“情态动词＋不定式完成式”的六种情况
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篇1：“情态动词＋不定式完成式”的六种情况
作者：王官敏 刘石才
英语中must, may, can, should, need, would等情态动词后接不定式完成式可表示对过去发生的事情或存在的状况进行推测。一般来说，说话人的语气及其对所发生的情况把握的程度不同，使用的情态动词也不同。本文就此分述如下：
一、“must＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测，语气比较坚定，通常只用于肯定句。将这类句子变为否定句或疑问句时，一般要将must改为can。例如：
It must have rained last night, for the road is all wet. 昨晚准是下雨了，道路都湿了。
It is 8 o'clock. They must have arrived now. 8点了。现在他们一定已经到了。
二、“can / could＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定。can和could一般用于否定句和疑问句，could的语气较can弱。例如：
He can't have taken it home. 他不可能把它带回家了。
Can they have left so soon? 难道他们这么快就走了?
三、“may / might＋have＋过去分词”表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测，might的语气比may弱一点儿。这种结构主要用于肯定句和否定句，疑问句改用can或could。例如：
They may not have known it beforehand. 他们事先可能不知道这事儿。
You might have read about it in the papers. 你可能在报上已经看过这个消息了。
四、“need＋have＋过去分词”表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情，或过去做某事纯属多余。这种结构一般用于否定句和疑问句。例如：
Need they have done it last week? 他们上周就做了这事有必要吗?
─I was worried then. 我那时很着急。
─You needn't have been. 你用不着的。
五、“should / ought to＋have＋过去分词”表示过去本应做某事但没做，其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了，这种句式含有不满或责备之意，其中ought to的语气比should强烈些。例如：
You ought to / should have studied harder. 你本应该更努力学习的。（但没有）
He oughtn't to / shouldn't have done that. 他本来就不该做那件事。（可是做了）
六、“would＋have＋过去分词”表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测，或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成，通常用来说明某一情况，但不像用should或ought to那样含有责备之意。例如：
I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem. 我猜这位诗人写第一首诗歌的时候，大概20岁左右。
Another worker wouldn't have acted like that. 想必另外一位工人不会那样做的。
篇2：动词不定式完成式的常见句式
1. Robert is said___abroad, butwe don’t know what country he studied in.A.to have studied B.to study C.to be studying D.to have been studying
2.Charles Babbage is generally considered__the first computer.
A. to have invented B.inventing C. to invent D.having invented
3.I would love__to the part last night but Ihad to work etra hours to finish a report. A.to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
4.Tom ought not to__me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A. have told B tell C be telling D having told
一.形容词+to have done
1.Glad to have seen you here.Bye.(告别时用语) 很高兴见到你.
比较:（刚见面时用语）Hello!Glad to see you here.
2.I’m sorry not to have attented your party last night.(=I’m sorry I didn’t...)很抱歉昨晚没能参加你们的聚会.
二.It +系动词be +表语+ to have done
1.It’s my pleasure to have been invited to your party last night.昨晚能应邀参加你们的聚会是我的荣幸
2.It’s a pity for you not to have seen the film last night.(=It’s a pity that you didn’t see...)昨晚你没看那部影片真是件遗憾事.
三.动词+it (形式宾语)+宾补+ be to have done ( 注意同句式二的相互转换)1. I think it a pity for you not to have seen the film last night.
我认为昨晚能应邀参加你们的聚会是我的荣幸
2.I consider it a pity for you not to have seen the film last night.我认为昨晚你没看那部影片真是件遗憾事.
四.seem/appear+to have done
He appears to have waited for a long time.(=It appears that he haas waited...)他好像一等了很长一段时间了.
They seem to have known the fact.(It seems that they have known the fact.)他们好像已知道了真相.
五.主语+系动词+Be + said/ thought /considered /repirted /believed +to have done
He is said to have died in the Second World War.(=It’s said that he died...)
据说他死于第二次世界大战.
2. China is reported to have launched another man-made satelite recently.(=It’s reported that China has launched...)据报道,中国最近又发射了一颗人造卫星.
(注:在以上五种句式中,动词不定式完成式表示的动作或状态都发生在谓语表示的动作或状态之前)
六.谓语+To have done
1.表示 “希望”等含义的动词过去时+To have done, 表时未曾实现的希望或计划等.此类动词常用的有Hoped wished , wanted, expected, meant, planned,以及 promised, was,would like等.如:
He hoped to have attented the party last night, but didn’t find time.
昨天他本想去参加聚会,但没抽出时间.
The plane was to have taken off at 8am, but the heavy rain delayed its leaving。飞机原定八点起飞,但大雨使它推迟了.
2.表示 “希望”等含义的动词现在时＋To have done,表示将来某时,某事已经发生或完成.如:
I hope to have reached Bei jing by next Friday.(=Ihope that Iwiil have reached Beijing by next Friday.)我希望下周五我已到北京了.
七.Ought +to have done本该做,却未作
You ought to have finished it yestrday. But why didn’t you?
你昨天应该完成了.但是为什么没有呢?
篇3：动词不定式是什么
在一些语言里（例如葡萄牙语），存在受时态、人称和数量影响的不定式形态。亦有些语言完全没有不定式，例如阿拉伯语、保加利亚语和现代希腊语。
在英语学习的课程中，动词不定式的一般现在时被称作“词典用词”，因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。
动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的'宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者(动词的使用者)发出。这一使动者(动词的使用者)我们称之为逻辑主语。
篇4：情态动词
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
篇5：情态动词
情态动词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，全国17套高考试题对此都有考查。情态动词主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等，它在英语动词中属于最难把握的一类。
情态动词，属于助动词的一种。首先我们来看看助动词。
概 说
助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：
1） 构成否定式：
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3） 构成修辞倒装：
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4） 代替限定动词词组：
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
篇6：情态动词
基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的.话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式：
Still, she needn't have run away.
