题的回答首先需要机会。过去半个世纪以来，一系列重要的展览和美术馆的陈列展示了透纳各式各样的作品，增进了人们对他的认识。这类展览和陈列，许多是由泰特美术馆攀办的。透纳生前立下遗嘱将作品捐献给国家，使得共计一百多幅油画成品，数千幅速写和纸本绘画珍藏予泰特美术馆的克劳馆，该馆也是国际透纳研究中心，近年开展的一些国际交流项目，在新的文化语境中进一步扩展了透纳的声誉。
托福词汇预测：
Indscape ，n.风景，山水画，地形，前景口 v.美化
Everest，n.珠穆朗玛峰(世界最高峰)
conflict，n.斗争，冲突 vi.抵触，冲突
学会用不同方法应对托福阅读
对于托福阅读来说，除了不断提升自己的词汇的累积量之外，直观的面对托福阅读的方法还是一个非常重要的微调，也会对备考带来很大的帮助。现在，小编就为大家带来提升托福阅读学会默读方法最重要，希望能为大家的托福备考带来帮助。
在托福阅读备考过程中，十大题型往往是被学生最为关注的备考内容。而对于这样的题型，往往是每种题型都有着一种解答的方法，下面我们就为大家介绍一下其中五种托福阅读题型的解答方法。
(1)主旨题。主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，所以这道托福阅读题的解题技巧就是放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解文章的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对文章个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。
(2)列举题。列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归托福阅读文章找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归文章发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。
这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章列举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。文章列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。
(3)文章结论题。文章结论题即根据文章可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相当于文章主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对文章最后部分，也有可能针对整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的细节。所以文章结论题的解题技巧应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个文章。
(4)作者态度题。作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。文章最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇托福阅读文章，要根据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。这种题的托福阅读题的解题技巧是考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。
局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对文章中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回文章某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。
(5)文章推断预测题。文章结构题三种：A、文章前面的段落内容是什么?B、文章下面接着将要讲什么?C、文章组织结构是什么?推断文章前面的内容立足于文章首句，因为文章首句承上启下，尤其注意首句中诸如this、so、other than之类的结构词。
预测下文的内容则分两步走：第一、读文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章内容的逻辑走向。如果文章讲述某一事物的两个阶段或方面，下文将介绍这一事物的第三个阶段或方面。所以我们把预测下文内容的题称之为坐标题，即竖看文章每段首句，横看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所讲内容，而不是下面将要讲的内容，往往选项干扰来自文章所讲内容。至于文章的组织结构题，只需要读文章每段首句即可，因为这些句子是文章框架。
托福阅读考前必背词汇分享
我们初学iBT阅读时, 可能更关注一些陌生的新题型, 随着我们逐渐对方法和技巧的掌握, 整体正确率不断提高时,有一种题型日益彰显出狰狞的面目,那就是VOCABULARY QUESTION.很多同学觉得，这单词题成了iBT阅读的最后障碍.
对于这个问题，一则要扩大我们的单词量，再则要加强在上下文中理解单词的意思，这是两个基本点.还有一个有效的途径，就是熟悉托福机经.
ETS总是喜欢重复考点，对于单词题就更是如此.因此我不辞劳苦地搜集了许多单词题的鸡精，铺列于下.左侧为文中单词，右侧为正确选项.一定要熟记于心，因为在考场上很有可能碰到原题
经常扫视，经常瞧瞧，培养感情，尤其考托前两三天一定再瞄几眼，考场上妙不可言
enroll to one = combine
complement = supplement = add to
substitute = replace
so far = until present = up to now
rooted in = based on
make their way = travel
vulnerable--open to break-open to attack -- weak --susceptible
perishable 容易腐烂的= easy to spoil
Seething 沸腾的 --- overflowing/excited/active
float = stay on the top
be consistent with = be compatible with
property 财产，特征 = characteristic = attribute (名词意为”特征，属性“)
simulated ---- artificial
sort --- type -- kind
uniformly = evenly/ without variation/consistently
unique = sole/ distinct
warranted = authorized 授权的/justified
assume=take on 呈现/ suppose, posit 假设
foster=promote ，encourage
Plumage羽毛=feather
Composition作文，成分，混合物=mixture
intact未被碰过的=unaffected
prize珍视 = value
lucrative 有利可图的= profitable
replicas复制品--copies,
extant 现存的=not extinct
be closer resemblance to=. be more like
indicate =demonstrate
thrive=flourish
fluctuating=changing
mirror反映=reflect
procure获得=obtain
paradoxically=seemingly contradictory
counsel劝告，忠告=advice.
