在写作中怎样简化状语从句
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篇1：在写作中怎样简化状语从句
我们在英语写作中经常要用到状语从句，对于一个初学写作的人来说，学会简化状语从句，会使整篇文章显得条理很清楚，下面将具体讲一下各种状语从句的简化方法。
1．以after和before引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时，可用after和before与从句谓语动词的动名词(短语)形式构成介词短语作状语。例如：
After she sang, she left the rich man's house．(简化前)
After singing, she left the rich man's house．(简化后)
2．以as soon as引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时，可用on十v-ing形式简化状语从句，此时的动词为非延续性动词。例如：
Dr．Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers as soon as he arrived at the village．(简化前)
Dr．Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers on arriving at the village．(简化后)
3．时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主语和主句主语一致时，有时可简化为不定式作状语。例如：
She stopped when she saw her husband．(简化前)
She stopped to see her husband．(简化后)
If you want to understand the farmers，you must go to the countryside．(简化前)
To understand the farmers，you must go to the country side．(简化后)
4．结果状语从句和目的状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可以简化为不定式作状语；若两者主语不一致时，则应简化为不定式的复合结构作状语。例如：
He was so tied that he couldn't go any further．(简化前)
He was too tied to go any further．(简化后)
I came here so that I could ask some questions．(简化前)
I came here(in order) to ask some questions．(简化后)
5．以when，while引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句，如果从句主语和主句主语一致时，可简化为现在分词状语，表示谓语动作发生在该状语动作的进行过程之中。例如：
When he turned on the radio，he found it broken．(简化前)
When turning on the radio，he found it broken．(简化后)
While she was walking along the street，she was hit by a car．(简化前)
While walking along the street，she was hit by a car．(简化后)
6．原因状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可简化为分词短语作状语。例如：
Since I didn't know Chinese，I tried to speak to her in English．(简化前)
Not knowing Chinese，I tried to speak to her in English．(简化后)
要注意的是，形容词短语也可用作表示原因的状语，用以代替原因状语从句，放在句首、句末均可，但一般应加逗号。例如：
As he was thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house．(简化前)
Thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house．(简化后)
7．在时间、原因、条件等状语从句中，若从句和主句主语不一致时，可简化为分词复合结构作状语。有时也可简化为“with/without名词或代词十分词(短语)”形式作状语。例如：
When the film start appeared, the children got exited．(简化前)
The film start appearing，the children got exited．(简化后)
If all the work is done, you can have a rest．(简化前)
With all the work done，you can have a rest．(简化后)
Nothing can live if there is no air．(简化前)
Nothing can live without air．(简化后)
8．让步状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可简化为分词短语。
作状语；不一致时，常简化为with或in spite of介词短语作状语。例如：
Although he faced his death，he didn't say anything before the enemy．(简化前)
Facing the death，he didn't say anything before the enemy. (简化后)
Although there was danger，he rushed out to carry the boy to safety．(简化前)
In spite of danger，he rushed out to carry the boy to safety．(简化后)
篇2：[辅导]怎样简化状语从句？
1.以after和before引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时，可用after和before与从句谓语动词的动名词(短语)形式构成介词短语作状语。
例如：
after she sang，she left the rich man's house.(简化前)
after singing，she left the richman's house.(简化后)
2.以as soon as引导的状语从句的主语若与主句主语一致时，可用on十v-ing形式简化状语从句，此时的动词为非延续性动词。例如：
dr.bethune began to operateon the wounded soldiers as soon as he arived at the village.(简化前)
dr.bethune began to operateon the wounded soldiers on arriving at the village.(简化后)
3.时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主语和主句主语一致时，有时可简化为不定式作状语。例如：
she stopped when she saw her husband.(简化前)
she stopped to see her husband.(简化后)
if you want to understand the farmers，you must go to the countryside.(简化前)
to understand the farmers，you must go to the country side.(简化后)
4.结果状语从句和目的状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可以简化为不定式作状语;若两者主语不一致时，则应简化为不定式的复合结构作状语。例如：
he was so tied that he couldn't go any further.(简化前)