5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
篇7：情态动词(网友来稿)
Ⅰ知识要点
情态动词本身有词义,但词义不完整,不能单独作谓语,需要在其后接动词原形构成复合谓语,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。情态动词主要表示能力、允许、必须、批评和推测。一个情态动词可能有多种用法。说话人的某一种态度可能用多个情态动词表示。几个情态动词表示说话人的态度,有时意义相同,有时却有区别,互相不能替代。本讲主要通过情态动词的用法比较掌握其区别。现分七个问题讲解。
一.表能力：(ability)
1. can 只表能力,be able to 表最终产生的能力
She can speak EngLish .
By the time she finishes her courses,shell be able to speak EngLish well .
2. can没有将来时和完成时,要用be able to 代替
She will be able to see you tomorrow .
I have not been able to go to work for three days .
3. could不能表过去实际发生的行为,只表示过去一般 的能力
was (were,had been)able to 则能。意思是 succeed in doing或manage to do
Could not =was not able to
When I was five ,I could already swim .
He could swim,but he didn t jump into the water to save the boy .(没有发生行为）
He couldnt(=wasnt able to )go to London yesterday .（否定式相同）
Some of us can use the computer now but we couldn￠t three years ago .
Einstein was able to leave Germany before the war began .
Although the driver was badly hurt ,he was able to explain what had happened .
(实际发生了行为）
二.表允许：(permission)
1. may ,can (might ,could)
You may (can)go now .=I permit you to go .
Can I have a word with you ?
Could you lend me your camera ?
2. 否定式
may not = must not =can not
注意重音：He may not go tomorrow .(表允许）
=I do not permit him to go tomorrow .
He may not go tomorrow .（表推测）
=It is possible that he will not go tomorrow .
You cannot (mustn t,may not )play football in the park on Sundays ,though you may do
so on weekdays .
You mustnt smoke here.
=You cannot smoke here.
=You may not smoke here.
=You are not allowed tosmoke here.Y
=You d better not smoke here
三.表必须
1. must 表主观上的必须
have to + 原形=have got to + 动词原词形表客观上的必须
I must finish this before I go . (主观）
As we missed the last bus ,we had to walk home .（客观）
You have got to do it today .
2. must没有过去时和将来时,可用have to 表主观
I had to go yesterday .
I shall have to go to my hometown some day .
I have had to go three times already .
但间接引语或有间接引语味道的句子里可用must表过去。
Yesterday morning I told my mother that I must call on a frierd at once .
3. 表暂时必要用must,经常的需要用have to
I must go shopping this morning .
Do you have to go shopping every day ?
I don t have to go to school on Sundays .
4. mustn t 和may not， cannot表示禁止某人做事同义。
You mustn t walk on the grass .(may not )
Cars mustn t be parked in front of the house .(cannot)
5. 表示道义上的必要用ought to
I feel I ought to help you .
There ought not to be much noise in a hospital .
四.表批评：
1.表示对现在动作的批评
should (nt) + ( be )doing (肯定形式表否定意思,否定形式表肯定意思)
You should be reviewing your lessons ,why are you palying chess here ?
She should not be working .She is still very weak .
2. 表示对过去动作的批评
Should (nt) + have done (肯定形式表否定意思,否定形式表肯定意思)
I should have answered your letter soorer,but I have been too busy recently .
You should have taken her home .
You ought to have done the work yesterday .
The child ought not to have been allowed to go alone .
五.表推测 (possibility)
1.表对现在事实的推测：
①表示对现在状态的推测
There must be some tea in the pot ,
She must know several foreign langrages .
The teacher may be in the Lab .
Who might the man be ?
This ought to be your notebook .
The worker cannot be over sixty.(否定式用cant)
Can the news be true ?(疑问式)
How could you be so carless ?
注：①might 不表过去,只表婉转,可能性比 may 小。
② ought to表推测,与must相近,must表强调。
(2).表示对现在动作的推测
They must (may)be waiting for us now .lets hurry up .
It must (may) be snowing outside .
She must (may) still be thinking about the questions you raised .
He cant be watching TV now .He must be reviewing his lessons in the library .
What can they be argurning about ?
2. 对过去事实的推测：
①表示从过去对过去的事实的推测：
He was afraid it might rain that evening .
He could be very excited when he heard some good news .
John said the professor must be at least seventy .
②表示从现在对过去事实的推测：
They must have gone home .
She may (might) have gone to hospital .
She cant (couldnt )have done such a thing. (否定式用cant和couldnt均可)
Where can (could)he have gone ?
Can (could)she have forgatten my address?
3. 表示对将来事实的推测：
It must come sooner or later .
=It surely come sooner or later .
He may come or may not ,I don t know .
- Can he be back before May Day ?
- Im afraid he cant (be back before May Day)
情态动词 + 某些动词(go ,leave )的进行时,表对将来的推测
She may be leaving tomorrow .
I might (may)be going back is the fall .(秋季)
六. need与dare
(一).need和dare用于实义动词的特点是：
1.与其他实义动词一样,有词形变化
The leaves of this plant are yellow because it needs water .
Who dares to go ?
He needed help when he was at college .
She dared to be left alone at home when she was a little girl .