wholly = completely
Within the ordinary citizen's pocket book = affordable
ally with 与...结盟--link to
aware of=familiar with
bulk=great quantity =majority
ferry摆渡，渡运==transport
hint暗示，提示 = indication
implausible=unbelievable
launch---start
of legitimacy=lawful
of likelihood = probable
minute=tiny
misconception=wrong idea
offset抵消，弥补=balance
omit遗漏= exclude
onset=beginning
patchy杂凑的;斑驳的，补丁的=irregular 参差不齐的，不规则的
peak=in the middle of the largest strengthen
permanent=lasting
pore=space
precede=come before
preserve保护，保存=protect
prosper=succeed
proximity = closeness = nearness
range=vary
right (to some place)一直向...地方 = all the way
account叙述，故事=description
arid=dry
allied with = linked to
access=reach
astute狡猾且机敏的=clever
avenue林荫道，方法 =method = vehicle 手段， 车辆 = approach 方法;接近
appearance=rise出现，上升
appreciable 可察觉到的=noticeable
assert= strong statement
accessible=easy to reach
augment=increase
absorb=take in
attribute(verb) =credit
(attribute ... to ... = credit ... to/with ... 把...归结于/归功于...)
attribute(noun. 特征， 属性)=character
aware of = familiar with
agile=astute=clever = quick and active
arise 发生， 出现 = emerge
being生命，存在=creatures
distribution分配，分发; 分布 =geographic range
extend=reach
excavation=dug-out 挖掘
enlist征募，谋求=obtain
exercise 练习， 运用 = use
evidence=proof
eventually=ultimately
expend花费=use
enormous=great
exaggerate=overstate
enthusiastic = eager 热切的， 渴望的
follow=track跟踪
fertile 肥沃的;有繁殖力的= reproductive
fashionable=popular
feast:=eating
flourish = prosper
flexible=adaptable
funds=money
fragmentize裂成碎片 = break up
govern统治，管理，支配=regulate 管制，控制，调节
imposing令人难忘的=impressed
intense=strong
inhospitable 不好客的;不适宜生命/生长的 = unfavorable 不宜的，不顺利的
in fact =actually
immoral不道德的=improper
implausible = unbelievable
irreparable不能挽回的=permanent 永久性的
篇5：托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解
托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解 生词变熟词要这么操作
托福阅读如何看文章积累新词汇?
单词量不够一直是很多考生阅读时遇到的障碍之一。考生除了通过背词汇书提高词汇量之外，也可以利用托福阅读文章来积累新词汇。具体该如何操作呢?首先，考生将一篇托福阅读文章中不认识的单词划出来，标上序号，然后整理到笔记本上。整理完成后，很多考生自然会想到通过查阅词典来记录单词的意思。事实上，考生在精读时，不要过分依赖词典，而是多尝试练习猜词的方法，这样真正上考场时，考生遇到生词不会过分紧张。具体来说，在查阅词典之前，考生应该先根据单词所在的上下文语境猜测单词的含义，然后再通过查阅词典来进行核实，最后将正确含义记录在笔记本上。
托福阅读中的学科词汇要积累吗?
