托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解
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篇1：托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解
托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察
答题时注意看每个选项，尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时，就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片文章的主题是相悖的。
请看下面例题：
Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.
Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.
B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.
C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.
D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.
这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语，故不能作为关键信息词。而发现A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目，也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加阅读后，发现……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 这句话当中出现rather than, 锁定D选项中同样的话语，刚好与原文观点相反，所以选择D.
篇2：托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解
这里可以用更简单的说法：从词中选。 所谓从词中选，就是可以在文章中找到几个名词，他们排列存在，共同构成某一事件的所有细节。这时候，出题者会提取出其中三个，并在文章别处或者自编一个跟本事件并无关系的名词(词组)。
请看下面的例子：
In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on APartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.
Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?
A. Rapid population growth
B. Inflation
C. Economic conditions duringwartime
D. Record-high housing prices
在这道排除题中，由于四个选项提供的信息都是用名词词组，我们可以断定，段落中一定存在其中三个词组，而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica, California. 故可将此地名作为关键词，锁定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 这句话当中分别提到了A, B, D三个答案，所以答案为C.
篇3：托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解
这类排除题，也可以叫做------从句中选。即考题所提供的答案均为相对比较完整的句子，那么其中有三句话，一定是表达了整个事件发展比较关键的几个步骤，只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类排除题通常比较耗费时间，考生需要准确判断其事件发展步骤，甚至要通读全段，才能找出正确选项。这里，我给大家提供一种在很大程度上节省时间的方法------点对点寻找。
请看下面的例子：
The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.
It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that
A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century
B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce
C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices
D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce
对于这道题，题干中没有任何指示性的词汇，我们无法判断是从事件的哪个阶段入手，那么就只能每个答案逐一排除。仔细阅读A选项，然后发现A选项中有17th century， 故可以将其作为关键线索，去文中寻找，……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的这句话表明A不能作为正确答案。那么继续看B， B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去寻找两个国籍名词同时出现的句子，通过判断，…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明，B也不能作为正确答案。继续看C，C 选项当中有Chinese, 还有seafood andspices，于是锁定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正确选项。至此，我们可以直接选择D作为排除选项。
托福阅读素材之埃及罗塞塔石碑
A Rosetta Stone for a lost language
0:11
I'd like to begin with a thought experiment. Imagine that it's 4,000 years into the future. Civilization as we know it has ceased to exist -- no books, no electronic devices, no Facebook or Twitter. All knowledge of the English language and the English alphabet has been lost. Now imagine archeologistsdigging through the rubble of one of our cities. What might they find? Well perhaps some rectangular pieces of plastic with strange symbols on them. Perhaps some circular pieces of metal. Maybe some cylindrical containers with some symbols on them. And perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers -- buried in the hills somewhere in North America -- massive versions of these same symbols. Now let's ask ourselves, what could such artifacts say about us to people 4,000 years into the future?
1:14
This is no hypothetical question. In fact, this is exactly the kind of question we're faced with when we try to understand the Indus Valley civilization, which existed 4,000 years ago. The Indus civilization was roughly contemporaneous with the much better known Egyptian and the Mesopotamian civilizations,but it was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations. It occupied the area of approximately one million square kilometers, covering what is now Pakistan, Northwestern India and parts of Afghanistan and Iran. Given that it was such a vast civilization, you might expect to find really powerful rulers, kings, and huge monuments glorifying these powerful kings. In fact, what archeologists have found is none of that. They've found small objects such as these.
1:59
Here's an example of one of these objects. Well obviously this is a replica. But who is this person? A king? A god? A priest? Or perhaps an ordinary person like you or me? We don't know. But the Indus people also left behind artifacts with writing on them. Well no, not pieces of plastic, but stone seals, copper tablets, pottery and, surprisingly, one large sign board, which was found buried near the gate of a city. Now we don't know if it says Hollywood, or even Bollywood for that matter. In fact, we don't even know what any of these objects say, and that's because the Indus script is undeciphered. We don't know what any of these symbols mean.
2:44
The symbols are most commonly found on seals. So you see up there one such object. It's the square object with the unicorn-like animal on it. Now that's a magnificent piece of art. So how big do you think that is? Perhaps that big? Or maybe that big? Well let me show you. Here's a replica of one such seal.It's only about one inch by one inch in size -- pretty tiny. So what were these used for? We know that these were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods that were sent from one place to the other. So you know those packing slips you get on your FedEx boxes? These were used to make those kinds of packing slips. You might wonder what these objects contain in terms of their text.Perhaps they're the name of the sender or some information about the goods that are being sent from one place to the other -- we don't know. We need to decipher the script to answer that question.
