中级笔译翻译技巧之增译法
“zsdna2009”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了12篇中级笔译翻译技巧之增译法，这里给大家分享一些中级笔译翻译技巧之增译法，供大家参考。
篇1：中级笔译翻译技巧之增译法
名师指导：中级笔译翻译技巧之增译法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语(论坛)句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
翻译资格考试笔译二级测试题：西游记
一日，悟空酒醉，在树下酣然入睡，忽然来了两个人，不由分说将悟空灵魂捆绑起来。他们连拉带扯将他带到一个城门口，只见城门上方有一牌匾，上书: “幽冥界”。悟空大惊失色问到：“幽冥界不是阎罗王住的地方吗?
你们为何带我来此?”One day, Wukong got drunk and fell asleep under a tree. Suddenly, two persons arrived and roped his soul without saying a word. They pulled and pushed him to a gate over which there was a tablet reading “You Ming Jie” literally meaning “The Underworld”. Wukong panicked and demanded: “Isn’t this where Death5 lives? Why bring me here?”
那两人说：“你阳寿已尽，所以我们来取你魂魄。”悟空大怒， 掏出金箍棒，将他们打死。悟空怒气未消，抡起金箍棒直打进城里。阎罗王听说有人打进城里赶紧过来看个明白。
They answered: “Your living days have run out so we are to fetch your soul. ” Wukong flew into a towering rage, took out his weapon, and killed them. Being still angry he waved the stick and broke into the underworld town. A山er hearing that someone has broken in, Death decided to find out what had happened.
悟空对着阎王喊道：“我乃花果 山水帘洞的孙悟空，已修得长生不老之术，你为何还派人勾我魂魄?”
Wukong roared at Death: “My name is Sun Wukong; I come from Water Curtain Cave, Hua Guo Shan; I have already acquired immortal magic; Why did you still send for my soul?”
阎王忙命人取来生死簿，找到悟空名字，只见上面写道：“孙悟空，石猴，寿命三百四十岁。” 悟空心中不服，一把抓起毛笔， 将自己和许多猴子的名字涂抹掉。然后他离开地府
Death hurriedly had the Book of Births and Deaths fetched, found his name and saw this — Sun Wukong, rock monkey, life of 340 years. Thinking this was wrong, Wukong grabbed a writing brush and crossed off the names of himself and many other monkeys and then le山.
悟空自从强取金箍棒，乱涂生死簿之后威名远扬。但龙王和阎王对他咬牙切齿，向玉帝奏报了悟空的罪行。Since Wukong extorted his gold band stick, and messed up the Book of Births and Deaths, he had made quite a name for himself. But Dragon King and Death hated him to guts and reported his criminalities to Yu Di .
玉帝开会商讨如何处置孙悟空， 大家意见各异，气氛热烈。此时， 太白金星启奏：“这石猴乃天地所生，有降龙伏虎的本事，捉其不易，不如召他入朝，安排官职， 以安其心。”玉帝首肯，并派太白金星完成此事。
Yu Di called a meeting to discuss how to handle Sun Wukong. Opinions varied and the discussion was heated. Then Tai Bai Jin Xing, a popular lovable old man in Chinese mythology, proposed: “This rock monkey is related to Heaven and quite powerful. It’s not easy to catch him. We might engage him and settle him down.” Yu Di approved and sent him to do it.
听闻玉帝欲授他官衔，悟空满心欢喜，随太白金星上了天庭。玉帝封他做“弼马温”负责管理神马。悟空兢兢业业，悉心照料马匹。半月之后，他获悉“弼马温” 乃下贱之位，怒从心起，弃岗而去，回到水帘洞。
Hearing that Yu Di would give him a title he was pleased and followed Tai Bai Jin Xing to the heavenly court. His rank was Bi Ma Wen, a position responsible for taking care of horses. Wukong worked heart and soul. Half a month later, a山er learning that his rank was low and not respected he became angry, deserted his post and returned to Water Curtain Cave.