he was too tied to go any further.(简化后)
i came here so that i could ask some questions.(简化前)
i came here(in order) to ask some questions.(简化后)
5.以when，while引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句，如果从句主语和主句主语一致时，可简化为现在分词状语，表示谓语动作发生在该状语动作的进行过程之中。
例如：
when he turned on the radio，he found it broken.(简化前)
when turning on the radio，he found it broken.(简化后)
while she was walking along the street，she was hit by a car.(简化前)
while walking along the street，she was hit by acar.(简化后)
6.原因状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可简化为分词短语作状语。例如：
since l didn't know chinese，i tried to speak to her in english.(简化前)
not knowing chinese，i tried to speak to her in english.(简化后)
要注意的是，形容词短语也可用作表示原因的状语，用以代替原因状语从句，放在句首、句末均可，但一般应加逗号。例如：
as he was thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house.(简化前)
thirsty and eager to get a little rest，he went into the tea-house.(简化后)
7.在时间、原因、条件等状语从句中，若从句和主句主语不一致时，可简化为分词复合结构作状语。有时也可简化为“with/without名词或代词十分词(短语)”形式作状语。例如：
when the film start appeared, the children got exited.(简化前)
the film start appearing，the children got exited.(简化后)
if all the work is done, you can have a rest.(简化前)
with all the work done，you can have a rest.(简化后)
篇3：状语从句的“简化”现象
在复合句中，常常根据主句和从句的关系把复合句分为名词性从句、副词性从句(即通常所说的状语从句)及形容词性从句(即通常所说的定语从句)。就状语从句而言，有时为了使句子言简意赅，常常将状语从句进行“简化”。状语从句的“简化”现象在口语中较为普遍，而且在高考题中的复现率也较高，因此，有必要对其进行全面、透彻地了解。
状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中：①由if, unless, whether等引导的让步状语从句；②由although, though, even if / though, wh-ever等引导的让步状语从句； ③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till, once等引导的时间状语从句； ④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句； ⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对状语从句的“简化”现象归纳讲解。
一、当状语从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be时，it和be可完全简化掉。例如：
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. 如果可能的话，他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting on time unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 除非情况对你不便，否则你必须出席这个会议。
二、当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下情形：
1. 连词+形容词
As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了怎样骑自行车。
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping. 她有空就去购物。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
2. 连词＋名词
While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代，就乐于助人。
3. 连词+现在分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 尽管近来他一直在努力学数学，但仍然没有取得好成绩。
4. 连词+过去分词
He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited. 除非受到邀请，否则他是不会和我们一道去那儿的。
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected. 这场音乐会出乎意料地获得了巨大成功。
5. 连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起来好像要说点什么。
He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge. 即使他来负责也解决不了这个问题。
6. 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. 她看上去很焦虑，就好像是遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA. 他到美国之前就精通英语了。
注意：若从句主语和主句主语不一致，从句部分要么用完全形式，要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如：
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-place. 当会议结束时，所有的人都走出了会场。(=The meeting over, ...)
(文/杨春吉 孙乐坤)
篇4：雅思写作如何使用状语从句
在雅思写作考试中，状语从句的使用能起到非常明显的强调突出作用，如何利用状语从句拿高分呢?
雅思写作备考句型：状语从句的使用
状语的定义非常复杂，也不是很好理解，现在给大家介绍一个较为简单的概念。状语：即由介词引导出来的短语结构。
简单的介词有：in, on, with, by, for, at, about, into, within, throughout, inside, outside等，难一点的介词短语包括：according to, because of, by means of, in addition to, in front of,in spite of, into, considering, regarding, respecting, including等。
今天我们来讲一下雅思考试常见五大句型一：主谓结构，如何借助状语变得高大上起来的。
Accordingto the chart, during the period from 1990 to 1995 the averageprices of houses in three citiesdecreasedsignificantly by five percentin NewYork (USA) and(省略by) about 7.5 percent inboth Tokyo (Japan) and London (UK).