3:38
Deciphering the script is not just an intellectual puzzle; it's actually become a question that's become deeply intertwined with the politics and the cultural history of South Asia. In fact, the script has become a battleground of sorts between three different groups of people. First, there's a group of people who are very passionate in their belief that the Indus script does not represent a language at all. These people believe that the symbols are very similar to the kind of symbols you find on traffic signs or the emblems you find on shields. There's a second group of people who believe that the Indus script represents an Indo-European language. If you look at a map of India today, you'll see that most of the languages spoken in North India belong to the Indo-European language family. So some people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient Indo-European language such as Sanskrit.
4:28
There's a last group of people who believe that the Indus people were the ancestors of people living in South India today. These people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient form of the Dravidian language family, which is the language family spoken in much of South India today. And the proponents of this theory point to that small pocket of Dravidian-speaking people in the North, actually near Afghanistan, and they say that perhaps, sometime in the past, Dravidian languages were spoken all over India and that this suggests that the Indus civilization is perhaps also Dravidian.
5:03
Which of these hypotheses can be true? We don't know, but perhaps if you deciphered the script, you would be able to answer this question. But deciphering the script is a very challenging task. First, there's no Rosetta Stone. I don't mean the software; I mean an ancient artifact that contains in the same text both a known text and an unknown text. We don't have such an artifact for the Indus script.And furthermore, we don't even know what language they spoke. And to make matters even worse,most of the text that we have are extremely short. So as I showed you, they're usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny.
5:37
And so given these formidable obstacles, one might wonder and worry whether one will ever be able to decipher the Indus script. In the rest of my talk, I'd like to tell you about how I learned to stop worryingand love the challenge posed by the Indus script. I've always been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I read about it in a middle school textbook. And why was I fascinated? Well it's the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world. My career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist, so in my day job, I create computer models of the brain to try to understand how the brain makes predictions, how the brain makes decisions, how the brain learns and so on.
6:15
But in , my path crossed again with the Indus script. That's when I was in India, and I had the wonderful opportunity to meet with some Indian scientists who were using computer models to try to analyze the script. And so it was then that I realized there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists, and so I jumped at that opportunity. And I'd like to describe some of the results that we have found. Or better yet, let's all collectively decipher. Are you ready?
6:41
The first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script is try to figure out the direction of writing. Here are two texts that contain some symbols on them. Can you tell me if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right? I'll give you a couple of seconds. Okay. Right to left, how many? Okay. Okay. Left to right? Oh, it's almost 50/50. Okay. The answer is: if you look at the left-hand side of the two texts, you'll notice that there's a cramping of signs, and it seems like 4,000 years ago, when the scribe was writing from right to left, they ran out of space. And so they had to cram the sign. One of the signs is also below the text on the top. This suggests the direction of writing was probably from right to left, and so that's one of the first things we know, that directionality is a very key aspect of linguistic scripts. And the Indus script now has this particular property.
7:34
What other properties of language does the script show? Languages contain patterns. If I give you the letter Q and ask you to predict the next letter, what do you think that would be? Most of you said U, which is right. Now if I asked you to predict one more letter, what do you think that would be? Now there's several thoughts. There's E. It could be I. It could be A, but certainly not B, C or D, right? The Indus script also exhibits similar kinds of patterns. There's a lot of text that start with this diamond-shaped symbol. And this in turn tends to be followed by this quotation marks-like symbol. And this is very similar to a Q and U example. This symbol can in turn be followed by these fish-like symbols and some other signs, but never by these other signs at the bottom. And furthermore, there's some signsthat really prefer the end of texts, such as this jar-shaped sign, and this sign, in fact, happens to be the most frequently occurring sign in the script.
8:24
Given such patterns, here was our idea. The idea was to use a computer to learn these patterns, and so we gave the computer the existing texts. And the computer learned a statistical model of which symbols tend to occur together and which symbols tend to follow each other. Given the computer model, we can test the model by essentially quizzing it. So we could deliberately erase some symbols,and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols. Here are some examples. You may regard this as perhaps the most ancient game of Wheel of Fortune.
