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托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

2024-01-17 07:46:36 收藏本文下载本文

“TINAWANG”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了8篇托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路，下面是小编帮大家整理后的托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路，希望对大家的学习与工作有所帮助。

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

篇1：托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析和解题思路

托福阅读烧脑推理题要这么做

托福阅读推理题解题思路分析

从题型构成上来看，托福阅读10大题型中的推理题其实很像是细节题，似乎都是需要考生返回原文来寻找具体信息并加以解题的。而这两种题型的不同之处在于细节题能够在原文中找到对应选项的细节，最多进行一些简单的表述形式变化，但含义却保持一致，可以说相对简单。

而推理题则需要大家在找到原文的基础上再做进一步的逻辑推理分析，正确选项代表的含义要靠大家自己思索出来，无法在原文中直接找到对应内容。换句话说，大家需要根据文中的相关依据再往前做简单推理才能得出答案。大家不要小看这一步推理的过程，很多同学偏偏就是不知道该怎么去进一步思考推理。

做好推理题需要类比逻辑思维

既然提到了逻辑思维分析推理，接下来小编就来为大家介绍一下托福推理题中比较常用的类比逻辑思维方式。这种思维模式很简单，也就是文章中提到两个事物，互为比较对象，而这两个事物具有一些相同的特点特征，因此可以根据A事物具有的特征来推理出B事物也具备相同的特征。

举个简单的例子，像小刘一样，小王也喜欢养猫。那么从这句话里，我们就可以通过类比思维来推断出，小刘喜欢养猫。大家是不是觉得这也太容易了，不要小看这种推理思维，下面给大家两道来自托福官方真题中的阅读逻辑题做参考分析。

推理类比思维解题技巧实例讲解

实例1

When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from this paragraph?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

思路分析

先来看一道简单一点的逻辑题，这段文字讲了某种海龟的特点，其中提到了鲸鱼，问题就是能够从这段文字中推理出什么和鲸鱼有关的信息。根据infer这个关键词，可以看出这是一道较为明显的逻辑推理题。

这段文字一共就两句话，第一句话就类似上面举的简单例子里的“像小刘一样”的这个部分，直接把类比双方海龟和鲸鱼提了出来。然后第二句话则说明了海龟具体具有的特点。那么根据类比逻辑，鲸鱼应该具有的也是第二句话中的这个特点，接下来大家只要从选项里找到和第二句话内容相近的部分就可以了，也就是海龟具有的应对寒冷的独特能力鲸鱼也有，所以选B。

实例2

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from this paragraph about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

思路分析

接下来再来看这道更有难度的推理题，这道题目的类比逻辑结构和上面正好相反，先说了A事物的一个特点，然后再说B事物也有类似特点。对应到原文中应该就是文章的最后一句给出的提示，也就是buck rub散发出的olfactory signal和bull elk trumpeting发出的auditory signal有相同的作用。那么接下来大家就要去找出buck rub的olfactory signal有什么功效然后和选项对照一下就能得出正确答案了。

具体到文章里，buck rub的作用就是sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species和indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity，而trumpeting by bull elk应该也具备类似功效，也就是选项A了。

总结以上两个例子可以看出，托福阅读中的逻辑题虽然需要考生进行自主思考，但这种推理思考的难度其实也并不算高，大家不用想得太多太复杂，只需要稍稍进行简单的逻辑推理自然就能找到正确答案了。小编希望大家能够通过上面的例子了解应对托福阅读逻辑题的正确和实用思路，更好地解答阅读逻辑题拿到考试高分。

托福阅读考试中的推理题——教你一招搞定推理题

官方对推理题的定义

首先，大家要正视官方OG(Official Guide)对推理题的定义：“对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解”。这里面我们要重点看两个细节，一是“强烈暗示”，二是“未明确表述”。