是不是所有自己不认识的单词都需要仔细背诵呢?当然不是。托福阅读文章具有多学科的特点，所以，势必会有很多学科词汇是考生所不认识的，对于专业的学科词汇，考生只要做到识记含义即可，比如，perennial (多年生植物)、biennial (两年生植物)、annual (一年生植物)等植物学词汇。那么，哪些词汇是必须认真背诵与掌握的呢?简单地说，就是那些影响考生理解句子的单词。以下面这个例句为例。
Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (托福官方真题34 “Islamic Art and the Book”)
大部分考生在精读这句话时会查阅这四个划线的单词，其中Koran表示伊斯兰教中的《古兰经》，这一专有名词考生只作基本了解即可，因为考生即使不认识这个单词，也不会干扰对句子的理解。而其余的三个单词supplant (取代)、parchment (羊皮卷)、conservative (保守的)都会妨碍考生对原句的理解，如果考生不认识这些单词，就会很难理解出句子的意思为“经过多个世纪之后，纸张才取代羊皮卷用来抄写某个东西”这个关键信息，也会不明白because of后面提及的原因究竟是什么。从词性的角度来说，影响句子理解的单词一般是动词和形容词，因为它们通常透露着原句的重要细节。从托福阅读考试来说，动词和形容词也是词汇题比较“青睐”的考查对象。
托福阅读可以积累写作用的词汇
此外，考生还可以从托福阅读文章中积累写作中可以用到的单词或词组。以下面例句为例。
In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications(碉堡), and participation in the local economy. (托福官方真题19 “The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain”)
考生可能不认识considerable，查阅后会知道它意为“相当大的;重要的”，那么have a considerable on sth.就表示“对……产生重大影响”，这个词组在很多写作话题中都可以使用，考生可以将其作为写作表达积累起来，比如，考生要表达“阅读对人的性格产生着重大影响”的含义，则可以说：“Reading books has a considerable impact on people’s characters.”
精读词汇的最后一步就是在笔记本上把那些需要重点记忆的单词用荧光笔再次强调突出，然后多花时间进行重点背诵和记忆。
托福阅读详解之摄影史
Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.
Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the ”daguerreotype,“ was announced in 1839.
A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's ”calotype“ was the firstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This ”negative,“ as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.
The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.
词汇解析：
perception n. 看法;感知
alter v. 更改
logical adj. 逻辑的;合乎逻辑的
intent adj. 坚决的;专注的
react v. 作出反应;起不良反应;反抗
impatient adj. 无耐心的
topographical adj. 地形的
permanent adj. 永久的;不断发生的
silver n. 银;银器
patent n. & v. & adj. 专利;得到...专利;显而易见的强调
ancestor n. 祖先;物种原型
multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍数
reproduce v. 复制;重演
duplicate v. & n. 复制;复制品
etch v. 凿刻;铭刻
engrave v. 刻上
tonal adj. 声调的
难句解析：
The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.十九世纪中期与后期的现实主义和自然主义画家都高度关注摄影术，将其当作一门可以使用、借鉴而且要适应的技术。
The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.当时针孔照相机已经为大家所熟识，它是一种是用小孔或透镜将摄影投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状设备，这种设备已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，像意大利画家卡纳莱托就用它详细记录了威尼斯城。
The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This ”negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.卡罗式摄影法革命性地使用了化学处理的纸片，纸片上受到光照射的区域的色调会变暗于是产生了负像。这种被塔尔博特称为“负片”的东西随后会被用于在另一张化学处理的纸片上洗印多张正像。
The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.而卡罗式摄影法可以洗出多张照片，因此相当于蚀刻术或雕刻术。其整体的效果是轮廓和色调模糊。
填空
本篇文章介绍了两种摄影技术_____和__________技术诞生于1839年;_____技术诞生于1841年;两种摄影技术产生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一张影像;_____可以洗出多张照片
Answers:
Daguerreotype, calotype
Daguerreotype, calotype
Daguerreotype, calotype
托福阅读备考之100个必懂短语
1. a couple of 两三个，几个
Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.