9:04
What we found was that the computer was successful in 75 percent of the cases in predicting the correct symbol. In the rest of the cases, typically the second best guess or third best guess was the right answer. There's also practical use for this particular procedure. There's a lot of these texts that are damaged. Here's an example of one such text. And we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text and make a best guess prediction. Here's an example of a symbol that was predicted. And this could be really useful as we try to decipher the script by generating more data that we can analyze.
9:36
Now here's one other thing you can do with the computer model. So imagine a monkey sitting at a keyboard. I think you might get a random jumble of letters that looks like this. Such a random jumble of letters is said to have a very high entropy. This is a physics and information theory term. But just imagine it's a really random jumble of letters. How many of you have ever spilled coffee on a keyboard?You might have encountered the stuck-key problem -- so basically the same symbol being repeated over and over again. This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy because there's no variation at all. Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy; it's neither too rigid,nor is it too random. What about the Indus script? Here's a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of sequences. At the very top you find the uniformly random sequence, which is a random jumble of letters -- and interestingly, we also find the DNA sequence from the human genome and instrumental music. And both of these are very, very flexible, which is why you find them in the very high range. At the lower end of the scale, you find a rigid sequence, a sequence of all A's, and you also find a computer program, in this case in the language Fortran, which obeys really strict rules. Linguistic scripts occupy the middle range.
10:49
Now what about the Indus script? We found that the Indus script actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts. When this result was first published, it was highly controversial. There were people who raised a hue and cry, and these people were the ones who believed that the Indus script does not represent language. I even started to get some hate mail. My students said that I should really seriously consider getting some protection. Who'd have thought that deciphering could be a dangerous profession? What does this result really show? It shows that the Indus script shares an important property of language. So, as the old saying goes, if it looks like a linguistic script and it acts like a linguistic script, then perhaps we may have a linguistic script on our hands. What other evidence is there that the script could actually encode language?
11:38
Well linguistic scripts can actually encode multiple languages. So for example, here's the same sentence written in English and the same sentence written in Dutch using the same letters of the alphabet. If you don't know Dutch and you only know English and I give you some words in Dutch,you'll tell me that these words contain some very unusual patterns. Some things are not right, and you'll say these words are probably not English words. The same thing happens in the case of the Indus script. The computer found several texts -- two of them are shown here -- that have very unusual patterns. So for example the first text: there's a doubling of this jar-shaped sign. This sign is the most frequently-occurring sign in the Indus script, and it's only in this text that it occurs as a doubling pair.
12:23
Why is that the case? We went back and looked at where these particular texts were found, and it turns out that they were found very, very far away from the Indus Valley. They were found in present day Iraq and Iran. And why were they found there? What I haven't told you is that the Indus people were very, very enterprising. They used to trade with people pretty far away from where they lived, and so in this case, they were traveling by sea all the way to Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq. And what seems to have happened here is that the Indus traders, the merchants, were using this script to write a foreign language. It's just like our English and Dutch example. And that would explain why we have these strange patterns that are very different from the kinds of patterns you see in the text that are found within the Indus Valley. This suggests that the same script, the Indus script, could be used to write different languages. The results we have so far seem to point to the conclusion that the Indus script probably does represent language.
13:19
If it does represent language, then how do we read the symbols? That's our next big challenge. So you'll notice that many of the symbols look like pictures of humans, of insects, of fishes, of birds. Most ancient scripts use the rebus principle, which is, using pictures to represent words. So as an example, here's a word. Can you write it using pictures? I'll give you a couple seconds. Got it? Okay. Great.Here's my solution. You could use the picture of a bee followed by a picture of a leaf -- and that's “belief,” right. There could be other solutions. In the case of the Indus script, the problem is the reverse.You have to figure out the sounds of each of these pictures such that the entire sequence makes sense. So this is just like a crossword puzzle, except that this is the mother of all crossword puzzlesbecause the stakes are so high if you solve it.