2.构成否定式和疑问式用助动词do
It doesnt need to be explained again .
Does he need to repair the machine at once ?
He did not dare to climb that mountain .
Don t you dare to touch me ?!
3.need接动名词作宾语表被动,接不定式表主动
dare接不定式作宾语,肯定式常接带to的不定式,否定式和疑问式带to与不带to均可。
The young trees need watering (to be watered).(如果接不定式则用被动式表示被动)
We need to discuss the matter carefully .
He dares to ask me that .
I dont dare (to) ask the question again .
Do they dare(to)come ?
(二).need 和dare用作情态动的特点是：
1.与其他情态动词一样,用于各人称、没有词形变化
第三人称单数一般现在时,不加“s”。
I dont believe you need go to shanghai .
Need we hand in the composition today ,teacher ?
No ,you neednt ./ Yes ,you must .(不说need)
The little girl said that she dare not go to town alone .
“If you dare speak to me like that again ,Ill give you a good beating(wipping)”
said the mother .
2. need和dare用于情态动词一般不用于肯定句。need只用于否定句和疑问句,dare只用
于否定句,疑问句和条件句
need的否定式 need not 或 neednt, dare的否定式 dare not 或 darent
不说：I need repair my watch today . 而说： I need to repair my watch today .
不说：She dared speak to a stranger . 而说：She dared to speak to a stranger .
He wanted to come to face me ,but he darent .
You neednt run so fast ,little one !
3. need 和dare用于情态动词,后接不带 to的不定式
He neednt be answered for it . She dare not say what she has just seen .
4. need 和dare接不定式的完成式,可表示过去的时间。
You neednt have told them the secret .
The students darent have asked the teacher when they met .
(三)．need 和dare可用作名词
There is no need to start so early .
Mary tried to ride on a cow for a dare .
(四)．need 和dare构成固定短语
We must train more experts to meet the needs of the four modernizations .(满足)
We will give you aids if need be .(有必要的话)
We will take steps at once in case of need (必要时)
We have got a great quantity of daily needs( 日用品) in recent years .
How dare you (he )…?“竟敢”“胆大妄为”
How dare you say I￠m unfair ?
How dare you steal apples from my garden!
I dare say, = I think it is likely , perhaps(我看…可能,大概…)
I dare say it will snow today .
I dare say your invention will greatly benifit the whole world .
I dare say sports and games can be of sreat value to people who work with their
brains most of the day .
I dare say you are thirsty after the game .
Itll rain tomorrow ,I dare say .
(五).didnt need to do 表示过去不必做的事,实际未发生动作。
neednt have done 表示做了不必要做的事,确实发生了。
I didnt need to get up early this morning .
So I stayed in bed until lunch time .
I neednt have got up early ,because I had no classes this morning .
You neednt have written such a long composition .
I didnt need to ring the bell ,because the door opened when I got to it .
You neednt have spent so much money ,now we havent got enough money to buy
the tickets.
She didnt need to read those thick books ,which saved him a lot of time .
You neednt have had your radio repaired ,you could have repaired it yourself .
七.“情态动词 + 不定式的完成式”表示一个过去的概念。
1. must have done (对过去情况的推测）
2. may (might)have done (同上)
3. cant (couldnt )have done (对过去情况推测的否定式)
4. could have done .(过去有能力做到的事,由于某种原因没做到)
5. might have done (过去有可能做到的事,由于某种原因没做到)
6. should(not) have done (对过去动作的批评)
7. ought to have done (同上)
8. needt have done (做了过去没有必要做的事)
9. darent have done ( 过去不敢做某事)
He must have arrived in shijiazhuang yesterday .
He may have missed the train .
He might have gone home .
I cant have taken it home .
You should have given him more help .
The wall shouldnt have been painted blue .
You ought to have handed in your composition yesterday .
You neednt have said that .
I darent have asked him when he was born .
Ⅱ高考试题及练习题
1. I didnt see her in the meeting room this morning .
she ____ at the meeting .
A.mustnt have spoken B.shouldnt have spoken
C.neednt have spoken D.couldnt have spoken
2. Where is my pen ? I ____ it .
A.might lose B.would have lost C.should have lost D.must have lost
3. I didnt hear the phone .I ____ asleep .
A.must be B.must have been B.should be D.should have been
4. ____they ____ their work so soon ?
A.Can …have completed B.Must…have completed
C.Should…have completed D.Need…have completed
5. -I saw Ann in the library yesterday .
-You _____ her ；she is still aboad .
A.must not see B.cant have seen C.mustnt have seen D.couldnt see
6. The train has gone .You two ____ on time .
A.should come B.must have come
C.ought to have come D.shouldn t have come
7. The little boys eyes are red .He ______.
A.must cry B.may cry C.must be cried D.must have cried
8. ____ she have lost the watch ?
A.Can B.May C.Need D.Must
9. You ____ your radio .Ive brought one .
A.mustnt have brought B.neednt have brought
C.mustnt bring D.neednt to bring
10. ----Did your sister break that window ?
---- ____ .
A.She must do it B.She may have done it
C.She may do it D.She can do it
11. ---- ____ she have lost her way?
---- She might have .
A.Must B.May C.Could D.Should
12. The ground was wet this morning . It ____ last might .
A.might have been rained B.must be raining
C.must have been rained D.must have rained
13. I parked my car right here but now it s gone . It _____ .
A.may be stolen B.must be stolen
C.must have been stolen D.must have stolen
14. ----We should have walked to the station ；it was so near .
--- -Yes .A taxi ___ at all nesessary .
