辅导与练习--学生常见的语言、语法错误
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篇1：辅导与练习--学生常见的语言、语法错误
具体内容：
符号的左边表示错误句子或短语，而符号右边表示正确的
（1）“a” vs. “an”冠词 a 和an的错用
an unified team a unified team
a ugly shirt an ugly shirt
a same book the same book
They ran restaurant. They ran a restaurant.
Do you have book? Do you have a book?
the nature nature
the France France
（2）open / closed spelling 单词的合与分
We lived there for awhile. We lived there for a while
Everyone of these cups is empty. Every one of these cups is empty.
I wish that some body would help me. I wish that somebody would help me.
（3）“some”or“any”是some还是any
He didn’t talk to somebody. He didn’t talk to anybody.
Would you like anything to drink? Would you like something to drink.?
（4）adverb placement 副词的位置错误
I walk hardly ever in the winter. I hardly ever walk in the winter.
He will get now the flu. He will get the flu now.
（5）adverbs or adjectives是形容词还是副词
He is extreme happy. He is extremely happy.
I felt true sorry for you. I felt truly sorry for you.
It cleans clothes good. It cleans clothes well.
I felt badly about his problem. I felt bad about his problem.
（6）agreement with“here”/“there”倒装句的谓语错误
Here comes the two men. Here come the two men.
She thought there were enough time. She thought there was enough time.
（7）comparative/ superlative比较级和最高级的错误
This is the most pretty doll of all. This is the prettiest doll of all.
My cat is more fat than my dog. My cat is fatter than my dog.
She is the fluentest in Russian. She is the most fluent in Russian.
（8）continuous or simple tense进行时态与一般时态的错误
You are believing her stories sometimes. You believe her stories sometimes.
Now I am understanding you. Now I understand you.
（9）double negatives双重否定的错误
I can’t hardly understand. I can’t understand. or I can hardly understand.
There is no doubt but that she will win. There is no doubt that she will win.
（10）idiomatic expressions短语的错误
In the other side or On the other side On the other hand
be interested with be interested in
compare against compare to
（11）infinitive or“ing”form? ‘to do’ 还是‘doing’
The student appreciated to get help. The student appreciated getting help.
Before to go to bed, he read. Before going to bed, he read.
The citizens refused paying higher taxes. The citizens refused to pay higher taxes.
（12）mass vs. count errors单复数的错误
I have so much deer! I have so many deer!
There are less mistakes in this document. There are fewer mistakes in this document.
Do you have any question? Do you have any questions? or Do you have a question?
His face lit with excitements. His face lit with excitement
（13）少介词
I don’t agree him. I don’t agree with him.
They arrived school on time. They arrived at school on time.
（14）pronoun errors代词的错误
between you and I between you and me
She visited me and my brother. She visited my brother and me.
a friend of me a friend of mine
（15）reflexive pronoun errors反身代词的错误
They have not known themselves for long. They have not known each other for long.
The dust accumulated itself in the corner. The dust accumulated in the corner.
I complained myself about the weather. I complained about the weather.
（16）sentences with “ if ” 条件状语从句中的错误
If we will go tomorrow, we will call. If we go tomorrow, we will call.
If we have bread, we could enjoy the meal. If we had bread, we could enjoy the meal.
（17）subject-verb agreement errors 主谓一致
The page of revisions are ready. The page of revisions is ready.
A number of important items remains. A number of important items remain.
Many belongs in this box. Many belong in this box.
Either the boy or the girl are giving the talk. Either the boy or the girl is giving the talk.
（18）verb tense时态的错误
The weather probably changes next month.
The weather probably will change next month.
He lived in Paris since 1984. He has lived in Paris since 1984.
He will call us when it will be ready. He will call us when it is ready.
（19）word order errors词序的错误
The both students wrote good papers. Both the students wrote good papers.
I lost my some money. I lost some of my money.
We found small various insects. We found various small insects.
The teacher was too much strict. The teacher was much too strict.
【典型例题】
改错
1. Hold it in your right hand, how I told you. ___as____按照……去做
2. How did you like a film? ___the ____
3. I think here’s the letter for you. _a___
4. The tomatoes are my favorite vegetable.去掉the
5. I am agree with you. 去掉am
6. I’ll phone you if I shall arrive. 去掉shall
7. He is 35 years. 在years 后边加old
8. Come at four o’clock to my office. 把 at four o’clock 放在句尾
9. You look beautifully. beautiful
【模拟试题】（答题时间：70分钟）
一. Find the word with a different sound in each group.