第一，“强烈暗示”，即原文中给定的信息与正确答案的信息紧密相连，而并不会出现需要太多太大脑洞的地方。首先就是我们要认真阅读题目中限定的段落(基本上会以某一段为主，而且题目明显给出“According to Paragraph 1”这样的字样)，并在脑海里迅速生成段落的结构逻辑，即哪句是主旨(Topic Sentence)，哪句是细节(Details)，哪句是证据(Evidence)，有没有分论点(Minor Ideas)等。并在此基础上，将文章内容与各个选项中的信息匹配。而“匹配”也很重要，如果文章内没涉及相关信息的，得推个五重六重才能得出的答案必然不会是我们的正确答案。而且这是ETS常常挖的一个坑，就看你愿不愿意一往无前地跳进去了。所以划重点：托福中的推理题最多只要往前推一步就足够了，要时刻牢记得托福只是一个语言类考试。

第二，“未明确表述”，即正确选项应该是文章中没有明确给出我们完全一样的表述，但理论上应该是正确的内容。这就有一个迷思了。很多刷题不够多的同学会想当然地以为推理题必然要往前推那么一大步，类似细节题正确选项的内容(即同义改写)就常常放弃了。而如果你做过超过十套TPO并认真分析你遇到的所有推理题，你就会发现，当出题者想降低出题难度的时候，把推理题的正确答案设置为paraphrase原文某个内容的选项就是一个很普遍的选择。因而，推理题并不会因为“没有推理”而排除任何选项。相反，恭喜你，你只是遇到了一道难度略低的推理题。

一种推理题的解题思路:Contrast

Contrast(或是Comparison)的地方是ETS钟爱的出推理题的地方。其实，某种程度上而言，这就是让我们去学习一种很好的思考方式，或者是逻辑论证方式。笔者相信，你的写作老师一定会跟你讲过，有的写作题目的个别论点的处理是可以通过对比来实现的。

如果你之前是在国内读高中，而且不是国际学校，那么你的确有可能对这种逻辑思维方式觉得似乎没有那么熟悉。非也，非也。现在让我们来回顾一个场景。

场景回顾：如果你是一个理科生(或者有化学、生物课的文科生)，回想一下你的化学和生物课上做的实验，老师有没有做过这样的对比试验：

实验1：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢出现的气泡。

实验2：现在我们开始实验演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液，两个溶液都是透明无色的，没有气泡。现在我们将一块白色无味放入溶液A中，观察实验现象。我们发现，与B溶液对照，A溶液中开始慢慢变成红色。

我们再画个表格看一下。

溶液A

溶液B

实验前

无色无味

实验1

出现气泡

实验2

变成红色

如果这是在化学课，且AB溶液是对比实验，我们会在上面表格的空白处填出什么内容?实验1：没有出现气泡;实验2：没有变成红色。对吗。

好了，如果你能填出上面的正确内容，说明你已经掌握了一种行之有效的托福阅读推理题的解题思路!

什么，你不相信?请看题目(来源：TPO)：

Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

There were great numbers of them.

They lived in the sea only.

They did not leave many fossil remains.

猜一下正确答案是什么?没有错，答案就是A。

为什么呢?请注意原文中说“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and atsea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”重点信息是“unlike thecases of sea otters…., it is not easy to envision….whale...”，“不像sea otter的情况，对于鲸鱼而言，是很难想象最初的鲸鱼是什么样子的。

不够清晰?我们再来画一个表格。

cases

sea otter

whale

envision

not easy

有没有发觉很熟悉!是不是跟刚刚的化学实验一模一样!所以请告诉我，空白处应该填什么?“easy”，对吗?好的，这时候我们再来看一下选项A说了什么?“It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.”

“not difficult”是不是就等同于我们填入的“easy”!所以这么一道绕来绕去的题目我们就搞定啦。正确答案就是A选项。

有没有发觉get到了一个很高大上的技能!快来新东方的托福阅读课堂，收获更多推理题神技哦～

3个方面全方位解读托福阅读推论题，你懂了吗?