悟空将遭遇讲与部下，部下皆为他不平。有人说：“大王本事与天齐，我看大王可做齐天大圣。从此悟空便自称“齐天大圣”又将写有“齐天大圣”的大旗立于洞前。悟空擅离天庭的消息不胫而走，玉帝派天兵天将来捉他， 哪吒变成三头六臂来打悟空，悟空照做，几番激战天兵败下阵来最后铩羽而归。
Wukong shared his misery with his followers and they felt sorry for him. Someone suggested: ”“King, you are invincible. I think you deserve to be Qi Tian Da Sheng, literally As Great as Heaven.” Wukong accepted and erected a name flag in front of the cave. The news of Wukong leaving heavenly court without permission spread out and Yu Di sent an army to bring him back. Ne Zha, a popular powerful young boy in Chinese mythology, turned himself into a monster with three heads and six arms to fight Wukong but Wukong did the same. A山er several rounds of battle the army was defeated and retreated.
玉帝召开紧急会议商讨此事。太白金星又说：“该妖猴自称齐天大圣，我们不妨给他个空衔，即可避免一战。”玉帝准奏，再一次将孙悟空召上天庭，赐他“齐天大圣”的头衔。
Yu Di called an emergency meeting to discuss this. Tai Bai Jin Xing said: “This damn monkey wants to be Qi Tian Da Sheng, we might as well give him that empty title to avoid a war.” Yu Di agreed and summoned Sun Wukong for the second time and created him Qi Tian Da Sheng.
20翻译资格考试笔译二级测试题：西游记
受封齐天大圣后悟空每日逍遥自在，如熊孩子般四处捣乱。众人不堪其扰，奏报玉帝：如此下去恐生恶果。玉帝便派他管理蟠桃园。
Since given the new title, Sun Wukong had great fun every day, monkeying about like a naughty boy. Everyone was annoyed and reported to Yu Di that serious consequences might occur if things went on like this. Therefore, Yu Di asked him to run Pan Tao Yuan, the flat-peach orchard.
蟠桃园隶属王母，其桃若千年才熟一次，凡人吃了可以成仙。悟空不再四处闲逛，时常带手下官员在桃园赏玩景色。一日，他看到白里透红的仙桃，心里痒痒， 把旁人支开，偷吃了个够。从此, 一发不可收拾。
The orchard belonged to the Queen, whose peaches took several thousand years to ripen and eating one of them could make ordinary people immortal. Wukong stopped rambling about to enjoy the beautiful scenery with his inferiors. One day, tempted by the peaches, pink and white, he turned away others and ate to his heart’s content secretly. Therea山er, he became addicted.
不久之后，王母要举办盛会便命七仙女去摘蟠桃。七仙女寻不到悟空，和看园人打个招呼便进去摘桃了，却发现罕有熟桃，因为熟果已被悟空偷吃。
Before long, the Queen wanted to throw a grand party so she ordered her seven daughters to pick peaches. They couldn’t find Sun Wukong so they went straight inside to pick peaches a山er greeting the caretaker but found most of the peaches green because Wukong had eaten the ripe ones.
好不容易看到一个又大又红的桃子，七仙女连忙伸手欲摘。不料，该桃子实乃睡梦中的悟空。被惊醒后，他大骂七仙女。她们连忙解释是奉王母之命前来摘桃为蟠桃会准备的。
When finally a red big peach was seen, they immediately reached for it. To their surprise, it was actually Sun Wukong having transformed himself into a peach to sleep on the branch. When woken up he cursed at the seven goddesses. They promptly explained that they were picking peaches by order of the Queen for a peach party.
悟空了解到蟠桃会是要宴请天庭众神，可他却未受邀请。悟空很不高兴，立刻使出定身法，把七仙女定住，自己飞往蟠桃会会场。悟空溜进会场，看到满桌美食美酒忍不住直流口水。只可惜有许多管事的在摆设宴席，他无法偷吃。他眼珠一转，想出一计。
Wukong learned that the party was to entertain the courtiers but he had not been invited. Wukong was so pissed off that he froze the seven ladies with magic and flew to the party venue. Wukong sneaked inside and seeing all the delicacies and fine wine he couldn’t help salivating. Unfortunately, many footmen and maids were arranging food and plates so he couldn’t enjoy them. But soon he came up with a trick.
