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小学英语重要句法以及常考题型总结

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小学英语重要句法以及常考题型总结

篇1：小学英语重要句法以及常考题型总结

句法

1.陈述句

(1)肯定句：是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子，如：I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.

There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.

(2)否定句：含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子，如：I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.

He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.

He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.

2. 疑问句

一般疑问句：是指询问事实的句子，此类句子必须用“yes”，或“no”来回答。

特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么，不能用“yes 、no”来回答。

3.There be句型

There be 句型与have, has的区别

1.There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)

2.在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。

3.there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。

4.there be句型与have(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。

5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。

6.and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。

7.针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：

How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?

How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?

8.针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：

What’s + 介词短语?

常考题型

一、听力

1.听句子中的单词，或者直接听单词

2.根据听到的内容选择相应的回答的句子

3.选出与听到的句子相同意思的句子

4.听短文，判断正误。

二、语音：选出与画线部分相同的读音

三、用所给词的正确形式填空

四、单项选择

五、把句子连成一段话

六、完形填空

七、根据图片内容，完成对话

八、阅读理解：1.选出正确的答案。2，判断正误。3，回答问题。

九、改错

十、书面表达：作文

篇2：英语四级写作常考题型及写作思路

四级写作常考话题主要为两类：校园类和社会类。校园话题含绿色校园、选修课、社团活动等;社会话题为博物馆、环境、娱乐活动等。

四级写作体裁有三种：论说文、应用文及图表作文。1990年至42次四级写作中三种体裁的分布如下：

可见，四级写作考察重点是论说文。其中，近12次四级考试中论说文考了10次，应用文2次，图表作文0次。因此，建议复习重点为论说文。

论说文有三种：问题解决型、观点对比型和现象描述型。其中问题解决型作文是近年考察重点(5次)，其次是观点对比型(3次)和现象描述型(2次)。

论说文建议采用三段式写作思路。

(1)观点对比型：该类作文是重点备考类型，理由如下： 12月至月连续五次均考“问题解决型”作文，改换类型几率较高。接下来，请关注一下该类作文命题形式的变化。

下面，以206月份真题为例介绍该类作文的最新破题思路

年6月英文题目：Recreational activities

提纲：

1、娱乐活动多种多样

2、娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性

3、作为大学生我的看法

例文：

首段：描述现象+ 观点阐述(利)+原因

Living in the era of information and technology, individuals have access to a variety of recreational activities. Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary for people to participate in these activities, because they bring convenience and benefits. In their eyes, without these activities, it is impossible for them to ease their working and studying pressure. Moreover, what makes them convinced is that enjoying recreational time is of great significance for them to make friends.

二段：观点阐述(弊) +原因

Beneficial as these activities are, others have an opposite perspective. First, they argue that taking part in them means a great amount of time, money and energy; therefore, their work may be afflicted. In addition, what worries many parents or teachers is that some games (gambling or computer games) may have negative influences on teenagers’ learning.

尾段：我的看法(观点阐述)+具体说明(理由)

Who is right? I think there is something right in both arguments. However, I am convinced that we should attach more importance to our study or work firstly. Then, we are also expected to get relaxed through positive recreational activities.

(2)问题解决型：问题解决型作文是近年重点，也是206月四级备考次重点。其写作思路一般可以总结为：现象(问题)描述+原因(危害)分析+建议措施(我的看法)。

以年6月份真题为例介绍该类题型的破题思路。

2010年6月英文题目：Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling

汉语提纲1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写。

2.出现这种情况的原因。

3.如何避免这一问题

例文：

首段：问题描述 = 背景+描述+总结

In the present-day world, English has become indispensable. However, it can be noticed that learners pay less attention to spelling than ever before. Therefore, this problem has become a matter of concern for teachers and students.

中间段：原因分析= 主题句+原因1+原因2

Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. To begin with, while writing, students tend to type on computers, which can correct spelling mistakes automatically. In addition, most English tests are based on choosing correct answers, in which spelling is not a necessity.

尾段：建议措施= 主题句+建议1+建议2

To tackle this issue, I am convinced that “Practice makes perfect.” First, all English learners C students from primary schools, middle schools and colleges C are highly hoped to practice word-spelling. Second, it is suggested that English exams should be reformed, in which correct spelling should be a basic requirement.

(3) 现象描述型：该类作文针对社会或者校园话题(非负面问题)展开讨论，在近年考查较少。12月就是典型的现象描述型作文，真题如下：

英文题目：What Electives to Choose

汉语提纲：1. 各学校开设了各种各样的选修课

2. 学生选课有不同的原因

3. 就我而言

下面以一道四级模拟题为例说明该类作文的破题思路，题目如下：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1. 越来越多的人从事志愿者工作

2. 志愿者工作的社会意义

3. 作为大学生，应该怎么做

范文：

首段：现象描述= 引入现象+具体描述+总结现象

In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters. According to a survey, in 2010, there were about 70,000 volunteers who offered service for Shanghai World Expo. Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.

中间段：意义阐述= 主题句 + 具体意义

Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both volunteers and the society. For volunteers, these activities provide wide opportunities for them enrich their social experience, as well as to cultivate their awareness of responsibility. For the society as a whole, volunteers have been playing an active role in constructing a more harmonious society. It is their contribution that makes our society more livable.

尾段：我的看法(观点阐述)= 主题句+具体建议

As modern college students, we are well-advised to get actively involved in volunteering activities. By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability. Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth. So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow. 以上三种体裁的写作从段落层面上来看就是现象描述段、原因分析、问题(危害)分析、意义阐述、建议措施和观点阐述段等六种功能段落的排列组合。因此，当考生无法识别该考题为哪一类型时，可按照段落层面进行破题。

(4)例文点评及高分作文特征：内容切题、结构清晰和语言精彩。

按照大纲规定，写作从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。想在写作部分取得理想分数，考生需从三方面入手：内容切题、结构清晰和语言精彩。三方面中，内容切题是基本要求，结构清晰体现在段落层面上有清晰的写作思路，语言精彩是写作本质要求。在满足前两个条件的基础上，语言质量最终决定写作成绩的高低。

语言精彩表现在三个方面：遣词、造句、连贯。概括为：句子结构词多变、起承转合逻辑显。遣词：例文用词有一定的广度和深度。广度(variety)：广泛使用多种不同形式的词汇表达，如同义词、同根词、同一范畴内的上义词、下义词和相关词汇，以及代词替换等。深度(academic)：选择用词方面不一定要字字珠玑，但最后有一些亮点词汇的点缀，如：important 可以替换为 indispensable;more and more people 可以替换为 an increasing number of people, I think that 可以替换为 I am convinced that等等。

造句：例文句子结构富有变化，如：长短句结合、被动句、定语从句、名词性从句、强调句式、同位语等。

连贯：体现在起承转合的逻辑关系词上：如，moreover, to begin with, however, so, first, second等词语的运用使逻辑思路清晰可见。

(5)应用文和图表作文的复习：应用文和图表作文的写作虽非近年考查重点，但它们是考试大纲和教学大纲中规定的考查内容，应该全面复习。

应用文的写作复习重点在于掌握其格式(如，书信、通知、海报、交通事故见证书、演讲词)、开头和结尾的惯用表达方式。若应用文给出提纲，则只需在满足格式要求的前提下，按照提纲要求进行写作即可。值得一提的是四级考试之中的应用文复习对于现行的研究生入学英语考试写作部分小作文很有帮助。

图表作文是近年四级写作出现频率最低的一类作文，最近一次考查是6月。建议在考前复习首段图表描述的写法，该类作文其他段落的写法与论说文无异。

篇3：雅思英语常考题型及解题步骤

雅思英语常考题型及解题步骤

paragraph headings最频繁的题型之一

在阅读文章的后面给出list of headings,一般是10个左右选项，其中含一到两个段落及其标题的例子。要求对题目中给出的`段落，根据其内容找出与其相匹配的段落标题。尽管题目说明中提示一个选项可能会适用多个，但正式考试中一般一个选项只能用于一个段落。

