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GRE阅读考试出题特点

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“St〇p戀”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了9篇GRE阅读考试出题特点，下面小编为大家带来整理后的GRE阅读考试出题特点，希望大家喜欢!

GRE阅读考试出题特点

篇1：GRE阅读考试出题特点

GRE阅读考试出题规律特点解读

GRE阅读文章时态多为现在时

GRE阅读中所叙述的事实大多也就是现在时，而对于过去事件或是反现实的虚拟状态，也就成为了出题的潜在重点。

GRE阅读文章中虚拟语气需多加注意

说到虚拟语气，不少同学都会不禁的皱下眉头。其实，虚拟语气所表达的往往是具备内涵态度的，相应在题目中，也就常常也态度题的方式考查。而此时，过于极端、绝对的说法、感情色彩特别强烈的状态，一旦在文章中出现都要特别注意。此外，一些明显的对比标志，诸如一大些字母标注的时间，明确说明在某时之前或之后的时间点，都形成了鲜明的时间对比，这些也是需要GRE考生各位注意的。

GRE阅读中三种常见逻辑关系介绍

对比、因果还有转折，这三种关系都是GRE考生应该重点注的。而关注的原因无非是在于题目中往往会涉及到这些具体的点。而选项的也会依据这些点来设置。

GRE阅读极端选项需优先排除

此外，选项中语言比较极端的、模棱两可的、谄媚的，大多都可以马上排除，原因很简单，GRE 作为学术性考试，这些都不符合 GRE 的初衷。

积累GRE词汇促成GRE阅读的飞跃

新GRE阅读速度不快是很多同学都面对的一个问题，很多参加各种考试的同学都会觉得自己的阅读速读达不到考试要求。对于GRE的考生来说，这种现象则更为普遍，毕竟有限的15分钟内快速理解一长一短两片文章并做题速度的要求不是一般地高。从长远来看，解决办法最重要是多读。

新GRE阅读速读提高不上去很大程度上是因为考生还不习惯英语到自己语言的理解，需要一个切换理解的时间。比如看到一个词，要先想到这个词的意思，然后理解整句话。要解决这个问题显然就是需要熟练，不断地接触英语相关的资料，在不断地阅读中多理解，即使不是精读也要试图理解一片文章的大概和基本逻辑，经过联系使中间这个切换时间越来越短，最后达到完全不需要切换的语言感觉。短期来看，针对考试可以尝试多做笔记，用自己熟悉的符号记录或者标注各种语言的重要信息，这样做题时候回文定位会省事很多。

新GRE阅读速度提高了可能还存在一个问题，就是阅读的感觉不好，可能同学可以大概理解一片文章讲的是什么，但是对于一些细节，和关键问题还是理解模糊或者无法理解的问题。这种问题可能是由于同学们自己阅读一些长难句的困难，面对一些结构复杂的长句子无所适从，这里推荐学员杨鹏老师的难句教程，各种语法点总结的很好，很有针对性。还有就是针对一些专业词汇做特殊的记忆，比如考生不常见的地质学、气象学和天文学等领域的词汇。

对于思路上不太适应GRE逻辑思维的同学，平时可以多注意积累其他方面的阅读量，哪怕是中文文章的，尝试理解那些有一定逻辑难度的文章，这样可以跳过语言这一环，直接训练自己的思路。对于GRE阅读的考试(哪怕是整个GRE考试的备考来说)，我们都会发现背景知识越丰富，得到的帮助会更多。

对于备考时间比较充裕的考生可以尝试将新GRE阅读文章做完题之后精读，把每一个句子的意思都搞懂，都能翻译出来，不会的单词去查。这这个过程可以发现自己在语法和背景知识方面的漏洞，然后再去理解一篇文章的大意。

GRE阅读速度的提高是一个长期进行的过程，它可以出现在GRE考试的任何地方。所以在进行GRE考试复习的时候，不要忘记了为GRE阅读理解做准备，那样就不用担心GRE阅读的困难了。

GRE填空题的词汇考察要点

1. Vain and prone to violence, Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his (1)__________ as an artist increased, the more (2)__________ his life became.

Blank (1) Blank (2)

A. temperance 节制 D. tumultuous 纷乱的

B. notoriety 臭名昭著 E. providential 幸运的

C. eminence 著名 F. dispassionate 冷静的

从填空题的做题角度来说，冒号引导同义解释，因此第一个空应该是success的广义同义词，选C，第二个空应该是一个负面评价，因此选D。

这道题的选项中，出现了很多我们老G中的类反核心词汇，比如A选项，当年，我们曾经为大家总结过：

自制节制的名词：continence abstinence temperance self-denial sobriety

自制的，节制的形容词：abstemious continent

比如B选项，当年曾经infamous: notoriety，考过褒贬关系。

比如F选项，当年我们曾经总结过这些特殊的加上否定前缀后意思有可能发生误导的单词：

passion 激情

impassion 慷慨激昂

dispassion 客观冷静

compassion 同情

flammable 易燃的

inflammable 易燃的

nonflammable 不易燃的

passive 被动的

impassive 冷漠的，无动于衷的

2. While in many ways their personalities could not have been more different - she was ebullient where he was glum, relaxed where he was awkward, garrulous where he was ____- they were surprisingly well suited.

A. solicitous 挂念的

B. munificent 慷慨的

C. irresolute 犹豫不决的

D. laconic 言简意赅的

E. fastidious 谨小慎微的，挑剔的

F. taciturn 沉默寡言的

对于这种六选二的题目来说，我们可以直接在选项中找到一组近义词，一定是答案。因此我们可以选D和F，这道题之所以我们能够做的如此潇洒，那是因为当年我们在老G词汇课中已经完整的总结了话多话少的单词：

简洁的：laconic =succinct=pithy=terse=concise

冗长的: wordy=verbose=prolix

话少： taciturn=reticent

话多(贬) ：superfluous

话多的，多余的：garrulous=loquacious=glib 油嘴滑舌(肤浅地说) gild 虚假的外表

话多(褒)： voluble=talkative 健谈的

从填空题的做题角度来说，应该找garrulous的反义词，虽然laconic强调说话简洁，taciturn强调话少沉默寡言，虽然不是同义词，但都是表示话不多的同向词汇。因此，如果对老G的词汇把握比较好，那么做这道问题自然不成问题。但同时，我们发现，新GRE填空对于词汇之间的关系考察实际上比老G更难了，因为我们不仅需要知道单词的同义和反义，还需要判断出两个单词之间的上下位关系。

如果所有的这些单词，我们都能熟练掌握，那么做这道题自然不成问题。因此，我们会发现新GRE考试的填空题，从本质上还是词汇题，并且题目的整体思路跟老GRE的填空题并没有什么本质区别，可能最大的区别就是类反中的大量主考词开始进入填空题的考察范围，这无疑增加了考试的难度。

虽然新gre词汇量降低，但是新GRE填空词汇的考察的更有难度了，因为我们不仅需要知道单词的同义和反义，还需要判断出两个单词之间的上下位关系。希望考生不要对新GRE词汇方面的积累放松警惕。

英语阅读

篇2：GRE阅读考试出题规律特点解读

GRE阅读考试出题规律特点解读学术化规范化文章如何看懂?

GRE阅读文章时态多为现在时

GRE阅读中所叙述的事实大多也就是现在时，而对于过去事件或是反现实的虚拟状态，也就成为了出题的潜在重点。

GRE阅读文章中虚拟语气需多加注意

GRE阅读中三种常见逻辑关系介绍

对比、因果还有转折，这三种关系都是GRE考生应该重点关注的。而关注的原因无非是在于题目中往往会涉及到这些具体的点。而选项的也会依据这些点来设置。

GRE阅读极端选项需优先排除

此外，选项中语言比较极端的、模棱两可的、谄媚的，大多都可以马上排除，原因很简单，GRE 作为学术性考试，这些都不符合 GRE 的初衷。

针对GRE 阅读中比较普遍的出题规律正如上所述，希望备考 GRE 的同学能够对于 GRE 出题模式更加熟知，这样在应答上才能切中要害!