A.wasnt B.hadnt been C.wouldnt be D.wont be
15. He ___ you more help ,even though he was very busy .
A.might have given B.might give C.may have given D.may give
16. ----Look ,someone is coming, guess ____ .
----Jack．Hes always on time .
A.Who can it be B.Who it can be C.Who he can be D.Who can he be
17. There was plenty of time .She ______ .
A.mustnt have hurried B.neednt have hurried
C.must not hurry D.couldnt have hurry
18. The plant is dead .I ___ it more water .
A.will give B.would have given
B.must give D.should have given
19. You ought ___ to stay here .
A.to allow B.to be allowed C.be allowed D.allow
20. We ___ for her because she never came .
A.neednt wait B.shouldnt have waited
C.mustnt wait D.mustnt have waited
21. Jenny ____ have kept her word . I wonder why she changed her mind .
A.must B.should C.need D.would
22. We ___ last night ,but we went to the coucert instead .
A.must have studied B.might study
C.should have studied D.would study
23. Tom ought not to ___ me your secret ,but he meant no harm .
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D.having told
24. The cat ___ hibernate in winter .
A.does not need to B.needn t
C.doesnt have to D.A or B or C
25. Neither of them ___ the snake .
A.dares catch B.dares to catch
C.dare catch D.A or B or C
26. He ____ have come here yesterday ,but he didn￠t .
A. could B.should C.ought to D.A or B or C
27. ----May I borrow your bike ?
----No ,you ____ .
A.mustnt B.may not C.had better not D.A or B or C
28. He was a good swimmer ,so he ___ swim to the river bank when the boat sank .
A.could B.succeeded C.might D.was able to
29. I got up early that morning ,but I ___ so because I had no work to do .
A.mustnt have done B.didnt need to do
C.neednt have done D.cant have done
30. I ___ up early this morning ,so I stayed in bed until 9 oclock a.m .
A.neednt have got B.didnt need to get
C.shouldnt have got D.cant have got
31. What ___ I do for you ,madam ?
A.shall B.can C.may D.will
32. He ___ see a doctor before it is too late .
A.must B.must have to C.need D.need have to
33. -Could I borrow your dictionary ?
-Yes ,of course you ____ .
A.might B.could C.should D.can
34.---- ____ I stop here sir ?
---- ____ No .Go on to the next paragraph ,please .
A.Will B.May C.Would D.Ought
35. I wasn￠t sure whether I ___ offer to help or not .
A.should B.might C.would D.can
36. ---- ____ we finish all the exersises in class ?
---- Yes ,you ____ .
A.Shall；will B.Need；can C.Can；might D.Must；must
37. ----May I put my bike here ?
---- No ,you ____
A.neednt B.cant C.wouldnt D.arent able
38. I ___ go if I had the chance .
A.can B.may C.will D.would
39. You ___ walk for miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone .
A must B.need C.may D.have to
40. Our teachers are at work .You ____ make so much noise .
A.won t B.mustn t C.would not D.needn t
41. Im afraid it ___ rain tonight .
A.can B.could C.may be D.might
42. Dont be worried .The news ____ be true .
A.should not B.mustnt C.neednt D.cant
43. You ___ do what you like this morning .
A.could B.can C.are able to D.can be able .
44. ---- Need I start from the beginning ?
---- Yes ,you _____ .
A.need B.do C.can D.must
45. I wouder how he _____ that to the teacher .
A.dare to say B.dare say C.not dare say D.dare say
46. Some warm-blooded animals _____ biberate.
A.need not B.does not need to
C.needn t to D.do not need
47. Somebody _____ here only this morning .
A.must be B.must have been
C.can be D.should have been
48. I ___ them ,but I wasn t able to
A.ought to have helped B.must have helped
C.might help D.needn t have helped
49. You are wet through .You ___ in the rain .
A.must come B.must have caught
C.may catch D.must have got caught
50. He worked hard ,and ____ pass his examinations .
A.could B.is able to C.can D.was able to
Ⅲ 练习答案
1-5 DDBAB 6-10 CDABB 11-15 CDCAA 16-20 BBDBB 21-25 BCADD
26-30 DDDCB 31-35 BADBB 36-40 DBDCB 41-45 DDBDD 46-50 ABADD
Ⅳ 练习题分析
1. couldnt have spoken是对过去情况推测的否定式,可改成cant have spoken , 其他三项
均不能表示推测。
2. must have lost it 是对过去情况推测的肯定式。must可换成may 或might,但可能性
小。must可能性最大。
3. must have been表示对过去情况的推测。 must可换成may 或might .
