托福语法精讲复习整合
“chensir2009”通过精心收集,向本站投稿了6篇托福语法精讲复习整合,以下是小编为大家准备的托福语法精讲复习整合,希望对大家有帮助。
篇1:托福语法精讲复习整合
词性混淆误用一直是TOEEL考题中最重要的命题形式。它与“基本句子结构”(本书要点之1)和“平行结构”(本书要点之4)组成TOEEL命题的三大焦点。有关词性混淆的试题主要集中在written Expression (16-40题)中,命题范围包括(1)并列结构中词性一致、(2)形容词与副词混淆、(3)形容词与名词混淆、(4)名词与动词混淆。其中,形容词用错的题型占此类命题的最大比例。
词性混淆常考题型及解题要点
1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一
全真例题分析
(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales. (93.3)
[答案] A 并列连词and连接三个形容词,故(A)Bigness应改为Big。
(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability. (92.10)
[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个名词,而speed是形容词,故应改为speed。
(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments. (92.5)
[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词,共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。而locally是副词,应改为local。
(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)
[答案] B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。之后亦应是形容词imaginary。
2. 形容词错用为副词
解题要点 形容词用来修饰说明名词或名词性成分的,而副词则可修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分。
全真例题分析
(1) Animal life on Prince Edward island is confined large to ducks. Pheasants. And rabbits (93.5)
[答案]C 修饰限定介词短语to ducks pheasants and rabbits 应用副词largely。
(2) The General Sherman tree a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world. largest plant at approximate 272 feet tall.
[答案] D 修饰说明数词(272)应用副词approximately。
(3) Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable larger than any land mammal alive today. (93.8)
[答案] 修饰形容词短语larger than…应用副词形式considerably。
(4) Once an important port of entry for immigrants to the United States. Island recent reopened its great hall s a museum of immigration. (92.8)
[答案] C 修饰整个句耶Ellis ls land reopened its great hall as a museum of immigration 应用副词recently,表示时间。
(5) Because their properties differ from those of their constituents. Proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal.
[答案] C 修饰动increase 应用副词greatly。
3. 以副词后缀-ly组成的副词错用为形容词
解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中如果有以-ly形式构成的副词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为形容词。
全真例题分析
(1) Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs. (93.8)
[答案] A 修饰名词应用形从词。Heavily 应改为heavy。
(2) The katydid a type of grasshopper is actively at night and rests motionless amid foliage during the day. (93.8)
[答案] B 改为形容词active,作表语。
(3) Although the unified states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nineteenth century ,it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry (93.10)
[答案] A 修饰名词应用形容词rapid growth。
(4) Although they are in different countries, Windsor. Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest. (91.5)
[答案] D 改为mutual interest。
4. 以名词后缀- tion ,- sion 组成的名词错用为动词
解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现以-tion, -sion形式构成的名词,应首先考虑它的词性是否正确,是否错用为动词。
全真例题分析
(1) The work .aga.is often application to any narration of events of the past, whether mythical or historical in character. (92.10)
[答案] A application应改为applied,作谓语动词的被动语态。