段落标题类答题步骤：

1.首先在list of headings中划去做为例子的heading 或headings，以免在根据段落内容在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题时，它会干扰考试者对其他headings的选择。

2.在文章中把做为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子段落进行不必要的精读。

3.对题目中给出的段落，按照首句、末句和中间句寻找主题句的方法，在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。

4.如果时间允许，按照文章的段落顺序，对非题目中给出的段落及例子段落进行快速阅读，而对题目中给出并要求找出与其相匹配的段落标题的段落进行精读。找出其中心意思后，再在list of headings中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。

5.选出几个可能匹配的题目进行比较，当然其中只能有一个为正确答案。

6.对于第一种匹配题型可以将最难的题留在最后进行匹配，不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即为该难题的答案。

篇4：考研数学：常考十大高频题型总结

考研数学：常考十大高频题型总结

考研的各门科目中，考研数学考试综合性强、知识覆盖面广、难度大，应及早复习为佳。与考研英语相比，考研数学只要方法得当，提高分数相对要快一些。高等数学是考研数学内容最多的一部分，所以高等数学的分量也就显得尤为重要。

考研教育网编辑团队在此总结考研高等数学常考的高频十大题型，望大家总结每种题型要用到的知识点、技巧和解题思路，考试中这种题型形成定势思维。

1.求幂指函数的三种未定式“”，运用抬头法转为基本未定式，然后再利用罗必达法则和等价无穷小量求极限。

2.求最值、极值或证明不等式，运用函数的导数，借助单调性研究问题。

3.微积分中值定理的运用，运用找原函数法（积分法）、公式法或者经验法等构造辅助函数证明。

4.二重积分的计算，运用“-型（先Y后X），-型（先X后Y），-型（先后）”。

5.常微分方程问题。可分离变量方程、齐次方程、一阶线性微分方程等的通解、特解及线性方程解的性质和结构、常系数线性方程求解问题。

6.求抽象函数的二阶混合偏导数，运用复合函数的`链式法则和隐函数求导法则。

7.多元函数的极值，运用拉格朗日函数乘数法。

8.判断常数项级数的敛散性及求和。

9.求幂级数的收敛半径和收敛域、和函数及函数的幂级数展开、傅里叶级数。

10.曲线积分和曲面积分的计算。

篇5：证券从业资格考试近年常考题型总结

根据重大时间、地点、人物、事件出题如就深、沪证券交易所的成立时间，可以出判断题、单选题，就世界第一个证券交易所成立的时间、地点可以出单选判断题，就道-琼斯指数的创始人可以出判断题、单选题、多选题，

证券从业资格考试近年常考题型总结

。重规、规则出题如就证券交易印花税、股东会议人数、证券交易佣金、市场禁入规定、高管人员任职资格、信息披露制度等等。判断、单选多选等各种题型都可以出，这部分的内容是相当多的。

反向出题就正确的内容反向出题，在判断题中这种出题方法和常见，如期货交易双方都要开立保证金帐户并存入保证金，此可以出题为判断进行期货交易无须存入保证金，这就是反向出题。

跨章节出题学员学习的时候一般都是按章节的顺序进行学习，但是有时候题目跨章节出题，如证券基础中。把股票、债券、基金、衍生证券等证券工具的性质、特征、功能等混合起来，可以出各种题型，依此类推各门课程都可以如法炮制，

计算题隐蔽出题以前的考题有专门的计算解答题，取消了这种题型，但并不等于这些内容不考了，重要的计算方法，如送配除权等的计算，可以转化为单癣判断等题型出题， 6．条件出题，证券市场是法制化的市场，对各种业务都有限制条件，如证券公司成为经纪商、承销商，公司首发、增发配股等等，都有很多限制条件，这些条件很容易出题。多选题做常见，其他题型也可以出。

对比出题把相关的内容综合起来进行对比，就其相同点和区别来出题，如金融期货和金融期权、证券自营与证券经纪、有限公司与股份有限公司、技术分析与基本分析、股票发行与债券发行等等。根据容易使学员混淆的内容出题很多课程内容简单很容易让学员混淆模糊，如B股的计价和交易都是用美元与港币，而其面值却是人民币，沪深证券交易所成立时间和沪深指数发布时间虽然相近，但并非同一时间，这些内容学员在学习的时候一定要仔细，出题方法没有一定之规，学员可以根据这些总结出常见的出题方法，有针对性地对课程进行学习。

篇6：托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结

托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结

一.托福阅读分数换算表

除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分，考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

大家在算出原始分数以后，将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。以下是托福阅读评分标准中原始分数与最终分数的对照表：

原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分	原始分值	最终得分
45	30	30	16	15	5
44	29	29	16	14	5
43	29	28	15	13	4
42	28	27	14	12	4
41	27	26	13	11	3
40	26	25	12	10	3
39	25	24	11	9	2
38	24	23	10	8	2
37	23	22	9	7	1
36	22	21	8	6	1
35	21	20	8	5	0
34	20	19	7	4	0
33	19	18	7	3	0
32	18	17	6	2	0
31	17	16	6	1	0

二.托福阅读常考题型

托福阅读题型共分为10种：

1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)

3. Inference questions(推论题)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)

5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)

6. Reference questions(指代题)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)

9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)

托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people told time by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks. Sun clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved when the temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as the result of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunny climates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to have appeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and 1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solar dials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper of last resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone to breakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome, church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal; and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a century. From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical ingenuity. Its general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, like the rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improve technique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy and precision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors of error, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanical engineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches of engineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Its public display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy: people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enabling individuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhance productivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of the clock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never the same. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant (working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-filling busyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effort to maximize product per unit of time.

托福阅读TPO30试题第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.Why does the author provide the information that “in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night”?

A.To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time.

B.To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

C.To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks.

D.To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

A.the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other.

B.the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

C.the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day.

D.the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

3.According to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarm arrangement?

A.The alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

B.The church was responsible for regulating working hours and market hours.

C.The alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

D.One of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

4.The word “authoritative” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.actual.

B.important.

C.official.

D.effective.

5.The author uses the phrase “the timekeeper of last resort” to refer to

A.water clocks.

B.the sun.

C.mechanical clocks.

D.the church.

6.The word “rudimentary” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

A.rare.

B.small.

C.impractical.

D.basic.

7.According to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction of mechanical clocks?

A.Its used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

B.It used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, like equinoxes.

C.It tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was different from mechanical-clock time.

D.It used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

8.The word “installed” in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.required.

B.expected by the majority of people.

C.standardized.

D.put in place.

9.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

A.were able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanical clocks.

B.were sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

C.sometimes made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that were not true.

D.rarely shared their expertise with other engineers.

10.Paragraph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks.

A.How did early mechanical clocks work?

B.Why did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering in general?

C.How were mechanical clocks made?

D.What influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

11.The word “pioneers” in the passage isclosest in meaning to

A.leaders.

B.opponents.

C.employers.

D.guardians.

12.According to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

A.It encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

B.It enabled workers to be more task oriented.

C.It pushed workers to work more hours every day.

D.It led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The Catholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medieval Europe.