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

In eighteenth-century France and England, reformers rallied around egalitarian ideals, but few reformers advocated higher education for women. Although the public decried women’s lack of education, it did not encourage learning for its own sake for women. In spite of the general prejudice against learned women, there was one place where women could exhibit their erudition: the literary salon. Many writers have defined the woman’s role in the salon as that of an intelligent hostess, but the salon had more than a social function for women. It was an informal university, too, where women exchanged ideas with educated persons, read their own works and heard those of others, and received and gave criticism.

In the 1750’s, when salons were firmly established in France, some English women, who called themselves “Bluestocking,” followed the example of the salonnieres (French salon hostesses) and formed their own salons. Most Bluestockings did not wish to mirror the salonnieres; they simply desired to adapt a proven formula to their own purpose—the elevation of women’s status through moral and intellectual training. Differences in social orientation and background can account perhaps for differences in the nature of French and English salons. The French salon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exalted courtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplishments. The English Bluestockings, originating from a more modest background, emphasized learning and work over pleasure. Accustomed to the regimented life of court circles, salonnieres tended toward formality in their salons. The English women, though somewhat puritanical, were more casual in their approach.

At first, the Bluestockings did imitate the salonnieres by including men in their circles. However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. In an atmosphere of mutual support, the Bluestockings went beyond the salon experience. They traveled, studied, worked, wrote for publication, and by their activities challenged the stereotype of the passive woman. Although the salonnieres were aware of sexual inequality, the narrow boundaries of their world kept their intellectual pursuits within conventional limits. Many salonnieres, in fact, camouflaged their nontraditional activities behind the role of hostess and deferred to men in public (in public: adv.当众, 公开地, 公然地).

Though the Bluestockings were trailblazers when compared with the salonnieres, they were not feminists. They were too traditional, too hemmed in (hem in: v.包围) by their generation to demand social and political rights. Nonetheless, in their desire for education, their willingness to go beyond (go beyond: v.超出) the confines of the salon in pursuing their interests, and their championing of unity among women, the Bluestockings began the process of questioning women’s role in society.

17. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

(A) The establishment of literary salons was a response to reformers’ demands for social rights for women.

(B) Literary salons were originally intended to be a meeting ground for intellectuals of both sexes, but eventually became social gatherings with little educational value.

(C) In England, as in France, the general prejudice against higher education for women limited women’s function in literary salons to a primarily social one.

(D) The literary salons provided a sounding board for French and English women who called for access to all the educational institutions in their societies on an equal basis with men.

(E) For women, who did not have access to higher education as men did, literary salons provided an alternate route to learning and a challenge to some of society’s basic assumptions about women.

18. According to the passage, a significant distinction between the salonnieres and Bluestockings was in the way each group regarded which of the following?

(A) The value of acquiring knowledge

(B) The role of pleasure in the activities of the literary salon

(D) The inclusion of women of different backgrounds in the salons

(E) The attainment of full social and political equality with men

19. The author refers to differences in social background between salonnieres and Bluestockings in order to do which of the following?

(A) Criticize the view that their choices of activities were significantly influenced by male salon members

(B) Discuss the reasons why literary salons in France were established before those in England

(D) Refute the argument that the French salons had little influence over the direction the English salons took

(E) Explain the differences in atmosphere and style in their salons

20. Which of the following statements is most compatible with the principles of the salonnieres as described in the passage?

(A) Women should aspire to be not only educated but independent as well.

(B) The duty of the educated women is to provide an active political model for less educated women.

(D) Substance, rather than form, is the most important consideration in holding a literary salon.

(E) Men should be excluded from groups of women’s rights supporters.

21. The passage suggests that the Bluestockings might have had a more significant impact on society if it had not been for which of the following?

(A) Competitiveness among their salons

(B) Their emphasis on individualism

(D) Their acceptance of the French salon as a model for their own salons

(E) Their unwillingness to defy aggressively the conventions of their age

22. Which of the following could best be considered a twentieth-century counterpart of an eighteenth century literary salon as it is described in the passage?

(A) A social sorority

(B) A community center

(D) A humanities study group

(E) An association of moral reformers

23. To an assertion that Bluestockings were feminists, the author would most probably respond with which of the following?

(A) Admitted uncertainty

(B) Qualified disagreement

(D) Complete indifference

(E) Strong disparagement

24. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage?

(A) Eighteenth-Century Egalitarianism

(B) Feminists of the Eighteenth Century

(D) Intellectual Life in the Eighteenth Century

(E) Female Education Reform in the Eighteenth Century

When the same parameters and quantitative theory are used to analyze both termite colonies and troops of rhesus macaques, we will have a unified science of sociobiology. Can this ever really happen? As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance (at first glance: 乍看), to constitute such an immense gulf between them. Consider for a moment (for a moment: 一会儿, 片刻) termites and macaques. Both form cooperative groups that occupy territories. In both kinds of society there is a well-marked division of labor (division of labor: n. 劳动力的分工). Members of both groups communicate to each other hunger, alarm, hostility, caste status or rank, and reproductive status. From the specialist’s point of view, this comparison may at first seem facile—or worse. But it is out of such deliberate oversimplification that the beginnings of a general theory are made.

25. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main point?

(A) Oversimplified comparisons of animal societies could diminish the likelihood of developing a unified science of sociobiology.

(B) Understanding the ways in which animals as different as termites and rhesus macaques resemble each other requires train in both biology and sociology.

(C) Most animals organize themselves into societies that exhibit patterns of group behavior similar to those of human societies.

(D) Animals as different as termites and rhesus macaques follow certain similar and predictable patterns of behavior.

(E) A study of the similarities between insect and vertebrate societies could provide the basis for a unified science of sociobiology.

26. The author’s attitude toward the possibility of a unified theory in sociobiology is best described as which of the following?

(A) Guarded optimism

(B) Unqualified enthusiasm

(D) Resignation

(E) Dissatisfaction

27. In discussing insect and vertebrate societies, the author suggests which of the following?

(A) A distinguishing characteristic of most insect and vertebrate societies is a well-marked division of labor.

(B) The caste structure of insect societies is similar to that of vertebrate societies.

(D) The means of communication among members of insect societies is similar to that among members of vertebrate societies.

(E) There are significant structural differences between insect and vertebrate societies.

新GRE阅读长难句中译英练习

46. A survey of news stories in reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

47. The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.

49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.

50. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.

46.[参考译文]一项关于新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上，从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。

47.[参考译文]环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。

48.[参考译文]这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。

49.[参考译文]他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地区，比如俄勒冈、爱达荷，还有阿拉斯加，为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪，以及“金州”(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。

50.[参考译文]结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了18.5%一稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。

篇3：gre阅读考试出题规律介绍

gre阅读考试出题规律介绍

对于gre阅读考试来说，学业考试是最大的项目，这也不同于托福雅思。雅思托福的目的是为了生活。对于新的gre阅读测试，学术代表标准和适度的措辞。对考生的意义在于，整篇文章都是温文尔雅的，gre阅读出题规律文章中的偏激词汇应该引起重视，文章中的事实与我们的学术生活是同步的，过去的回忆和反现实的虚拟状态是非常明显的潜在问题。

尤其是虚拟语气，往往表示一种“不应该”的状态，很可能会有负面的评价。而所有的极端话语，如绝对陈述，大多是比较层面，特别是比较强的层面，都应该在文章中加以注意。还有一种强烈反差的迹象，就是用大写字母标明的时间，表示某一时间之前或之后的时间，我们称之为时间的强烈反差。

提问时，应掌握gre阅读方法，具体如下：

先读这篇文章，然后做问题。快读，大胆省略。记住：阅读问题的时间比阅读文章的时间长。

两次法，第一次通读，着重文章的结构、焦点、作者的态度，第二次在解决问题时定位阅读。

解题时要回到原文，gre阅读备考, gre备考要多久严格掌握词语的对应方法，找到每一个正确答案的依据，决不能凭记忆或知识背景来做。

不要仔细阅读，不理解文章的意思，要快，做笔记，没有足够的时间阅读第一段和每一个第一句。

GRE阅读：有效提速的方法

怎样读地快?

每一眼看3,4个单词，形成这种阅读习惯，想想下自己是怎么读中文的，就怎么去读英文，当然肯定会比中文慢。

读文章时，下意识的跳过一些介词，冠词之类的，就像大家读中文都跳过“的”这种词，尽量一句话读一遍，强迫自己不回视，这能大大加快速度，读的慢的同学是不是经常一句话反复读呢?