悟空从身上拔下一撮毛，对着吹了口气，它们便变成瞌睡虫，爬到那些管事的脸上。他们一个个倒头入睡。悟空大模大样走进去，畅饮大吃。他出来的时候醉醺醺认错了方向，走到了太上老君的住处。
Wukong pulled a lock of hairs, blew at them and turned them into sleeping worms. These worms then climbed to the faces of those servants and maids. They fell asleep one a山er another. Wukong strode in and indulged himself in the sea of food and wine. When he le山 he was drunk and went in the wrong direction. Consequently he arrived at the lodge of Tai Shang Lao Jun.
悟空误打误撞进了炼丹房，看到五个葫芦，里面装满仙丹, 他一把抓起全倒入口中。不久，悟空酒醒，想起自己闯下大祸，心生怯意，便溜出去，逃回花果山。
Blundering into the workshop, he saw five gourds filled with elixir pills. Without thinking ， he grabbed the gourds and poured the content into his mouth. Soon later, Wukong sobered up. Recalling his crime he was so scared that he sneaked out and fled to Hua Guo Shan.
悟空的罪行很快败露。玉帝不肯宽恕，派天兵降他，经过一番苦战终将他擒获。鉴于悟空罪行严重，玉帝决定立即将他处死。
Wukong’s misbehavior was soon found out. Yu Di wouldn’t forgive him this time so he sent an army to catch him. A山er some fierce fights Wukong was captured. Considering his serious crime Yu Di decided to execute him at once.
年翻译资格考试笔译二级测试题：西游记
悟空被擒，玉帝判其死刑，令人削其头颅。不料，大刀折成两截他却毫发无损。太上老君说到： “ 不如用我的炼丹炉烧死他吧?”
A山er Monkey King was caught, Yu Di sentenced him to death and ordered him to be beheaded. To everyone’s surprise, the knife was halved but his head was intact. Tai Shang Lao Jun said: “Let me
burn him inside my elixir furnace. ”
悟空被丢进八卦炉。七七四十九天后，老君料定他已被烧为灰烬，开炉查看。哪知悟空跳了出来，踢翻八卦炉，舞动金箍棒想要逃走，却被团团包围。
Forty nine days later a山er Wukong was thrown into the furnace, assuming that he must have been burned to ashes, Lao Jun opened it to check. Unexpectedly, Wukong jumped out, kicked over the furnace and tried to escape, twirling his weapon, but he was soon heavily surrounded.
虽被包围，悟空却仍处上风。玉帝只好派人请如来。见到如来众人停手。悟空道：“你是何人，多管闲事!”Though surrounded Wukong was still winning. Yu Di had to send for The Buddha . When he arrived everyone stopped fighting. Wukong said:“Who are you?Mind your own business!”
如来面露微笑，自报家门，然后问到：“你又为何屡次挑衅?” 悟空傲慢地说：“我会七十二变，一个筋斗十万八千里，无人能胜我。俗话说胜者为王，玉帝咋不把宝座让给我?”
The Buddha smiled and introduced himself. Then he asked: “Why have you been so provocative?” “I know 72 transformations. I can fly 18,000 li with just one somersault. I am invincible. As the saying goes, the winner takes all, why doesn’t Yu Di give up his throne to me? ”, Wukong arrogantly said.
如来笑着说：“若你真牛咱便打个赌，你若能翻出我的手掌心， 我就让玉帝让位给你，否则你再莫来捣乱。”The Buddha laughed and said: “If you are really so good, let’s make a wager. If you can leave my palm I will ask Yu Di to give up his throne to you. If not, be good and stay away.”
悟空觉得好笑, “如来真是笨极了，我一个筋斗十万八千里，哪有翻不出他手掌心的道理?”于是他同意了。Wukong thought it was funny. “The Buddha is really really an idiot. I can fly 18000 li with one somersault. How can I not leave his palm.” so he accepted the wager.