1. A. museum B. minute C. menu D. music
2. A. play B. plate C. make D. plant
3. A. hope B. hobby C. sorry D. holiday
4. A. knife B. life C. nine D. live
二. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
5. Help__________ to the fish, boys and girls.（yourself, yourselves）
6. These coins are___________（Tom and Mike, Tom’s and Mike’s）.
7. Some of the ___________ are very young.（teachers, teaching）
三. Choose the word or expression which is closest in meaning to the underlined part.
8. Perhaps the watch is his.
A. Maybe B. May be C. Can be D. Must be
9. Pleased to meet you.
A. Glad B. Sad C. Love D. Well
10. The weather there is quite cool.
A. quiet B. very C. quick D. fast
四. Fill in the blanks with the given words in their proper forms.
11. How well can you speak__________.（Japan）
12. My sister teaches__________ English.（she）
13. - What’s the weather like today?
- It’s__________.（cloud）
五. Choose the best answer.
14. It’s time _______ get up.
A. for B. to C. of D. in
15. There are three hands on _______ face.
A. it B. it’s C. these D. its
16. My father _______ football matches every week.
A. looks B. sees C. reads D. watches
17. _______ bats are these? Perhaps _______ hers.
A. Whose, it’s B. Whose, they’re C. Who, these are D. Who, are
18. They are reading _______ now.
A. Lesson Twelve B. the Lesson Twelve
C. Lesson Twelfth D. the Lesson Twelfth
19. - Who likes English?
- I _______.
A. am B. do C. like D. likes
20. What do you usually do _______ the weekend?
A. in B. at C. on D. for
21. Do you have any lessons _______ every day?
A. in B. on C. at D. /
22. _______ the night of October 1, we often watch fireworks.
A. In B. At C. For D. On
23. Spring and autumn _______ nice in Shanghai, _______ ?
A. are, is it B. are, are they C. is, isn’t it D. are, aren’t they
五. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in their proper forms.
24. Let Tom__________（clean）the fridge.
25. Mary__________（go）over the lessons every day.
26. Listen! Who___________（sing）an English song?
六. Rewrite the sentences as required.
27. It is hot today.（改为感叹句）
________ __________ it is today!
28. They often listen to tapes in their English class.（划线提问）
____________do they often ____________ in their English class?
29. The shirt is thirty Yuan.（划线提问）
__________ ____________ is the shirt?
30. We needn’t write it down in our notebook.（改为肯定句）
We_______ ____________it down in our notebook.
七. Match the following.
（A）
________ 31. May I leave the table?
_________ 32. Which one do you want?
_________ 33. Enjoy your time there.
________ 34. Would you like to play tennis with me?
_________ 35. How’s your father today?
（B）
A. The one on the desk. B. Yes, I'd love to.
C. He's better. Thanks. D. Yes, of course.
E. Thank you.
八. Read and choose.
（A）
One day, a teacher is giving a writing lesson to a class of boys. She tells them to write a composition about a football match. One of the boys writes a few words and puts down his pen. The teacher asks him, “ Why aren’t you writing? ”The boy says, “ May I give you my composition? ”So the teacher takes him exercise book. She sees this: “ Rain. No game.”
True or False?
_______ 36. The boys are having a reading class.
_______ 37. The teacher asks his pupils to write about a football game.
_______ 38. One of the boys doesn’t write a word.
_______ 39. The boy writes a good composition.
（B）
A cat catches a mouse. He wants to eat it. The mouse says to him, “ Everyone always washes hands and face before he eats. Why don’t you wash yourself first? ” The cat thinks that’s right. So he goes to wash himself. But the mouse runs away. The cat is very angry. He tells his story to all the other cats. They say, “ From now on, let’s eat first and then wash ourselves.”
Choose the correct answer.