(2) Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervision staff, delegate responsibility, and work harmoniously with managers and fellow cmployces. (92.100
[答案] B supervision 改为动词原形supervise与后面名词组成动宾结构。
(3) Fascination by the promise of the internal engine and its application to a self-propelled vehicle, Henly Ford constructed a one-cylinder gasoline motor in 1892. (93.10)
[答案] A Fascination 改为Fascinated, 与后面的by 组成过去分词短语作状语。
(4) From 1872 to, Alice Elvira Freeman was Dean of Women at the newly foundation University of Chicago. (93.8)
[答案] D foundation 改为founded 过去分词作定语,修饰University of Chicago
5. 由表示词性的后缀- fur ,-tie -enc., -ent,-tive都很可能是此题的考试焦点
全真例题分析
(1) Few theories are originality enough to be called unique. (92.10)
[答案] C 名词originality应改为形容词original 作表语。
(2) Height, powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players. (93.8)
[答案] A 形容词powerful应改为名词power,与height和speed并列。
(3) A major purpose of scientific analysts is to idenufy and examine causal connections between independent and dependence variables. (93.1)
[答案] D 名词dependence 应改为形容词dependent, 用来修饰后面的名词variables。
(4) A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is contained in a wide variety of foods. (92.8)
[答案]A 形容词deficient改为名词deficiency。作主语。
(5) In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. (90.8)
[答案] B 形容词distributive 改为名词distribution ,用主语。
(6) A foreign exchange rate is a price that reflects the relative supply and demand of difference currencies. (93.5)
[答案] D 名词difference改为形容词different,修饰后面的名词。
如何掌 控托福雅思考试语法
考托福雅思的学生在学习英语语法的过程中往往花费了大量时间,做数量惊人的语法练习题并背下许许多多的语法规则,但效果却往往不理想。问题的核心在于很多学生在面对雅思考试时,没有认真地思考并做出相应的学习方法调整,而是继续固守中学,大学的语法学习规则。结果就是语法越学越困惑,越努力越找不到方向,因此,为了让学生能达到理想的学习效果,雅思语法教学也应该跳出传统的教学框架,进行不断的创新。
一. 托福雅思语法教学特点:
相对于传统的英语语法教学,雅思语法教学具有自身的一些特点:
1. 更偏重实用性:
中学,大学英语教学最大的服务目标就是高考的高分,而托福雅思语法教学的目标则是让学生把英语变成可用的工具。因此,语法的教学不应该重复让学生背枯燥的语法规则和大量做习题的老路,而应该服务于实用性这个目标。语法,是语言的法则或规则,因此,在教学中,应侧重让学生超越语法的学习地表象,去抓住内在的规律,举一反三,提高学习效率。例如,在虚拟语气的教学中,除了常规的语法规则之外,应用实例多向学生展示虚拟语气在生活口语,阅读,写作等多方面的体现,运用的理由及体现的含义。
2. 更偏重同听、说、读、写、译的相互结合:
传统学习中,语法独立性很大,这一点无论在教学中还是在题型设置中都有所体现。而雅思复习中,英语教学强调学生综合英语素质的提高,因此语法教育成为了提高学生英语听、说、读、写、译整体水平的辅助工具。托福雅思考试没有语法单项考试,并都不意味着语法学习意义不大,而是告诉我们语法是整体英语学习中的不可分割的一个部分。
3. 更偏重句法的教学:
传统英语教学属于打基础阶段,语法教学往往从词法入手,学生需要了解名词,动词,冠词等不同词性的许多变化规则;而雅思语法教学则更偏重句法的教学;例如,雅思语法学习难点之一是长难句,而长难句最多运用到的语法就是从句,平行比较结构和非谓语动词短语三大语法规则,例如:
The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element (分词短语作介宾)and prevented the decline in efficiency (and 连接平行结构)that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms (that引导定语从句)in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
(参考译文 “这种改变通过引入大量专业元素,满足了新时代的技术要求,也阻止了效率的下降;这种效率的下降,往往在经历充沛的创建者之后的第二代和第三代时让家族企业倒闭。”)
二. 概貌教学法:
当我们到一个城市去旅游时,会先买一张该城市的地图。当我们做拼图游戏是,会看着包装上的整个图画去拼成百上千块的拼板,因为我们如果知道整个图画是什么的话,我们就会更容易地把某一块拼到该拼的地方去。
令人惊讶的是,我们的英语教学往往忽略这个常识,一个个语法项目被分开教学,每次课讲的只是一个小部分,学生根本不知道所学内容的概貌,无论开始时还是结束时。因此,我们可以在第一次课就向学生展示出他们在整个大学将要学到的语法概貌。
控托福雅思考试语法
篇2:托福语法解析整合
这一部分囊括了1月至10月托福考试的所有考题。笔者对其每道题进行了包括试题解析,思路分析,考生易犯错误,必要或是不必要知识点(必要知识点为那些为了解题而必需知道的知识点;不必要知识点为那些即使考生不知道这些知识点,根据我们介绍的解题技巧和方法也可以做对题目,这些知识点的忽视并不对解题造成威胁),句子中文翻译等详细阐述,其目的在于具体告诉学生如何运用我们的方法解题。在阅读这部分的时候,要抓住解题分析的思路和具体思想,尽快熟练作题正确的方法,为以后自己高效率高质量做题打下基础。