4. can…have completed表示对过去情况推测的疑问式, can可换成could ,但不能用must,
may 和might构成推测的疑问句。
5. cant have seen 是对过去情况推测的否定式,cant能被couldnt替换。mustnt have
seen 不能表示对过去情况的否定式。
6. ought to have come 是对过去的批评,肯定形式,否定意思,说明你们俩没赶上火车是因
为来晚了。这里的ought to 与 should 同意,可互相替代。
7. must have cried 是对过去情况推测的肯定式。根据是the boy￠s eyes are red 。must
可以改成may 或might 。
8. can she have lost …?是对过去情况推测的疑问句。can 可改成could , 但不能用must ,
may 或might 。
9. neednt have brought 表示过去没有必要做的事,实际做了,但没有带来负作用。根据是
I have brought one 。
10. “She may have done it .”是对过去情况的肯定式,表示可能性较小。D项的 can只用于
疑问句或否定句。A和C项是对将来动作的推测。
11. “Could she have lost …”表示对过去情况推测的疑问句, could可被can所替换,但不能
用Must或May 。
12. must have rained …是对过去情况推测的肯定式。根据是The grourd was wet this
morning 。
13. “must have been stolen”是对过去情况推测的肯定式。根据是I parked my car right
here but now its gone 。
14. “A taxi wasnt at all necessary .”中的谓语动选了过去时。根据是We should have
walked to the station。“should + have + 过去分词”这一结构表示一个过去的概念。
15. “might have given”表示过去有可能做到的事由于某种情况没做成。本题的意思是“既
使他很忙,他还是可以给予你更多的帮助,但实际上并没有做到,这是肯定形式,否定意
思。”
16. 本题的意思是“看,有人来了。猜一猜是谁?”guess之后的who 从句是宾语从句,故用陈
述句的句式。it是从句的主语,是人称代词。it用于人表示搞不清姓别。C项的主语是he
,显然不合实际情况。
17. “neednt + have + 过去分词”这一结构表示做了过去没有必要做的事。根据是There is
plenty of time 。但这并没有坏影响。neednt不能改成mustnt 和couldnt , 因为它们没
有这种功能。
18. should have given 是对过去的批评。树死了是因为我浇水不多。本题意思是我该给
树多浇水,实际并没有多浇水。肯定形式,否定意思。
19. ought to 是情态动词,应接原形动词,但由于allow一词与逻辑主语You成被动关系,故用
be allowed.这称为含有情态动词的被动语态.
20. Shouldnt have waited 表示对过去动作的批评,是婉转的批评,留有余地的批评。否定
形式,肯定意思。
21. Should have kept her word 表示对过去动作的批评,是婉转的批评,有余地的批评。形
式上肯定,意思上否定。
22. Should have studied 表示对过去动作的批评,用法同21题。
23. Tom ought not to have told me…是对过去动作的批评,ought not等于Shouldnt,用法同
20题。
24. 选项A.does not need to hibernate中的need是实义动词,因为does not帮助它构成否定
式;B项neednt hibernate 中的neednt是情态动词,因为其本身构成否定式;C项doesnt
have to hibernate,意为“没有必要…”和A、B两相同意。故三项全正确。
25. 选项A.dares catch中的dares为实义动词,应接带to的不定式作宾语,但由于句首的
Neither构成这句话的否定句。实义动词,dare在否定句中,不定式宾语可以省to;选项
B。dares to catch 中的dares是实义动词,可接带to 的不定式宾语;选项C。dare catch
中的dare为情态动词,其后只能接原形动词,用于否定式,疑问式或条件句。故三项全正
确。
26. 选项A . could have come … 表示过去有能力做到的事,由于其中原因没做成；选项
B。should have come是对过去动作的批评,是婉转的批评,留有余地的批评,肯定形式,
否定意思;选项C。ought to 等should ,用法同选项B。故三项在语法和意思上全成立。
27. 选项A. mustnt和B. may not 表示禁止某人做某事同意。此外,还可以用cant和had
better not 等。
28. could 和 was able to 都表示过去有能力做某事。但could只表示泛指能力,不表示实施
了一个动作。was (were)able to 才表示过去既有能力,也实施了一个动作。本题表示
他的确游到岸边。
29. neednt have done 表示过去没有必要做的事,实际做了,但无负作用。本题的意思是那
天早晨没有必要早起,因为不上班,但实际早起了。
30. didnt need to do sth 是过去没有必要做的事,实际也没有做。
31. What can I do for you 中的can 表示能力,这是服务行业对顾客的礼貌用语。在不同地
方,翻译也不同。在商店,译成“你买什么货?”。在书店,就是“你买什么书?”。这句话不
能用“what do you want ?”代替。
32. 选项A. must表示“必须”,是主观上的“必须”。选项C. need ,用于肯定句,必须是实义动
词,宾语应是to see ,即带to 的不定式。need用于情态动词,只用于否定句或疑问句,不
能用于肯定句,故C项错。
33. 问句中的could 并非是过去式,而是表示委婉,客气的礼貌用语,但回答不能说yes ,you
could 。正确的答语有两种：Yes ,you can 或Yes ,you may。
34. May I stop here 中的May表示允许,还可以用can,但May较多用.但不能用其他各项。
35. might offer 是对将来的推测。must表示可能性最大,但也不是百分之百,may可能性小,
might可能性最小。这里用might的根据是I wasnt sure 和whether。其他各项均无此用
法。
35. might offer表示对将来动作的推测。情态动词must接原形动词,表示对将来的推测时
可能性最大,may表示可能性小,might最小。
36. must表“必须”用于疑问句时,其肯定回答是Yes ,you must,否定回答是No, you neednt;
need表“必要”用于疑问句,其肯定回答用Yes,you must,否定回答用 No,you neednt。
37. May表示允许用于疑问句时,其肯定回答是Yes,you may,否定回答有三种即No,you
may not;No,you mustnt;和No,you cant。还可以说No,you had better not。
38. 本句的would是情态动词用于虚拟语气,因为条件从句中用的是had,用过去时表示对现
在的虚拟。
39. may walk是情态动词接原形动词,表示对将来的推测,但是可能性比must较小,比might
较大些。must表示可能性较大,又与实际不相附。
40. mustnt make so much noise是不允许某人做某事,原因是Our teacher is at work。禁
止某人做某事还可用may not 和can not。不能用neednt。
41. might rain tonight是对将来的推测,表示可能较小用might,这是由Im afraid所决定的。
42. Cant be true表示对现在状况推测的否定式,其他三项均无此种用法。
43. can do what you like中的can不表能力,而表允许,和may的用法相同。
44. 由need构成的疑问句,其肯定回答是Yes,you must,否定回答是No,you needn t。
45. D为正确答案。dare一词既可以作情态动词,也可以作实义动词。作情态动词,后接原
形动词,作实义动词,后接带 to的不定式。dared say应发生在wonder之前,这就否定了A
和B项。全句的含义是“我不知道他怎么敢跟老师说那话。”
46. need一词既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。作情态动词时,后接原形动词,没有人称
和数的变化。作实义动词时,后接带to的不定式作宾语。B项的数不对,C项多了to,D项
少to,故A为正确答案。
47. must have been here是对过去情况的推测,因为this morning为过去时间状语。
48. I ought to have helped them中的ought to 等于should,表示过去动作的批评。用ought
to表示道义上我应帮助他们,但由于某种原因没办成。
49. must have got canght中的got与been同义。be caught in the rain表示被雨淋,原因是
You are wet through。
50. could与was able to都能表示过去能力,但could只泛指有能力,不表示实际发生的行
为。而was able to 却能表示实际发生的行为,相当succeeded in doing。
篇8：情态动词和不定式完成式的用法详解 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
情态动词和不定式完成式的用法详解
I.情态动词+不定式完成式结构的意义分类
表达意义的类别 情态
动词 具体意义 例句
推测
may
/might
当时有可能 Tom hasn’t come back yet. He may have missed the bus again.