如果是ts这种重要的句子，可以读个两遍，加强理解。因为英语的语序和我们不同，有时候只读一遍，确实难以一下子理解。

GRE阅读练习之蝴蝶产卵

Upon maturity,monarch butterflies travel hundreds of miles from their places of origin and lay their eggs on milkweed. The caterpillars that emerge feed on milkweed and absorb the glycosides in milkweed sap. The specific glycosides present in milkweed differ from region to region within the monarch butterfly’s range. Mature butterflies retain the glycosides in a mature monarch butterfly could be used to determine its place of origin.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Mature monarch butterflies do not feed on parts of milkweed that contain glycosides.

B. The glycosides in milkweed sap are slightly toxic to caterpillars of other species.

C. The vast majority of the monarch butterflies that are laying eggs in a given region will have traveled there from a single region.

D. There are substances other than glycosides in milkweed sap that accumulate in a monarch caterpillar and are retained in the body of the mature butterfly.

E. There are certain glycosides that are found in the sap of all milkweeds, no matter where they grow within the monarch butterfly’s range.

篇4：gre阅读考试都有哪些出题点

gre阅读考试都有哪些出题点

新gre阅读出题点(1):时间和数字(number)

一般来说，出现时间概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和时间顺序(order)有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索(clue)。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的(ignored)，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象(phenomenon)，考生都需要把数字记录(record)下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题(question)，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式(form)，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。

新gre阅读出题点(2):主题段和主题句的关键词(key words)

gre文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的，因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也会包含在这部分内容中。

gre阅读出题点(3):人名、地名和专有名词(proper noun)

这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记(sign)，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时(concept)，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点(opinion)，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。

新gre阅读出题点(4):举例主体。有的时候，为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字

实际上(in fact)，gre考试中考查这些例子具体内容(specific content)的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因(reason)或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略(omit)。

新gre阅读出题点(5):新概念和局部核心概念

所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现(appearance)，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意(pay attention to)，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的(emphasized)。

新gre阅读出题点(6):重要的逻辑关系(relation)

很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确(incorrect)，这也是一种严重的错误(mistake)。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免(avoid)考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。

GRE阅读材料中哪些应该详读

我们知道做GRE阅读题时不能细致地看完阅读文章的全部内容，因为阅读量大，时间很紧张，但是又不能马马虎虎将文章看完，这就决定了我们在做题的时候需要详略得当地读文章。哪些内容需要详读，哪些内容又需要略读，这是根据考题或者考点所出现的频率来决定的。换句话说，如果某一块的内容经常是考查的对象，我们就需要详读;而不经常出考题的地方，我们就需要略读。今天，新东方小编就重点讲解一下GRE阅读文章中应该详读的内容，也就是经常出考题的地方。

首先就是注意文章的主旨和结构体系，这是我们做任何GRE阅读题的基础，也是最需要把握的地方。GRE阅读文章中经常会出现三种典型的结构体系，即全文论证一个观点型、新旧观点对比型、问题解释型。全文论证一个观点型的结构特点是，文章的Topic Sentence经常出现在第一段中，有可能是第一句话也有可能是最后一句话，这需要借助逻辑连接词去判断，除去第一段剩下的每一段的第一句话都是对这一段的一个概括总结。新旧观点对比型的结构特点是首先会提出一个旧观点，然后对旧观点进行描述，指出旧观点的缺陷和不足之处，接下来就会提出新观点，新观点也有可能存在缺陷。Topic Sentence是对新观点概述的一句话。问题解释型的结构特点是会在文章的开头提出一个现象或者是有待解决的问题，然后会对问题或者现象进行一些解释，最后是对解释的一些评价。

针对文章的主旨和结构体系经常出的考题有考查文章大意内容，作者组织文章的方式，文章结构类型，段落间的关系，以及文章续写的内容等。答题的关键就是把握住文章的主旨句。

接下来就是注意表示作者态度的句子，作者通常用副词状语或者形容词定语来表达态度。态度题有五种类型，正态度，负态度，客观态度，无明确态度和复杂态度(即有让步成分的态度)。但是在看表示态度的句子时，一定要注意是“谁”对“谁”的态度。

还有需要注意的就是事物之间的关系，主要出题的有三种关系：相似，不同和比较。表示事物之间相似的标志词有：like, be equal to/with, be alike, be similar to, equivalence等。如果问题问的是A事物，我们可以通过B事物的特征来回答问题。表示事物之间不同的标志词有：unlike，differ from， contradict，while，far from等。出现事物不同的关系时，原文通常叙述的是A，而问题问的是B，这时对A的叙述取反就可以得出答案了。表示事物之间比较的标志词有：最高级和比较级，以及分数倍数的表达。

最后需要重点注意的是表示事物缺陷的部分，其特征词是defect， imprecise，deficiency，inappropriate，drawback，falsity，unfortunately等。这些特征词都是与负态度相联系的。对事物缺陷的提问方式会有两种：What the limitation of…? Which of the following can remedy the shortcomings…in the passage? 遇到这种问题要考虑负态度和事物的缺陷。

GRE阅读理解逻辑练习题

对于没有对新GRE阅读准备充分的考生，建议第一遍时一定卡时间练习。以下是新东方小编整理的新GRE阅读逻辑题练习10套，所有10个练习共计132道逻辑单题，数量已经足够;反复训练这些题目，希望能够帮助大家攻克新GRE阅读题。

1. Patel: Although enrollment in the region's high school has been decreasing for several years, enrollment at the elementary school has grown considerably. Therefore, the regional school board proposes building a new elementary school.

Quintero: Another solution would be to convert some high school classrooms temporarily into classrooms for elementary school students. Which of the following, if true, most helps to support

Quintero's alternative proposal?

(A) Some rooms at the high school cannot be con-verted into rooms suitable for the use of ele-mentary school students.

(B) The cost of building a high school is higher than the cost of building an elementary school.

(C) Although the birth rate has not increased, the number of families sending their children to the region's high school has increased markedly.

(D) A high school atmosphere could jeopardize the safety and self-confidence of elementary school students.

(E) Even before the region's high school population began to decrease, several high school class-rooms rarely needed to be used.

2. Peter: More than ever before in Risland, college graduates with science degrees are accepting permanent jobs in other fields. That just goes to show that scientists in Risland are not being paid enough.

Lila: No, it does not. These graduates are not working in science for the simple reason that there are not enough jobs in science in Risland to employ all of these graduates.

Which of the following, if true in Risland, would most undermine the reasoning in Peter's argument?

(A) The college graduates with science degrees who are not working in science are currently earning lower salaries than they would earn as scientists.

(B) Fewer college students than ever before are receiving degrees in science.

(D) A significant number of college graduates with science degrees worked at low-paying jobs while they were in college.

(E) Every year some recent college graduates with science degrees accept permanent jobs in nonscientific fields.

3.Counselor: Every year a popular newsmagazine pub-lishes a list of United States colleges, ranking them according to an overall numerical score that is a composite of ratings according to sev-eral criteria. However, the overall scores gen-erally should not be used by students as the basis for deciding to which colleges to apply.Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the counselor's recommendation?

(A) The vast majority of people who purchase the magazine in which the list appears are not college-bound students.

(B) Colleges that are ranked highest in the magazine's list use this fact in advertisements aimed at attracting students.

(D) The significance that particular criteria have for any two students is likely to differ according to the students' differing needs.

(E) Some college students who are pleased with their schools considered the magazine's rankings before deciding which college to attend.

4. A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe's correspon-dence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe's reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue. Which of the following is assumed by the argumentabove?

(A) Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to mor-phine did not begin to circulate until after his death.

(B) None of the reports of Poe's supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actu-ally knew Poe.

(D) Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine.

(E) Fear of the consequences would not have pre-vented Poe from indicating in his correspon-dence that he was addicted to morphine.

5. Adelle: The government's program to reduce the unemployment rate in the province of Carthena by encouraging job creation has failed, since the rate there has not changed appreciably since the program began a year ago.

Fran: But the unemployment rate in Carthena had been rising for three years before the program began, so the program is helping.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly counters Fran's objection to Adelle's argument?

(A) The government is advised by expert economists, some of whom specialize in employment issues.

(B) The unemployment rate in the province of Carthena has historically been higher than that of the country as a whole.