14:17
My colleagues, Iravatham Mahadevan and Asko Parpola, have been making some headway on this particular problem. And I'd like to give you a quick example of Parpola's work. Here's a really short text.It contains seven vertical strokes followed by this fish-like sign. And I want to mention that these seals were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods, so it's quite likely that these tags, at least some of them, contain names of merchants. And it turns out that in India there's a long tradition of names being based on horoscopes and star constellations present at the time of birth. In Dravidian languages, the word for fish is “meen” which happens to sound just like the word for star.And so seven stars would stand for “elu meen,” which is the Dravidian word for the Big Dipper star constellation. Similarly, there's another sequence of six stars, and that translates to “aru meen,” which is the old Dravidian name for the star constellation Pleiades. And finally, there's other combinations,such as this fish sign with something that looks like a roof on top of it. And that could be translated into “mey meen,” which is the old Dravidian name for the planet Saturn. So that was pretty exciting. It looks like we're getting somewhere.
15:29
But does this prove that these seals contain Dravidian names based on planets and star constellations?Well not yet. So we have no way of validating these particular readings, but if more and more of these readings start making sense, and if longer and longer sequences appear to be correct, then we know that we are on the right track. Today, we can write a word such as TED in Egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script, because both of these were deciphered in the 19th century. The decipherment of these two scripts enabled these civilizations to speak to us again directly. The Mayans started speaking to us in the 20th century, but the Indus civilization remains silent.
16:14
Why should we care? The Indus civilization does not belong to just the South Indians or the North Indians or the Pakistanis; it belongs to all of us. These are our ancestors -- yours and mine. They were silenced by an unfortunate accident of history. If we decipher the script, we would enable them to speak to us again. What would they tell us? What would we find out about them? About us? I can't wait to find out.
16:45
Thank you.
16:47
(Applause)
篇4：托福阅读鸡肋题型否定事实信息题解题方法实例讲解
托福阅读鸡肋题型否定事实信息题解题方法实例讲解
托福阅读否定事实信息题基本题型特点介绍
首先来看一下到底什么是否定事实信息题Negative Factual Information Question，这一题型在小编看来其实类似事实信息题，只不过其提问方式是反过来的，别人问的哪个选项在文章中有提到，而否定事实信息题则是问以下哪个选项文章里没有提到或是不正确，下面给出两个此题型的标准提问方式：
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
2. The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT.
大家可以看到，这两种提问方式，都是和事实信息题反其道而行的提问方式，如果说事实信息题考生无需看完全部选项，只要依次看选项，看到哪一个文章里有提到就能直接选的话，那么否定事实信息题就要求考生必须把所有的选项都仔细过一遍才能比较容易的发现正确选项。
为什么说否定事实信息题是鸡肋题型?
之所以把否定事实信息题成为鸡肋题型，主要原因还是在于解答这类题型投入的时间精力和回报并不成比了，简单来说，如果不掌握正确方法，做这类题型基本上都是在做亏本买卖。而会招致这种鸡肋评价的原因主要有两点：
1. 正常流程解题耗时多
如上文所说，考生按照正常流程解答否定事实信息题的耗时是比较多的，因为每道题目4个选项中，有3个选项是文章中提到过或是符合文章内容的选项，为了确认这些选项的正确性考生往往会逐一到文章里去寻找各个选项的对应内容，之后才能找到哪个选项没有提到或是存在错误。这个解题流程的耗时可能是解答其它题型的好几倍，但题目的基本分值却是相同的，由此其性价比也就变得很低了。
2. 自带审题陷阱针对粗心考生
另外，细心看过上面题目提问方式的同学可能已经发现了，无论是NOT还是EXCEPT，虽然都特意进行了大写处理，但因为其所在位置处于题目的末尾处，因此对于一些看题不仔细，没看完全部题目就开始做题的粗心考生来说，这种提问方式本身也是自带陷阱的，常会有考生一不小心就看成了相反的题目要求做错题目。明明难度并不算高，做起来却那么费时间又容易出错，也难怪这一题型会不受大家待见了。
否定事实信息题实用解题思路实例分析
那么，面对这样鸡肋的否定事实信息题，考生是否有较为快捷高效率的解题方法思路呢，答案当然是有的，下面小编就通过实例来为大家做具体分析：
例题：
Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels. These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree.