40. What does a cat catch?
A. A toy. B. A bird. C. A ball. D. A mouse.
41. Does the cat go to wash himself?
A. Yes, he does. B. No, he doesn’t. C. Yes, he is. D. No, he isn’t.
42. The mouse runs away. How is the cat? He is _______.
A. happy B. angry C. helpful D. funny
43. Do you think the cat is clever?
A. Yes, I think so. B. No, I don’t think so.
C. Yes, I think. D. No, he isn’t.
【试题答案】
1-4 BDAD
5-7 yourselves, Tom’s and Mike’s, teachers
8-10 AAB 11. Japanese 12. herself 13. cloudy
14-18 BDDBA
19-23 BBDDD 24. clean 25. goes 26. is singing 27. How , hot
28. What do 29. How much 30. must write
31-35 DAEBC 36-39 FTFF 40-43 DABB
篇2：初二英语常见的语言语法错误教案
初二英语常见的语言语法错误教案
初二英语常见的语言语法错误教案 具体内容： > 符号的左边表示错误句子或短语，而符号右边表示正确的 （1）“a” vs. “an”冠词 a 和an的错用 an unified team > a unified team a ugly shirt > an ugly shirt a same book > the same book They ran restaurant. > They ran a restaurant. Do you have book? > Do you have a book? the nature > nature the France > France （2）open / closed spelling 单词的合与分 We lived there for awhile. > We lived there for a while Everyone of these cups is empty. > Every one of these cups is empty. I wish that some body would help me. > I wish that somebody would help me. （3）“some”or“any”是some还是any He didn’t talk to somebody. > He didn’t talk to anybody. Would you like anything to drink? > Would you like something to drink.? （4）adverb placement 副词的位置错误 I walk hardly ever in the winter. > I hardly ever walk in the winter. He will get now the flu. > He will get the flu now. （5）adverbs or adjectives是形容词还是副词 He is extreme happy. > He is extremely happy. I felt true sorry for you. > I felt truly sorry for you. It cleans clothes good. > It cleans clothes well. I felt badly about his problem. > I felt bad about his problem. （6）agreement with“here”/“there”倒装句的谓语错误 Here comes the two men. > Here come the two men. She thought there were enough time. > She thought there was enough time. （7）comparative/ superlative比较级和最高级的错误 This is the most pretty doll of all. > This is the prettiest doll of all. My cat is more fat than my dog. > My cat is fatter than my dog. She is the fluentest in Russian. > She is the most fluent in Russian. （8）continuous or simple tense进行时态与一般时态的错误 You are believing her stories sometimes. > You believe her stories sometimes. Now I am understanding you. > Now I understand you. （9）double negatives双重否定的'错误 I can’t hardly understand. > I can’t understand. or I can hardly understand. There is no doubt but that she will win. > There is no doubt that she will win. （10）idiomatic expressions短语的错误 In the other side or On the other side > On the other hand be interested with > be interested in compare against > compare to （11）infinitive or“ing”form? ‘to do’ 还是‘doing’ The student appreciated to get help. > The student appreciated getting help. Before to go to bed, he read. > Before going to bed, he read. The citizens refused paying higher taxes. > The citizens refused to pay higher taxes. （12）mass vs. count errors单复数的错误 I have so much deer! > I have so many deer! There are less mistakes in this document. > There are fewer mistakes in this document. Do you have any question? > Do you have any questions? or Do you have a question? His face lit with excitements. > His face lit with excitement （13）少介词 I don’t agree him. > I don’t agree with him. They arrived school on time. >They arrived at school on time. （14）pronoun errors代词的错误 between you and I > between you and me She visited me and my brother. > She visited my brother and me. a friend of me > a friend of mine （15）reflexive pronoun errors反身代词的错误 They have not known themselves for long. > They have not known each other for long. The dust accumulated itself in the corner. > The dust accumulated in the corner. I complained myself about the weather. > I complained about the weather. （16）sentences with “ if ” 条件状语从句中的错误 If we will go tomorrow, we will call. > If we go tomorrow, we will call. If we have bread, we could enjoy the meal. > If we had bread, we could enjoy the meal. （17）subject-verb agreement errors 主谓一致 The page of revisions are ready. > The page of revisions is ready. A number of important items remains. > A number of important items remain. Many belongs in this box. > Many belong in this box. Either the boy or the girl are giving the talk. > Either the boy or the girl is giving the talk. （18）verb tense时态的错误 The weather probably changes next month. > The weather probably will change next month. He lived in Paris since 1984. > He has lived in Paris since 1984. He will call us when it will be ready. > He will call us when it is ready. （19）word order errors词序的错误 The both students wrote good papers. > Both the students wrote good papers. I lost my some money. > I lost some of my money. We found small various insects. > We found various small insects. The teacher was too much strict. > The teacher was much too strict. 