(C) The current government was elected by a wide margin, because of its promises to reduce the unemployment rate in Carthena.

(D) Around the time the government program began, large numbers of unemployed Carthena residents began leaving the province to look for work elsewhere.

(E) The unemployment rate in Carthena had been relatively stable until shortly before the current government took office.

6. Soft Drink Manufacturer：Our new children's soft drink, RipeCal, is fortified with calcium. Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy. Consumer Advocate：But RipeCal also contains large amounts of sugar, and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children. In responding to the soft drink manufacturer, the consumer advocate does which of the following?

(A)Challenges the manufacturer's claim about the nutritional value of calcium in children's diets

(B)Argues that the evidence cited by the manufac-turer, when properly considered, leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by themanufacturer.

(C)Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product.

(D)Questions whether a substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts.

(E)Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer.

7.Over a period of several months, researchers attached small lights to the backs of wetas—flightless insects native to New Zealand—enabling researchers for the first time to make comprehensive observations of the insects' nighttime activities.Thus, since wetas forage only at night, the researchers' observations will significantly improve knowledge of the normal foraging habits of wetas.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Researchers were interested only in observing the wetas' foraging habits and so did not keep track of other types of behavior.

(B) No pattern of behavior that is exhibited by wetas during the nighttime is also exhibited by wetas during the daytime.

(C)Attaching the small lights to the wetas' backs did not greatly alter the wetas' normal nighttime foraging habits.

(D)Wetas typically forage more frequently during the months in which the researchers studied them than they do at other times.

(E)The researchers did not use other observational techniques to supplement their method of using small lights to track the nighttime behavior of wetas.

8.People whose bodies cannot produce the substance cytochrome P450 are three times as likely to develop Parkinson's disease, a disease that affects the brain, as are people whose bodies do produce this substance. Since cytochrome P450 protects the brain from toxic chemicals, toxic chemicals probably play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A)It will soon be possible for cytochrome P450 to be synthesized for the treatment of people whose bodies cannot produce this substance.

(B)Many people whose bodies are unable to produce cytochrome P450 lack the ability to produce certain other substances as well.

(C)Cytochrome P450 has no effect on the brain other than to protect it from toxic chemicals.

(D)People with Parkinson's disease often exhibit a marked lessening in the severity of their symp- toms when they are treated with dopamine, a chemical produced naturally in the brain.

(E)Many people with Parkinson's disease have the ability to produce cytochrome P450 naturally.

9.The early universe contained only the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements, such as carbon, form only in nuclear reactions in stars and are dispersed when the stars explode. A recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon several billion years ago, when the universe wasno more than two billion years old.If the statements above are true, which of thefollowing must, on the basis of them, also be true?

(A)The earliest stars contained only hydrogen.

(B)Some stars were formed before the universe was two billion years old.

(C)The carbon in the gas cloud later formed part of some stars.

(D)No stars identified to date are as old as the gas cloud.

(E)The gas cloud also contained hydrogen andhelium.

10.Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace error, and many physicians frequently go without sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few of these physicians have, in the course of a routine examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep deprivation.So there is little cause for concern that habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread physician error. The answer to which of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument?

(A)Do physicians who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not related to sleep deprivation?

(B)Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep deprivation in others significantly impaired by habitual sleep deprivation?

(C)Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part of physicians?

(D)Of people who have recently been treated by physicians, what percentage believe that many physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep deprivation?

(E)Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher among physicians than it is among other health care workers?

11.A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth- century German composer Richard Wagner. Although music producers tend to produce what audiences want, relative infrequency of performance probably does not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case, since Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform on stage. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion of the argument above?

(A)The list of most frequently performed operas does not include operas produced by small amateur groups.

(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons who are willing to commit large sums of money in order to enjoy lavish productions.

(C)All of the fifteen most frequently performed operas of recent times are works that have been popular for at least 75 years.

(D)More recordings have been produced recently of the works of Wagner than of the works of any other composer of opera.

(E)Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing in popularity in recent years.

12.The bodies of dwarf individuals of mammalian species are generally smaller in relation to those of nondwarf individuals than are the teeth of the dwarf individuals in relation to those of the nondwarf indi- viduals. Fragmentary skeletal remains of an adult dwarf woolly mammoth were recently found. The teeth are three-fourths the size of the teeth of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth. The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following?

(A)The body of the dwarf woolly mammoth was less than three-fourths the size of the body of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.

(B)None of the teeth of the dwarf woolly mammoth that were recently discovered was as large as any of the teeth of nondwarf woolly mammoths that have been discovered.

(C)The teeth of most adult dwarf individuals of mammalian species are three- fourths the size of the teeth of the adult nondwarf individuals of the same species.

(D)Dwarf woolly mammoths had the same number of teeth as did nondwarf woolly mammoths.

(E)Dwarf individuals of most mammalian species are generally no more than three-fourths the size of the adult nondwarf individuals of those species.

13.Excluding purchases by businesses, the average amount spent on a factory-new car has risen 30 per- cent in the last five years. In the average household budget, the proportion spent on car purchases has remained unchanged in that period. Therefore the average household budget must have increased by 30 percent over the last five years.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(A)The average number of factory-new cars pur-chased per household has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(B)The average amount spent per car by businesses buying factory-new cars has risen 30 percent in the last five years.

(C)The proportion of the average household budgetspent on all car-related expenses has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(D)The proportion of the average household budget spent on food and housing has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(E)The total amount spent nationwide on factory- new cars has increased by 30 percent over the last five years.

对于新GRE阅读题，考生们一定要积极调整心态认真备考，除了题海战术，还要总结新gre阅读题中的思路，找到解题的逻辑思路才是王道。

篇5：gre考试阅读题出题规律简介

gre考试阅读题出题规律简介

对于gre考试来说，学业考试是最大的项目，这也不同于托福雅思。雅思托福的目的是为了生活。对于新的gre阅读测试，学术代表标准和适度的措辞。对考生的意义在于，整篇文章都是温文尔雅的，gre阅读备考文章中的偏激词汇应该引起重视，文章中的事实与我们的学术生活是同步的，过去的回忆和反现实的虚拟状态是非常明显的潜在问题。

提问时，应掌握gre阅读考试方法，具体如下：

先读这篇文章，然后做问题。快读，大胆省略。记住：阅读问题的时间比阅读文章的时间长。

两次法，第一次通读，着重文章的结构、焦点、作者的态度，第二次在解决问题时定位阅读。

解题时要回到原文，gre阅读备考, gre备考要多久严格掌握词语的对应方法，找到每一个正确答案的依据，决不能凭记忆或知识背景来做。

不要仔细阅读，不理解文章的意思，要快，做笔记，没有足够的时间阅读第一段和每一个第一句。

GRE阅读题目特点

中心思想题

中心思想题是GRE考试中唯一带有主观色彩的题型，它考察你对文章大意和总体结构的把握能力。GRE阅读涉及的内容非常广泛，考古，生物，文学和社会科学几乎无所不包。那么，是否就没有技巧可谈了吗?绝对不是。

文章内容可能千差万别，但文章的写作方式却只有寥寥的两种，即记叙文和议论文。

记叙文是对某一件事，某一个现象或者某一个人的描述，即对客观事物的纪录和叙述，其中没有或者几乎没有作者自己的观点。记叙文有时间顺序和空间顺序两种组织形式。

而议论文是作者根据某一客观事物或观点发表自己的看法，并用例子或者理由来证明作者自己的观点。

根据文章的内容，议论文可以分成立论和驳论两种。而根据文章的组织形式，议论文可以有3种组织结构，分别为：从具体到概括模式，从概括到具体模式以及递进模式。

在GRE阅读中，没有真正的记叙文。也就是说，阅读文章基本上都是议论文，作者总是试图让你接受他的某一个观点。在证明自己的观点时，作者总是应用一些例子，即论据。

这些论据和论点之间的有机结合就成了典型的GRE阅读文章。掌握中心思想的技巧在于文章每个段落的第一句。标准化的考试决定了文章组织结构的严谨性，即条理清晰和结构完整。

条理清晰表现为写作模式不是具体到概括模式就是概括到具体模式，或者递进模式，而且承上启下的过渡词汇都出现在每个段落的第一句;结构完整表现为内容的完整性和单一性，即每一篇文章都能向你传达一个而且只有一个有意义的观点或者论点，不会让你读后感觉到不知文章所云为何物。

复述题

复述题是最简单的题型，但也是GRE阅读部分出现得最多的题型。只要你能定位原文，问题就迎刃而解。题目问的内容中都已经在原文直接提到，只是用同义词或者不同的语言组织改写而已。

常见的改写方式有形容词与副词之间的改写，动词与动名词之间的改写。技巧在于寻找词根。复述改写题提问的是文章中的某个细节，如组织结构词(原因，特点)，学科术语，行业术语，比喻，符号或者具体的数字。只要你能准确定位，这些题都比较简单，因为只是对原文的复述或改写:

According to the passage/author...