191月TOEFL 语法考题分析
1. Between 1870 and 1890 the total population of tile United States_____.
(A)that doubled
(B)doubled
(C)It doubled
(D)when doubled
Key: B
分析:第一步考虑句子的完整性。发现题干部分没有动词,所以可以确定,空里面要填的是谓语动词,而非从句,由此得出B选项。
必要的知识点:考点是主谓结构(句子基本结构)。本句题干部分没有一个动词,所以可以确定,空里面要填的肯定是谓语动词,而非从句,由此直接得出B。
参考译文:在1870到1890年期间,美国的总人口数量翻了一倍。
2. Intended to display the work of twentieth century artists, ____ in 1929.
(A) the opening of the Museum of Modern Art
(B) so the Museum of Modern Art opened
(C) why tile Museum of Modern Art opened
(D) the Museum of Modern Art opened
Key:D
分析:还是句子的完整性问题,从第一步的分析即可得出答案。方法同上题,题干中有一个动词,但是可以确定只是一个分词形式,不是谓语动词,而正确选项必定含有主谓语,由此,排除A,B,C。
不必要的知识点:句子没有主语谓语,逗号前为状语成分。而C也明显不对,如果why...是个问句,则必须是why did the Museum...如果是个从句,整个句子没有主句。
B中的so是个conj.连接两个句子,但是前面intended to desplay不是一个整句,所以不对。
参考译文:开放于1929年的现代艺术博物馆,意在向众人展示二十世纪艺术家的作品。
3. The Earth has a tremendous amount of water, but_____ in the ocean.
(A) almost all of it is
(B) it is almost all of
(C) is of it almost all
(D) all is of it almost
Key:A
分析:第一步分析句子的完整性,由于but前已经是完整句,故无法得出答案。进入第二步,比对各选项的差异。发现四个选项中所包含的词是相同的,只是顺序不同,并且只有A选项主谓完整,可以和空格后的in连接。Almost all of it是主语,is是谓语。
必要的知识点:转折连词(conj.) But前后结构必须对应。本题中,but前是单句,因此but后也应为完整句。
参考译文:地球上有极为丰富的水资源,但是这些水大多存在于海洋水当中
4. ______ have sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.
(A) That tile fish
(B) Fish
(C) When fish
(D) If tile fish
Key:B
分析:第一步,分析完整性。发现缺少主语,很明显由此得到B选项。
不必要知识点:考点是主谓结构。 which allows...是一个定语从句,所以前面的肯定是一个主句。已经有了谓语和宾语,那么正确选项肯定是个主语,所以选B。
参考译文:鱼身体上叫做lateral line的管道里有感觉器官,这个感觉器官使得他们能够感应到周围水域由运动所产生的压力。
5.Direct information on the chemical composition of the Moon became available in 1969 _______ of the first Apollo mission to land on the Moon.
(A)with the return
(B)returning
(C)when returned
(D)and the return
Key:A
分析:通过第一步分析句子的完整性发现,空格前已经是一个完整句了,故无法得出结论。第二步,比对选项的差别。句子中谓语动词是became,由此可推断,空里边要填的是状语,从句或者是谓语的并列成分。答案A。with the return of介词短语做状语。
(B)对于B选项,如果放入句中,根本无法确定是做何成分语义也不对;
(C)这个从句没有主语,错;
(D)没有谓语,谓语并列成分不成立。
必要的知识点:1.When引导的壮语从句,从句主谓必须完整。故排除C。
2.And是连词,前后对应的成分要相同。如本题中的:完整句+and+完整句。故排除D。
参考译文:随着第一次登月的阿波罗行动的完成返航,人们获得有关月球化学成分的第一手资料。
6. _____ completely harmless to the environment is very difficult and usually economically unsound.
(A) Cleaning products that
(B) Cleaning products are
(C) Cleaning products are made
(D) Making a cleaning product
Key:D
分析:第一步,分析句子主谓宾语的完整性。发现句子已经有了谓语和宾语,选项一定是主语成分。故排除了含有谓语的B,C选项。第二步,比对剩下的A,D选项。尽管都为名词性结构,但A中that后应为完整句,从句缺少谓语,故选D。
必要的知识点:从句的结构完整
参考译文:要使得清洁产品对环境完全无害是非常困难的,而且通常也是不太经济划算的。
7.One of Ulysses S. Grant's first acts as President of the United States was to name tile Seneca chief Donehogawa _______ of Indian Affairs.