这句话的C7T3七分小作文中的句子，将句子中介词引导的状语全部删去后，句子剩下的部分为the average pricesof houses decreased significantly.。这是一个大多数同学都能顺畅写出的主谓结构的句子。
同样，考官考题中的主谓结构也不算少数：Nowadayssome individuals behave in an anti-society way, such ascommitting a crime.这句话只翻译黑色部分，也就是去掉状语后的部分时，几乎没人不会翻译：现如今很多人都这样做。单独翻译状语部分也不是很难：in an anti-societyway,用一种反社会的方式such as committing a crime比如犯罪。那么连接在一起，这句话的意思是：现如今很多人会做一些反社会的事儿，比如犯罪。
雅思写作中如何利用状语从句拿分
一、原因状语从句
能引导原因状语从句的词汇有：because，as，since，inthat
例如：
World food outputper head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980smainly as a
result of increases in yields from land already in cultivationbut also
becausemore land has been brought under plough.
在20世纪70以及80年代，平均每人的食物产量增加了4%，主要是因为现有的耕地食物产量增加，还有一个原因是越来越多的土地被用来耕地。
The removal ofsubsidies stopped land-clearing and over-stocking,because they in thepast had been the principal causes of soil erosion.
因为津贴的废除，导致开荒毁林以及过度放牧的停止，曾经这是水土流失的主要原因。
Such fuel crops areless likely to contribute to the greenhouse effectasthey produce farless carbon dioxide, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow.
这样的燃料作物相比之下更不太可能导致温室效应，因为燃烧他们产生的二氧化碳更少并且在这些作物的成长过程中会吸收二氧化碳。
从以上句子中可以看出，原因状语从句的引导词后面接的是一个完整的句子，不能缺少任何的主谓宾成分，并且因为、所以不能同时出现在一个句子里面，有了because就不可以再出现so了，反之亦然。
注：如果能用because of就不要用because。介词词组相比与连词的优势在于because of后面接词组，这就要求考生能将自己的句子进行凝缩。
介词词组有：because of, dueto, as a result of, thanks to, owing to
二、结果状语从句
能引导结果状语从句的词汇有：so...that...
These remarkablebeetles have evolved and adapted so successfullyto the localenvironmentthat they have reached their natural boundaries.
这些甲壳虫进化以及适应当地的环境如此之快以至于他们的数量已经到达了自然界能到达的最大值。
The tuition feeincreasesso rapidly thatmany students take part-time jobs to lightenthe financial burden of their parents.
教育费用增加如此之快以至于很多的学生参加兼职去减少父母的经济负担。
以上两个句子是最基本的句型，写作中可以采用这个基本句型的升级版，将之改为倒装句：
So
successfullyhave these remarkablebeetles evolved and adapted to the local environmentthat they havereached their natural boundaries.
So
rapidly does the tuition fee increase that manystudents take part-time jobs to lighten the financial burden of their families.
将so提前，that后面的句子不发生任何其他的变化。倒装句共四种形式：
[if !supportLists]1. [endif]Heis so tall that he cannot sit in the first row.
改成So tall is he thathe cannotsit in the first row.
[if !supportLists]2. [endif]Hecan do it so quickly that he earns most.
改成So quickly can he do it thatheearns most.
[if !supportLists]3. [endif]Hehas done it so quickly that he gets the prize from the manager.
改成So
quickly has he done it thathe gets the prizefrom the manager.
[if !supportLists]4. [endif]Hegets the highest mark so easily that he often looks down upon those industriousstudents.
改成So
easily does he get the highest mark thathe often looks down upon those industrious students.
把动词分成四种，前三种(系动词、情态动词以及完成时态)将系动词、情态动词以及构成完成时态的助动词(have，has，had)倒装;第四种实义动词，用助动词do以及其变体进行倒装。
三、时间状语从句
常用的时间状语从句：not...until，since，as
soon as，hardly...when，nosooner...than...
这里重点讲解hardly...when...，以及nosooner...than...
Ihad hardly gotback to the kitchen when the telephone rang.(过去完成时，过去时)
我刚离开厨房，电话就响了。
改成倒装句：
Hardly had I gotback to the kitchen when the telephone rang.