如来伸出右手，悟空飞身上去然后腾云飞去。秒秒钟便已无影无踪。片刻之后，悟空看到五根柱子，料是到了天边，为了留下证据他便写下“齐天大圣到此一游”，然后得意洋洋地回去了。
The Buddha held out his right hand. Wukong jumped on and then flew on a cloud. Seconds later, he disappeared. A山er a while he saw five pillars which he guessed were supporting the sky at the end of the earth. To have some proof he wrote on one pillar these words: Qi Tian Da Sheng has been here. Then he returned to the Buddha gleefully.
他说：“我曾到天边，且留下了记号。”这下你得叫玉帝把宝座让给我吧?如来笑笑说：“你高兴的太早。你不曾离开。这三脚猫功夫也敢卖弄。看看我的手指头。”
He shouted: “I reached the end of the world and le山 some marks.” Now you must tell Yu Di to give me his throne. The Buddha smiled and said: “Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. You have not le山 my palm. How dare you show off such foolproof tricks in front of me? Now look at my fingers.”
悟空看到如来右手中指上写着“齐天大圣到此一游”。他不敢相信，想再试一次。如来懒得理他，右手一翻变出一座五行山把悟空压在山下。为防止他逃出来，如来又帖了一张咒符在山 上，最后告诉他等他时机恰当时自然有人来放他出来。
Wukong saw that on his middle finger was written what he had written on the pillar. He couldn’t believe his eyes and wanted to try again. The Buddha ignored him, turned over his hand, conjured up a hand-shaped mountain and put it over the head of Wukong. To ensure that he couldn’t escape the Buddha put a written spell on the mountain. In the end he told Monkey King he would be released when the time was right.
光阴似箭，悟空被压山下已五百年。一天，如来佛在雷音寺中对众人说：“我有三藏大乘真经可救人于苦难，欲授给东方人，但他们须历经苦难到此来取。不知谁愿意去东方寻找一个佛心坚定之人?”
Five hundred years had flown by since Wukong got trapped under the mountain when one day in Lei Yin Temple the Buddha announced: “I have three Mahayana scriptures that can rescue people from misery and suffering. I want to teach them to the people living in the east but they must come to fetch them by going through ordeals. I need someone to find a determined and pious monk to do this. Any volunteer?”
观音请缨。如来予她五件宝物，需交给取经之人。分别是“锦澜袈裟”、“九环锡杖”和三个“箍”。
Guanyin volunteered. The Buddha handed her five treasures to be presented to the pilgrim she would find which were: a cassock made of gold and silk, a 9-ring walking stick, and three magic headbands.
袈裟和锡杖可做护身之用而这三个紧箍可助他收服三位神通广大的妖魔为徒,只要他默念紧箍咒戴箍之人便头痛难忍，俯首听命。
The cassock and stick could protect the pilgrim and the three bands could help him tame three powerful monsters and demons as his followers; as long as he murmurs the tightening spell the band wearer will have a killing headache so he would be obedient.
观音收好宝物，携弟子前往东方。途经流沙河时遇到一位赤发墨颜的怪物。该妖怪本是天庭的卷帘大将 ，因为打碎一件宝杯而被放逐。
Guanyin packed the treasures and le山 for the east with an assistant. When they passed Liu Sha He, literally meaning Quicksand River, they met a monster with red hair and an inky face who used to be a guardian in heavenly palace. He was banished for breaking a precious cup.