A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

托福阅读TPO30答案第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northern Europe不能用。

2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholic church的prayers活动。

3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说to waken monk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。

4.authoritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的time keeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。

5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

6.rudimentary是基础的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。

7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not coming over，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。

8.installed被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。

9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。 A符合原文。

10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。 ACD原文都没提到。

11.pioneer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。

12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximize product per unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。

13.原句中no longer反应宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对现在的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，满足这两个条件的位置是C。

14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句“with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.”正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到说有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还说只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，说应用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被弃用了，但sun clock依然留下用来对照mechanical clock的准确性，错，不选。

篇7：英语四六级常考语法总结

英语四六级常考语法总结

不论是在四级考试中，还是在英语学习中，语法部分始终都是一切的基础，四六级直接考查语法的有两个题型：选词填空和翻译。间接考查语法的题目那就多了——阅读和写作解题直接受影响，听力缺乏基本的语法知识，在理解意义的时候，总会有那么一些困扰。那么，今天我们来学习下四六级要重点掌握哪些语法点。

一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。

二、独立主格题，

资料共享平台

一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。

三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。

四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的'语序等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。

五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。

七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。

篇8：英语二年级常考知识点总结

英语二年级常考知识点

Unit 1 Word List 单词表

family 家庭

grandpa 爷爷(口)

grandma 奶奶(口)

dad 爸爸(口)

mom 妈妈(口)

sister 姐妹

brother 兄弟

me 我(宾格)

policeman 警察

doctor 医生

teacher 老师

engineer 工程师

Unit 2 Word List 单词表

classmate 同学

friend 朋友

big 大的

thin 瘦的

pretty 漂亮的

ugly 丑的

tall 高的

short 矮的

from 从……来

China 中国

Canada 加拿大

Britain 英国

Unit 3 Word List 单词表

park 公园

hill 小山

lake 湖

bridge 桥

tree 树

grass 草

flower 花

bee 蜜蜂

butterfly 蝴蝶

_bench 长凳

_picture 图画;照片

_beautiful 美丽的

Unit 4 Word List 单词表

_ aunt 姑姑

_ uncle 叔叔

Unit 5 Word List 单词表

street 街道

van 客货车

taxi 出租车

bicycle 自行车

subway 地铁

subway station 地铁站

traffic light 交通灯

bus stop 公共汽车站

supermarket 超级市场

book store 书店

school 学校

hospital 医院

zoo 动物园

stop 停下来

wait 等候

go 走

Unit 6 Word List 单词表

Beijjig 北京

Tiananmen Square 天安门广场

the Great Wall 长城

the Summer Palace 颐和园

the Forbidden City 紫禁城

Temple of Heaven 天坛

Beihai Park 北海公园

Beijing Zoo 北京动物园

_Beijing Duck 北京烤鸭

_Beijing Opera 京剧

_Temple Fair 庙会

_great 伟大的的;大的

Unit 7 Word List 单词表

Festival 节日

merry 愉快的

Christmas 圣诞节

Christmas tree 圣诞树

Santa Claus 圣诞老人

bell 铃

present 礼物

card 明信片

stocking 长

happy 快乐的

Spring Festival 春节

dragon dance 舞龙

paper-cut 剪纸

lantern 灯笼

_Hong Kong 香港

_Toronto 多伦多

_Sydney 悉尼

_rat 鼠

_ox 牛

_dragon 龙

_snake 蛇

_horse 马

_sheep 羊

_rooster 鸡

_pig 猪

_New Year 新年

Unit 8 Word List 单词表

_sofa 沙发

二年级上册重点句子

1. This is my family. I have a happyfamily.

2. Who’s he? He’s my dad.

3. My mom is an engineer. My dad is adoctor.

4. An apple for you, dad. –Thanks a lot.

5. That’s mine.= That’s my +名词.

6. What is he like? He is tall.

7. We are classmates. We are friends.

8. I’m from Canada. I’m from America.

9. There is a monster. He is Monkey.

10. I’m sorry. –That’s OK.

11. There is a lake in the park.

12. What can you see in the picture? I cansee ducks.

13. How beautiful!

14. Let’s take a picture. Let’s go. Let’sgo boating.

15. Stand on the bench.

16. What a beautiful park!

17. Is Yaoyao pretty today?

18. This is my grandma. This is ….

19. This is a taxi.

20. Where are you going? –I’m going to thesupermarket.

21. By taxi? No, by bus. By subway.

22. Don’t play in the street.

23. Where is the subway station? It’s nextto the bus stop.

24. I’ve got an idea.

25. Have you been to the Summer Palace?Yes, I have.

26. Here is a present for you. –Thank you.

27. Merry Christmas, mom. –You, too.

28. Happy Spring Festival! –The same toyou.

29. Let’s take a taxi.

30. I’m in Sydney. I’m in Toronto. I’mhappy in Beijing.

31. We wish you a merry Christmas and ahappy new year.

五个英语学习技巧总结

1词汇量我们都知道英语学习，很重要的一点是词汇量。很可能别人噼里啪啦的说了一大推，你却只听懂了几个单词，这样是不行的，学口语一定是你积累足够的词汇量，才能去理解别人说的是什么，平时可以自己多看看英汉词典直到过渡到英英词典。

2英语短语词汇量达到一定阶段后，你就应该学会自己造句了，把这些词汇组成一句短语中，如果说记单词就是在积累的过程，那么短语造句就是在输出的过程，多去理解一些同义词，可以方便自己在运用的时候更加自如。

3抄写英文或书“买书不如借书，借书不如抄书”，这句话是很有道理的。抄书抄多了自然能记住的单词句子就多了，虽然可能是在半昏迷的状态下，没有考虑整合句子的含义。但抄多了，在脑子过的次数多了，熟悉程度高了，自然英语会得就多了。

4唱歌或朗诵在上课或你开始学习英语之前，可以唱一首英语歌或朗诵一段诗。这种简短有趣的练习可以帮助你的大脑轻松地将精力集中在英语上。轻松地学习英语很重要!唱歌或朗诵可以帮助激活大脑中创造性的一面，从而使你在练习对话或进行创意写作时能想出更多的例子。

5文章的学习现在的教材文章普遍较难。所以阅读文章难度是相当大的。学生在学习文章前一定要预习老师即将要讲的内容，事先把自己认为比较难的单词语法和句子划出来，这样就可以有的放矢。课本上的文章一定要精读，不能说看懂了就可以，而是要把每一个重要的单词和句子都要吃透。同时对文章中的经典词汇和段落要记笔记，甚至要会背诵，为后面的写作打基础。加强英语学习，阅读是重点，课堂上的文章太过教条和局限，可能缺乏生动性和乐趣性。因此课后也要多读些课外文章。

篇9：考研英语知识运用常考的三类题型

考研英语知识运用常考的三类题型

考研英语（二）英语知识运用共20个小题，每个小题0.5分，共10分。主要考查考生对英语知识点的综合运用能力。题型特点是：在一篇大约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每个小题所给的4个选项中选出一个最佳答案，补全原文，从而使文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。了解完考研英语（二）英语知识运用的题型特点之后，接下来就和大家分享一些考研教育网编辑团队为大家总结出来的应对策略。

一、词义辨析题

这类题型主要是考查考生对词义的`理解辨识能力，包括名词辨析、动词辨析、形容词辨析、副词辨析、介词辨析、连词辨析等。解答此类题型，首先考生应该掌握这些单词的基本意思，再结合具体的语境进行比较。

First， it is very expensive to set up the computer， card reader， and intercommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment.

A.similar B.original C.temporary D.dominant

选自全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题

答案：D.

解析：空格所在句子译为“使得电子支付成为支付方式”。选项A.similar “相似的”；选项B.original“原始的”；选项C.temporary“暂时的”；选项D.dominant“占主导的，支配的”。结合句意可知，选项D更符合句意。

二、固定短语搭配题

这一题型相对来说，比较容易。因为考生只要对题中的固定搭配熟悉，就可以轻松选出答案。这就要求考生平时要多记多背，掌握大量的固定短语搭配，才能在考试中得心应手。

A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow，Joe Palooka， Joe Magrac……a working class name.

9.A.pushed B.got C.made D.managed

选自全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题

答案：C

解析：空格所在句子的语境为Joe是个普通名词，一个从未爬到社会顶层的人的名字。make it to the top为固定搭配，意为“使处于顶尖地位”，故选项C为正确答案。

三、句子结构题

这类题型主要涉及几种重要的语法项目：并列或复合结构、各种从句、非谓语动词、被动语态、特殊结构等。要求考生具有扎实的语法知识基础。

5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery，， often in the absence of any medical treatment.

5.A.with B.in C.from D.by

选自20全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题

答案：A.