(A)as was Commissioner
(B)Commissioner
(C)was Commissioner
(D) him Commissioner
Key:B
分析:第一步,分析完整性,发现句子主谓完整,故排除含谓语动词的A和C。进入第二步,比对B和D。D选项中的him与Commissioner在结构上重复,使句子中有了三个宾语,故排除,只剩下B选项为正确答案。
必要的知识点:name可以接双宾语结构,即:name+名词1+名词2。
不必要的知识点:固定搭配。name sb. _____ 横线上的东东肯定是宾补。单格名词做宾补。
name sb.+ 职务,任命某人为X.X职务。
参考译文:Ulysses S.Grant,担任美国总统之后的第一个行动之一,便是任命ScD作为印第安人事务的专员。
8.One of the most ancient arts, _____ in different parts of the world.
(A) for weaving to develop independently
(B) the independent development of weaving
(C) weaving, to develop independently
(D) weaving developed independently
Key:D
分析:第一步即可解题。句子缺少谓语,只有D选项中含有谓语动词,故选D。
不必要的知识点:one of the most ancient arts是主语weaving的同位语。
参考译文:编织作为最古老的工艺之一,在世界各地独立发展。
9. _______ classified as a carnivore, the North American grizzly bear eats berries and even grass.
(A) Just as
(B) Because of
(C) Although
(D) Either
Key:C
分析:第一步,分析句子完整性。逗号之后是一个完整句,所以逗号之前一定是状语成分。第二步,比对选项。四个选项全都是连词,无从判断正确选项。那么,第三步,只能根据句意来判断。发现“carnivore食肉动物”与“berries and even grass吃素”之间,是转折的关系,故选表转折的连词although。
不必要知识点:考点是连词用法和省略结构。看选项部分,全都是连词,那么可以断定该连词是因果还是转折,还是顺接。就要看逗号前后两部分的意思了.逗号前carnivore食肉动物,逗号后,berries and even grass,可断定前后意思相反,所以选C
参考译文:虽然北美灰熊被归入食肉动物之列,但它吃浆果甚至是草。
10. Not only --- much bigger than any planet, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material.
(A) the Sun is
(B) the Sun, which is
(C) is the Sun
(D) that the Sun
Key:C
分析:第一步首先分析句子完整性,缺少主谓,又看到前面是not only,很明显这里应该是倒装才对。
必要知识点:考点是倒装结构。Not only + 倒装, but (also)...故选C。
参考译文:太阳不仅比其他任何行星都大,而且不想别的行星,太阳完全由气态物质组成。
篇3:托福语法解析整合
有关名词的题目在历届TOEEL考试中占相当大的比例,但题形却非常单一易解。名词的命题焦点主要集中在名词的单复数问题上。试题通常分布在written Expression (16-40题〕中。名词的考题过于简单。反而易被忽略,所以还应当加倍留意。
名词常考题型及解题要点
1. 可数名词的复数概念必须加-s,不可数名词任何时候都不可接-s
全真例题分析
(1) Every year Colorado is visited by millions of tourists who come for a variety of teason. (92.8)
[答案] D reason为可数名词,a varity of 表示多数概念,故(D)应改为reasons。
(2)Rebecca Latimer, a political commentator and the author of several book ,was the first woman to become a United States senator. (92.10)
[答案] C book为可数名词,several表示多数概念,故(C)应用复数形式books。
(3) The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers but as a record of geographically organized information. (91.1)
[答案] C paper表示“纸张”时是不可数名词,不能接-s。
(4) Andrew Wyeth is famous for his realistic and thoughtful paintings of person and plans in rural Pennsylvania and Maine (93.5)
[答案] C person为可数名词,根据句意,这里应是多数概念的people。
2. 名词的数应与其前面的修饰成分一致
解题要点 下述单词和短语决定名词的单复数:a / an every much many some several this those other one of…等等
全真例题分析
(1) A time zone is a slightly irregular north-south belts that extends from pole to pole (92.10)
[答案] C 中心名词belts前有不定冠词a,故应改为单数belt。A / an与其中心名词之间隔有冗长的定语成分,此名词常是考题焦点。
(2) Although mockingbirds superbly mimicthe songs and calls of many bird they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues. (94.1)
[答案] B bird为不可数名词,它前面的修饰语many即决定了它应用复数形式。
(3) The fritillaries, one of the largest group of bufferflies, are found not only in this country but in many other pants of the world as well (94.5)
[答案] A 短语one of…后面必须接名词的复数形式,即groups。
(4) Manganese does exist naturally in a pure state because it reacts so easily with other element. (91.1)
[答案] D 形容词other后面接复数的可数名词,故element 应加-s.