Sorry I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
They might not have gone to the movies yesterday evening.
can
/could
当时可能 She can have failed again.
Jack can’t have arrived yet; otherwise he would have telephoned me.
My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he couldn’t have attended you lecture.
should
/ought to
当时比较可能 He set out early in the morning, so he should have arrived home by now.
They started at nine o’clock this morning. They oughtn’t to have arrived there by now.
will
/would
当时很可能 You will have heard the news, I’m sure.
The police would have gone through every room last night.
His brother would not have been elected as president.
must
当时肯定 I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didn’t they?
The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasn’t he?
They must have been very tired yesterday, weren’t they
需要 must 必须曾经 Any candidate for the job must have practiced for no less that three years.
情感(近似虚拟语气用法)
责备
不满
遗憾
might
mightn’t 本来可以/可能而实际没有;本来/可能可以不而实际做了 You might have been more careful
He might not have bothered her.
You are lucky enough. You might have been killed like that.
could 本来能够而实际没有 You could have come earlier.
---I didn’t go to class last night because my car broke down.
---you could have borrowed mine. I wasn’t using it.
should
shouldn’t
ought to /ought not to 本来应该而实际没有;本来不应该而实际做了 We should/ought to have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.
They shouldn’t/ought not to have let you out of hospital so soon; otherwise, you would feel better.
needn’t 本来不必而实际做了 There was plenty of time. She needn’t have hurried.
We needn’t have watered the flowers for it is going to rain.
赞叹
惊奇
怀疑
should 当时居然 It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years. (赞叹)
I can’t think why he should have said that; it wasn’t my fault. (惊奇)
To think that should have happened to me! (吃惊)
It is a pity that he should fail in such exam.
can
/can’t
could
/couldn’t 当时可能/不可能
当时居然 Can she really have behaved so badly? （惊奇、怀疑）
Tony can’t have done that, he hasn’t the strength.（怀疑）
I’m surprised that he could/should have left without telling a word.(吃惊、不满)
申辩 would 本来应该、愿意、打算 Oh, what a pity. I would have been so easy for me to bring those photographs. I wanted to show you but I’ve left them at the table at home.
I would have come to help you with your work yesterday, only I was rather busy.
I would have visited you but it rained yesterday.
虚拟（与过去事实相反） might 可能当时 Had he come earlier, he might not have missed the train.
If I were you, I might have bought that car.
could 当时能够、可能 Had you attended the meeting last night, you could have met her.
If she hadn’t learned English hard, she could not have passed the examination.
should 当时可能、应该、愿意 If I had met you yesterday, I should have told you about it.
If he were wise, he should have come to see me.
I should have joined you yesterday evening, only I have been rather busy.
would 当时很可能、愿意 If he had caught the first bus this morning, he would not have been late for class.
He would have come and worked together with us, but he was not here yesterday.
I ought to have done so sooner，it would have saved me numerous misfortune．
II.情态动词+不定式完成式结构的分类练习
can/could
1. Some women _____ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made
2.It is not like Jack to be unfriendly, so he _____ you when you called.
A. can’t have seen B. should not have seen C. must not have seen D. need not have seen
3. Bob_____ to Norfolk yet. He knows nothing about the place at all.
A. can’t have been B. mustn’t have been C. shouldn’t have been D. needn’t have been
4. ---I’m told that John had another car accident this morning.
---I believe not. He ____ so careless.
A. shouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been C. couldn’t have been D. mustn’t have been
5. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _______ your lecture.
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
6. ---Did you go to the movie the day before yesterday?
---No, We ______, but we decided not.
A. should have gone B. could go C. should go D. could have gone
7. The room is in a terrible mess; it ________ cleaned.
A. can’t have been B. shouldn’t have been C. mustn’t have been D. wouldn’t have been
8. ---We didn’t see him on the exhibition yesterday.
---He ______ it.