托福阅读推论题的类型和解法

托福阅读推论题都是按照托福阅读文章信息来把隐含意的题目推出，可划分成共性推理题和无共性推理题。有共性推理题是题干里包含了与原文内容相同的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位推理;无共性的推理题就是题干中无线索。

托福阅读推论题的解题难点

推论题目有难度，但并不如同词汇题或者事实信息题，考生在解题时一般只是需要定位到原文基本上就看到了正确选项。但是推论题就算是能够定位到原文，考生们同样是不能找到任何可以直接选择的证据。因此题目难在思维处理过程，考生在思维处理时一定要把握好“度”，不可以出现思维局限，在文章中挖掘深层含义的力度不够或是出现过分的“思维扩展”，推测出超出原文内涵的选项。在思维局限时，考生可能会倾向于选择直接来源于原文的信息，这种信息是常见的解题障碍;思维扩展太多则会加入自己的常识，并不利于解题，往往会答错。

托福阅读推论题的选项特征

通过专业考试分析表示此类题型的正确选项是利用定位句综合提取出的的信息，该类信息一般是不会被原文直接用字面意思表达出来，通常是很含蓄、概括的;错误选项通常包含有3种情况：第一种是没有直接原文依据的内容;第二种是原文中明显提到的内容;第三种则是无关选项，可能是其他位置出现的信息。

上面通过三个不同方面对托福阅读推论题进行详细的解读，希望通过上文能够对各位考生有一定的帮助

篇2：托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读paraphrase题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读中的paraphrase问题如何应对?

在托福阅读中，还有一类题型经常出现，那就是paraphrase。

这类问题需要大家在给出的选项选择与文章中的长难句意义相近的一句话。

这类问题还是有一定难度的，因为选项中存在一些干扰项。

那么这类问题有哪些解题技巧呢?

Strategies to answer this question：

1. 划分句子主谓宾，充分理解句子意思;

2. 将句子大意用自己的话复述一遍，简化句子成分;

3. 看问题选项中有没有跟刚复述的句子意义相似的句子;

4. 选出正确答案后，看一下其他错误选项。这些错误选项有的意思跟原文不同，有的漏掉了原文中的重要内容。找出这些错误，确保万无一失。

Example:

大家先来看一个例子：

Rather than sell the painting, which is most likely worth millions of dollars, the Jesuits decided to make it available to the nation of Ireland for viewing. Thus, the painting is on “indefinite loan” to the National Gallery of Ireland. Nevertheless, the painting continues its travels as it features in exhibitions around the world, from the United States to Amsterdam.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?

a. The National Gallery of Ireland now owns the painting.

b. The National Gallery of Ireland bought the painting from the Jesuits.

c. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting, but the Jesuits still own it.

d. The National Gallery of Ireland can display the painting as long as they allow it to travel.

想要回答正确，就要准确理解文中indefinite loan的意思。“Loan”可以理解为an object is being lent，那么这句话的意思就很明白了。尽管爱尔兰国家画廊展出了这幅画，但他的所有者仍是Jesuits。

这样就可以排除A项跟B项。D项应改为：while the gallery can display the painting—this is not contingent upon it traveling.

托福考试阅读长难句解析指导

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible by piecing together bits of historical evidence, such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists dating back to thefifteenth century. ( TPO43, 48)

piece v.拼凑，组装

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible (by piecing together bits of historical evidence),(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) (dating back to the fifteenth century). (TPO43,48)

托福阅读长难句分析：

这个句子的主干是：

Scientists try to document as many past El Nino events as possible

修饰一：(by piecing together bits of historical evidence) ，介词短语

中文：通过拼凑很多小的历史证据

修饰二：(such as sea-surface temperature records, daily observations of atmospheric pressure and rainfall, fisheries’ records from South America, and the writings of Spanish colonists) ，介词短语

中文：例如海面温度记录、气压和降水的日常观察，南美洲渔业记录以及西班牙殖民者的作品。

修饰三：(dating back to the fifteenth century)，非谓语动词

中文：追溯到15世纪

托福阅读长难句参考翻译：

科学家们通过拼凑很多小的历史证据，来试图尽可能多地记录过去的厄尔尼诺现象，例如海面温度记录、气压和降水的日常观察，南美洲渔业记录，以及追溯到15世纪的西班牙殖民者的作品。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词和介词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福考试阅读长难句解析指导

29. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. (TPO 6 William Smith)

托福阅读长难句句子分析

本句的主句是it became clear，而as引导的则是时间状语从句，表示“随着……”。主句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面两个that引导的名词性从句，也就是主语从句，它们也是本句理解的重点所在。