(5) In 1987 the sales of ice cream in the United States amounted to fifteen quarts per year for every persons in the country. (92.1)
[答案] D 形容词every后面应接单数名词,即person。
3. 名词的数应与谓语动词一致
全真例题分析
(1) Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized in the United States are for foods and beverages. (92.5)
[答案] A 主语是package的百分比率,谓语动词are则决定了package的复数形式。
(2) Human being have thirty-three or thirty-four vertebrate, bat a snake may have as many as three hundred. (93.8)
[答案] A 谓语动词have表明主语应是复数形式,即human beings。
(3) Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth tantalizing secret of the planet are concealed. (91.10)
[答案] C 谓语动词are 决定了主语secret应接复数形式-s。
4. 一个名词修饰限定另一个名词时,第一个名词只能用单数形式
解题要点 当你看到两个名词连用时,一定留意第一个名词的单数的形式。
全真例题分析
(1) Employments agencies bring together persons qualified for specific jobs and employers who have those jobs available (90.10)
[答案] A 名词emplogments修饰说明后面的名词agencies,其作用相当于一个形容词,故应用单数形式。
(2) Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. (90.5)
[答案] D名词colors修饰说明effects,应用其单数形式。
(3) Susan Sontags aversion to the traditional critical practice of extracting morals meanings from art is reflected in her novels. (92.1)
[答案] B morals应用单数形式修饰后面的名词meanings。
篇4:托福语法解析整合
有关冠词的考题在TOEFL测试中所占比例较小,但出现频率较高,而且是单一题型反复再现,即不定冠词a和an混淆错用。这类题目全部集中在Written Expression(16-40题)中。其次,定冠词the的用法也是考试范围。
冠词常考题型及解题要点
1.不定冠词a与an的区别
解题要点 “a”后面接以辅音开始的字词“an”后面接以元音开始的字词。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现有a或an,应首先察看它后面的单词,以判断此不定冠词是否正确。
全真例题分析
(1) The Montreal International Exposition,“Expo. 67”was applauded for displaying an degree of taste superior to that of similar expositions.
(答案) B 改为a degree。
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine chemically with other atoms.
(答案) A改为an atom
(3) Since the beginning of this century the United States government has played an role in the supervision and use of the nation's natural resources.
(答案) A改为a role
(4) A electric current can consist of charges that are positive, negative, or both.
(答案) A 改为An election
2. 可数名词前面通常要有冠词或其它限定形容词, 非泛指的可数名词一般不能独立存在。
全真例题分析
(A) A march is highly rhythmic piece of music first used by military bands to accompany marching. (94.1)
(答案) A 名词短语 piece of music 前面应加不定冠词:a highly rhythmic piece of music
(2) The sonometer is instrument used to study the mathematical relations of harmonic tones. (93.8)
(答案) A改为an instrument, instrument为可数名词,前面应有冠词。
(3) Accounting is described as art of classifying, recording, and reporting significant financial events.
(答案) A 名词art,表示“一门艺术”这个概念时,应加冠词。此句应改为an art。
3.冠词的错误使用或遗漏
全真例题分析
(1) The Yukon River, which fllows into the Baring Sea, gives its name to a region of Alaska and a territory of the Canada.
(答案) D删掉定冠词the. Canada是专有名词,无需加冠词。表示“国家”“城市”“人物”等概念的专有名词前不加冠词。
(2) Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's was concerned with the depicting the experience of urban Black people in the United States.