A. mustn’t visit B. can’t have visited C. should have gone to see D. may see
9. Mary ______ may letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. should have received B. has received C. couldn’t have received D. ought to have received
10. I _______ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.
A. may come B. may have come C. could have come D. must have come
11. Under more favourable conditions, we ______ better.
A. need have done B. should do C. could have done D. might be doing
must
1. I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere. （2005,北京，春招）
A. must drop B. must have dropped C. must be dropping D .must have been dropped
2．We’ve been waiting for hours to see the famous pop singer, but the airplane ________ behind the timetable.
A. must be B. will be C. would have been D. must have been
3. John’s sore in the test is the highest in the class; he ______ last nigh.
A. should study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. must have to study
4. Mary was not in her bedroom yesterday afternoon. She _______ in her classroom.
A. should have been B. must have been C. must be D. should be
5. Bob said he was going to join our club but he didn’t. He _______ his mind.
A. can’t have changed B. wouldn’t have changed
C. must have changed D. shouldn’t have changed
6. The road was muddy. It _____ last night.
A. must rained B. must have rained C. must be rained D. could have rained
7. He must have finished his homework, _____he?
A. mustn’t B. must C. needn’t D. hasn’t
8. He must have attended the meeting yesterday, _______he?
A. didn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. hasn’t
should
1．We _____ for her because she never came.
A. needn’t wait B. mustn’t have waited C. shouldn’t have waited D. can’t have waited
2. I’m rather surprised you haven’t reported him to your teacher. In my opinion, you ____ this as soon as you found out he was cheating.
A. must have done B. might have done C. could have done D. should have done
3. ---We expected you yesterday.
---I’m sorry, I ______ you to say that I couldn’t be here until today.
A. must have called B. would be calling C. could have been calling D. should have called
4. I was really anxious about you. You ______ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
5.Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ______ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
6.Mr. White ______ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
7. With all the work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
A. mustn’t go B. shouldn’t have gone C. could not go D. couldn’t have gone
8. Eve was late for class again. She _______ earlier.
A. should get up B. must get up C. need to get up D. should have got up
9. I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I _____ .
A. had B. would do C. should have D. might have
10.--- They have not finished the work up to now.
--- Well, they ______.
A. should have B. should C. ought to D. ought have
11. Walking alone in the deserted village, John was scared. He thought he ______ Tom to go with him.
A. might have asked B. should asked C. must have asked D. should have asked
may/might
1. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _____ during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done C. must have done D. may have done
2. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They _______ from South America on rafts.
A. must have sailed B can sail C. might have sailed D. should have sailed
3. It was really very dangerous; you _______ him seriously.
A. might have injured B. could injure C. should have injured D. must injure
4. --- Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
--- She ______ again in the morning.
A. shouldn’t have overslept B. may have turned off the alarm clock
C. must have no one to call her D. should have someone to wake her up
ought to
1.You _____ this morning if you really wanted to see it yourself.
A. ought to come B. may have come C. ought to have come D. could come
2. We ______ the letter yesterday, but it didn’t arrive.
A. must receive B. ought to receive C. must have received D. ought to have received
3. When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I ____ there earlier.
A. ought to get B. ought to have got C. must have got D. must get
4. He didn’t do well in the exam. He _______ hard at his lessons.
A. must have worked B. ought to have worked C. would have worked D. has worked
5. --- Mr. Young, everything is ready for the meeting.
--- I’m sorry. I ______ to tell you the meeting had been put off.
A. should phone. B. ought to have phoned C. need to phone D. should have been phoned
needn’t
1. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.
A. needn’t dress up B. didn’t have to dress up
C. might not have dressed up D. needn’t have dressed up
2.It was very kind of you to do the washingup, but you ____ it.
A. mustn’t have done B. wouldn’t have done C. mightn’t have done D. needn’t have done
3. You ______ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing.
A. needn’t have washed B, shouldn’t have washed
C must not have washed D. can not have washed
4. You _______ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.
A. needn’t go B. had better not go C. should not go D. needn’t have gone
would
1. Oh, what a pity. It ______ so easy for me to bring those photographs. I wanted to show you, but I’ve left them at the table at home.
A. would have been B. would be C. had been D. was
2. I ________ you a valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money.
A. would have liked to give B. liked to give C. have liked to give D. would like to give
3. ---Why didn’t come to my party? I was so disappointed at your absence.
--- I’m very sorry. I ______ but I had a visitor at the last minute.
A. would like have B. would like to C. would like to have D. would like
4. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _______ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
5. ---Your sister nearly ______all her spare time to her course during the three years.
---That’s right, or she ________ the first place in her school in the 2000 College Entrance Examination.
A. spent; wouldn’t take B. devoted; wouldn’t have taken
C. hadn’t devoted; hadn’t taken D. hadn’t spent; couldn’t take
II.情态动词意义分类
可能推测 需要职责 请求许可
许诺 意图打算 意愿决心 能力才能习惯倾向 功用(拟人)
辩解
注定
胆敢
can
could √
will
would √
would √
shall
should √
should √
ought to √√
have (got) to
must √
need
dare
used to
be to
1. shall 的用法。 shall 用作情态动词，主要用于疑问句中征求对方意见，意为“要不要”、“。。。好吗”：
Shall I get a chair for you?
What shall we do this evening?
2. should 的用法。 should 作为情态动词，主要表示“应该”：
You should study hard.
We should help him.
You should ask her first.
（1）有时表示“应该”，其实是一种推测，语气比 may, might 等表推测时要强：
The book should be interesting.
（2）有时用于第一人称的疑问句形式表示征求意见，与 shall 用法相似：
Should I open the window?
What should we do now?