解析：本题考查的事with+noun+doing构成的独立主格结构，作原因状语，故选项A为正确答案。

以上三种题型，即词义辨析题、固定短语搭配题、句子结构题，是考研英语（二）英语知识运用常考题型，需要考生着重理解和把握。

篇10：考研数学高数六大常考题型总结

考研数学高数六大常考题型总结

题型一：求极限

求极限是高等数学的基本要求，所以也是每年必考的内容。无论数学一、数学二还是数学三，每年的考题都会涉及到，区别在于有时以4分小题形式出现，题目简单；有时以大题出现，需要使用的方法综合性强。比如大题可能需要用到等价无穷小代换、泰勒展开式、洛比达法则、分离因式、重要极限等几种方法，有时考生需要选择多种方法综合完成题目。另外，分段函数在个别点处的导数，函数图形的渐近线，以极限形式定义的函数的连续性、可导性的研究等也需要使用极限手段达到目的。

题型二：利用中值定理证明等式或不等式，利用函数单调性证明不等式

证明题虽不能说每年一定考，但也基本上十年有九年都会涉及。等式的证明包括使用4个常见的微分中值定理（即罗尔中值定理、拉格朗日中值定理、柯西中值定理、泰勒中值定理），一个定积分中值定理；不等式的证明有时既可使用中值定理，也可使用函数单调性。这里泰勒中值定理的使用时的一个难点，但考查的概率不大。

题型三：一元函数求导数，多元函数求偏导数

求导数问题主要考查基本公式及运算能力，当然也包括对函数关系的处理能力。一元函数求导可能会以参数方程求导、变限积分求导或应用问题中涉及求导，甚或高阶导数；多元函数（主要为二元函数）的偏导数基本上每年都会考查，给出的函数可能是较为复杂的显函数，也可能是隐函数（包括方程组确定的隐函数）。

另外，二元函数的极值与条件极值与实际问题联系极其紧密，是一个考查重点。极值的充分条件、必要条件均涉及二元函数的偏导数。

题型四：级数问题

常数项级数（特别是正项级数、交错级数）敛散性的`判别，条件收敛与绝对收敛的本质含义均是考查的重点，但常常以小题形式出现。函数项级数（幂级数，对数一的考生来说还有傅里叶级数，但考查的频率不高）的收敛半径、收敛区间、收敛域、和函数等及函数在一点的幂级数展开在考试中常占有较高的分值。

题型五：积分的计算

积分的计算包括不定积分、定积分、反常积分的计算，以及二重积分的计算，对数一考生来说常主要是三重积分、曲线积分、曲面积分的计算。这是以考查运算能力与处理问题的技巧能力为主，以对公式的熟悉及空间想象能力的考查为辅的。需要注意在复习中对一些问题的灵活处理，例如定积分几何意义的使用，重心、形心公式的使用，对称性的使用等。

题型六：微分方程

解常微分方程方法固定，无论是一阶线性方程、可分离变量方程、齐次方程还是高阶常系数齐次与非齐次方程，只要记住常用形式，注意运算准确性，在考场上正确运算都没有问题。但这里需要注意：研究生考试对微分方程的考查常有一种反向方式，即平常给出方程求通解或特解，现在给出通解或特解求方程。这需要考生对方程与其通解、特解之间的关系熟练掌握。

篇11：英语作文常考典型句子总结

历年中考英语：作文常考典型句子归纳总结

一、考查范围

1. 主谓一致 2. 时态搭配 3. 状语 4. 名词复数 5. 单词拼写

二、常考主题的典型句子

1、环保

1. Its our duty to protect our environment.

2. It is very important to take care of our environment

3. We should not throw litter onto the ground

4. We should not spit in a public place/ cut down the trees

5. We should plant more flowers and trees.

6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin

7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.

2、旅游

1. Last Sunday (Saturday), it was sunny (rainy, windy, foggy)

2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to with my friends by bike,

3. We enjoyed ourselves.

4. We forgot the time. We didnt come back until 5 oclock.

5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy.

6. I thought I would never forget this trip.

7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays.

8. We visited a lot of places of interest.

篇12：大学英语四级口语的重要常考主题都有哪些？

生活

Daily Routine

What is your daily routine?

What part of your day do you like best?

What is the busiest part of the day for you?

Do you think it is important to have a daily routine?

Outdoor activities

What do you do in your spare time?

Do you like outdoor activities?

What outdoor activities do you (most) like to do?

How often do you do that?

Hometown

Please describe your hometown a little.

How long have you lived there?

Do you like it?

Photo

Do you like to take photographs?

What kind of photos do you like to take?

How do you keep your photos?

Why some people like taking photographs when they visit another place?

Travel

What do you do onyour vacation?

Do you think vacations are becoming more and more important?

What kind of places do you want to travel to?

Film star

Who is your favorite film star?

Do you like local film star or international film star?

Transportation

What’s the your favorite means of transportation?why?

Can you compare the advantages and disadvantages of planes and trains?

Do you think it is important to learn driving?

What vehicles (or, what means of transport) do people inChina most often choose to use?

What do you think of the transport situation in yourcity?

Friends

Do you have many friends? [Why/Why not?]

How often do you go out with friends? [Why/Why not?]

Tell me about your best friend at school.

How friendly are you with your neighbours? [Why/Why not?]

Which is more important to you, friends or family? [Why?]

Food and cooking

What sorts of food do you like eating most? [Why?]

Who normally does the cooking in your home?

Do you watch cookery programmes on TV? [Why/Why not?]

In general, do you prefer eating out or eating at home? [Why?]

Seasons/weather

What sort of weather do you like the most?

What season do you like best?

What do you do in that season?

What season (or weather) do you think is most suitablefor work and/or study?

Has the weather in your country changed much in the pastfew years?

Do you (usually) pay attention to the weather forecasts?

Gift

What is the purpose of gift giving?

How has gift giving changed since your grandparents’ time?

How important is gift giving in a relationship?

What is more important when it comes to giving a gift, cost or effort?

Sports

What types of sports are popular in your country? Why?

What are the benefits of playing a sport?

Do you often play a sport? Why/ why not?

Do you think the types of sport that are popular will change in the future?

How can sports bring people from different countries closer together?

Why are some international sports more popular than others?

Social network apps

What kind of social networking websites do you like touse?

Are you a social person?

What kinds of people do you like to be friends with onthose websites?

Is it easy to find real friends on a social networking websites?

Natural environment

Why is it important to protect the natural environment?

What environmental problems are common in your country?

What can the government in your country do to deal with those problems?

What technological innovations should the world develop to protect the environment?

Do you think the youth these days care about the environment? Why?

Environmental problems are too big to be dealt at the individual level? Do youagree? Why/ Why not?

学习

Math

At what age did you start studying mathematics?

Do you like mathematics? Why / why not?

Is it necessary for everyone to learn mathematics?

Do you think math is important (for everyone)?

Some people think that math isn’t needed in our daily life. What do you think?

Science

Do you like science?

What science have you studied?

What do you find most interesting about science?

Is there anything that you do not like about science?

Is your work related to Science?

Art

Are you good at art?

Did you learn art at school when you were a child?

What kind of art do you like?

Is art popular in your country?

Have you ever been to an art gallery?

Do you think children can benefit from going to artgalleries?

Reading Books

Do you generally read a lot of books or do you preferwatching TV? Why?

What kind of books are considered good reads in your opinion?

Do you think that people read nowadays as they did in the past?

Do you regard famous writers as good role models?

Education

What makes a good student?

What role should the teacher have in the classroom?

Do you think computers will one day replace teachers in the classroom?

How has teaching changed in your country in the last few decades?

What is the difference between the way children learn and the way adults learn?

How can a teacher make lessons for children more interesting?

Life experience

Doyou agree that we learn best from our mistakes?

What’s the best way to gain experience in life?

Can we gain life experience from books and movies?

Inventions and copyright

Which invention has transformed your country most?

Would you like to be an inventor? Why/ why not?

How long should someone be able to profit from an idea?

Do you think intellectual property laws are too strict?

What is your opinion about the copyright of an intellectual property and idea?

Can you cite one example when you noticed a copyright violation? Wha was it?

篇13：中考常考语法题型总结教案教学设计(外研版英语中考复习)

一、冠词

1、定冠词the

（1)表示一家人

The Smith are very nice to their neighbors.

The Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day.