【典型例题】 改错 1. Hold it in your right hand, how I told you. ___as____按照……去做 2. How did you like a film? ___the ____ 3. I think here’s the letter for you. _a___ 4. The tomatoes are my favorite vegetable.去掉the 5. I am agree with you. 去掉am 6. I’ll phone you if I shall arrive. 去掉shall 7. He is 35 years. 在years 后边加old 8. Come at four o’clock to my office. 把 at four o’clock 放在句尾 9. You look beautifully. beautiful 【模拟试题】（答题时间：70分钟） 一. Find the word with a different sound in each group. 1. A. museum B. minute C. menu D. music 2. A. play B. plate C. make D. plant 3. A. hope B. hobby C. sorry D. holiday 4. A. knife B. life C. nine D. live 二. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. 5. Help__________ to the fish, boys and girls.（yourself, yourselves） 6. These coins are___________（Tom and Mike, Tom’s and Mike’s）. 7. Some of the ___________ are very young.（teachers, teaching） 三. Choose the word or expression which is closest in meaning to the underlined part. 8. Perhaps the watch is his. A. Maybe B. May be C. Can be D. Must be 9. Pleased to meet you. A. Glad B. Sad C. Love D. Well 10. The weather there is quite cool. A. quiet B. very C. quick D. fast 四. Fill in the blanks with the given words in their proper forms. 11. How well can you speak__________.（Japan） 12. My sister teaches__________ English.（she） 13. ― What’s the weather like today? ― It’s__________.（cloud） 五. Choose the best answer. 14. It’s time _______ get up. A. for B. to C. of D. in 15. There are three hands on _______ face. A. it B. it’s C. these D. its 16. My father _______ football matches every week. A. looks B. sees C. reads D. watches 17. _______ bats are these? Perhaps _______ hers. A. Whose, it’s B. Whose, they’re C. Who, these are D. Who, are 18. They are reading _______ now. A. Lesson Twelve B. the Lesson Twelve C. Lesson Twelfth D. the Lesson Twelfth 19. ― Who likes English? ― I _______. A. am B. do C. like D. likes 20. What do you usually do _______ the weekend? A. in B. at C. on D. for 21. Do you have any lessons _______ every day? A. in B. on C. at D. / 22. _______ the night of October 1, we often watch fireworks. A. In B. At C. For D. On 23. Spring and autumn _______ nice in Shanghai, _______ ? A. are, is it B. are, are they C. is, isn’t it D. are, aren’t they 五. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in their proper forms. 24. Let Tom__________（clean）the fridge. 25. Mary__________（go）over the lessons every day. 26. Listen! Who___________（sing）an English song? 六. Rewrite the sentences as required. 27. It is hot today.（改为感叹句） ________ __________ it is today! 28. They often listen to tapes in their English class.（划线提问） ____________do they often ____________ in their English class? 29. The shirt is thirty Yuan.（划线提问） __________ ____________ is the shirt? 30. We needn’t write it down in o篇3：浅谈初中学生英语写作中的常见语法错误与对策
浅谈初中学生英语写作中的常见语法错误与对策
文/邢 群
摘 要：通过分析初中生英语作文中常见的语法错误，探究如何减少避免写作中的语法失分，从而提高英语写作水平。
篇4：浅谈初中学生英语写作中的常见语法错误与对策
一、中考中对写作的要求
开始上海市中考英语试卷writing（写作）分值调整为20分，其中内容分为8分，语言分为8分，组织结构分为4分。中考中对写作的三方面能力一般要求为：
内容：切题、充实、不写废话；意思连贯，表达清楚、准确、完整。
语言：基本正确；用语规范，无或少见语法错误；拼写、大小写和标点正确。
结构：词汇和句型句式运用恰当自如；文中有值得肯定的好的句型和表达形式。
通过对中考英语写作三方面能力的要求分析，笔者发现，在内容上切题对于学生来说不是一个很难的问题，中考要求英语写话至少60字，学生英语写作受中文写作的影响较大，所以对于一篇60~100字的英语作文，在内容的切题和充实上应该不是问题。近年来中考作文题目也很贴近学生生活，发挥的空间也很广泛，学生是有话可写的。然而通过近年来英语写作的教学实践和学情分析，笔者发现在英语写作时，学生在语言点上的失分却十分严重，因为语法功底的薄弱，很难拿到语言分中的8分和结构分上的4分。初中学生还属于英语初学者，语言功底尚浅，所以笔者认为，英语的写作中最需要解决的问题还是词汇和语法的问题。对于大多数初中学生来说，写作的主要障碍在于单词和语法，这是英语写作中最基本的问题，只有解决了这个问题，学生在写作上才能有更高层次的发展。
在英语写作中，初学者常常会犯各种各样的语法错误，因而为了提高初中学生的英语写作水平，对于学生在写作是常见的错误进行分析就很有必要。
二、初中学生在英语写作中的常见语法错误
（一）主谓不一致
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系。最基本的原则是：单数主语用单数动词，复数主语用复数动词。但是中国学生由于受到母语中文无人称、数、时态的变化这一影响，经常会犯主谓不一致的错误。如，在上海版牛津英语6A Unit2 I have a good friend一单元中，教师要求学生以“My good friend”为题写话，学生普遍的书面表达错误如下：
（错误）He always help other people.（主语单数he，谓语用复数help，所以为错误的句子）
（正确）He always helps other people.
（错误）She never tell lies.（主语单数she，谓语用复数tell，所以为错误的句子）
（正确）She never tells lies.