托福阅读词汇精记

strata表示“地层”，它的单数形式是stratum。

sequences of rocks指的是“岩层顺序”。

catalog也可拼作catalogue(英式拼法)，作动词时，表示“把……编目分类”, 比如：He catalogued all the insects in his collection. 他把所收集到的昆虫编目分类。catalog也可以作名词，表示“商品目录或购物指南”。

differ from sth. to sth.，表示“从……到……不同”，可以借鉴到写作中，比如：The attitude toward shopping online differs from person to person. 对于网上购物，不同的人有着不同的态度。

托福阅读长难句参考译文

但是，随着越来越多的地方出现日益增多的地层分类，清晰的事实表明：有时岩层顺序是因地区不同而发生变化，全世界还没有一种岩层能成为可靠的地质年代的标志。

托福考试阅读长难句解析

Their competition and collaboration werecreating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with theintroduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s.

记忆单词：

competition n.比赛

competitor n.参赛者

competent adj.有能力的

competence n.能力

collaboration n.合作

collaborate v.合作

commercial adj.商业的

commodity n.商品

理解句子：

此句结构清晰，划线部分为分词作状语。

篇3：托福阅读推理暗示inference题型解题思路技巧实例分析

托福阅读推理暗示题基本解读

托福阅读中的推理暗示题要求考生结合文章中的内容信息进行符合逻辑的假设和关联，从而得出合理的结论。换句话说，推理暗示题需要大家寻找的并不是那些放在明面上的信息，而是隐藏在文字之间的线索。而推理暗示题的提问方式也是很有特点的，一般问题中都会包含有suggest, imply或是infer等词汇。

篇4：托福阅读推理暗示inference题型解题思路技巧实例分析

想要做好托福阅读推理暗示题，考生首先需要具备基本的解题思路，下面这几个解题要点大家需要有所了解他，它们分别是：

1. 仔细审题

想要做好托福阅读推理暗示题，仔细审题，理解问题的核心是至关重要的第一步。推理暗示题的提问形式通常是以下哪一条是关于X.X.X.X的合理暗示/推理，而X.X.X.X的部分就是大家需要回到原文中仔细体会一番的核心。而考生只有仔细审题，才能更好地定位到题目提问的对应位置，展开下一步的线索寻找。

2. 理解段落主题

这一条是很多同学在解答推理暗示题时都比较容易忽略的一点。大家可能习惯性地把推理暗示题当成了普通的细节题来处理，直接找到对应的段落就开始在字里行间寻找解题线索。而想要做好推理暗示题这么做显然是不够的。因为这类题型所问的内容往往涉及到整个段落叙述的主旨主题，换句话说推理暗示题需要大家在理解了段落主题的前提下才能做好，因此比较合理的做法应该是先确定题目对应的段落，然后再整体理解段落之后再开始找线索，这样的解题顺序才能更好地确保答题正确率。

3. 巧用排除法

凡是做选择题，排除法都是一个相当实用的技巧。而这种技巧在托福阅读的推理暗示题中也同样适用。一般来说，每道推理暗示题给出的4个选项中，至少会有1-2个是存在明显错误一眼就能看出的，比如选项中提到了和文章完全无关的内容，这种选项不用深究直接就可以排除掉了。考虑到推理暗示题直接从正面找到正确选项难度较高，用排除法来反向解题才是更为高效合理的解题思路，希望大家能够掌握并合理运用。

4. 留意极端词句

当选项中出现一些较为极端的用词和句式是，这种选项就非常值得关注了，大部分情况下这种带有极端表述的选项都是比较显眼的陷阱选项，因此考生如果发现类似特征也可以较为快速地进行判断和排除。比较常见的极端词汇有always, forever, never, all, totally, completely等等，极端句式则有this is the only...或是this is the limit of...等等。总而言之对于这些选项大家在排除题中遇到时还请多加留意。

5. 小心包含术语词汇的选项

还有一种比较容易误导考生的选项是包含有特定术语词汇的选项。比如一道暗示推理题，大家定位到指定段落中发现主要讲了A，A是某个比较复杂生僻的学术用语类词汇。而选项中恰好有一个选项就包含了这个词汇，可能很多同学下意识地就会觉得这个选项看起来很不错。然而这种选项却很有可能并不符合题目的要求，只是借着术语词汇在跟大家套近乎。这种情况考生也需要小心谨慎地进行判断。

托福阅读推理暗示题实例讲解

接下来小编就为大家带来一道托福阅读推理暗示题的实例讲解，阅读原文直接给出了对应段落，大家可以先尝试自己解答一下再来看答案和解析：

推理暗示题例题

The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and other elements that are relatively abundant in a meteorite but very rare in the crust of Earth. Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified. By 1990 geologists had located the impact site itself in the Yucatán region of Mexico. The crater, now deeply buried in sediment, was originally about 200 kilometers in diameter.

Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about the location of the meteorite impact in Mexico?

A. The location of the impact site in Mexico was kept secret by geologists from 1980 to 1990.

B. It was a well-known fact that the impact had occurred in the Yucatán region.

C. Geologists knew that there had been an impact before they knew where it had occurred.

D. The Yucatán region was chosen by geologists as the most probable impact site because of its climate.

正确答案

选项分析

上面这道题目就是一道相当标准的推理暗示题，我们来根据选项逐个分析：

选项A属于比较标准的无关选项，整个段落都没有提到地质学家有刻意隐瞒的做法举动，所以可以直接排除。

选项B属于错误推理，文章倒数第二句才说到地理学家们直到1990年才定位到了撞击地点位于Yucatán地区，何来well-known一说，很明显是推理除了问题，排除。

选项D和选项A类似，同样属于无关选项，气候climate在整个段落中也没有被提到过，同样可以直接排除。

选项C是正确答案，结合对整个段落的理解，就是地质学家们早就有了关于撞击的理论和学术研究，但找到具体地点则是之后才发生的事情。文章中给出的两个时间点就暗示了这一点，1980年确认了有这次撞击，1990年找到了Yucatán地区，先后顺序很明确。所以是正确选项。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Whatever the source...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even inEurope, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle.

词汇讲解：

tame /te?m/ v. 使(某物)驯服或顺从

intimate /'?nt?m?t/ adj. 亲密的，亲切的;私人的，个人的;精通的，详尽的

结构划分：

(Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been), it seems entirely likely (that much the same process of juxtaposition(living side by side) and control occurred) (in both southwest Asia and northernAfrica, and even in Europe), (among peoples) (who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

it seems entirely likely，it指代后面的从句that

修饰一： (Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been) ，从句

中文：无论最初驯化的兽群起源于何处

修饰二：(that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side byside) and control occurred) ，从句

中文：和兽群毗邻而居并且控制它们的过程发生了

修饰三： (in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe) ，介词短语

中文：在南亚、北非甚至在欧洲

修饰四：(among peoples) ，介词短语

中文：在人民中

修饰五：(who had an intimate knowledge ofthe behavior of wild cattle).，从句

中文：对野生牛群行为了如指掌

参考翻译：

无论最初驯化的兽群起源于何处，在南亚、北非甚至在欧洲，那些对野生牛群行为了如指掌的人民当中，和兽群毗邻而居并且控制它们这样的过程极有可能发生了。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：importance of olfactory...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached.

词汇讲解：

olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)r?/ adj. 嗅觉的

document /'d?kj?m(?)nt/ vt. 用文件证实或证明(某事)

captive /'k?pt?v/ adj. 被捕获的，被俘虏的

twig /tw?g/ n. 嫩枝

approach /?'pr??t?/ vt. 接近, 靠近

结构划分：

The importance (of olfactory communication) (using odors to communicate) (in the way of life of deer) was documented (by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago), (which noted)(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs), (especially as autumn approached).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

The importance was documented

修饰一：(of olfactory communication)，介词短语

中文：嗅觉交流

修饰二：(using odors to communicate)，非谓语动词

中文：使用气味去交流

修饰三：(in the way of life of deer)，介词短语

中文：在鹿群生活方式中

修饰四：(by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago)，介词短语

中文：一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究

修饰五：(which noted)，从句

中文：研究提到

修饰六：(that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs)，从句

中文：雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额

修饰七：(especially as autumn approached)，从句

中文：尤其当秋天临近时

参考翻译：

嗅觉交流(使用气味去交流)在鹿群生活方式中的重要性，被几十年前一个关于被捕获的成年雄鹿的研究证实，这个研究提到：尤其当秋天临近时，雄鹿会在树枝和嫩枝上摩擦前额。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：They revealed output powers...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy.