Question: All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state the natural selection is difficult to prove EXCEPT
A. The belief that the complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural selection seems highly unlikely
B. The presence of irreducibly complex system contradicts how evolution occurs
C. Modern microbiology proves that irreducibly complex systems exist
D. Selective breeding is the major hole in the theory of natural selection
上面这道题就是一道较为标准的否定事实信息题，想要较为快速的解答这类题型，小编的建议有如下几点：
1. 先看题目再看文章
现在大部分考生采取的托福阅读的解题流程都是边看文章边做题，这么做效率会比较高一些，这种做法小编也是比较支持的，但在具体操作上，小编的建议是考生可以先看一下题目所属的段落，然后再根据题目来逐段阅读，也就是说，大家在开始看每段文章前，先把根据这段文章提出的几道题目都简单审一下题，之后再看文章边看边找答案。这种做法对于提升否定事实信息题的解题效率会很有帮助，先圈定了对应段落，考生需要查看核对选项是否提及或是正确与否的范围自然也会缩小很多，核对起信息来效率就能得到提升了。
以上面这一题为例，题目中直接告诉了大家这道题就是围绕着paragraph4来出的，因此考生只需要关注这个段落就可以找到答案。如果考生先看过了题目，了解了4个选项的大概意思，之后再仔细阅读一遍第四段，那么想要找出正确答案想必会省力很多。
2. 归纳段落大意和核心信息
确定好题目的对应段落，接下来大家就需要在阅读文章的同时归纳段落大意和核心信息了，因为否定事实信息题涉及到的都是文章里的事实信息，所以考生只要对段落里包含的各类事实信息进行整理归纳，再逐一对应到选项上进行排除就能迅速找到答案。
比如上面这道题，选项A对应的是文章最后一句 “As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection”.
选项B对应的是“One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses.”和“These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs”
选项C对应的是“Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels.”
唯独选项D没有对应内容，文中提到的major hole是irreducibly complex systems而并非selective breeding，因此这个选项才是本题要选的选项。
托福阅读考试需要留检查时间吗
托福阅读考试的时间是按篇来给的，也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成，提早完成了第一篇，并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以，即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇，而一般情况下，这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的，因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。
所以在托福阅读考试中，我们应该尽量争取一次做对，阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些，耐心读取题目的中心句。另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记，帮助你更迅速定位题目，因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词，所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。
另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候，还是坚持一次性原则为好，尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内，这是一个参考标准，如果达不到这个阅读速度，面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度，根本来不及检查。
托福阅读需要留检查时间吗?通过上面的内容我们可以看出，在托福阅读备考中，不提倡大家留托福阅读检查时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力，托福阅读考试的正确率也就会有所增加。
托福阅读：10秒搞定阅读长难句的方法
阅读中的长难句一直是让大家头疼的问题，且不说长难句中那些数不胜数的冗长单词，就单单是那句子长度，动辄跨度好几行，也足够让人心凉半截，究竟从何看起呢?下面新东方在线柳湘君老师就来教大家一种可以快速掌握的方法。
在托福考试的时候不可能也没有时间把句子中的每个信息点都读完，当然句子这么长，也不可能所有的信息都是major idea。而我们要做的第一步当然就是提取major idea，也就是所谓的主干。这个主干如何提取呢?
有人说，看句子的第一步当然是划出谓语动词。但是柳湘君老师建议从介词着手，介词对于学生来说简单并且容易识记，这样他们就会很快地找出来。而介宾结构一般是起修饰作用的，那绝不可能成为句子主干，学生们需要做的就是把它们找出并剔除掉就好了。我们来看下面一个例子：
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow's feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
此句话中的红体字都是比较容易找出的介宾结构，当我们把它们剔除掉之后，这个句子就变成：
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow's feet” wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.
这一步做完之后可以发现，句子已经减少了不少内容。接下来可以把起修饰作用的形容词与副词划去。对于一个冗长的句子，做减法可以激发学生们把句子读下去的欲望，何乐而不为呢?
做完减法之后，头疼的问题来了，一个句子套一个句子，都是些什么从句?如何判断?建议把这个句子作为一个整体框起来，然后暂且不当它是句子，就当成一个单词，那么这个单词在文中充当的是什么成份它就是什么从句了。我们接着用上面那个例子。
首先在划从句之前，可以把连接词找出来，这对学生来说不是难事，比如说例句中的3个连接词分别是that, which及so that。因为which之前有一个逗点，很容易判断这是一个断点，那我们就先暂且不管that所在的部分，这样就可以划出两个句子。
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow's feet” wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.
于是，这个句子就变成
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.
我们把A B作为一个整体，就很容易看出其是修饰名词smile的，充当的是定语的作用。而至于A与B的关系，我们只需要知道两者是由so that引导的表示结果的关系就好。这个时候，我们再去看that引导的句子就容易多了。
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.