此类错误在学生习作中屡见不鲜，可以说主谓不一致是初中学生在语法中常犯的一个错误。
（二）词类误用
词类，是指词的'基本类型。英语语法将英语词分为十类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、连词、介词、感叹词、冠词和数词（张道真，1995）。由于中英文词汇的词类和意义并无完全一一对应的关系，所以准确把握和应用所有英语词的词类是中国学生英语学习的一个难点。词类误用在初中生的英语写作中更是频频出现。
1.名词与形容词的误用
例如，在初三阶段的一次单元测验中，遇到“…bring（s）me happiness”一篇写作练习，学生突出的语法错误为：I am happiness.I live in a happiness family.（此两处的主要语法错误就是词类误用，happiness是一个名词，然而在be动词后应该使用形容词；而且family是一个名词，也应该用形容词来修饰，两处均误用名词修饰，犯了错误。正确的句子应该是：I am happy.I live in a happy family.）
又如，在习作“Talent in my eyes”一文中，学生通常会用“What can you learn from him/her？”这个问题来结束全文，但是对于这个问题的回答，却错误百出，如：I can learn helpful from her.I can learn brave from him.（此两处也属于词类误用，在动词learn后是不可以使用形容词的。）
2.代词的误用
代词几乎是学生每一篇习作中都会使用到的词类。但是代词的误用在同一词类词汇的误用中占的比例最大。初中学生的习作中经常会有如下错误：
I like he.（like是动词，动词后应该用人称代词的宾格形式，所以正确的句子应该是I like him.）
She’s name is Susan.（name是一个名词，需要用形容词性的物主代词来修饰，所以正确的句子应该是：Her name is Susan.）
She teaches our English.（动词teach后接双宾语，应该是teach sb sth，所以正确的句子应该是：She teaches us English.）
I usually play badminton with she.（with是一个介词，根据语法规则，介词后用人称代词的宾格，所以正确的句子为：I usually play badminton with her.）
（三）冠词使用错误
1.定冠词the多余或者遗漏
Many tourists usually visit Great Wall.（定冠词the遗漏，有普通名词构成的专有名词前要加the）
Tourists usually visit the Yu Garden.（定冠词the多余）
2.a与an之间使用错误
What a honest boy he is!（honest的首字母是辅音字母，但是h不发音，这个单词是以元音开头的，所以应该用an。）
It is a indoor activity.（此处indoor也发元音，也应该使用an，而不是a）
（四）名词单复数错误
1.修饰可数名词时，a/an与s同时使用，单复数混乱
I like reading a books.（a使用多余）
It is a happy things.（s使用多余）
2.不可数名词前加a/an，或不可数名词后加s
He always helps me with my homeworks.（homework不可数，不可数名词不可加s）
3.可数名词没有a/an或s修饰
Playing football is outdoor activity.（an遗漏）
I think reading book can make us clever.（可数名词book的出现既没有加a/an，也没有加s，此处应该在book后加s）
（五）介词使用错误
对于初中学生来说，他们的语法意识不强，对于英语写作中的小细节随意性很强，他们在介词上常见的错误有：介词与动词搭配错误：表达时间或地点时，介词in，on，at滥用等。在写作中，经常能见到学生写出下列错句，如，
She usually helps me at my homework.（此处动词help通常与with搭配，不与at搭配使用）
In that day，I received a lot of things from my friends and classmates.（在那一天我们通常表达成on that day，而不是in that day）
（六）动词使用错误
动词是英语词类中的大家族。动词在英语写作中的作用十分重要。初中学生在写作时动词的使用对他们来说是个难点。因此，所犯错误也较多，其中主要是主谓结构使用错误、非谓语的使用错误和时态错误。
1.主谓结构使用错误，造成句子成分多余或残缺
We were bought a big cake.（一个简单句一般只有一个主谓结构，此处句子中谓语动词有两个，其中were多余，应该删除。）
Don’t unhappy.（一个简单句中必须有一个谓语动词，此句缺少谓语动词，应该在unhappy前加一个be动词。）
I can entering a key high school.（此处句子的谓语动词使用错误，情态动词can后应该加动词原形，所以此句应该改为：I can enter a key high school.）
I should be help others.（此处谓语动词多余，应该去掉be动词。）
2.非谓语动词使用错误