(2)表示一类人, 谓语用复数

The poor sometimes are even happier than the rich.

(3)表示确定的人或事

A. 双方都知道的人或事

Would mind open the door?

Let’s go to the library

B. 后面有限定的，常常是定语从句。如：Is this the book you talked about yesterday?

(4)独一无二的事物 the sun，the Great Wall. The earth runs around the sun.

(5)序数词、最高级、西洋乐器前

序数词。试比较：

A. He got the first prize in the maths competition. (用the，前面无my， his等形容词性物主代词修饰）

B. I got my first birthday gift at the age of ten. (不用the，前面有形容词性物主代词修饰）

最高级同理，如：

A. I try my best to win the first prize.

B I’m the best.

西洋乐器前面

John loves playing the guitar.

Tom loves play football.

2、不定冠词 a/an

用于可数名词前，表示一个或一类人或事。

A. I ate an apple this morning

B.Tom bought a toy car for his son.

C. A plane is a machine that can fly. (常用来表示定义）

以元音开头的字母（非元音字母a, e,i,o,u, 如 an “s”，而不是a “s”)用an. 原理是两个元音连在一起发音有些不便，因此加个辅音”n“隔开。

总结：a/an 与 the 分别对应汉语中的“一+量词（个、本、张...）”、“这/那+量词”

翻译出“一....”的概念的，通常 a/an

没有翻译出“一...”的概念的，通常不用a/an，而用 the 或不用冠词。

如： I saw a cat on the floor. 我看见地板上有一只猫。

What a nice day! 多么美好的一天啊！

A： Did you see a boy around? 你看见附近有一个男孩吗？

B： You mean the one with a hat？你指的是带着一顶帽子的那个吗？

Tom usually goes to school by bus. Tom 通常做公交车去上学。

这里没说坐一辆公交车，故不能用a/an，同时也没特指，所以也不用the，属于零冠词。注：play the piano 属于固定搭配，可以单独记忆。

知识延伸：（1）a/an 与 the 的转化

如：He gets up at six in the morning. 他早上六点起床。

He returned home on a cold winter morning. 他在一个寒冷的冬天的早上回到家。

（2）零冠词与a/an的转化

He called his parents on Friday. 他星期五给他父母打了电话。

He called his parents on a sunny warm Friday. 他在一个晴朗温暖的星期五给他父母打了电话。

二、代词

1、不定代词

对应中文的“一些、很少、很多、几乎没有、没有、某个人、某件事、每个人、所有的...用来表示一个不确定的数量。

（1)few, little 均表示几乎没有，其中few修饰可数名词，little修饰不可数名词（否定语气）

A few 跟 a little 表示有几个、有一些，分别修饰可数、不可数名词，肯定语气。

如：Tom has few friends. 汤姆几乎没有什么朋友。

Few of us can speak French. 我们当中很少有人会说法语。

This is little milk in the fridge and we need to call the milkman. 冰箱里没什么牛奶了，我们需要打电话给送牛奶的人。

There is still a little milk in the fridge. 冰箱里还有一点牛奶。

There are only a few students in the classroom. 教室里只有几个学生。

知识延伸：

A. 含有few，little的反意疑问句中，后半部分用肯定形式。

如：Tom has few friends, does he?

There is little milk in the fridge, is there?

B. a little 也可用作副词，表示“有点，稍微”

如：I’m a little tired. 我有点累了。

She is a little hungry. 她有点饿了。

（2）some，any 表示一些，修饰可数或不可数名词。其中some常用于肯定句中，any多用于疑问句、否定句中。

如：I have some old books. 我有一些旧书

I don’t have any old books? 我没有任何旧书。

Do you have any old books? 你有一些旧书吗？

I’m thirsty, and I want to have some water. 我很渴，我想喝点水。

知识延伸：

A. 由some, any 衍生出来的词 something, anything，somebody, anybody，someone，any用法基本同上。

如：I’m hungry and I want something to eat.

It’s dark here. I can’t see anything.

B. some/something 可用于疑问句中，表示征询对方意见的意思；any/anything 用于肯定句中，表示任何的意思。

如：Would you like something to drink? 你想要喝点什么吗？

Can you give me some advice? 你能给我一些建议吗？

Anything is possible. 一切皆有可能。

He is taller than any boys in his class. 他比他班上任何一个男生都要高。

C. 当句中something, anything 有形容词修饰时，形容词需后置，如 something new

例句：I hate eating potatoes everyday. I want to have something new today.

Do you have anything interesting to tell us.

知识衔接：类似的表达还有形容词+enough 如 strong enough（足够强，enough 后置）

例句： He is old enough to go to school.

She is not strong enough to move the box.

（3）all ，both；none，neither; either

All 表示三者或三者以上都...对应的否定形式为 neither

Both 表示两者都，对应的否定形式为neither。

如： All of us love listening to music. 我们所有人都喜欢听音乐。（三人或三人以上）

（否定）None of us loves listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐。

Both Tom and John are from America. 汤姆和约翰都来自美国。（两人）

（否定）Neither Tom nor John is from America. 汤姆和约翰都不是来自美国。

either 表示 “两者中任何一个”；“either...or...”表示“要么...要么...”

如：---Which do you prefer, tea or coffee. 茶跟咖啡你要喝哪一个？

---Either is OK. I don’t mind. 哪个都行，我不介意。

Either you or I am going to the meeting. 要么你去参加这个会议，要么我去。

知识延伸：

all 的否定形式有两种加“not”表示的是部分否定，none 表示的是全部否定。

如： All of us don’t like listening to music. 不是我们所有人都喜欢听音乐（有一部分人喜欢，一部分人不喜欢）

None of us like（s）listening to music. 我们所有人都不喜欢听音乐（完全否定）

含有neither...nor... either...or...句子，谓语动词的单复数要根据最靠近它的名词而定。

如：Either you or I am going to the meeting.

(4)other 表示“其他的”形容词性

如：Tom is not here. You can ask other students. 汤姆不在这里，你可以问其他的学生。

any other 表示任何其他的一个

He is taller than any other boys in his class. 他比他班上其他任何男生都高。

others 表示“其他的人”

如：We should help others. 我们应该帮助他人。

the other

一个，另一个（两个）

如：I have two brothers. One is 7 years old and the other is 5 years old.

表示“剩余其他的”

Where have the other students gone? 其他的学生去哪儿了？

the others+the other +前面提到的复数名词

如：He is clever than the others in his class.

another

三个或以上中的另一个

如：This skirt is too big. Can you show me another one?

固定用法 another+数词/few +复数名词表示另外的、额外的

如：I need another three hours to finish my homework.

2、人称代词

（1）主格 I, you, he, she, we, they, it (做主语）

如：I/She/He...want(s) to see a film.

（2）宾格 me, you, him, her, us, them, it(做宾语或表语）

及物动词后

We don’t like him because he is very strict.

I asked him a question.

介词后面

It’s good for us to do exercise everyday.

I haven’t heard from her since 1997.

Be 动词之后做表语

-----Who is there?

------It’s me, Jack.

3、物主代词

（1）形容词性：my your his her our their its, 放在名词前。

（2）名词性： mine yours his hers ours theirs its 代替前面提到的名词

如： This is my book. It ’s not yours .

This is not my pen. Mine is red. 这不是我的笔，我的笔是红色的。（mine=my pen)

4、反身代词

myself , yourself/yourselves himself, herself, ourselves, themselves itself

表示我自己、他自己、他们自己、我们自己，常见的固定短语有“

enjoy oneself(玩得开心） by oneself（独自） help oneself(to) 随便吃...

如：We really enjoyed ourselves last night. 昨晚我们玩得很开心。

He did his homework all by himself. 他的家庭作业都是自己独立完成的。

Help yourself to the dishes. 随便吃点鱼。

三、名词

重要考点

（1）名词复数不规则变化: 各国人的单复数

常考：Frenchman---Frenchmen， German----Germans，

Englishman---Englishmen, American---Americans

如：There are five foreign students in our class. Three are Frenchmen, and two are Germans.

（2）所有格名词+’s，如 Tom‘s book，表示所属关系。

如：Lily’s father is a doctor.