简单说，这个句子就变成了Ekman has found C. 很容易判断C在本句中是充当宾语成份的，即宾语从句。
大家都知道，在英语语法中，定状补都是作补充说明成分的，也是需要我们做减法剔除掉的信息，而宾语是作为主干存在的，是我们需要保留的信息。那么这个例句的主干最后就成了：
Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile can lead to pleasant feelings.
这样一个句子相信大家理解起来就毫不费劲了。由此可知，分析长难句其实就是通过做减法去修饰留主干的过程。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：管弦乐音响
The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy)，and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.
(介词结构from…to…作定语)
持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;
分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;
分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;
分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;
分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;
分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.
篇5：托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析
什么是托福阅读否定事实信息题?
按照托福官方指南OG中的说法，托福阅读否定事实题，又叫Negative Factual Infomation，是一种让考生判断文章段落中哪些信息没有提到的题型，其题型出现频率并不高，一般每篇文章中会出现0-2题，小编个人体感以1道题居多。这种题型的提问方式很有意思，主要有以下这几种形式：
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?
The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT...
可以看到，题目中突出的就是NOT以及EXCEPT。这种题目看似只要让大家分析一下选项就能做好，但实际上比起一般的事实信息题却更有难度，考生如果看文章不够仔细，就很容易在这个题型上栽跟头。
篇6：托福阅读否定事实信息题解题思路实例分析
那么，考生如何才能做好托福阅读的否定事实信息题呢?比起单纯将理论，下面小编就通过实例来为大家分析具体思路。
例题：
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A. Architecture is visual art.
B. Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
C. Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
D. Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
解题思路分析
做好否定事实信息题，小编希望大家能够按照三个标准步骤进行解答，以保证更有条理性，减少或避免干扰选项给大家造成的误导。
考生要做的第一步是审题并匹配文章，也就是通读题目，并搞清楚题目和文章之间的关系。以这道例题为例，题目问的是following statements about architecture，而文章内容整个就是在说architecture，所以考生要做这道题目就需要从这整个段落中来寻找细节，而不能只看段落的某个部分。
接下里大家要做的第二步是对比选项从文章里找到一一对应的原文。选项A对应的是原文中Of all the visual arts，选项B对应it clearly communicates cultural values。选项C对应art and science，选项D对应affects our lives most directly 。这道题目其实难度比较低，本身段落的篇幅也比较短，所以要找一一对应的位置会比较简单，但无论文章段落篇幅有多长，这个逐一对应的思路大家是需要遵循的。
第三步也就是最后一步，就是根据上一步的对应结果来找出错误的选项，其实已经很明显了，其它三个选项都是完全对应的，只有选项D说的是indirect, 而对应的原文却是direct，完全相反，那么选项D就是我们需要找的答案了。
另外，在做否定事实信息题时，考生需要注意的一点是尽量不要看一个选项返回文章找一次，这样来来回回会花很多时间。否定事实信息题给出的选项一般不会很长，所以大家完全可以额一次性把4个选项都看过并记住之后，再一起返回原文一遍找到所有的对应选项，这对考生来说并没有什么难度。同时，题目的四个选项对应的原文内容是打乱的，不太好按照选项本身ABCD的顺序在原文里从上到下的出现，所以一次性找完原文才会更有效率。
看过上面内容，相信大家对于如何解答托福阅读中的否定事实信息题，应该就会有一个比较明确的思路。托福阅读题型众多，每种题型都有其独特的出题形式和解题思路需要学习掌握，小编希望大家能够主动出击学习这些思路，而不是被动地通过大量做题来低效率地积累经验吸取教训，这样大家的备考成果才会有更明显的提升。
托福阅读中细节题如何答
前者的问题形式如：Which of the following statement is true about…
后者的问题形式有：which of the following statements are correct about…EXCEPT 或者说 which of the following statement is not true about….