I like play basketball.（like后的动词一般使用动名词形式，但受母语的表达习惯的影响，学生会忽视其中的语法规则，很多情况下like后面的动词都不加-ing。此处应该改为：I like playing basketball.）
One of my classmates saw an old man was sat on the ground.（表示看见某人正在做某事时，应该用see sb doing sth，所以此处应该改为：One of my classmates saw an old man sitting on the ground.）
Do exercise is important to us.（动词作主语，一般要把动词变成动名词的形式，所以此处应该是：Doing exercise is important to us.）
3.时态错误
I am playing football three times a week.（three times a week这个时间状语通常与一般现在时连用，所以正确的句子应该是：I play football three times a week.）
Last year，I have been to Shanghai with my parents.（现在完成时不能与last year连用，所以此句可以改为：I have been to Shanghai.Last year，I went there with my parents.）
三、应对初中生写作中错误的对策
（一）给学生提供修改作文的标准和提示，让学生养成良好的自我纠错习惯
学生作文中通常有较多的错误，但并非所有的错误都是真正的错误（error），而是失误（mistake）。失误是由于笔误或粗心造成的，可以避免。因此，教师有必要要求学生在上交作文前，充分利用所学的语言知识检查和修改自己的作文，少出和不出错误。所以笔者认为，写作后，上交作文前自我检查纠错的习惯，可以有效避免学生写作中的常见错误，但是如何检查自己的作文，学生通常没有一定的标准和提示。
（二）注重积累学生习作中语法错误的通病，有主题地进行不同类型的改错练习
学生的自我纠错能力不是一朝一夕能够培养出来的，它需要学生具有扎实的语法功底及大量反复的练习。为此，针对学生在实际写作中的常见错误，进行有主题的改错练习就十分有必要。教师在平时的教学中，应该注意积累学生写作中的各种语法错误，并有意识地分析这些错误，将错误归类，找出学生犯错的原因，每次针对某一个问题，有主题地进行纠正，有效解决问题。有研究表明：“纠错过程是学生的认知转变过程，能否成功取决于是否有足够的认知操作来实现这一转变，它需要学生在纠错过程中有足够的心理注意和心理投入，增强学生心理注意的有效方法是选择性纠错。选择纠错最显著的特点是缩小学生的注意力范围，让学生的注意力集中于某一个或几个错误的语法点上，有利于记忆。”所以，笔者认为，根据初中学生英语写作中的常见语法错误，可以进行不同主题的改错练习，如专门进行主谓不一致的改错，代词的改错，非谓语动词的改错，主谓结构的改错，时态的改错，名词单复数的改错等。
（三）结合英语写作中的常见错误，有效开发课程资源，系统性地进行语法知识教学
近年来，我国进行了新一轮的国家基础教育课程改革，制定了新的《义务教育英语课程标准》。课程标准对于英语的课程观，语言观，语言教学观有了崭新的诠释。它改变了以往英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授的理念，提倡全新的任务型教学模式。借助二期课改的契机所引入的《初中牛津英语教材》便很好地体现了这一理念。牛津教材的编写主要以“话题”为主线，通过课堂的学习，学生在听说能力上得到了一定的提高和锻炼，但在语法知识的学习上却不够系统，语法知识贫乏。因此，笔者认为，从初中低年级开始，有效地整合开发教学资源，系统地进行语法知识教学，对于英语写作有很大的帮助。
1.进行系统的基本语法知识教学
帮助学生学习了解初中九大词类及其用法：名词、动词、代词、数词、介词、连词形容词、副词、冠词等；掌握最基本的句子成分，会对英语句子进行成分分析，找出句子中的主谓宾、定状补等句子关键成分；能正确地运用英语中最基本的八种时态；掌握初中最基本的五种句子类型：简单句、并列句、复合句、状语从句、宾语从句等。
2.有效开发整合课程资源，注重语法教学的有效性、交际性、系统性、趣味性等
Celce-Murcia在其语法教学策略有效性对比表中，表示在语法教学中，交际教学活动比非交际教学活动更有效（隐性教学）。如下表（根据Celce-Murcia，1985，转引自Stern1992：43）
根据上述理论，笔者认为《中学生英语写作新视野》（Linda Lonon Blanton）和《如何通过课堂活动教语法》（Penny Ur）等书籍材料都是适合开发利用的语法及写作教学资源。当然关于语法教学是采用显性方式还是隐性方式，各专家学者意见不一，研究成果也颇有争议。具体采用何种教学方法还应根据学习者的具体情况而定，在平时的教学中坚持全面的原则，即按照隐性教学和显性教学相结合的原则，因材施教，灵活变通。
语言的输出需要一定的积累，所以在英语写作中，词汇、句子、语篇的积累就显得十分重要。对于单词的记忆，笔者认为，可以让学生根据词类分类，将动词、形容词、副词等进行分类背诵，这样有助于学生有效分析句子成分，避免词类误用等问题。为了让学生避免“中式英文”的问题，除了让学生了解一定的语法规则外，也应该关注教材中地道的英语句子，在教学中让学生分析，让学生进行反复读背和默写等活动。
参考文献：
［1］司显柱。英语写作教材新编［M］。上海：东华大学出版社，.
［2］王蔷。英语教学策略论［M］。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，.