Tom’s house is near a lake.

知识延伸：

组合名词的复数形式

A. 一般加在最后一个名词上

如：There are 24 boy students and 25 girl students in our class.

I saw two policemen in the street this morning.

B. 特殊情况：前半部分是man/woman，将两部分变成复数。

如：Two women doctors were injured in the accident.

A group of men scientists are working on this project.

名词所有格中出现两个或以上名词时：

A. 表示各自关系时，各名词末尾均加“s”

B. 表示共有关系时，只在末尾名词加“s”

如：Tom’s and Lily’s fathers are teachers. (两人的父亲不是同一个人）

Tom and Lily’s father is a teacher. （两人的父亲是同一个人）

考点解析：此知识点主要考察主谓一致，解题时可以通过谓语动词的单复数判断前面名词的关系，一般情况下，若为复数，则为各自关系；若为单数，则为共有关系。同样地，也可以根据前面名词的关系，判断后面谓语的单复数。

四、数词

1、基数词

(1) 用“百”、“千”修饰名词的情况

A. hundreds of; thousands of 数百的；数千的

前面不能有数词修饰，如不能写成： four hundreds of students

B. 数词+hundred/thousand +名词复数：four hundred students

例句： Thousands of people lost their homes after the earthquake.

Hundreds of students took part in the sports meeting this year.

There are five hundred students in our school.

This temple was built hundreds of years ago.

知识延伸：

Hundreds of thousands of 表示成千上万的。

如：Hundreds of thousands of people gathered in the square to celebrate the new year.

成千上万的人聚集在广场上庆祝新年。

2、序数词

表示“第...”的概念：first 第一 second 第二 third 第三；其他均在末尾加“Th”

但有几个例外，如： fifth 第五； ninth 第九；eighth 第八； twelfth 第十二

例句：He lives in the second floor. 他住在第二楼。

Mary won the second place in the competition. 玛丽在比赛中获得了第二名。

知识衔接：序数词前无物主代词修饰时要用定冠词“the”

3、分数

形式：分子基数词+分母序数词，分子超过1，分母加“s“。

如：two thirds 2/3one fifth 1/5

例句：Two fifths of the students are boys.

Three thirds of this area is countryside. 这个地区的三分之二是乡村。

注：句子中的谓语动词单复数要根据分数后面的名词而定，可数则用复数，不可数则用单数。

知识延伸：

A. 1/4 属于特殊的分数，多写作 one quarter，如 3/4 为three quarters

B. 1/2 写作 half，一个半小时写作：one hour and a half 或 one and a half hours.

五、时态

中考涉及的常用时态有6种：一般现在时、一般过去时；现在进行时，过去进行时；现在完成时，一般将来时；其中重点考察过去进行、现在完成时态。

1、一般现在时

表示一般性、经常性动作，标志性副词有：everyday，usually， sometimes，everyday morning等。

He exercises everyday to keep fit. 他每天锻炼身体来保持健康。

Jimmy usually goes to school by bike. 吉米通常骑自行车去学校。

表示恒定不变的规律，如

The earth runes around the sun.

Light travels faster than sound.

2、一般过去时

表示过去已经完成的动作，标志性副词有：yesterday，last year， in 1997， three days ago 等明确表示过去时间的词。

I lost my bag yesterday.

Tim was born in 1997.

A car accident took place in the street three hours ago.

3、现在进行时

表示现在正在进行的动作，基本结构为：is/am/are +V-ING，标志性词语有：now, at the moment.

I’m doing my homework now.

He is watching TV at the moment.

表示即将发生的动作，多见于come， leave，run 等方向性动词，如

The bus is coming! 车来了

I’m leaving tomorrow! 我明天就要走了

4、过去进行时

A. 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间正在进行的动作

如：-----I called you last night, but there was no answer.

-----Sorry, I was playing football with my friends outside.

(当他打电话时，“我”正在外面跟朋友踢足球）

B. 主句是过去进行时，从句是when/while 引导的时间状语从句。

I was having dinner with my parents when the light went out.

电灯熄灭时，我正和爸妈在吃晚餐

I was watching TV when the bell rang.

门铃响时，我正在看电视。

特殊情况下，也可以是主句是一般过去时，从句是过去进行时

如：He fell asleep when he was reading his newspaper.

5、现在完成时

A. 过去发生的动作持续到现在，标志性词语：for，since, so far, in the past...years/months

I‘ave studied English for five years. 我学英语5年了（现在还在学）

We’ave known each other since we were nine or ten. 我们九到十岁时就已经相识。

We’ave learn over 3,000 English words so far. 到目前为止，我们学了3000多个单词。

Great changes have taken place in China in the past 30 years. 在过去的30年间，中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。

B. 过去发生的事，但对现在仍有影响，标志性词：already，yet（already 对应的否定句，常置于句末）never，ever，before， just.

I’ave already finished my homework. 我已经完成了家庭作业

I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我的家庭作业还没做完

I have never been to America. 我从来没去过美国。

I‘ave just finished my homework. Now I can go out to play football with my friend.

我刚做完了家庭作业，现在我可以跟朋友出去踢足球了。

Julia has never seen an elephant before. 茱莉亚以前从来没有见过大象。

6、一般将来时

A. 表示很快要发生或打算去做的事： be going to +动词原形

It’s going to rain. Let’s hurry up. 天马上要下雨了，我们快点走吧

I’m going to visit my uncle this weekend. 这个周末我打算去看望我的叔叔。

I‘m going to buy a new bike. The old one was broken. 我的旧单车坏了，我打算买一辆新的。

B. 表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或状态，标志性词: tomorrow, in the future, in three days, next year/month/week, some day, one day.

I’ll have an exam tomorrow. 明天我有场考试。

The famous singer, Jay Chou, will come to our city next week. 著名歌手周杰伦下周将会来我们的城市。

All my dreams will come true one day. 总有一天，我所有的梦想都会实现。

知识延伸：

在“if， as long as”引导的条件状语从句以及“when, while, before as soon as”等引导的时间状语从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句中用一般现在时代替。

I won’t come if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我就不来了。

I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那里就会打电话给你。

As long as you don’t give up, your dream will come true. 只要你不放弃，你的梦想就会实现

I will send you a letter when I get there. 当我到达那里时，我会给你寄封信

I will have everything prepared before i leave. 在我离开之前，我会把一切都准备好。

误区整理：注意区分宾语从句中的”if“跟”when”

如：----I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow.

----If it rains, I will stay at home.

-----Do you know when he will come tomorrow?

-----No,when he comes, I will let you know.

短暂性动作如come， go，marry，leave，die等在现在完成时中不能同“for，since”表示的一段时间短语连用，需要转化成相应的持续性动作。

如：（1)She has married for three years. ×

She has been married for three years. (将短暂性动作化成持续性状态）√

(2) Mr. Lee has come to China for thirty years. ×

Mr. Lee has been in China for thirty years. √

have been to 跟 have gone to 的区别。

“have been to”指去过某地，但现在已经回来了；“have gone to”指在去某地的路上，现在还没回来。试比较：

---Have you been to Australia?

---Yes, I went there last summer. （去年夏天去过澳大利亚，现在已经回来了）

---May I speak to Mr. D win？

---Sorry, Mr. D win has gone to China. He will be back next Monday. (现在还没回）

六、形容词、副词

解析：英语形容词对应汉语中的“...的”，如：漂亮的、高大的，友好的；副词对应汉语中的”...地“，如”慢慢地，悄悄地“。跟中文习惯相同，形容词一般位于名词前或者系动词之后做表语。副词一般位于动词之后（及物动词的，位于动词宾语之后）。

（1）比较级，两者之间的比较。 A比B... A is ...er than B

最高级三个或以上的比较

形式：形容词副词后+er/Ier(辅音字母+y结尾）；est/est

more+形容词/副词； the most+形容词、副词

不规则的，需单独记忆

例：tall---taller---tallest strong---stronger---strongest

fast---faster----fastest easy---easier---easiest

beautiful---more beautiful---the most beautiful

good---better---the best bad---worse---worst

例句; He is taller than me.