The author states that...

The author mentions which one of the following as...

一般说来，这些题都会告诉你很直接的定位线索，如“在文章中的第几行”或者和文章结构密切相连的词或短语。你也许记得我前面告诉你的“跳过阅读理解文章中的细节部分而将重点放在文章的主题，范围和作者的用意上。”

这看起来好像和非常细节的复述改写题相矛盾。事实上，文章中有很多很多细节，而这么多的细节当中只有很少的一部分在以后问题中问及。奇怪的是这些被考到的细节你很快就能在文章中定位，因为有一部分你在阅读时已经记住;问题会告诉你在文章中的哪一行;或者为了回答这些问题你必须自己找到这些细节.

暗示推理题

在你选出答案以前，其实你并不知道这是暗示推理题，你的概念或许只有细节题，即除了中心思想题以外所有题都是细节题。事实上，在真正做题时，你也不必事先判断它是属于哪一类题型，我们将其归类的目的是为了让你对考试的题型有一个确切的把握。

也就是说，如果你碰到某一道“细节题”，顺利地将关键词定位以后，你仍然不能很快地确定到底是哪一个选项正确时，你不要灰心，因为有一种比复述题稍微复杂一点的题，即暗示推理题。

这一过程，我们的题型分类就起作用了，因为它事先给了你思想准备，即对未知的练习题有一个合理的期待。但是，我们却可以通过暗示推理题的基本问法来事先判断它是否属于暗示推理题：

It can be inferred from the passage that...

The passage/author suggests that…

The passage/author implies that...

解密：暗示推理题是阅读中较难的题型。如果说复述题要脑子转一次弯的话，那么暗示推理题就需要转两次弯。，包括所有的美国人将这称为一个人的“intelligent ability”，即智力。这种题在阅读题中出现的概率是0.3，每3道题中就会出一道，即大概每篇阅读出一道。

列举题

列举，顾名思义，就是符合某种条件的几个例子，例子可以是某几个事件，动作，情况或者人物。列举题有两种形式，一种是列举非，它问你四个选项中哪一个原文中没有提及。

应对的办法仍然是定位原文，然后采用排除法，直至找到正确答案。第二种列举题要你在四个选项种找出哪一个选项在原文中提及，应对的措施仍然是根据关键词定位。其实，列举题并不难，出现的概率也比较大，每篇阅读大概出现一题。

作者思路题

如果说中心思想题要你做的是归纳文章大意的话，那么在作者思路题中你所要做的是识别文章的组织结构。大意和组织结构构成了文章的框架。如果你能顺利地总结文章的大意，即中心思想，你也能顺利的求解作者思路题。

作者思路题包括段落用意和举例佐证两种。解题的办法在于相信这样一个原则，文章的每一个词，每一句，和每个段落都是和文章论题有关的，不是用来证明作者观点的论据就是作者要批判的论据。

逻辑题

在GRE的阅读理解中，有时也会出现像逻辑推理部分里的那些逻辑题。这些逻辑题包括类比和推理缺口题。有幸的是，这些逻辑题往往都比真正的逻辑题容易。只要你能顺利找到和归纳题干所描述的在文章中出现的推理，你就很容易发现这些推理(作者论点和论据)的缺口或者推理方式。

GRE阅读：Design-Engineering

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technol.ists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers—using non-scientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technol.ist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technol.y, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rock exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.

The creative shaping process of a technol.ist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technol.ist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.

Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of c.nitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.

If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

19.1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technol.ists

(B) stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design

(D) contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technol.ists

(E) criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula

19.2. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

(A) strengthened when they include courses in design

(B) weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills

(D) strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems

(E) strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking

19.3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of lines 1-28 of the passage?

(A) When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technol.ist who is best equipped to repair it.

(B) Each component of an automobile—for example, the engine or the fuel tank—has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component’s function.

(D) The designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form.

(E) The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer’s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.

19.4.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the passage?

(A) The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technol.ical developments must be derived from science ignores the many non-scientific decisions made by technol.ists.

(B) Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technol.ical development.

(C) As knowledge of technol.y has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.

(D) A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician’s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.

(E) A technol.ist thinking about a machine, reasoning through the successive steps in a dynamic process, can actually turn the machine over mentally.

19.5 The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record “paradoxical” (lines 36-37) most probably because

(A) the publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make

(B) architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students

(D) the drawings needed were so complicated that even students in architectural schools had difficulty making them

(E) engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record the development of their own discipline

19.6. According to the passage, random failures in automatic control systems are “not merely trivial aberrations” (lines 53) because

(A) automatic control systems are designed by engineers who have little practical experience in the field

(B) the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily on concepts in mathematics

(D) designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis of mechanical difficulties

(E) designers of automatic control systems need more help from scientists who have a better understanding of the analytical problems to be solved before such systems can work efficiently

19.7. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarily to

(A) weaken the argument that modern engineering systems have major defects because of an absence of design courses in engineering curricula

(B) support the thesis that the number of errors in modern engineering systems is likely to increase

(C) illustrate the idea that courses in design are the most effective means for reducing the cost of designing engineering systems

(D) support the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects of design results in poor conceptualization by engineers

(E) weaken the proposition that mathematics is a necessary part of the study of design

篇6：GRE阅读出题特点

全面了解GRE阅读出题特点和文章题型细节基础知识

GRE阅读出题形式简介

GRE阅读大量模仿了GMAT逻辑题的出题方式。一言以蔽之：新GRE阅读 = 老GRE阅读 + GMAT逻辑。

GRE阅读中在保留了老GRE长文和短文的基础上，还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章，称之为微文。微文虽然微小，但极具逻辑。

GRE阅读基本题型讲解

新GRE改革后语文部分做出了调整，而新GRE阅读理解题包含三种题型：

五选一( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One Answer Choice )

三选多( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One or More Answer Choices )

句子功能题( Select-in-Passage )

其中第一种“五选一”就是目前GRE阅读的题型。而第二种“三选多”(从三个选项中选出所有适合的答案，正确答案数不定，只选出部分正确答案者不得分)与第三种“句子功能”题(找到原文中与选项描述相一致的句子并点击该句子)都是阅读理解部分新增的题型。对于新GRE语文部分的内容考生不用慌张，主要还是对单词和阅读的把握。

GRE阅读题在考试中如何出现?

新GRE阅读中,目前已出现的两种情况：

(1)一个Section有4篇文章,均为短阅读,长度约为150~180字左右,每篇题目数量依次为3道,2道,2道,2道,总的题目数量为9道,此时逻辑题为1道.

(2)一个Section有3篇文章,1篇为长阅读,长度约为400~500字左右,题目数为4道,另附2篇短阅读,题目数依次为1道和3道,总共题目数为8道,此时逻辑题为2道.

个人观点：在每个Verbal Section中最多一篇长阅读,由于时间限制的原因,这在超时的OG和限时PP软件上的套题中均有所体现.在题型方面,相较于旧GRE传统的5选1题型,新G在5选1题型基础上,新增了句子选择题以及三项多选题.

总体而言,从文章的难度上,新GRE并没有改变旧GRE文章深奥、句子复杂等特点,同时在题型上注重对于文章具体句子和词汇的考察,也延续了对于文章中事物逻辑的考察,文章主题的把握.文章长度上的整体缩短,但是在题量上的增加,会导致阅读难度不断加大.

GRE阅读文章有哪些特点?