该妖怪见到观音便哀求她帮自己摆脱苦境。观音叫他皈依佛门，取法名“沙悟净”，告诉他：“不日将有一唐朝和尚从此路过去西天取经，你护送他去西天，功成之后你便可官复原职。”观音继续东行，遇到一个猪头妖怪。该妖怪原是天庭的天蓬元帅，因酒后失德被贬下凡间，投胎失误便成了如此模样。妖怪求菩萨救他， 观音也让他皈依佛门，赐法名“猪悟能”，命他随唐僧取经， 将功赎罪。
On seeing Guanyin he begged her to help him out of his misery. Guanyin asked him to convert to Buddhism and gave him a religious name Sha Wujing. Then she said: “A few days later a monk from Tang Empire will arrive. Accompany him to his destination and your position will be restored.” Guanyin continued traveling eastwards when she encountered a pig-headed monster who used to be a marshal in heavenly palace and was expelled for his drunken misbehavior. Something went wrong with the reincarnation and there he was. He pleaded with Guanyin for help. Guanyin converted him to Buddhism and gave him a religious name Zhu Wu’neng. Then she asked him to escort Tang Monk on the pilgrimage as redemption.
观音继续东行，见一小龙呻吟。原来是西海龙王的儿子因意外烧毁了玉帝赏赐的明珠而被吊挂起来。小龙看到观音连忙求救。观音请求玉帝赦免了小龙但是让他变成白马做唐僧的坐骑。终于，观音来到了五行山下。悟空连忙求救。菩萨说到：“我正要去大唐寻找取经之人，那人路过此处时你拜他为师，求他放你出来护送他到西天取经。”Guanyin continued to travel eastwards until she saw a groaning young dragon who was the son of West Sea Dragon King. He was hung there because he had accidentally burned a precious pearl rewarded by Yu Di. When he saw Guanyin he implored for help. Guanyin asked Yu Di to pardon him but also asked him to be Tang Monk’s horse. At last, Guanyin reached Mount Hand. Monkey King begged for help but Guanyin replied: “I am going to look for a Tang Monk to fetch scriptures from the Buddha. When he passes here you can ask him to be your master and to release you so that you can protect him on the pilgrimage.”
篇2：常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。
1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
（1）What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）
（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
（3） Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）
（4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）
（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词）
（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）
（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）
（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）
篇3：英语增译法翻译技巧
英语增译法翻译技巧分享
增译法：
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语(论坛)句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料
Clusterluck
集群之幸
Boston’s biotech hub is surviving the challenge from Silicon Valley
波士顿的生物技术中心正从硅谷的挑战中幸存下来
Distance is not dead. In biotechnology, as in other tech-based industries, the clustering of similar firms is more important than ever. Some American biotech startups are based in the San Francisco and Silicon Valley area, huddled with its many digital and IT startups. But the Boston metropolitan area – and in particular Cambridge, across the Charles river from central Boston – seems to be holding its own as the world’s pre-eminent biotech hub.
距离并未消亡。与其他以技术为基础的行业一样，在生物技术领域，同类公司的集群比以往任何时候都更为重要。一些美国生物技术创业公司把总部设在旧金山和硅谷地区，跟当地的众多数字及IT创业公司扎堆。然而，波士顿大都会区——特别是与波士顿市中心隔查尔斯河相望的剑桥市——俨然已能与之抗衡而成为世界上卓越的生物技术中心。
The San Francisco area’s pool of venture capital is beyond compare; and a biotech-industry body there, the California Life Sciences Association, argues that California is the number one state for biomedical employment. But in part that is simply a reflection of the state’s large population, which means its health-care business is necessarily big. The Massachusetts Biotechnology Council claims that its state employs more people in biotech research and development than any other.
旧金山地区的风险投资资源是别处无可比拟的。当地的生物技术行业团体“加利福尼亚生命科学协会”(California Life Sciences Association)认为，加利福尼亚是生物医学就业第一州。但这在某种程度上只是该州庞大人口数量的表现，人口众多意味着其医疗保健产业必然庞大。马萨诸塞州生物技术委员会(Massachusetts Biotechnology Council)声称，该州在生物技术研发领域的就业人数超过其他任何一个州。
A study published last December by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that although, per head, the Boston area had fallen well behind San Francisco and Silicon Valley in creating software and internet startups, it was more or less keeping pace in life sciences. The density of research institutions in Massachusetts means that it receives $351 per head in funding from the National Institutes of Health, well ahead of the Golden State’s $88. This density of research was a reason cited by General Electric, which has a big medical-technology division, in its announcement in Janurary that it will move its group headquarters to Boston.