He is the tallest in his class.

This skirt looks more beautiful than that one.

Tom did a better job than Jerry.

Robertson runs faster than any other boys in his class.

Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.

知识延伸：

比较级前面可以加序数词、或”much, a little, even, far”等修饰，表示“第几..“”...得多，远远...“等意思。

The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。

His English is even worse than mine. 他的英语甚至比我的还要差。

Wyoming is much taller than Gunslinging. 姚明比郭敬明要高得多。

His French is a little better than mine.( than me ×) 他的法语比我好一点。

知识链接：序数词与定冠词的搭配使用；不定代词与名词性物主代词的使用。

表示A跟B一样...可用”...as ... as...“中间的形容词副词用原级。

He is as tall as me. 他跟我一样高

He speaks English as well as me. 他英语说得跟我一样好。

附：表否定，形式如下（第一个as改成so）

He is not so tall as me. 他不比我高

He speaks English not so well as me. 他英语不比我说得好。

（2）形容词的-ING跟-ed形式

-ING 表示”令人...“，一般形容事物；

-ed 表示“感到...”，一般形容人。

如：The film is boring. I’m bored.

I’m surprised by the surprising news.

You look tired. What happened?

Mr. Wang’s class is very interesting.

七、介词

常考知识点：地点、方位介词、时间介词、方式介词

(1) at, in, on

at 表示某个时间点或小的地方

He was at home last night. (at home 在家）

He usually gets up at six o’clock in the morning. (表时间点）

Tom awns’t at school today. He was ill.

in 表示大的地点或一段时间

Chairman Mao was born in 1897. (年份）

Gao takes place in June every year. (月份）

You can see many flowers in spring. (季节）

It’s usually hot in the afternoon in summer. (一段具体的时间）

More and more foreigners are studying in China. (国家）

There will be a big festival in Shanghai next month. (城市）

（2）方位的（可结合地图进行理解记忆）

between ，opposite， in front of， next to， near， behind..

The post office is between the bookstore and the supermarket. 邮局在书店跟超市中间。

The hotel is opposite the park. 酒店在公园的对面。

There is a car in front of the classroom 教室前面有一辆车

知识延伸： in front of 跟 in the front of 的区别，前者表示在某个范围以外的前面，后者表示在某个范围以内的前面。

如：The blackboard is in the front of the classroom. 黑板在教室前面。（黑板位于教室内部）

There is a tree in front of the classroom. 教室前面有棵树。（树长在教室的外面）

between 跟 among 的区别

between 表示两者之间如：between you and me

among 表示三者或以上之间 Among all the singers, I love Jay Chou best.

（3）表“方式”，意思为“用....”

by+交通工具

I go to school by bus.

Mrs. Green traveled to London by plane.

in+语言

What’s this in English.

Can you say it in Chinese?

with +具体的工具

He opened the door with a key.

In the western restaurant, people usually use a knife.

八、连词

1、并列连词：and，or，but，so；not only...but also; both...and; neither...nor; either...or

He study very hard and he is never late for class. (关系平等的两个句子）

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? (or 用于疑问句中，表选择）

My family are not rich, but we are happy. (but,但是，表转折）

Judy was ill, so she could’t come to school today. (表因果）

Not only Jack but also Johnson is going to to party.

知识延伸：

祈使句，and/or....

Don’t give up, and your dream will come true one day. 不要放弃，总有一天你的梦想会实现。

=If you don’t give up, your dream will come true one day.

Study hard, or you will fail in the exam. 努力学习，否则你将会考试不及格。

=If you don’t study hard, you will fail in the exam.

2、从属连词

A. 表如果：if it does’t rains tomorrow, we will have a picnic.

If you study hard, you will get high scores.

知识链接：条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替简单将来时。

知识延伸：If 还可以表“是否”，意思跟whether 一样，如：

I don’t know whether he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。

I’m not sure if it is true. 我不知道它否正确。

注：这种情况下通常表示不确定的意义。当从句中含有“...or not”时，只能用whether，不能用”if“，如：

We don’t know whether he will come or not. (不能用 if）

We are not sure whether it is true or not.

B. 表原因 because，since，as

----Why are you late？

----Because I missed the bus.

Since everybody is here, let’s begin. (=now that 既然）

As it was late, I had to go. 由于太晚了，我必须得走了。

C. 表让步 though, although 尽管

Although it’s snowy, he goes to school as usual. 尽管下着雪，他还是像往常一样去上学。

Although he is poor, he is very happy. 尽管他很穷，但他很幸福。

D. so...that... Such...that... 如此...以至于...

The box is so heavy that no one can move it. 这箱子太重了，以至于没人能够移动它。

She eats so much that she becomes very fat.

She is such a lovely girl that everyone likes her.

知识延伸：so...that...与“too...to..”或“enough...to..”的句型转化

He is so old that he even can’t walk.

=He is too old to walk.

He is so strong that he can carry the heavy box.

=He is strong enough to carry the heavy box.

九、情态动词

（1）can ，could（can的过去式）

A. 表能力，会，可以

I can swim. / I can play the guitar.

Mary could play the piano when she was ten.

B. 表推测，只能是否能形式。

---I saw Tom just now.

---It can’t be him. He is on holiday with his parents.

（2）may，might 可能

A. 表请求准许

May I come in? 我可以进来吗？

May I watch TV? 我可以看电视吗？

否定回答时，用“munts’t”, 表示禁止，不允许，如：

----May I smoke here?

----No, you munts’t.

B. 表推测

He may/might come tomorrow. 他明天可能回来.

He may/might know about this. 他可能知道这件事。

注：might 表示的可能性比”may“小。

(3) need 需要

作为情态动词时，用于疑问句和否定句中，如：

----Need I finish my homework by Friday? 我需要在周五之前完成作业吗？

----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t

You Needles’t come so early. The meeting begins at 9:00. 你没必要来这么早，会议9点才开始。

注：回答时，肯定回答用”must“，表示”必须“；否定回答用”Needles’t”表示“没必要”。

（4）must 必须，一定

A. 表必须。

I must go now. 我必须现在离开。

Everyone must arrive on time. 每个人都必须按时赶到

回答时，肯定回答用“must”，否定回答用“Needles’t”，如：

----Must I stay in bed all day?

----Yes, you must./ No, you Needles’t.

B. 表推测：一定，肯定

The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 路面很潮湿，昨晚肯定下过雨。

The light is on. He must be at home now. 灯还亮着，他一定在家。

注：表示不可能时，用“can‘t”，而不用”munts’t”。

十、被动语态

表示“被”的含义，如：

The police caught him. 警察抓到了他。（主动）

He was caught by the police. 他们警察抓住了。（被动）

知识延伸：

（1）在一些动词如“make, see,hear”的被动语态中，主动句中省略的”to“，被动句中需要还原，如：

His boss made him work ten hours a day. 他的老板让他每天工作10小时。（to 省略了）

He was made to work ten hours a day by his boss. (to 需要补充出来）

I saw him read a book in the classroom.

He was seen to read a book in the classroom..

(2) 不确定动作的发出者是谁时，一般用被动语态。

The bridge was built hundreds of years ago. (不知道是谁建造的）

My bike was stolen last night. (不知道是谁偷的）

（3）固定句型”It is...that...“

It is said that he dropped out of school at the age of ten. 据说他十岁的时候辍学了。

=He is said to have dropped out of school at the age of ten. (to后面用完成时）

It is reported that five passengers were killed in the accident. 据报道，5名乘客在这次事故中丧生。

=Five passengers were reported to have been killed in the accident.

(4) 不及物动词没有被动语态，切记！！

An accident was happened last night. ×(append 为不及物动词）

Great changes have been taken place in the city. ×(take place 为不及物动词）

十一、主谓一致

1、就近原则：either...or; neither...nor; not only...but also; there be 句型

谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的一个主语决定。

如：Either I or him is in class 1.

Not only you but also I am shocked by the news.

There is a banana and two apples on the table.