Hardly had the newsspread around the country when the president came up with another idea to get ahigher efficiency.
四、条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的词：if，provided
that，providingthat
If the governmenttakes immediate steps to curb this situation, the general public will trust thegovernment again.
可以将if改成provided
that，也可以改成providing
that。
注：if除了可以表示条件之外，还可以表示虚拟。条件是可以实现而虚拟表示与事实相反，不可能实现。
[if !supportLists]1) [endif]与现在相反
If he did it, he
would become successfully. 从句用过去式，主句用情态动词的过去时。
If I were you, I
would do it. Be动词的虚拟形态只能用were，不管主语是单数或复数。
If it were not forthe beetles, chemical fertilizer would be washed by rain into streams andrivers before it could be absorbed into the hard earth, polluting water coursesand causing blooms of blue-algae.
[if !supportLists]2) [endif]与过去相反
If he had done the
task, he would have got the award. 从句用过去完成时，主句用情态动词的过去时+完成时。
[if !supportLists]3) [endif]与将来相反
If someone shouldcall me, leave me a message.
If he came here, hewould take some gifts to me.
在写作中，比较实用的是表示现在相反以及过去事实相反。并且在表示虚拟的句型中，有三个句型可以进行倒装。
If I were you, Iwould do it.
改成Were I you, Iwould do it.
If he had done thetask, he would have got the award.
改成Had hedone the task, he would have got the award.
If someone shouldcall me, leave me a message.
改成Should someonecall me, leave me a message.
如何在英语写作中运用状语从句的省略?
一、状语从句的省略形式必须符合以下两个条件：
1. 从句的主语和主句的主语一致(或者从句主语是it)
2. 从句的谓语部分有系动词be
如果满足以上两个条件，就可以省略从句的主语+be，只保留其他成分，这样可以使句子更加简洁明了。
二、状语从句常见的省略现象
1. 时间状语从句的省略
由when，while，until，after，before， since等引导，如：
Fear is something innate that we actually rely on to keep us safe when (we are) faced with danger. (Skillful reading & writing level3, P13)
解析：这里when引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句rely on的逻辑主语一致，且从句有系动词are，此时可以把从句主语we和系动词are一起省略。
When (the brain is) multitasking, the brain is concentrating on one task and then switching to the other, in sequence. (Skillful reading & writing level4, P31)
解析：when引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句is concentrating on的逻辑主语一致，且从句有系动词is，此时可以把从句主语the brain和系动词is一起省略。
2. 条件状语从句的省略
由if，unless，once引导，如：
If (these projects are) successful, these projects have amazingly positive potential. (Skillful reading & writing level4, P21)
解析：if引导的条件状语从句中省略了these projects are。
Once opened, the museum will be very popular with the citizens.
解析：在once引导的条件状语从句中省略了the museum is。
3. 让步状语从句的省略
由although，though，even if，even though，wherever，whenever，however等引导，如：
Although (he was) the youngest in the group, Tom won all the prize.
解析：although引导的让步状语从句省略了he was。
This viewpoint, however understandable (it is), is not practical.
解析：however引导的让步状语从句省略了it is。
4. 方式状语从句
由as，as if，as though 引导，如：
He did it as required.
解析：由as引导的方式状语从句中省略了 he was。
The girl looked as if afraid of nothing.
解析：由as if引导的方式状语从句省略了she was。
5. 比较状语从句
在比较状语从句中，常在as和than引导的分句中省略某些与主句相同的成分，有时甚至省略整个as和than引导的从句，如：
He can play basketball as well as I.
解析：由as引导的比较状语从句省略了do。
You finished the work three weeks earlier than (you were) expected.
解析：由than引导的比较状语从句省略了you were。
6. 其他形式
(1) 在状语从句中，从句主语和主句主语一致，有时候从句谓语没有系动词，也可以省略，如：
When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the difference without noticing many similarities.
解析：这里when comparing different cultures就是when we compare different cultures。
(2) 由if引导的习惯用法，常有：if not，if possible，if necessary 等，如：
Correct the mistake in your composition if any.