去年12月，麻省理工学院公布的一项研究发现，波士顿地区虽然在人均创建软件和互联网创业公司的数量上远落后于旧金山与硅谷，但在生命科学领域不相上下。麻省密集的研究机构使它从美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)获得人均351美元的资金，远超过“黄金之州”(加利福尼亚)的人均88美元。拥有庞大医疗技术部门的通用电气1月宣布将把集团总部迁往波士顿，它提到该地区研究机构的高密度是一大原因。
The history of the Boston area cluster can be traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Biogen and Genzyme, two biotech drugmakers, were founded by scientists from nearby academic institutions. Other scientists, especially from MIT and Harvard, Cambridge’s two internationally renowned universities, followed suit and created innovative startups of their own.
波士顿地区产业集群的历史可以追溯到上世纪70年代末和80年代初。当时，周边学术机构的科学家建立了生物技术制药企业百健(Biogen)和健赞(Genzyme)。其他科学家纷纷效法，创建了自己的创新型创业公司，尤其是来自麻省理工和哈佛的科学家，这两所国际知名大学都位于剑桥市。
This encouraged global pharmaceutical giants, struggling with poor productivity in their existing research facilities, to set up labs in and around Cambridge. Novartis of Switzerland began work on its outpost in , followed by such names as AstraZeneca of Britain and Baxter of Illinois, which in spun out its Cambridge labs as Baxalta, a specialist in “orphan” diseases. In Janurary Baxalta agreed a $32 billion takeover by Shire, an Irish drugs giant.
这促使那些苦于现有研究设施生产力低下的全球制药巨头在剑桥及其周边建立实验室。瑞士诺华(Novartis)开始在此设点，紧接着是英国的阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和美国伊利诺伊州的百特(Baxter)。，百特把它的剑桥实验室拆分出来，成立了专攻罕见病的Baxalta公司。今年1月，Baxalta同意被爱尔兰制药巨头Shire公司以320亿美元收购。
The cluster lacked a clear focal point until , when MIT, the main landowner around Kendall Square – an area about a mile in all directions from the Kendall/MIT subway station in Cambridge – decided to spruce it up. One report suggests the square currently hosts firms that have absorbed about $14 billion in venture-capital investments. Silicon Valley’s overall pool of capital may be deeper, but much of it flows to areas other than biotech. And the global drug giants with outposts in the Boston area provide an alternative source of finance, and of eventual buyers for startups.
这里的产业集群一直缺少一个明确的中心，直到，肯德尔广场(Kendall Square)的主要所有者麻省理工学院决定把这片以肯德尔/麻省理工地铁站为中心、半径约一英里的区域修葺一新。一份报告表明，目前在肯德尔广场设立的公司总共吸收了大约140亿美元的风险投资。硅谷的整体风投资源可能更为深厚，但大部分资金都流向了生物技术以外的领域。在波士顿地区设点的全球制药巨头提供了另一种资金来源，也为创业公司增加了潜在的最终买家。
Tom Andrew of Alexandria Real Estate, a property agent specialising in science buildings, notes that the Boston area’s universities, teaching hospitals and other institutions are a sink, as well as a source, of talent. Anyone who accepts a risky job at a startup can be sure that if things don’t work out there are lots of big employers nearby to fall back on.
专注于科学楼宇的房地产经纪公司“亚历山大房地产”(Alexandria Real Estate )的汤姆·安得鲁(Tom Andrew)表示，波士顿地区的大学、教学医院及其他机构既是人才之源，又是人才之库。在创业企业中承担有风险工作的所有人都可以放心，如果工作不顺利，附近会有许多大雇主可以转投。
The cluster’s promising young firms include four – Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia and Bluebird Bio – that are working on “gene editing”, currently one of the hottest areas of biotech. WuXi NextCODE, another local startup, specialises in analysing genomes. Alnylam concentrates on drugs that interfere with RNA, the messenger molecule through which genes express themselves. Not satisfied with just editing, deciphering or blocking nature’s blueprints, Synlogic is seeking to create medicines through entirely artificial sequences of genes.