2. account for 解释
Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.
3. adapt to 使适应于
They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
4, adorn with sth 用…装饰
Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.
5.appeal to 吸引
Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
6.apply to 适用于
Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.
7.at best 充其量，最多
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.
8.at intervals 相隔一定距离
However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.
9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下
A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.
10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期
The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
11.back and forth 来回地
They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.
12.be absent from 缺席，不在
Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.
13.be capable of 能…的
Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.
14. be characterized by 以…为特征
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.
15.be composed of 由…组成
Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
16.be concerned with 与某事物有关
Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.
17.be distinct from 与…不同
Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets
18.be essential to 对…不可缺少
Public performance is essential to verbal art.
19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受
Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.
20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是
But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.
21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的
Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
22.be regarded as 被认为是
Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.
23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的
Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?
24. be responsible for 对…负责
In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.
25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的
Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.
26.be subjected to 经历，遭受
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
27. be superior to 优越于
Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
28 .be traced to 找出根源
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到
People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.
30. be/become/get accustomed to习惯于
In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.
31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的
Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
32.benefit from 从…中受益
Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.
33.break down 分解
All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
34.by far 到目前为止
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.
35.by means of 通过，凭借
The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.
36.by virtue of 由于
Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics
37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内
The delivery service was at first confined to cities.
38.conform to 符合
Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area
39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于
Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.
40.cope with 对付
Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.
41.date back to 始于
In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
42. depend on 依靠
The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.
43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物
Plant stems die when deprived of water.
44.derive from 获得，起源于
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.
45.due to 由于，因为
Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.
46. evolve from/out of 从...进化来，从…发展来
The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
47.extract from 提取
It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.
48.feed on 以…为食物
Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.
49.focus on 集中(注意力)于
They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
50. get rid of 处理掉
Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.
51.give access to 向…开放
To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.
52.give birth to 使诞生，引起
Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.
53.give off 发散，发出
If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.
54.give rise to 引起，导致
The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.
55.go beyond 超过，越过
An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.
56.go out of business 停业，关门
The shop went out of business.
57.have nothing to do with 与…无关
A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.
58.impart to 传授给
They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.
59.impose on 强加于
New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.
60.in common 共同
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.
61.in favor of 赞同，支持
The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.
62.in quantity 大量，大批
There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.
63.in season 当季
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.
64.in spite of 尽管，任凭
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.
65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情况下
The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.
66.in view of 由于
In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.
67.instead of 代替
Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.
68.invest in 投资
He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.
69.lead to 导致，引起
In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.
70.leave out 排除
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.
71.off the mark 不正确
This analogy is not far off the mark.
72.on behalf of 代表
Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.
73. on the basis of 在…的基础上
Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning
74.owing to 由于，因为
Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.
75.perceive sth as sth 认为
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.
76.pick up 学会
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.
77.put off 推迟
Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.
78.regardless of 不顾
Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.
79.result from 因..而产生
Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.
80.result in 结果，导致
The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.
81.set about 开始，动手
African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.
82. set aside 留下将来用
Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
83.so far 到目前为止
The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.
84.sort out 把…分类
Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.
85.spring up 涌现
In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.
86.stem from 起源于
It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.
87.stretch out 伸展，伸出
The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.
88.strive for 为…而奋斗
As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.
89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考虑到
Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
90.take advantage of 利用
Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
91.thanks to 由于
kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.
92.to some extent 某种程度上
Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.
93.turn out 结果是，证明是
Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.
94.usher in 宣告…的来临
Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.
95. wear away 磨损
Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
96.wipe out 消灭，肃清
Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.
97.with respect to 在…方面
The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.
98. with the advent of 随着…的出现
With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.
99.with the aid of 借助于
It is now taught with the aid of computers.
100.with the exception of 除..以外
With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.
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