（作者单位 上海市奉贤区平安学校）
篇5： 《小学生常见心理问题解析与辅导》读后感
心理健康是小学生健康、快乐成长的首要条件，直接影响着孩子的生活和学习。王校长名师工作室申报了省级课题《小学各学科渗透心理健康教育教育的方法研究》，作为课题组成员，王校长赠予了一本《小学生常见心理问题解析与辅导》，乍一看是一本理论性书籍，但仔细翻阅非常有价值，书中列举了小学生常见的心理问题，并结合理论分析了存在问题的原因和解决策略。我觉得这本书对于从事小学语文教学和班主任工作有着极其重要的作用，于是我读了一遍又一遍，遇到具体问题时还时常在书中查阅。
初次拿到此书时，我就在想小学生为什么会产生心理问题呢？通过学习阅读，原来小学生产生心理问题都是有一定的原因。一是个体原因。因为小学生年龄小、阅历浅、知识少，不善于用理智控制自己的情绪，感情不稳定，因此经不起外界的诱惑，在环境消极因素的影响下，容易形成狭隘的意识和不良的心态。具体说来，小学生心理产生心理问题的个体原因包括性格缺陷、能力缺陷、认知偏差、学习紧张、体弱多病。二是家庭原因。现代家庭中，不合理的期望致使许多父母在教育子女问题上有以下两种态度：第一种态度是对子女要求过高，在教育方法上苛刻，甚至有时不分场合当面训斥、打骂子女，要求子女绝对服从。这样会使子女自尊心受到伤害，心理压力过大，最终形成忧郁、孤僻、退缩、逆反心理。第二种态度是对子女娇惯溺爱，百依百顺，这容易是子女产生自私自利、任性、蛮横、懒惰和依赖等不良心理。这两种截然不同的教育方式，对少年儿童正常心理的发展都是有害的。主要因素包括父母没有尽到监护人的职责；家长的素质水平不足以指导、教育孩子；家长对孩子严无“度”，爱无“方”；父母不尊重孩子的人格，难以与孩子沟通思想。三是学校成因。学校是培养人才，使学生德、智、体、美、劳等全面发展的教育场所，让小学生形成良好的品格和健康心理，这是小学教育教学义不容辞的责任。但是当前的学校教育中还潜藏着一些影响学生心理健康的因素，主要是学习负担过重、教师教育方法失当、心理辅导少之又少。四是社会原因。现在的社会风气不尽人意，歪风邪气尚有一定的市场。影视、网络的普及，给部分儿童的虚拟情感走向极端创造了可能。
这一切严重影响了小学生心理的健康发展，促成了一系列不健康心理。所以我们经常能看到有些孩子学习困难、拖欠作业、缺乏自信、不能融洽地与同学相处、与家长发生冲突、心胸狭窄、遇事犹豫不决、孤僻、害羞、胆怯、说谎、骂人、打架、没有上进心等等，若有这些现象就说明孩子心理是存在问题的。调查显示，目前我国小学生心理健康问题日益严重，有近二分之一的小学生存在各种适应性心理问题。首先是学习方面的问题，比较突出的缺乏学习自信、厌学和学习困难；其次是不良性格与不良行为，突出的性格问题是依赖、固执、任性，行为问题表现在骂人、说谎、注意力不集中和考试作弊；第三是心理承受力差，遇到困难绕着走，一点委屈、挫折也受不了，很难独立面对生活和学习中的各种难题；除此之外，小学生在情绪、人际交往方面也存在非常明显的适应性心理问题，人际交往方面的突出问题是自我为中心、不遵守集体规则。
我原以为心理问题与我们的孩子太远，读了这些，我真的感觉问题日益严重，不仅在学校学生中，就连在自己的孩子的身上也仿佛看到了问题的影子，作为家长、教师我们必须重视起来，必须要科学、有效的引导孩子走出心理问题的`影子。因此“如何找到对策帮助孩子健康成长？”这个问题又促使我不断的阅读。
任何事情既然有形成和发展的过程，就必然能找到预防和矫治的方法与措施。对小学生进行心理辅导，需要家长、学校、社会及有关部门都要来重视小学生的心理辅导。作为学校来说应该采取以下对策：一是遵循“面向全体、宽容、保密、持续”的原则。每个学生都会出现不同程度的心理问题，因此，为应对心理问题而采取的心理辅导，要面向全体学生。宽容地对待每一个学生，宽容地对待每一个学生的一切。学生对教师敞开心扉，教师一定要保密。二是采用具体的心理辅导途径和方法。通过专题讲座、专题活动等方式进行团体辅导，建立心理辅导室，接受学生的主动咨询。做好个案教育，记录一定要真实；采用问卷调查、测试纸等手段充分了解学生群体现状，而后找出存在普遍意义的问题；开设心理健康课程，帮助学生了解心理科学知识，掌握一定的心理调节技术。