（3）若用于谈论过去的情况，应用“should+have+过去分词”结构：
The train should have already left.
You should have told us earlier.
（4） 用于 should like / should love 可视为习语，意为“想要”，其后接名词、代词或不定式：
I should like you to stay here.
I should love to ask you a question.
Anthony
1 should的其他用法
A 当说话人对某种设想是否合理或正当提出疑问时，可把
should用于 can’ t think why／don’t know why／see no reason why：等后面：
I don’t know why you should think that I did it．
我真不知道你凭什么竟会认为这件事是我干的。
I see no reason why you should interfere in their quarrel．
我不明白你有什么理由竟然会介入他们的争吵。
当这种设想与过去的事情有关时则用完成式：
I can’t think why he should have said that it was my fault．
我真不明白他怎么能说这是我的过错。
B 作为一种惯用表达法，should与 what，where，who连用以形象生动地表达惊奇的感情：
What should I find but an enormous spider！
怎么也想不到我看见的竟是一只巨大的蜘蛛！
这种惊奇经常掺杂着令人为难的因素：
Who should come in but his first wife！
怎么也想不到进来的竟是他的前妻！
C should用在 lest后面，有时也用在 in case后面：
1 在书面语中，lest…should结构有时放在表示惧怕或担心的词后面：
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks．
他害怕在结冰的石块上滑倒。
对过去的动作表示担心时用should+完成式：
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident．
她开始担心他出了什么事。
2 lest也可用于目的从句，表示 for fear that（惟恐）：
He dared not spend the money lest someone should ask where he had got it．
他不敢花这笔钱，怕有人问他钱是从哪儿来的。
如上所示这是一种书面形式。
在这种情况下 in case较 lest更常用，后面可跟 should或一般现在时或一般过去时：
in case someone should ask／someone asked
惟恐万一有人问起（另参见第227节与第337节。）
D should 有时用于目的从句以代替 would／could：
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him．
他戴了一个面罩，好让别人认不出他来。（参见第336节。）
E 在条件句中用should代替现在时态：
If the pain should return take another of these pills．
疼痛复发时，可再吃一片这些药。（参见第224节。）
F should 还用于颇为正式的间接命令，这种命令不一定是向对方直接发出的：
He ordered that Tom should leave the house．
他下命令叫汤姆离开这所房子。（参见第321节B。）
与下面一句比较一下：
He ordered Tom to leave．
他命令汤姆离开。（他亲自告诉汤姆。）
2 can 的用法大搜索
情态动词can有一定的词义,但不能独立存在,它必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词can没有人称和数的变化。其具体用法如下:
1. 表示“能、会”,指脑力或体力方面的“能力”。例如:
I can speak English. 我会讲英语。
Jim can swim but I can’t. 吉姆会游泳,但我不会。
2. 表示“可能”,常用于否定句或疑问句中,指某种可能性。例如:
Han Mei can’t be in the classroom. 韩梅不可能在教室里。
Can he come here today, please? 请问他今天能到这里来吗？
3. 表示“可以”,常用于口语中,指许可或请求做某事。例如:
Can I have a cup of tea, please? 请问我可以喝一杯茶吗？
You can go out. 你可以出去了？
补给站:
①can在口语中可以代替may,表示许可或可以。
②can’t在口语中代替mustn’t时,表示禁止或不准。例如:
You can’t play football in the street. 不准在马路上踢足球。
③情态动词can的过去式could,用于现在时,可使语气更委婉、更客气。例如：
Could you help me with my English? 你能帮助我学习英语吗？
情态动词can的基本句型
1. 肯定句型为:主语+can+动词原形+其它。例如:
They can play basketball. 他们能打篮球。
She can dance. 她会跳舞。
You can go to watch TV. 你可以去看电视了。
2. 否定句型为:主语+can not(can’t/cannot)+动词原形+其它。表示“某人不能(不会、不可能)做……”。其中can’t是can not的缩略式,英国多写成cannot。例如:
You cannot pass the ball like this. 你不能像这样传球。
I can’t ride a motorbike. 我不会骑摩托车。
3. 疑问句句型分为:一般疑问句句型和特殊疑问句句型两种类型
一般疑问句句型为:
Can+主语+动词原形+其它。表示“某人会(能、可以)做……吗？”,用于口语时,常表示请求或许可。其肯定答语用“Yes, 主语+can.”作答;否定答语用“No, 主语+can’t.”作答。注意答语中作主语的人称代词,应根据问句中的主语作相应的变化。其变化规则为:第一人称问,则第二人称答;第二人称问,则第一人称答;第三人称问,第三人称答。例如:
①-Can you sing an English song for us? 你可以为我们大家唱一首英语歌吗？
-Yes. 行。(注意在Yes后面常省略I can)
②-Can I skate? 我可以滑冰吗？
-Yes, you can. 可以。
③-Can she climb hills? 她能爬山吗?
-No, she can’t. 不,她不能。
特殊疑问句句型为:
a. Who+can+动词原形+其它。该句型中who相当于主语。例如:
-Who can sing in English in your class? 你们班上谁会用英语唱歌？
-Lily can. 莉莉会。
b. 特殊疑问词(作定语)+名词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用how many, how much等。例如:
-How many boats can you see in the river? 你能看见河中有多少只船吗？
-Only one boat. 仅有一只。
c. 特殊疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用what, where, when等,一般用肯定陈述句作答。例如:
-What can you see in the picture? 你能在图画中看到什么？
-I can see some birds and two big trees in it. 我能看到一些鸟儿和两棵大树。
责任编辑：李芳芳
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