(答案) C 删除冠词the。动名词前不应加冠词。特别是当这个动名词带有宾语,它的动词属性更强烈,因而不能加冠词。
(3) Some geologists predict that, by end of the next century, movement along the San Andreas Fault will have caused part of California to separate from the continent (88.1)
(答案) A 加入定冠词the,组成固定短语by the end。含冠词的词组不能随意删除或更换。
(4) At a first, the scientific method may appear to be a narrow and restrictive way of gaining (89.10)
(答案) A 删除不定冠词a。At first为固定短语结构,不能随意添入冠词。
(5) Seven of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital motions, while Venus and Uranus rotate in the opposite direction. (91.8)
(答案) A 此句的planets特指太阳系中的九大行星,故应加入定冠词the,即Seven of the planets……。
篇5:托福语法指导整合
托福语法指导-词性变化及真题要点解析
词性混淆常考题型及解题要点来源:考试大
1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一来源:考试大
全真例题分析来源:考试大
(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales. (93.3)
[答案] A 并列连词and连接三个形容词,故(A)Bigness应改为Big。
(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability. (92.10)
[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个名词,而speed是形容词,故应改为speed。
(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments. (92.5)
[答案] D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词,共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。而locally是副词,应改为local。来源:考试大
(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)
[答案] B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。之后亦应是形容词imaginary。
2. 形容词错用为副词来源:考试大
解题要点 形容词用来修饰说明名词或名词性成分的,而副词则可修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分。来源:考试大
全真例题分析
(1) Animal life on Prince Edward island is confined large to ducks. Pheasants. And rabbits (93.5)
[答案]C 修饰限定介词短语to ducks pheasants and rabbits 应用副词largely。
(2) The General Sherman tree a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world. largest plant at approximate 272 feet tall.
[答案] D 修饰说明数词(272)应用副词approximately。来源:考试大
(3) Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable larger than any land mammal alive today. (93.8)
[答案] 修饰形容词短语larger than…应用副词形式considerably。
(4) Once an important port of entry for immigrants to the United States. Island recent reopened its great hall s a museum of immigration. (92.8)
[答案] C 修饰整个句耶Ellis ls land reopened its great hall as a museum of immigration 应用副词recently,表示时间。来源:考试大
(5) Because their properties differ from those of their constituents. Proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal.
[答案] C 修饰动increase 应用副词greatly。
托福考试语法辅导:托福语法找错技巧.
托福(TOEFL)语法找错中有一些捷径,这是长期考题重复的必然,总结以下一些希望考生从中误出做题的感觉来:
1 代词划线98%错来源:考试大
2 动词划线80%错来源:考试大
3 小心不定式
4 常用被动态的词
5平衡连接词
6 倒装(UNTIL,NOT UNTIL)
7 AND 连接,注意多义来源:考试大
8 句首介词和不定式
9 人名,专业术语做同谓语与主语一致来源:考试大
10 IN 和过去分词的连用THAT 后两个逗号错
11 DO和MAKE
12 LIKE和ALIKE
13 SINCE用完成时,IN 用过去时来源:考试大
14 SELF单用
15 双重否定来源:考试大
16 IT IS 和THERE BE,-ING和-ED,EVEN和EVEN THOUGH的替换错误
17 有ALTHOUGH 不用BUT来源:考试大
介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性,而且具有一定的难度。中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策,因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。不过,TOEFL涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强,而且有规律可循。只要考生善于总结、记忆,还是可以保证得满分的。介词的题目命题焦点集中在:
(1)含有介词的固定短语来源:考试大
(2)含有特定含义的介词误用
托福语法指导--介词用法口诀
上午、晚上要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。来源:考试大