托福阅读中的细节题实在不难，但条件是定位的点要对，好比下面这个例题：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
这是一个典型的细节题，在该题题干中，有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为枢纽词回原文定位，由于它是专有名词，在文中会比较显眼。但是假如一旦选择了这个地名，势必会定位在该段的第一句话，托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找谜底，这样的话考生是选不出准确谜底的，由于定位不精确。实在准确的枢纽词应该是white-tailed deer，这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的，按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符，B和C都与定位句信息无关。
我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1， which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位，但在定位过程中会泛起良多题目。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位，即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的枢纽词。文中的particular是加了暗影的，succession是在引号里面的，都非常醒目，通过看这两个词我们会发现它们四周没有我们需要的东西;再比较凸起的就是数字及破折号，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是单数，与题干枢纽词不完全匹配，细节题讲究的是精确定位，所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities，即该段的最后一句话。
否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种：一是无中生有，四个选项只有一个没有提到，这种思路多合用于选项比较简短的标题题目;二是张冠李戴，即根据定位点的内容表述，只有一个选项与之矛盾，这种思路多适应于选项比较长的标题题目。就这个例题而言，根据定位的最后一句话，从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项，D项的意思与原句相符，而C项与原句矛盾，所以准确谜底是C。
综上所述，做托福阅读的细节题，最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位，避免落入托福阅读陷阱中去。
如何从五个角度备战托福阅读
备战新托福阅读可以从哪些方面出发呢?真正要备战，还要有更加具体的一些准备，小编建议考生主要从以下几个方面去准备。
从新托福阅读备考的角度来讲，首先是要培养起一种在电脑前看长篇英语文章的感觉，平时在有空的时候就可以刻意地去营造这样的一种环境。因为选择了IBT，就意味着必须和电脑为伍，因为IBT的4项考试内容都是在电脑前完成的，阅读自然不例外。
但是国内很多学生是没有长期在电脑前阅读英语文章的习惯和环境的，所以需要刻意营造，在平时多看看英语的网站，看看长篇的学术类文章。小编推荐几个不错的网站，而且里面的内容和新托福阅读的文章题材有相关之处。这些网站有national geographic, economist, new scientist, wikipedia等。
但看网站看英语文章只是平时的一种间接准备，真正要备战，还要有更加具体的一些准备，小编建议考生主要从以下几个方面去准备。
第一点，词汇基础要扎实。
新托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，给四个选项，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。
例如关于宇宙内容的几大行星的名字，形成恒星的物质是什么，地球内部构造的词汇等等。而且词汇题所占的比例还非常之高，一篇阅读文章13道题目中可能有3-5题是词汇题。所以如果决定了要参加IBT考试，就一定要大量地去背单词，按话题或按学科背都要比从A背到Z要有效的多。
第二点，基本语法知识要了解。
新托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。例如指代题，要分析代词所指的先行词是哪个，有时就要通过句子主谓宾成分的分析才能找到。
第三点，逻辑关系词要牢记在心。
英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列(and, as well)，比较(than, as….as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，递进(also, furthermore)，转折(but, however, yet)等等。句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。
第四点，快速阅读能力要加强。
新托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在阅读的时候速度就很关键。小编提醒考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。
第五点，注重归纳的能力培养。
新托福阅读的最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。如果能在平时就注重归纳能力的培养，那么考试的时候就不用害怕summary这种归纳概括性的题型了。
托福阅读审题技巧：千万不要出声读
我们对一个句子的理解，有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子，会首先确定单词。这个时间很快，快到我们反映不过来，不过语言学家们已经证实有这个过程。在托福考试中，确定单词后，大脑会反应单词的意思。最先反应的是经常用到的意思。比如The old man the boat。
这里，眼睛定位单词后，大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看，感觉不对，才会回头去分析这个句子。
这个理论标明，大脑中的高频词，直接影响对句子的理解。应用到IBT考试中，各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下，比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢，地理的地壳、X.X.X岩石之类的。对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词，副词。说起来很多，其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇，可以发现这些词语重复率很高。
另外，人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子)，只能理解句子的越前面，造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。)
从小孩子的实验来看，3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如：Put the frog on the red paper in the box。孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到，阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了，没有看完。是，非常有趣的现象是，这句话说给小孩子听的时候，100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择-即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。语言学给出了解释，影响人们认知句子的，还有语音。
根据这个实验推出了一个有理论依据的猜测：阅读时候习惯读出声来的，会对句子的理解偏靠语音。从而对直接阅读句子的能力下降。很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读，感觉这样可以加深理解。但是，如果花了30分钟在阅和读上，那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过看的时间。
许多同学喜欢边看边读，结果习惯了，看文章的时候，眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语，很熟悉很熟悉，但是语音还没读到那个单词上，思维就卡住了，直到读出了那个单词才知道这个单词的意思。可以看到，对语音很依赖了。这个现象非常危险。
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