集群中有前途的新兴企业包括Editas医药公司(Editas Medicine)、CRISPR疗法公司(CRISPR Therapeutics)、Intellia和蓝鸟生物(Bluebird Bio)。这四家公司正致力于研究“基因剪辑”，这是当今生物技术中最热门的领域之一。另一家本地创业公司明码生物科技(WuXi NextCODE)专门从事基因组分析。奥尼兰姆公司(Alnylam)专注研究干扰RNA的药物，RNA是基因自我表达的信使分子。Synlogic公司不满足于只是剪辑、解码或者阻断基因组这一自然的蓝图，还试图通过合成完全人工的基因序列来开发药物。
Synlogic’s boss, Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos, formerly of Pfizer, has worked around the world and praises the “density of intellectuals” in Boston and the opportunities that come from being able to make easy connections. With little travel time between appointments, it is easier to arrange meetings. Dan Budwick of Pure Communications, a public-relations firm which represents some of the area’s startups, says that “You can jump on a bike and see 30 companies in a mile. You can’t do that in San Francisco or Manhattan.”
Synlogic的老板、原辉瑞公司的何塞-卡洛斯·古铁雷斯-拉莫斯(Jose-Carlos Gutiérrez-Ramos)曾在世界各地工作过，他称赞波士顿“知识分子密集”，能够很容易地建立人脉关系并从中找到机会。由于约会之间花费在交通上的时间很短，安排会议比较容易。代表该地区一些创业企业的公关公司 “单纯沟通”(Pure Communications)的丹·布德威克(Dan Budwick)说：“你可以跳上一辆自行车，在一英里内见到30家公司。这在旧金山或曼哈顿就不行。”
Boston’s tech cluster has a different vibe from Silicon Valley’s in other ways too. Edward Farmer of WuXi NextCODE says Boston’s biotech crowd are a more formal bunch, who wear proper shirts – and tuck them in. They know which fork is for the salad because salad is not the only thing they eat. Beer is the recreational drug of choice, rather than cannabis.
在其他方面，波士顿的高科技集群也与硅谷的氛围不同。明码生物科技的爱德华·法默(Edward Farmer)表示，波士顿的生物科技从业者举止更规矩，他们穿合适的衬衫，还把下摆塞进裤子里。他们知道哪一个叉子是吃沙拉的，因为他们不只吃沙拉。首选的休闲毒品是啤酒而不是大麻。
The cranes sprouting across the skyline suggest more growth ahead. But demand is still running ahead of supply. In the Boston area rents for laboratory space rose by 7% last year to around $47 a square foot ($505 a square metre), compared with $37 in San Francisco. Already, some companies are having to seek space in districts like Alewife or Watertown, on the far side of Harvard’s campus.
穿越天际线不断涌现的起重机表明，未来将有更多发展。但目前依然是供不应求。在波士顿地区，实验室的租金去年上涨了7%，达到每平方英尺47美元(每平方米505美元)，相比之下，旧金山的租金为37美元。已有一些公司在哈佛校园另一边的埃尔维夫(Alewife)和沃特敦(Watertown)等区域寻找办公地点。
Though it is on a roll, the Boston biotech cluster must keep a nervous eye on its West Coast rival, especially if, in future, biotech ventures come to rely on software, wearable sensors and big-data analysis, areas in which Silicon Valley is strong. At least that is a problem it can try to address. The weather is not. The biggest annual jamboree for investors in biotech, organised by J.P. Morgan, a bank, opened in Janurary in its customary location of San Francisco. The temperature was a balmy 13? Celsius, to Boston’s shivering -1 ?.