将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in。
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。 来源:考试大
介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
来源:考试大
收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。 来源:考试大
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。 来源:考试大
步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。来源:考试大
来源:考试大
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。 来源:考试大
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。来源:考试大
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。来源:考试大
over、under正上下,above、below则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。来源:考试大
beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。
besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、owing to、due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。 来源:考试大
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。来源:考试大
与之相比beside,除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。 来源:考试大
but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。 来源:考试大
之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。
托福语法技巧:名词的复数形式
A名词的复数形式通常是在单数名词后加s:
day,days天,白天
dog,dogs狗
house,houses房屋
在词尾p,k或f音之后加的s读为/s/。除此之外s读/z/。词尾是ce,ge,se或ze的词之后加s时,该词的读音要加上一个音节(/Iz/)。
其他复数形式
B 以字母o,ch,sh,ss或x结尾的单词,在词尾加es构成其复数:
tomato,tomatoes西红柿
brush, brushes刷子
church,churches教堂
kiss,kisses吻
box,boxes箱,盒
但以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式是只加s:dynamo,dynamos发电机
kilo,kilos公斤
kimono,kimonos和服
photo,photos照片
piano,pianos钢琴
soprano,sopranos女高音歌手
词尾是ch,sh,ss或x的词后面加es时,该词的读音要加上一个音节(/Iz/)。
C 以y结尾但y前为辅音的名词在构成复数时,先把y去掉再加ies:
baby,babies婴儿
country,countries国家
fly,flies苍蝇
lady,ladies女士
以y结尾但y前为元音的名词在构成复数时,直接加s:boy,boys男孩
day,days天
donkey,donkeys驴子
guy,guys家伙
D 有12个以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数时,去掉f或fe加ves。这些词是:
calf小牛
half半
knife刀
leaf叶子
life生命
loaf(面包的)条/只
self自身
sheaf捆
shelf架子
thief贼
wife妻子
wolf狼
例如:
loaf,loaves
wife,wives
wolf,wolves
名词hoof(蹄),scarf(围巾)和wharf(码头)构成复数形式时,其词尾可以加s或ves:
hoofs或hooves
scarfs或scarves
wharfs或wharves
其他以f或fe结尾的名词在构成复数形式时,直接加s:cliff,cliffs悬崖峭壁
handkerchief,handkerchiefs手帕
safe,safes保险箱
E 有些名词用改变无音的方法来构成其复数形式:
foot,feet,英尺,脚
goose,geese鹅
louse,lice虱子
man,men男人
mouse, mice老鼠
tooth,teeth牙齿
woman,women女人
但是,child的复数是children,ox的复数是oxen。F 某些动物名称没有复数形式:
名词fish通常没有复数形式,虽然有fishes这一形式,但不常用。
鱼类的某些种类通常没有复数形式:
carp鲤鱼
cod鳕鱼
mackerel 鲐鱼
pike狗鱼
plaice鲽鱼
salmon鲑鱼
squid 鱿鱼
trout鳟鱼
turbot大菱鲆
但是,这些名词如果表达复数的意思,其动词要用复数形式。其他鱼虾要表达复数意思则要在词尾加s:
crabs蟹
eels鳗鱼
hetrings鲱鱼
lobsters龙虾
sardines沙丁鱼
sharks鲨鱼
deer(鹿)和sheep(羊)没有复数形式:
one sheep一只羊
two sheep两只羊
喜欢打猎的人说duck(野鸭),partridge(鹧鸪),pheasant(野鸡)等时,对其不分单复数都用同一形式。但是其他人通常在常见的有复数形式的鸟类名称上加s:
ducks partridges pheasants
打猎的人用game这个词表示所猎获的猎物时,它总是取单数形式,而且后边跟单数动词。G 还有一些没有变化的词:
aircraft航空器,飞机
craft船只来源:考试大网
counsel法庭上的辩护律师
quid一英镑(俚语)
有些度量单位和数词没有复数形式。
F 集合名词如crew,family,team等用单数或复数动词都可以;如果认为这个词表示的是一个群体或单位,可用单数动词:
Our team is the best.
我们这个队是最好的。
如果认为它表示的是这个队的所有成员,就用复数动词:
Our team are wearing their new jerseys.
我们这个队的队员们都穿着新运动衫。
这些名词后面需要带所有格形容词时,复数动词+their要比单数动词+ its常用一些,虽然有时两者都可以用:
The jury is considering its verdict.
陪审团正在考虑裁决。
The jury are considering their verdict.