解析：这里的if any 相当于 if there is any。
就像一幅画作中不应该由多余的线条，一台机器不应该有多余的零件，一句话中也不应该有赘词。所以能够用简洁有力的方式表达的意思可能更好一些。从上面的状语从句的省略现象可以看出语言表达的多样性，灵活性和可变性。如果我们能够灵活的掌握这种省略的形式，可以有效提高我们句子表达的技巧。虽然状语从句的省略形式可以提高我们句子表达的多样性，但是这种省略形式必须以保持句子原有意思不变，不产生歧义和准确性的基础上输出。
状语从句如何增加雅思写作的难度
雅思句子的宗旨，万变不离其宗，只有五大基本句型，除此以外，都是在五大基本句型上添加了部分修饰，使得句子看起来比较高大上。而在这些添加的部分当中，最重要的一项当属状语了。
状语的定义非常复杂，也不是很好理解，现在给大家介绍一个较为简单的概念。状语：即由介词引导出来的短语结构。
简单的介词有：in, on, with, by, for, at, about, into, within, throughout, inside,
outside等，难一点的介词短语包括：according to, because of, by means of, in addition to, in
front of,in spite of, into, considering, regarding, respecting, including等。
今天我们来讲一下雅思考试常见五大句型一：主谓结构，如何借助状语变得高大上起来的。
Accordingto the chart, during the period from 1990 to 1995 the
averageprices of houses in three citiesdecreasedsignificantly by five percentin
NewYork (USA) and(省略by) about 7.5 percent inboth Tokyo (Japan) and London
(UK).
这句话的C7T3七分小作文中的句子，将句子中介词引导的状语全部删去后，句子剩下的部分为the average pricesof houses
decreased significantly.。这是一个大多数同学都能顺畅写出的主谓结构的句子。
同样，考官考题中的主谓结构也不算少数：Nowadayssome individuals behave in an anti-society way,
such ascommitting a
crime.这句话只翻译黑色部分，也就是去掉状语后的部分时，几乎没人不会翻译：现如今很多人都这样做。单独翻译状语部分也不是很难：in an
anti-societyway,用一种反社会的方式such as committing a
crime比如犯罪。那么连接在一起，这句话的意思是：现如今很多人会做一些反社会的事儿，比如犯罪。
加油添加状语，让自己的雅思写作句子变得丰富起来吧。
篇5：考研英语中的比较状语从句
考研英语中的比较状语从句
比较状语从句是状语从句中最难的一个知识点。这里把大家日常生活中比较难的比较状语从句都一一罗列，希望对大家有所帮助：（1） It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.（-语法-9）
[A] rather [B] so [C] than（D） [D] as
解析：这个句子是典型的Not …so much as比较结构，一般翻译为“与其说前者，倒不如说后者。”或者“是后者，而不是前者”。在这个句子里，主句表语是两个that引导的并列成分，所以翻译为：“与其说我不喜欢她，倒不如说我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。”意译一下就是：并不是因为我不喜欢她，而是因为我对整个事情根本就不感兴趣。
（2） Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”（-1-4）
解析：这个句子是than引导的比较状语从句，这个句子为了强调所以把do提前，这是需要考生注意的事项。翻译为：“亚裔和西班牙裔移民的“异族通婚率比美国本土黑人和白人的比例要高”。”
（3） There are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. (2006-3-32题选项B)
解析：这个句子是“倍数+as…as”的结构，翻译为：“如今的渔场数量仅是前的一半。”
（4） Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.（-新题型-6）
解析：这个句子是“比较级，比较级”结构，从句省略了谓语动词，补充完整是“the greater the potential consumers are, the higher the likelihood of a better price is.”翻译为：“基本经济学原理标明，潜在的客户越多，获得更多优惠价格的可能性就越大。”
（5） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.(2006-新题型-49)
解析：这个句子是典型的“not….any more than”结构，和“no more ….than”表示的意思一样，基本意思是 “同…一样不”。翻译时我们经常翻译为：“不能…..，就如同不能（than从句）一样”或者“正如不能（than从句）一样，不能….”这个句子就可以翻译为：“正如我们不能指望一个商人将他的'全部精力都用于探索商业行为准则一样，他的首要任务也不是考虑支配自己行为的道德。”或者“但是，他的首要任务不是考虑支配自己行为的道德，就如同我们不能指望一个商人将他全部的精力都用于探索商业行为准则一样。”
这只是真题中的部分例子，希望大家在解题过程中好好鉴别，正确理解，好好翻译。
篇6：英语中还有哪些状语从句的用法
状语从句，用于修饰谓语，说明谓语动作的时间、地点、方式、手段、条件、程度、比较、原因、目的、结果等内容。
状语从句的用法
表示目的：
We got up very early so that we would not miss the sunrise.