知识链接：不定代词的意义及用法。

2、语法一致的原则

基本原则：单数主语，谓语用单数；复数主语，谓语用复数。

（1）and 或 both...and，谓语动词用复数，如：

Tom and Jim are good friends.

Both Tom and Jim are good at sports.

(2)句中有”with, along with, together with, as well as, except”等词时，谓语动词单复数由前面的主语决定。

如：The teacher with his students is going to the museum.

Mr. Green, along with his three children, are going to America next week.

All the class, except Tom, were at the meeting yesterday.

注：这些词只是对主语起到一个补充说明、插入的作用，并不能对谓语动词的单复数造成影响。

3、意义一致的原则

主要是看是否将主语当成一个整体来看，如

Twenty miles is a long way to go. (20英里整体来看是一段很长的路程，故用单数）

My family is a big one. 我的家庭很大（整体来说的）

My family are having dinner. 强调每个家庭成员的动作，故用复数。

十二、感官动词

五官：look，feel，taste，smell，sound，后面直接+adj, 表示”看起来，感觉起来，尝起来，闻起来，听起来...“的意思，如：

Wow！Look at the picture. It looks so beautiful! 看起来很漂亮

I love the soup. It tastes so good. 尝起来很好。

The flowers you sent me smells sweet. 闻起来很香

I bought a new dress this afternoon. It feels comfortable. 感觉起来很舒服。

----How about going fishing this afternoon？

----Sounds great!(=Good idea!) 听起来很棒

知识延伸：

感官动词+like+名词，意思为...起来像...,如：

That sounds like a good idea! 那听起来像个好主意。

The mountain looks like an elephant. 这座山看起来像一头大象。

This T-shirt feels like silk. 这件T恤摸起来像丝绸。

附注：feel like 还有一层意思，表示“想要...”

如： I don’t feel like eating anything 我不想吃任何东西。

I feel like a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

The food in the restaurant is disgusting. It smells like dead fish.

十三、固定短语

中考常考的固定短语有以下一些：

1、give的短语

（1） Give up 放弃（及物或不及物）

Don’t give up. You can do it. 不要放弃，你能行的。（不及物）

He finally decided to give up smoking. 他最终决定戒烟了。

放弃某个人，用 give up on sb.

Come on! We will never give up on you. 加油，我们永远不会放弃你！

当宾语是it是，it 位于短语中间，如：

He has been smoking for 20 years. It’s very hard for him to give it up.

(2) give off 散发出（气味、热量等）

The flowers give off a sweet smell.

Rotten eggs give off a bad smell. 腐烂的鸡蛋散发出一股难闻的气味。

（3）give out 公布、分发

He would’t give out any information. 他不愿透露任何信息。

（4）give away 赠送，泄露

Brad gives all his old toys away to the poor children. 布莱德把他所有的旧玩具送给了贫穷的孩子。

Don’t give away the secret. 不要泄露这项机密。

2、put 的短语

(1)put up 张贴，举起

Tom, please put up the pictures on the wall. 汤姆，请把照片贴到墙上。

Put up your hand,please.

(2) Put off 延迟，推迟,脱掉（衣、帽等）

The meeting was put off because of the heavy rain.

Please put off your shoes before you enter this room

(3)put out 扑灭，熄灭（火、烟头等）

The fire was put out before the police arrived. 在警察到来之前，火就已经被扑灭了。

He put out the cigarette and went out the room. 他灭掉烟头，走出了房间。

（4）put away

Put away your shoes. They‘re too dirty. 把你的鞋子收起来，它太脏了。

All the books must be put away during the exam. 考试中所有书籍都要收起来。

3、turn 的短语

(1)Turn up （声音）调高；出现

Could you please turn up the radio. I can’t hear it.

延伸：He promised to come to my birthday party, but he did’t turn up. 他答应要来我的生日晚会，结果却没出现。

（2）turn down （音量）调小；拒绝

Can you turn down the radio. It’s too noisy. 你能把收音机调小吗？它太吵了。

延伸：He gave me an offer, but I turn it down. 我拒绝了他提供的帮助。

（3）turn on 打开

Turn on the TV, please. I want to see the football match.

Turn on the lights,please. It’s too dark here.

（4）turn off 关闭

Tom turned off the TV and went to bed.

We should turn off the lights when we leave the room.

4、Look 的短语

（1）look up 查找，向上看

If you see a new word, you can look it up in the dictionary.

He looked up at the window and saw nothing.

(2)look after 照顾

She is too busy to look after her son.

Mary asked me to look after her pet dog when she was away.

(3) look into 调查

The police are looking into the case. 警方正在调查这起案件。

I’ll look into the matter later. 我稍后再研究这个问题。

（4）look forward to(doing/n）期待，盼望

I’m looking forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望很快能见到你。

I‘m looking forward to your letter. 我期待你的来信。

十四、情景对话

1、接听电话

----May I speak to Mary please?

----Speaking/ This is Mary speaking

----Hold on please. I’ll go and get her. 请稍等一下，我去叫一下她。

----Sorry, she is not here at the moment. Can I take message? 不好意思，她现在不在这里，我可以帮你留言吗？

2、听到好或不好的消息

听到好的消息时，表示祝贺，如：

----I won the first prize in the writing competition!

----Congratulations！（恭喜！）

听到不好的消息时，表示抱歉或遗憾。

----My mother was ill at bed. I have to look after her.

----(I’m) sorry to hear that.

3、当受到他人帮助、或赞美时，表示感谢，如：

----You look so beautiful today!

----Thanks/Thank you.

4、当别人心情沮丧、遇到困难、挫折时，鼓励、帮助他人，如：

----I’m afraid that I can’t pass the exam this time.

----Cheer up! I’m sure you’ll make it.(振作起来，我相信你一定行的）

----I failed the exam yesterday. What should I do?

----Cheer up！You‘ll do better next time.

5、当别人提出道歉时

----I’m sorry that I lost your pen.

----That’s alright/It’s OK/It does’t matter. Forget it.

----I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.

----It does’t matter/ Never mind.

6.当别人提出建议、想法时

---Why not go out for dinner.

---(That’s a) good idea!

---Sounds great!

---How about going shopping this weekend.

---Sounds good,(but I have to study for the final exams)

---Would you mind opening the door?

---Of course not!/Certainly not! （当然不介意）

---Would you mind my smoking here?

---Yes, you’d better smoke outside./I’m afraid so. (表示介意，不同意对方的做法）

十五、反意疑问句

基本特点：前肯后否，前否后肯，抓准助动词。

1、入门级别：

You like football, don’t you? 你喜欢足球，不是吗?（前肯后否，助动词为do）

Tom is 5 years old, hisn’t he? 汤姆5岁了，不是吗？（前肯后否，助动词为is）

He can’t swim, can he? 他不会游泳，是吗？（前否后肯，助动词为can）

Jimmy haen’t been to Beijing, has he? 吉米没去过北京，是吗？（前否后肯，助动词为has）

The story is interesting， hisn’t it? (主语为一个具体的名词时，反问部分主语用“it/them”代替。

2、渐进级别：

反意疑问句前半部分有“hardly，never，seldom，nothing，little，few，nobody”等否定词时，后半部分用肯定形式，如：

He speaks little English, does he?

Nina has few friends, has she? (知识链接：不定代词little，few用法）

He never eats onions, does he?

You seldom exercise, do you?

3、高级级别

当主语是this,that,these,those时，反意部分主语分别改为it, they; 当主语是 everybody，everyone，no one，nobody等指人的合成词时，反意部分主语通常用he. 当主语是everything，something， anything，nothing等指物的合成词时，反意部分主语用it.

This is his first time here, hisn’t it?

These are Sarah’s books, Daren’t they?

No one likes Germy, does he?

Nothing is more important than life, is it?

知识延伸：

（1）There be 句型的反意疑问句。

There are two books on the desk, Daren’t there?

There is a pen and two bananas on the table, hisn’t there?

(2）祈使句的反意疑问句：统一用will you？/won’t you.

Open the window, won’t you?

Don’t talk aloud in the reading room, will you?

(3)Let’s 句型跟Let us句型的反意疑问句