词汇讲解：

blade /ble?d/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分

kinetic /k?'net?k/ adj. 运动的，运动引起的

结构划分：

They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).

深度分析：

这个句子主干就是：

They revealed output powers and confirmed that

宾语从句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed

中文：水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走

修饰一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非谓语动词

中文：输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力

修饰二：(for the largest wheels)，介词短语

中文：对于最大水轮

修饰三：(for maximum efficiency)，介词短语

中文：为了达到最高效率

修饰四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非谓语动词

中文：释放水的几乎所有动能

参考翻译：

它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到最高效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走，释放水的几乎所有动能。

篇5：托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析之infer推理题答题思路精讲

托福阅读题型应对技巧实例分析 infer推理题答题思路精讲

托福阅读推理题题型介绍

托福阅读推理题可分为两类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

托福阅读推理题解题信息点讲解

托福阅读解题需要注意这些信息点：

1. 日期和数字

2. 各类关键词

表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福阅读推理题3种具体解题思路分析

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解

上面说的可能比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

托福阅读素材之空气污染问题

Air Pollution

托福阅读材料推荐:空气污染问题

Comes From Many Sources

Here's what you need to know about the warming planet, how it's affecting us, and what's at stake.

Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. But there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution.

Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years.

Other greenhouse gases include methane—which comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestock—and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer.

Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling that lasts for years. In fact, volcanoes used to be the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today people are.

Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels may actually make global warming worse. Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat.

Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a person’s ”carbon footprint"—the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere.

On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One way is through the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between countries that they will cut back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that people and companies will have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less.

托福阅读备考之文章考点整理

一、列举和并列句

列举指的是： First, Second, Third,等逐条列出。并列句是指： A ， B and C ，即逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

1. Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。

2 . EXCEPT 题型

该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT -

这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。利用这一特点.我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。

二、否定及转折句

否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或 RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。

三、举例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。上面句型中的 as C 为插入的举例句。

四、数字与年代

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是出题者注意的考题点。

五、最高级及绝对性词汇

文章中若出现 must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等绝对性词汇或 first ， most beautiful 等最高级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，因此很容易出题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题： What color hats did some people choose- 那么就没有唯一正确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green 或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。

六、比较级及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as ， like ( a fly )等句型，则为比较级或比喻句结构，往往也是考题点，一般出“推断性题目”。

七、同位语及插入语

文章中带有由 that is ， i.e. ， or 等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。这些用逗号隔开的持殊结构往往也是考查的重点，一般会出“细节性题目”。

八、因果句

句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

(1) 因果连词： because ， since ， for ， as ， therefore ， so ， consequently 等

(2) 表示因果的动词： cause ， result in ， originate from 等;

上述就是托福阅读中埋考点的几个位置，大家可以在托福阅读文章练习中验证一下，多练习、多总结，托福阅读肯定会有提高。

篇6：托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析

托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例分析句子简化题做法介绍

托福阅读句子简化题怎么做?

托福阅读的句子简化题要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上阴影的一个长难句简化成一个意思不变的同义句。解答句子简化题其实有一个规律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正确选项中一定被同义改写了，但是句子中的重要的逻辑关系是不会变的。知道这个规律，解开这道题就变得简单了。

托福阅读句子简化题解题技巧实例讲解

下面，我们来看官方真题Official3Desertification这篇文章的句子简化题：

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from thegreat difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.

B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread overlarge areas of land.

C The spread of deserts is considered a very seriousproblem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countriesare involved in the effort.

D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.

很多托福考生在做句子简化题时，习惯性地把待简化的句子翻译成中文，那样做其实不仅慢，而且很容易乱。

正确的做法是：

1.找出句子的主谓宾，也就是谁做了什么，然后关注句子的逻辑关系。例题的主语是：seriousness of desertification，逻辑关系词是表示原因的：result from，所以我们可以优先看有表示原因的选项，他们中若有正确答案，那么剩下的选项就无需过问了。这样做不仅快，而且效率高。我们不难发现：A选项中有because;B选项中有because of;所以我们先看这两个选项。

2.我们还发现原因用as well as相连，说明是两个原因，一个是影响land和people，一个是reverse和slowthe process很难。A选项正确表达了句意，而B选项把原文中并列的两个原因变成了因果关系，很明显是错的。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Successin colonization...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Successin colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.