作为每个家庭也应采取相应的对策。首先家长应积极配合学校心理辅导。建议家庭教育要重视培养孩子美好的心灵，因为幼稚的心灵更需要关心；要倾听孩子说话，特别是内向的孩子，家长更要予以重视，鼓励孩子多说话；其次是把握好宽容与约束，应平等地对待孩子，在宽容孩子的同时要给孩子必要的的约束；再者就是父母要树立正确的教育观，用科学的方法指导子女的成长；最后父母要慎重对待离婚，离婚就打破了原有家庭的宁静，使子女得不到完整的父爱或母爱，不好子女因此开始心理扭曲，作为父母，我们应该给孩子创造一个良好的家庭生活环境，这是我们的责任所在。
作为学生自身来讲，也可以采取一定的对策进行自我调节。一是积极参加集体活动和社会交往，并不断优化完善自己的行为和习惯。有计划、有目的地参加一些集体活动和社会交往，如夏令营、手拉手活动、体育比赛、文艺活动等，只有这样，才能更好地培养多种多样的兴趣和爱好，从而形成并长期保持积极乐观的心态。二是学习一些简单有效的自我心理辅导方法。比如：学会放松，通过想象、转移注意力、调整呼吸、体育活动、听音乐、唱歌、阅读、睡觉等方式让自己放松下来；与人谈心，在学校可以找老师、心理辅导老师谈心，在家里可以找长辈、亲友谈心、拨打心理咨询电话等；学习写日记或周记，学会用笔与自己谈心，把心灵的轨迹用文字描述下来；要善于求助，寻找社会支持，面对压力、困惑，要寻找心理支持。
看来，只要我们掌握调节和预防儿童心理健康的方法，也能让孩子健康、快乐的成长。但是作为教师或家长，我们必须深刻反思的教育行为，很多时候其实都是由于教育方式不当，采用传统的“压制式”教育方式，造成了孩子心理阴影或助长了孩子的不良习惯。读完这本书，我觉得在教育孩子时很多方式还需要继续优化，在课堂教学中尽力针对孩子成长中的心理问题设计恰当的教学环节，让孩子们在语言文字中感受幸福、享受快乐。
篇6： 《小学生常见心理问题解析与辅导》读后感
对于当下小学生普遍存在的写作业慢，上课注意力不集中的原因，丁教授从理论上、日常生活案例中有针对性的进行了讲解。如首先要明确学习目的，培养学习兴趣。其次，要建立稳定良好的家庭关系及和谐的师生关系。再次，培养良好的行为习惯。最后，要关注儿童的感觉训练。
关注孩子的人际交往问题。由于目前的小学生绝大多数为独生子女，他们在家庭交往的对象多为成人，在这种不协调的交往中，孩子常常是在“以自己为中心”的“顺境”下生活的，因此，学生普遍存在着较任性、固执、依赖性强的特点。当他们进入一个新的集体中后，在集体中的位置已改变，但仍然以自我为中心去与人交往，因而在与他人交往中常常是惟我独尊，不能善解人意；遇到困难不能克服，也不想克服，缺乏自信心，从而致使小学生不能也不会与人正常交往。在与他人接触中常出现过重的恐惧感，过强的防范心理，其结果是封闭自己。因此，小学期间，教师应注意公正公平对待学生，注重对他们的引导启发。
要根据孩子心理特点，积极开展心理咨询和健康教育。
心理咨询。应有专业培训的教师和专门场所，场所应有固定的开放时间，其环境布置除了符合心理辅导的要求，还要增加儿童的特点，让小学生一进门便喜欢它，场所的名称可以童趣化。
健康教育可采取授课、专题讲座、主题活动等方式灵活进行，为学生提供全面的帮助，激发其群体向上的精神，要着力培养良好的班级气氛，使学生建立平等和谐的人际关系。
测试与矫治。采用问卷调查、测试纸等手段充分了解学生群体现状，而后找出存在普遍意义的问题。测试量表宜采用心理专家提供的专门设计的量表，一般不提倡使用自己设计的心理调查表。测试的数据资料仅供参考而已，所有的数据都不可全信，因为学生是活生生的人，是不可能用数据表现的。通过测试调查发现的问题，及时进行团体辅导、心理辅导等，进行必要的预防和矫治，促进小学生整体发展。
开设心理健康教育课。开设心理健康课程，帮助小学生了解心理科学知识，掌握一定的心理调节技术，掌握一些转移情绪、宣泄痛苦、克服自卑、树立自信等心理调节手段，防患于未然。
【辅导与练习--学生常见的语言、语法错误】相关文章：
5.学生辅导计划
9.《与练习》教案
10.常见学生作文评语
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