我们起得早，这样就不会错过看日出。
The man shouted so loudly that everyone could hear him.
那人大喊，以便大家都能听见。
表示条件：
If I were you, I would refuse it.
如果我是你，我会拒绝。
She will not attend the party unless you go with her.
要是你不同她一起去，她不会出席晚会的。
表示让步：
Although it was snowing heavily, no one was absent.
虽然下着大雪，但没有人缺席。
注意：
although不能与but连用。
×Althoughit was snowing heavily, but noone was absent。
The boy can write good poems though he is only 10.
虽然男孩只有10岁，但他能写出很好的诗了。
She didn’t take my advice however I tried.
不管我怎样想办法，他都不接受我的建议。
表示比较：
Tom speaks faster than Mary does.
汤姆比玛丽说得快。
Women can do their jobs as quickly as mendo.
妇女干活同男人一样快捷。
篇7：考研英语中的时间状语从句
考研英语中的时间状语从句
时间状语从句难度中等，出题频率却很高。通常由before，when，while，until等连词引导。1. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.（2004―翻译-61）
考点：
Greek希腊人（从初中到现在，以G开头的需要掌握的国家名就两个，一个Germany，一个Greece，希望大家都能注意。）
assumed 假定；认为；以为
the process of thought思想的过程；思维过程（注意：A of B的结构翻译为B的A）
took root in生根；在…扎下了根
long before 早在…之前；“在…之前早就…”
diverse “丰富；差异性；多样性；千差万别”
分析：这个句子的难度级别非常高，只有少数学生能把它翻译对。因为句子结构比较复杂，是主句+从句+从句+从句的结构。句子的'主句是划线部分，which引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个句子，所以翻译时要把这个which翻译为“这种看法”，除此之外，这个句子还要注意long before的翻译“早在….之前”，时间状语一般翻译到主句的最前面，最后需要注意的是how引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句的意思是“语言是多么的丰富”。
翻译：希腊人认为语言结构同思维过程之间存在着某种关系。早在人们认识到各种语言的千差万别之前，这种看法就已经扎根于欧洲。
难点总结：Which的指代，Before long和long before 的区别和翻译，整个句子结构的分析。
2. On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont __5__ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.(2000-)
[A] which
[B] where
[C] when
[D] that
解析：首先我们要强调一下做题方法，先看这个句子主句和从句缺不缺成分，主句和从句都不缺成分，所以，我们排除which和that这两个连词，（因为which引导定语从句，主语从句和宾语从句，在句子中要承担成分，that在定于从句中也要做成分，引导宾语从句和表语时，前面必须是动词。）所以从句要在B,C里选择，根据句意，我们很容易就选出是C.
翻译：在一个下雨天，我开车经过北佛蒙特时，看到一个年轻人拿着牌子写着“波士顿”。
3. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. (2006-4-5)
考点：
reminder令人回忆的东西；通知单
misery痛苦；痛苦的事
exhausted耗尽的,用完的
解析：until用于肯定句中时，until前的主句谓语必须是延续的，而until后的从句谓语必须是短暂动词或者是接时间点。这个句子中work是延续的，exhaust是短暂的。
翻译：早期的人们被不幸的暗示包围，他们的工作到筋疲力尽，在几乎无保护的状态下生活，并且很年轻就夭折了。
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