结构划分：

Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization ---- (a safe site) (where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) (at which the invading species can become established.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

Success in colonization depends (to a great extent) on there being a site (available for colonization)

注意depend on被短语to a great extent(很大程度)隔开了，断句不要出现问题，后面还有一个放在后面的形容词短语(available for colonization)修饰a site

修饰一：(a safe site) ，同位语，解说说明前面的a site

中文：一个安全的地点

修饰二：(where disturbance by fire or bycutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level) ，从句

这个从句有点复杂：

where disturbance (by fire or by cutting down of trees) has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

(by fire or by cutting down oftrees)，介词修饰放在后面disturbance

注意这里有一个并列结构，either or

either removed competing species

or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level

中文：在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么减低了竞争水平和其它负面的物种间相互影响的水平

修饰三：(at which the invading species can become established.) ，从句

中文：入侵物种能够定居下来。

参考翻译：

成功的移居很大程度上依赖于有一个可用的移居的地点，即一个安全的地点，在那里由于焚烧或伐木要么移除了竞争物种，要么把物种间的竞争和其他负面的物种间相互影响减少到让入侵物种能够定居下来。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Many prehistorians believe...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.

结构划分：

Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small communities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

Many prehistorians believe that从句

从句中的主干是：

farming may have emerged dependently

修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语

中文：在世界几个不同地区

修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small communities

中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减

修饰三：(when small communities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句

请大家注意此处的断句问题。

从句的主谓被非谓语给隔开了。就是它：

(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)

中文：当一些小的群落开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时

参考翻译：

许多史前学家认为：当一些小的群落迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减少压力，开始在地里种植种子去努力保证他们生存时，农业可能在世界几个不同地区就独立出现了。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：Chinese papermakers...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chineseand the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulosepulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward.

词汇讲解：

cellulose /'selj?l??z/ n. 纤维素

pulp /p?lp/ n. 果肉;纸浆

extract /?k'str?kt/ vt. 取出，拔出;压出, 榨出(汁液等);选录，摘录

suspend /s?'spend/ vt. 悬挂或吊起某物;使(某物)悬浮;使(某事物)暂停

screen n. (筛煤﹑ 砾石等的)筛子

flexible /'fl?ks?bl/ adj. 易弯曲的，柔韧的，有弹性的

结构划分：

It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners (capturedin a battle)(fought near Samarqand)(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751), and the technique of papermaking - (in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets) - slowly spread westward.

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

It has been said that + 从句

从句的主干是：

Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners and the technique of papermaking slowly spread westward

修饰一：(captured in a battle)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰the prisoners

中文：在战争中被俘

修饰二：(fought near Samarqand)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词，修饰battle

中文：在撒马尔罕附近

修饰三：(between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751)，介词短语

中文：在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间

修饰四：(in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of severalplants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets)，从句，修饰the technique of papermaking

注意：从句里面还有一个非谓语动词修饰cellulosepulp

cellulose pulp (extracted from any ofseveral plants) is first suspended in water

中文：首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张

参考翻译：

据说在751年，在中国和穆斯林之间，在撒马尔罕附近的一场战役中，中国的造纸匠被虏成为囚犯，这样造纸术(首先从几颗植物中提取纤维素纸浆悬浮在水中，在精致的筛子上过滤，然后烘干成有韧性的纸张)才缓慢向西方传播。

篇7：托福阅读常见高频题型解题技巧思路盘点分析

托福阅读常见高频题型解题技巧思路盘点分析

托福阅读主旨题怎么做?