1. 按题材分：文学评论, 美国历史, 弱势群体, 生命科学

2. 按写作方法分：presentation[立论], argument[评论]

3. 按写作套路分：新旧观点型、现象解释型、结论解释型、问题解决型

GRE阅读练习：鸟叫研究

Over the years, biol.ists have suggested two main pathways by which sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second, female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’s chances of being chosen as a mate, and he thus enjoys more reproductive success than his less ostentatious rivals. The two pathways are not mutually exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their interaction. Teasing them apart has been an important challenge to evolutionary biol.ists.

Early research confirmed the role of intrasexual selection. In a variety of experiments in the field, males responded aggressively to recorded songs by exhibiting territorial behavior near the speakers. The breakthrough for research into intersexual selection came in the development of a new technique for investigating female response in the laboratory. When female cowbirds raised in isolation in sound-proof chambers were exposed to recordings of male song, they responded by exhibiting mating behavior. By quantifying the responses, researchers were able to determine what particular features of the song were most important. In further experiments on song sparrows, researchers found that when exposed to a single song type repeated several times or to a repertoire of different song types, females responded more to the latter. The beauty of the experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself.

If intersexual selection operates as theorized, males with more complicated songs should not only attract females more readily but should also enjoy greater reproductive success. At first, however, researchers doing fieldwork with song sparrows found no correlation between larger repertoires and early mating, which has been shown to be one indicator of reproductive success; further, common measures of male quality used to predict reproductive success, such as weight, size, age, and territory, also failed to correlate with song complexity.

The confirmation researchers had been seeking was finally achieved in studies involving two varieties of warblers. Unlike the song sparrow, which repeats one of its several song types in bouts before switching to another, the warbler continuously composes much longer and more variable songs without repetition. For the first time, researchers found a significant correlation between repertoire size and early mating, and they discovered further that repertoire size had a more significant effect than any other measure of male quality on the number of young produced. The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attract females, clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.

17.1. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) showing that intrasexual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does intersexual selection

(B) contrasting the role of song complexity in several species of birds

(C) describing research confirming the suspected relationship between intersexual selection and the complexity of birdsong

(D) demonstrating the superiority of laboratory work over field studies in evolutionary biol.y

(E) illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to experimental design in evolutionary biol.y

17.2. The author mentions the peacock’s tail in line 8 most probably in order to

(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between intrasexual selection and male competition

(B) illustrate the importance of both of the pathways that shaped the evolution of birdsong

(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual selection by female choice

(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate attraction

17.3. According to the passage, which of the following is specifically related to intrasexual selection?

(A) Female choice

(B) Territorial behavior

(D) Large song repertoires

(E) Visual ornamentation

17.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13?

(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated songs.

(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires for mate attraction.

(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.

(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.

17.5. The passage indicates that researchers raised female cowbirds in acoustic isolation in order to

(A) eliminate confounding variables

(B) approximate field conditions

(D) quantify repertoire complexity

(E) prevent early mating

17.6. According to the passage, the song sparrow is unlike the warbler in that the song sparrow

(A) uses songs mainly in territorial behavior

(B) continuously composes long and complex songs

(D) repeats one song type before switching to another

(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs

17.7. The passage suggests that the song sparrow experiments mentioned in lines 37-43 failed to confirm the role of intersexual selection because

(A) females were allowed to respond only to the song structure

(B) song sparrows are unlike other species of birds

(D) the experiments included the songs of only a small number of different song sparrows

(E) the experiments duplicated some of the limitations of previous field studies

GRE阅读题目具体分析

长文章：我2分钟读完,知道大概是讲大气成分(二氧化碳和m)与气温的关系。不再多想，做题目：

1.主题。简单。

2.定位至4段，因为定位局限，因此可以使用选项定位法(如果定位范围很广则直接跳过)。

(a)看到marine，凭印象也知道4段没有讲，错。

(b)刚好是刚才注意到的语言现象(转折although).

(c)找twice定位。比较范畴错。

(d) 有印象的话这种结构只在第二段出现过，错。

(e)看到most马上就知道错，不仅仅是本段，即使放在全文也没有出现过最高级，至出现了大量的比较级，而比较级中没有出现过than any这样的字眼，因此最高级必错。

3.定位至二段。

三个语言现象。大概心里有数，直接看选项：

(a)虽然有比较，但是这种比较没有先后因果的概念。错。

(b)only未出现过。错。

(c)如果不能马上判断，先跳过。

(d)无比较。错。

(e)标准改写。(语言现象：重大转折although)

4.明确定位的题目。简单，只说选项缩读：

(b)simulation model为4段内容。

(d)(e)benefit/benefitial莫名其妙。并且(e)中的have been found原文中没有。

5.6.属于可以错的题目，因为没有明确定位，而没有明确定位的题目具有很大偶然性，我当时一看题目，感觉两个题目都象是取非题但又无法定位，就直接跳过做第7题了。这个取舍过程花了1分钟不到的时间。虽然本文的这两个题目还算不难，凭背景知识也可以做对，但是不能保证考场上也有这样幸运的题目，并且在当时(91年)可能这也算比较新颖的知识。因此错了绝对可以，我是给自己这样的允许的。但是象上面的4个题目和下面的第7题是绝对不能错的，我们平时练习的最终目的就是保证这些题目的正确率。这2个题目的解题方法不讲，一来我没有思考(我从来不思考这些难度题目)，二来感觉不具有普遍性。

7.结构题，简单，略。

总结：文章不难，题目也不难，就是时间紧张，尤其在考场上更会是如此。文章读个大概就可以了，题目有取舍有先后顺序有大体原则(刚才演示过了)。

短文章：

首句：作者说了arrom这个人说了个女人地位的评价。好，我们关注的就是作者对这个人所做评价的评价。

二句：语言现象：比较级+排比句+转折(while后置了)

三句：似乎是一个虚拟语气，不多想，放在这里。

四句开始：很明显的作者的评价，最最重要的地方，要读懂。

8.主题：只说缩读：

(b) 先不管到底这句话对不对，至少一眼要能看出这是细节内容，错。

(d)看到reject就知道错。

(e)看完后，1790错。

9.明确定位，简单，略。

10.题目提示agree，大概回想到前面的排比句里面找。

11.简单，(d)(e)看到首词即可知道错误。

总结：坚持这样的思路下来，本练习的11个题目里面对8-9个是完全应该的，除了长文章的5，6题不计入应该对的题目之外，其它题目都是应该掌握的，判断标准：能不能定位明确。

篇7：带你了解GRE阅读出题特点和文章题型细节基础知识

全面了解GRE阅读出题特点和文章题型细节基础知识

GRE阅读出题形式简介

GRE阅读大量模仿了GMAT逻辑题的出题方式。一言以蔽之：新GRE阅读 = 老GRE阅读 + GMAT逻辑。

GRE阅读中在保留了老GRE长文和短文的基础上，还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章，称之为微文。微文虽然微小，但极具逻辑。

GRE阅读基本题型讲解

新GRE改革后语文部分做出了调整，而新GRE阅读理解题包含三种题型：

五选一( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One Answer Choice )

三选多( Multiple-choice Questions—Select One or More Answer Choices )

句子功能题( Select-in-Passage )

GRE阅读题在考试中如何出现?

新GRE阅读中,目前已出现的两种情况：

(1)一个Section有4篇文章,均为短阅读,长度约为150~180字左右,每篇题目数量依次为3道,2道,2道,2道,总的题目数量为9道,此时逻辑题为1道.

(2)一个Section有3篇文章,1篇为长阅读,长度约为400~500字左右,题目数为4道,另附2篇短阅读,题目数依次为1道和3道,总共题目数为8道,此时逻辑题为2道.

GRE阅读文章有哪些特点?

1. 按题材分：文学评论, 美国历史, 弱势群体, 生命科学

2. 按写作方法分：presentation[立论], argument[评论]

3. 按写作套路分：新旧观点型、现象解释型、结论解释型、问题解决型

以上就是关于新GRE阅读题的一些简单介绍和解析，希望能对大家备考阅读题有所帮助。

GRE阅读练习每日一篇

A serious critic has to comprehend the particular content, unique structure, and special meaning of a work of art. And here she faces a dilemma. The critic must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that requires subjective reaction; yet she must not be unduly prejudiced by such reactions. Her likes and dislikes are less important than what the work itself communicates, and her preferences may blind her to certain qualities of the work and thereby prevent an adequate understanding of it. Hence, it is necessary that a critic develop a sensibility informed by familiarity with the history of art and aesthetic theory. On the other hand, it is insufficient to treat the artwork solely historically, in relation to a fixed set of ideas or values. The critic’s knowledge and training are, rather, a preparation of the cognitive and emotional abilities needed for an adequate personal response to an artwork’s own particular qualities.