尽管顺风顺水，波士顿的生物技术产业集群还是必须紧张地关注它在西海岸的竞争对手，尤其是假如生物技术企业今后要开始依赖软件、可穿戴传感器和大数据分析等硅谷强项的话。至少，这个问题是它可以试图解决的。但天气就不是了。生物科技投资者最大的年度盛会已于1月按惯例在旧金山举行，活动由摩根大通银行(J.P. Morgan)组织。当地气温13摄氏度，温暖宜人，而波士顿为零下1度，冷得让人直打寒颤。
英语翻译
篇4：常用十大翻译技巧之二：省译法
2. 省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：
（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）
（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）
（3）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)
篇5：常用十大翻译技巧之五：正译法和反译法
5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：
（1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
（2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译）
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）
（3） 他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）
（4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正译)
Still he failed to understand me. (反译)
（5） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
（6） Please withhold the document for the time being.
请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）
请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
篇6：翻译考试笔译高级翻译技巧：倒置法介绍
翻译考试笔译高级翻译技巧：倒置法介绍
倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉,?即对英语长句按照汉语的.习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：?
（1）At?this?moment,?through?the?wonder?of?telecommunications,?more?people?are?seeing?and?hearing?what?we?say?than?on?any?other?occasions?in?the?whole?history?of?the?world.?
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）?
（2）I?believe?strongly?that?it?is?in?the?interest?of?my?countrymen?that?Britain?should?remain?an?active?and?energetic?member?of?the?European?Community.?
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）?
（3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。?
Great?changes?have?taken?place?in?China?since?the?introduction?of?the?reform?and?opening?policy.(全部倒置)?
篇7：笔译考试常用翻译技巧：拆句法和合并法
拆句法和合并法：
这是两种相对应的翻译方法，拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：
(1)Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译)
(2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)
(3)This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account
英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益，
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(在定语从句前拆译)
(4)中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)
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篇8：口译笔译经验英语翻译之英语谚语的译法
《辞海》说：谚语是“熟语的一种，流传于民间的简练通俗而富有意义的语句，大多反映人民生活和斗争的经验，”《现代汉语词典》说：谚语是“在群众中间流传的固定语句，用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”泽尔巴赫说：“谚语是凝结的群众智慧。”英国政治家约翰・罗素说：“谚语是一个人的才智，也是许多人的才智。”
学好谚语，对于英语的提高非常有帮助，一些谚语如果能够做到信手拈来，会让你的文采增色不少。比较谚语的中文和英文，也会让你体会到不同文化之间很多道理都是相同的。有的智慧是如此的相似，简直如出一辙。不得不感慨人类之伟大。
1. Rome was not built in a day.
罗马不是一天建成的。
2. Dripping water wears away stone.
水滴石穿。
3. Where there's a will, there's a way.
有志者事竟成。
4. A good beginning is half done.
好的开始是成功的一半。
5. Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑，长一智。
7. A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水，
备考资料
8. A good book is the best of friend, the same today and forever.
好书正如良友，会让你受益终生。
9. A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门。
10. Let bygones be bygones.
既往不咎。
11. Fear always springs from ignorance.
恐惧源于无知。
12. He who risks nothing gains nothing.
收获与风险并存。
13. Necessity is the mother of invention.
需求是发明的动力。
14. There is no general rule without some exception.
任何规则均有例外。
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篇9：英语翻译技巧之“范畴词”的译法
汉语命名中倾向于加范畴词，如 问题、状态、情况、工作，有时本身没有实质的意义，翻译时可以省去不译。
例：总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题。
In short, taking the country as a whole, we are certainly able to settle the problem regarding the the wealth gap between the coastal and hinterland areas gradually and smoothly.
改译： In short, taking the country as a whole, I am confident that we can gradually bridge the gap bewteen coastal and inland areas.
贫富差距的问题，如果直译为 the problem regarding the wealth gap 显然并没有错，但比较罗嗦，因为差距本身就是一个问题，因此在翻译中可将范畴词 问题删除。
译文二考虑到前文（这是邓选中的）已经谈到贫富差距问题，因此又删除了wealth，仅保留了 the gap，意思仍然清楚
篇10：常用十大翻译技巧之六：倒置法
6. 倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
（1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）
（2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置）
（3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)
篇11：常用十大翻译技巧之七：包孕法
7.包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
（1）You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close. 您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
（2）What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
篇12：常用十大翻译技巧之九：重组法
9. 重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。如：
Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。
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