陪审团成员们正在考虑裁决。
G 有些词总是复数形式,并和复数动词连用:
clothes衣服
police警察
由两部分组成的服装用复数:
breeches马裤
pants(男用)短衬裤
pyjamas睡衣裤
trousers裤子
由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数:
binoculars双筒望远镜
glasses眼镜
pliers钳子
scales天平
scissors剪刀
shears大剪刀
spectacles眼镜/护目镜
还有其他一些词用复数:
arms武器
damages损害/赔偿
earnings收入
goods/wares商品/货品
greens蔬菜
grounds(建筑物周围的)庭院,场地
outskirts郊外
pains费心,辛苦
particulars细情
prenises/qusrters房屋/住所
riches财富
savings储蓄
spirits烈酒
stairs台阶,楼梯
surroundings环境
valuables贵重物品
篇6:托福语法精讲复习
介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性,而且具有一定的难度。中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策,因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。不过,TOEFL涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强,而且有规律可循。只要考生善于总结、记忆,还是可以保证得满分的。介词的题目主要分布在Written Expression(16-40题)中,命题焦点售在中(1)含有介词的固定短语,(2)含有特定含义的介词误用
介词常考题型及解题要点
1.含有介词的固定短语:短语或词组中的介词不能随意更换或省略
全真例题分析
(1)Most aquatic animals breathe by means external respiratory organs called gills.
(答案)C 正确的短语为by means of,其中的介词of不能省略
(2) Speed refers only toward the rate of mution without
specifying any direction of motion.(94.8)
(答案)A 正确短语形式为refer to
(3) Historical geology deals about data on the development of the Earth
gathered from the study of rocks, which are analyzed to determine their age and composition. (93.8)
(答案) A正确短语式式为deal with.
(4) The diamond is the only gemstone composed with just one chemical element, carbon.
(答案) A 正确短语形式为。Be composed of
(5) Best known for his research in statistical mechanics and meson physics. Chen Ning Yang shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 to another physicist from the United States, Tsung-dao Lee.
(答案) C 正确的短语搭配为 share.......with
(6) The doctrine of eminent domain is based the legal tradition that all real property is subject to the control of the state.
(答案) A 正确的短语形式为be based on 其中的介词on不能省掉。
2. 介词用错
解题要点 介词与后面的名词通常有固定的搭配习惯,或有特定的语意功能,不能随意更换。通常,介词毕有含义,不同的介词会使整个句子表达不同的意思。当A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现单独划线的介词,应首先考虑它是否使用正确。
全真例题分析
(1)Scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.
(答案) C from应改用for。表示动作延续的时间应用介词for。
(2) Canadian scarlet-clad guards and mounties with horseback are part of the summer scenery in Ottawa.
(答案) B with改为on,“骑在马背上”应用介词on表示位置。
(3) During eclipses of the Sun, the Ojibwa Indians of North America shot flaming arrows inside the sky to rekindle the light.
(答案) C inside改为into,介词into表示的动作性;shot……into the sky。天空无边无沿,不能用介词inside来修饰。
(4) Wild elephants are almost continuously waving their trunks. Both up in the air and down aside the ground.
(答案) D aside改为on。On the ground 是固定介宾搭配。Ground 没有边沿,无法用aside来修饰。
(5) Recent studies have shown that air into a house often has higher concentrations of contaminants than heavily polluted air outside.
(答案) A into改为in。Into强调动作,而in表示的是静止的状态。“房间里面的空气”只能用in来表示。
(6) The early use of a complete steel frame for towering buildings appeared in the first skyscraper, built on Chicago in 1883.
(答案) D built on 改为built in。城市名前面只能用介词in来修饰。
3.介词between和among的区别
解题要点 between表示二者之间,among表示三者或更多的整体概念。当A、B、C、D四项选择答案中出现between或者among时,它通常就是此题的命题焦点。
全真例题分析
(1) The determination of the path of Mars's orbit in 1609 became the unifying link among the two formerly separate realms of physics and astronomy.
(答案) C among改为between
(2) The Carlsbad caverns, located in New Mexico, rank between the largest underground labyrinths in the world.
(答案) B between改为among。表示多数概念,或范围时应用among。
(3) For a long time cotton ranked first bctween Alabama's crops, but today it accounts for only a fraction of the agricultural production.
(答案) A between改为among。表示范围时应用among。
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