17. According to the author, a serious art critic may avoid being prejudiced by her subjective reactions if she

(A) treats an artwork in relation to a fixed set of ideas and values

(B) brings to her observation a knowledge of art history and aesthetic theory

(D) takes into account the preferences of other art critics

(E) limits herself to that art with which she has adequate familiarity

18. The author implies that it is insufficient to treat a work of art solely historically because

(A) doing so would lead the critic into a dilemma

(B) doing so can blind the critic to some of the artwork’s unique qualities

(D) subjective reactions can produce a biased response

(E) critics are not sufficiently familiar with art history

19. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

(A) Art speaks to the passions as well as to the intellect.

(B) Most works of art express unconscious wishes or desires.

(D) The art produced in the last few decades is of inferior quality.

(E) The meaning of art is a function of the social conditions in which it was produced.

20. The author’s argument is developed primarily by the use of

(A) an attack on sentimentality

(B) an example of successful art criticism

(D) a warning against extremes in art criticism

(E) an analogy between art criticism and art production

Viruses, infectious particles consisting of nucleic acid packaged in a protein coat (the capsid), are difficult to resist. Unable to reproduce outside a living cell, viruses reproduce only by subverting the genetic mechanisms of a host cell. In one kind of viral life cycle (life cycle: n.[生] 生活周期), the virus first binds to the cell’s surface, then penetrates the cell and sheds its capsid. The exposed viral nucleic acid produces new viruses from the contents of the cell. Finally, the cell releases the viral progeny, and a new cell cycle of infection begins. The human body responds to a viral infection by producing antibodies: complex, highly specific proteins that selectively bind to foreign molecules such as viruses. An antibody can either interfere with a virus’s ability to bind to a cell, or can prevent it from releasing its nucleic acid.

Unfortunately, the common cold (common cold: n. 感冒), produced most often by rhinoviruses, is intractable to antiviral defense. Humans have difficulty resisting colds because rhinoviruses are so diverse, including at least 100 strains. The strains differ most in the molecular structure of the proteins in their capsids. Since disease-fighting antibodies bind to the capsid, an antibody developed to protect against one rhinovirus strain is useless against other strains. Different antibodies must be produced for each strain.

A defense against rhinoviruses might nonetheless succeed by exploiting hidden similarities among the rhinovirus strains. For example, most rhinovirus strains bind to the same kind of molecule (delta-receptors) on a cell’s surface when they attack human cells. Colonno, taking advantage of these common receptors, devised a strategy for blocking the attachment of rhinoviruses to their appropriate receptors. Rather than fruitlessly searching for an antibody that would bind to all rhinoviruses, Colonno realized that an antibody binding to the common receptors of a human cell would prevent rhinoviruses from initiating an infection. Because human cells normally do not develop antibodies to components of their own cells, Colonno injected human cells into mice, which did produce an antibody to the common receptor. In isolated human cells, this antibody proved to be extraordinarily effective at thwarting the rhinovirus. Moreover, when the antibody was given to chimpanzees, it inhibited rhinoviral growth, and in humans it lessened both the severity and duration of cold symptoms.

Another possible defense against rhinoviruses was proposed by Rossman, who described rhinoviruses’ detailed molecular structure. Rossman showed that protein sequences common to all rhinovirus strains lie at the base of a deep “canyon” scoring (score: to mark with lines, grooves, scratches, or notches) each face of the capsid. The narrow opening of this canyon possibly prevents the relatively large antibody molecules from binding to the common sequence, but smaller molecules might reach it. Among these smaller, nonantibody molecules, some might bind to the common sequence, lock the nucleic acid in its coat, and thereby prevent the virus from reproducing.

21. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss viral mechanisms and possible ways of circumventing certain kinds of those mechanisms

(B) challenge recent research on how rhinoviruses bind to receptors on the surfaces of cells

(D) defend a controversial research program whose purpose is to discover the molecular structure of rhinovirus capsids

(E) evaluate a dispute between advocates of two theories about the rhinovirus life cycle

22. It can be inferred from the passage that the protein sequences of the capsid that vary most among strains of rhinovirus are those

(A) at the base of the “canyon”

(B) outside of the “canyon”

(D) responsible for preventing the formation of delta-receptors

(E) preventing the capsid from releasing its nucleic acid

23. It can be inferred from the passage that a cell lacking delta-receptors will be

(A) unable to prevent the rhinoviral nucleic acid from shedding its capsid

(B) defenseless against most strains of rhinovirus

(D) protected from new infections by antibodies to the rhinovirus

(E) resistant to infection by most strains of rhinovirus

24. Which of the following research strategies for developing a defense against the common cold would the author be likely to find most promising?

(A) Continuing to look for a general antirhinoviral antibody

(B) Searching for common cell-surface receptors in humans and mice

(D) Discovering how the human body produces antibodies in response to a rhinoviral infection

(E) Determining the detailed molecular structure of the nucleic acid of a rhinovirus

25. It can be inferred from the passage that the purpose of Colonno’s experiments was to determine whether

(A) chimpanzees and humans can both be infected by rhinoviruses

(B) chimpanzees can produce antibodies to human cell-surface receptors

(D) binding antibodies to common receptors could produce a possible defense against rhinoviruses

(E) rhinoviruses are vulnerable to human antibodies

26. According to the passage, Rossman’s research suggests that

(A) a defense against rhinoviruses might exploit structural similarities among the strains of rhinovirus

(B) human cells normally do not develop antibodies to components of their own cells

(D) rhinovirus versatility can work to the benefit of researchers trying to find a useful antibody

(E) Colonno’s research findings are probably invalid

27. According to the passage, in order for a given antibody to bind to a given rhinoviral capsid, which of the following must be true?

(A) The capsid must have a deep “canyon” on each of its faces.

(B) The antibody must be specific to the molecular structure of the particular capsid.

(D) The antibody must bind to a particular cell-surface receptor before it can bind to a rhinovirus.

(E) The antibody must first enter a cell containing the particular rhinovirus.

答案：17-27：BBADABECDAB

篇8：gre考试填空题特点介绍

gre考试填空题特点介绍

(I)点与点的重复

1、特征:连接词的阴影成分及其对应的空间。

2、gre考试连接词:指与空间相关的连词和连词结构，出现在句首或连接两个从句，清楚地表明两个句子之间的逻辑关系。一般分为因果关系、并列关系(同义词、同义词)、过渡关系、让步关系(反义词)和进展关系(同义词，但程度更大)。

3、空格的影子(counterpart)：指与空格充当相同成分，结构相对应的词或词组，通常是实词(n，v，adj，adv)。

4、影可以被改变来得到答案。阴影可以被改变来得到答案。

5、gre填空考试特别提醒:

(1)“还没有”、“还没有”等等。

(2)采取相反的综合性，不要轻易排除中性的答案，可能会遗漏理解。

(3)影子也是空格，连接词连接两空格，新gre填空技巧,gre考试培训选择选项中符合连接词提示逻辑关系的一对词(填空解题中唯一“横向”阅读答案的题型)。

(2)重复

1. 重复:前句和后句中重复的关系，用分号、逗号和冒号分隔。

2. 特点:由于没有连接词，我们可以利用其他线索来判断下一句和下一句之间的逻辑关系。同时，我们不强调点对点。新gre填空技巧,gre填空题怎么复习除了明显的重复外，重复的发生一般分为以下几类:

(1)否定重复：“it is wrong/presumptuous/irony/paradoxically/foolish to say that”或者将“paradoxically/irony puzzlingly /surprisingly"前置于句首。

(2)主被动重复：一般用by来引导，A by B或者将by换为以下短语代替：“is the result of/is the outgrowth of/is the product of”。

3、比较的重复：compared with...连接的两句

4、手段和目的重复：A by B重复为in terms of

5、代词对应：注意粘连中的人称代词，指示代词，定冠词。特别注意suchthisthatitthemthe这种词，可以帮助迅速找出对应关系。

6、种属关系:题目中提到的问题有两方面有种属关系，如先说爬行动物如何，再说鳄鱼如何，我们知道一定要讲爬行动物的特点，一定要有共同点。新gre填空技巧,gre填空题怎么复习根据物种特征来解决问题，可以采用上(归纳)或下(演绎)推理。

7. 逆命题和否定命题的重复:A可以推出B，所以B的否定命题必须推出A的否定命题。

8、双比较句重复:出现一个比较句，那么一定要在语句的相对两边进行比较，如果有两个比较句，那么这两个句子一定要重复。

9、特殊并列句的重复:类似并列句的结构，新gre填空技巧,gre考试培训无论空格是否出现在并列句中，空格的线索都必须从并列句中派生出来。

指示代词、所有格代词、逻辑主语、指称关系。

GRE335分考生手把手教你备考GRE填空

每一个GRE高分考生的背后，都有着他们非比寻常的努力。所有的GRE高分经验背后都是日日夜夜的默默付出与积累。王宇豪同学在GRE考试中取得了335的分数，他总结GRE的备考就是：好的GRE老师、合适的培训班、针对性的资料可以让大家尽快脱离苦海。

填空分Text Completion 和句子等价Sentence equivalence两部分。关于填空部分，王同学建议：准备填空，最先不是急着做题，是通过看Official Guide(OG)理解什么是新GRE填空，在取消类反之后，新G的双空和三空对考生的文本阅读和逻辑关系有了更高的要求，本质上填空就是一个有解的方程;另外，也要取消关于6选2的误解，正确的两个选项不一定是同义词，只要都能构成相似且连贯的句义都是正确选项，所以当以后见到voracious和 prodigious， caviler 和 capricious 就不能选择性无视，等等。

在消除各种偏见后，应该按照填空的考察思路背单词。“GRE词汇是个永恒的话题，我的理解是三句话：1，反复反复再反复;2，背单词背到底层意思(e.g. superficial是”少“);3，单词”扎堆在一起“比叫什么意思更重要。总而言之，3000、韦氏、1200将伴随我们直到最后，准备一打A4纸，准备备考过程中提炼属于自己的核心词吧。”

对于填空的题目，直到最后冲刺阶段，一定要常用典型、经典的题目练手，把这些题目的单词考察点、逻辑考察点当作例子记住。王同学认为：填空中的套路是有限的，我们需要做的是能够举一反三见招拆招。当你理解on the contrary 是取反还是换对象的时候，当你把那些转折点弄清楚时，才有胆量去碰GRE阅读，因此不要怕在填空上花时间。

王同学说：“我个人讲强化班讲义和精讲精练班讲义都做了很多遍，GRE填空需要在听老师讲完方法论和典型例题后自己去解其他题，总会有更深的体会。可以说，在许多老师讲解和学生反复使用后，这些讲义已经不是题库，就是一本活的教科书。”

只要时间久，铁杵磨成针。不论是多难的东西，只要自己下功夫，努力的去学习理解，就可以在最后收获成功

GRE填空要重视 GRE高分考生教你复习思路

填空对于GRE考生是必须要重视起来的，在verbal考试中，阅读和填空各占一半的题目数目。但是难度却是大相径庭。如果可以将填空全部做对，即便阅读错的多一些，我们还是可以得到比较好的成绩的。苏同学认为，填空的技巧就是抓住句子逻辑关系。在审题的时候一定要抓住句子之间的逻辑词，转折或者并列。这就给我们答案的词的感情色彩定了一个基调。还有就是不要看插入语部分。一般来说，插入语部分都没有什么用，只有当你实在无法找到题目中的对应关系的时候再去看插入语，题目应该就会迎刃而解了。苏同学说：“要相信题目中一定有对应关系，因为ETS出题的逻辑性非常的好，不会给我们无关的答案，就算是那种真的有点问题的题目也只是会在加试中出现，不会给我们算分的。”

GRE高分考生教你如何备考填空

填空取得高分的关键还是在词汇，技巧其实不是很难。做填空时我一般先不看选项扫一遍题干，注意转折词，正负评价词，特性词等关键信息词，然后尽量推测出每个空的正负评价，如果可以的话，自己再推测出每个空的大致意思。好了，现在可以看选项了，跟自己推测的意思相近的选项直接可以选了，选出来的选项往往可以用于解其他空，剩下判断不了的空只有带选项进去，看看选项能不能跟题干中的某个同义部分产生对应呢?全部选项都选完了之后，再重新读一遍完整的句子，意思出来了，逻辑关系合理，OK，下一道吧。我的平均速度是等价和单空30s-40s,双空50s-60s,三空约一分半，这样的速度可以基本确保考试的时候即使遇到长阅读也可以做完。

对于V的目标在155左右的人，推荐填空做下OG，1014，verbal workout再加上各种模考就差不多够了，官方的题目要仔细分析，其他题目做一遍就可以。Princeton的题巩固词汇还是相当不错的。

对于V的目标在160以上的人，magoosh是必须的，magoosh的题目的思路确实很接近真题，可以很好地帮助你练习解题技巧并巩固词汇。

另外，我自己还做了一下Barron，感觉出的一般。个人不太推荐程圣元和绿皮书，毕竟老G和新G的题型思路都有了很大差别，程圣元的老G真题用途实在有限。绿皮书个人感觉SE改的过简单，双空题由于是老G连锁的题改过来的，思路和选项都有点怪。

未来，遥不可及却近在眼前，对未来，每个人都有着美好的憧憬与想象，只要最好规划，一步步的向前迈进，相信梦想离你就不会远!

篇9：托福阅读出题特点及练习方法

托福阅读内容解析：阅读出题特点及练习方法

一.托福阅读内容特点

1.新托福阅读考试的整体特点

题目大多为客观题，基本都可以在文章中找到答案的对应点。

新托福阅读的出题顺序和文章对应内容的顺序基本是一致的。

2.托福阅读具体套路

托福阅读文章中出现否定/转折句、因果句、举例句等逻辑关系比较明显的句子常考推断题或者插入文本题。

文章中出现含比较级和比喻的句子往往会考推断题。

文章中出现绝对性较大的词如must, all, only, never, always等;最高级词汇如highest, mostimportant等;同位语、插入语、举例句等，这些往往是出题的要点，一般考查细节性题目。

文章中出现并列、列举的信息，这些信息一般考细节性题目，尤其是否定排除题。该题型在题目的4个选项中有3个选项符合原文内容，只有一个选项不符合原文内容或者原文没有提到，题目便要求选出这个选项。这种题型只适合于考并列、列举信息。因此，考生们在答题过程中如果看到并列、列举信息就应该预想可能考否定排除题，或者遇到否定排除题时，在文章中定位信息时就应该注意找并列、列举信息。

文章每段的首尾句是特别重要的地方，因为英语中作者往往喜欢在段落的首尾句表达中心思想，或者进行总结综述。因此这些地方往往容易出主体性问题，如摘要题，细节性问题或者结构性问题。

二.托福阅读训练方法

1.如何做精读训练

词汇方面，扩大词汇量(8000个左右)，不仅要知道单词的汉语意思，还要掌握它的英语解释及其用法，尤其是单词在文章中的用法，有无特殊意义;熟练掌握猜测单词意思的技巧。

从语法和句型入手，提高长句短读的能力，对各种语法现象在思想表达方面的作用和相应的结构形式要熟悉。

从文章结构逻辑入手，理清作者思想发展的脉络，提炼各个段落的主题，清楚各个段落之间的关系，理解作者运用的事例和所阐述的问题观点之间的联系。

2.如何做泛读训练

选材要广泛，天文、地理、文化、历史、教育、艺术等内容都会在新托福阅读考题中涉及。推荐考生们多阅读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。

提高阅读速度，新托福阅读要求在20分钟内读完一篇650-750个单词的文章，因此考生的阅读速度必须提高。在阅读过程中，考生要按照意群去阅读，整篇文章一气呵成。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called social hormones, affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.

Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones. Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the queen substance produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate

(B) How pheromones are produced by insects

(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species

2. The word serve in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) improve

(B) function

(D) rely

3. The purpose of the second mention of hormones in line 4 is to point out

(A) chemical signals that are common among insects

(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals

(D) how insects produce different chemical substances