托福阅读主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、文章标题;C、文章的中央头脑。这种题一样通常为第一道题，发起托福考生把这道题放在末了做，由于做其他题时，托福考生会渐渐了解文章的各个细节，在做题的历程中就会对文章个总的明白，末了处置处罚托福阅读主旨题可谓迎刃而解、十拿九稳。

托福阅读事实/否定事实信息题解题思路

托福阅读枚举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话枚举。凭据某个选项的语言提示，回归文章找到一句话，这句话包罗三个选项的内容;第二类：局部枚举。凭据题意，回归文章发明一连两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落枚举。题干语言在某天然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：文章枚举。选项内容涉及整个文章。一句话托福阅读枚举题和段落托福阅读枚举题有明显的信号词资助答题，凭据题序做题，不必区别看待。文章托福阅读枚举题和局部托福阅读枚举题则应放其他题做完之后再处置处罚。

托福阅读文章结论题解题技巧

托福阅读文章结论题即凭据文章可以推测出下面哪个选项结论是准确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为文章第一道题时，相称于文章托福阅读主旨题，应放在末了一道题时，有大概针对文章末了部门，也有大概针对整篇文章，但不大大概涉及文章其他部门的细节。以是托福阅读文章结论题应该详细环境详细阐发，并不愿定是面临整个文章。

托福阅读作者态度题如何应对?

托福阅读作者态度题分为两种：A、局部托福阅读作者态度题;B、团体托福阅读作者态度题。文章末了一道题目及作者态度时为团体托福阅读作者态度题，它涉及通篇文章，要凭据整个文章数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也便是作者行文的口吻。托福考生万万不行以凭据某一个语言点答题，由于团体托福阅读作者态度题不是稽核某一个点，而是考团体觉得。局部托福阅读作者态度题位置比力机动，每每问及作者对文章中某一个详细内容的见解，题干通常信号请将托福考生带回文章某一地区，考察托福考生对某个语言点的明白。偶然候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，造托福阅读作者态度题时，托福考生肯定细致不要把本身作为读者的阐发、看法强加于作者。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：This was justified by...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

词汇讲解：

paucity /?p?s?ti/ n.少量，少许，少数

结构划分：

This was justified (by the view) (that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.)

深度分析：

修饰一：(bythe view)，介词短语，修饰justified

中文：通过这个观点

修饰二：(that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.)，超级无敌长的同位语从句，解释view的内容，在从句中还有一个并列结构A and B

中文：反思实践可以帮助教师带着更多思考去融入他们在教学中的角色和工作，并使他们能在教学法中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。

参考翻译：

这是合理的，因为基于这样的观点：反思实践可以帮助教师带着更多思考去融入他们在教学中的角色和工作，并使他们能在教学法中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：One of the most...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measureof what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.

结构划分：

One of the most difficult aspects (of deciding)(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) is that it is hard to get a measure of (what constitutes the natural variability of the climate).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是： One of the most difficult aspects is that

修饰一：(of deciding) ，介词短语，修饰aspects

中文：确定

修饰二：(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) ，宾语从句，

中文：现在气候事件是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据

修饰三：(what constitutes the natural variability of the climate) ，宾语从句

中文：什么组成了气候的自然可变性

参考翻译：

确定现在气候事件是否揭露了是人类活动影响的证据，其中最大困难之一在于很难去测量是什么组成了气候的自然可变性。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：if you take baby...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Indeed,if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour (feeding half the set and starving the other half), when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.

词汇讲解：

tree swallow n. 双色树燕，白杜燕

youngster /'j??st?/ n. 小孩子，年轻人

vigorous /'v?ɡ?r?s/ adj. 精力充沛的;有力的，猛烈的

结构划分：

Indeed, (if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour) (feeding half the set and starving the other half),(when the birds are replaced in the nest), the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those (who beg less vigorously).

深度分析：

这句话的主干其实就是后面的一个并列结构，A and B

the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those (who beg less vigorously)

修饰一：(if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour) ，从句

中文：如果你把小的双色树燕拿出鸟巢一小时

修饰二：(when the birds are replaced in the nest)，从句

中文：当这些鸟被放回鸟巢时

修饰三：(feeding half the set and starving the other half)，非谓语动词

中文：喂养一半，使另一半挨饿

修饰四：(who beg less vigorously) ，从句

中文：乞叫没那么大声

参考翻译：

确实，如果你把小的双色树燕拿出鸟巢一小时(喂养一半，使另一半挨饿)，当这些鸟被放回鸟巢时，挨饿的雏鸟就会比喂饱的鸟叫得更大声，它们的父母也会喂积极的乞食者要多于那些不积极的。

篇8：托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解

托福阅读难点题型解题思路实例讲解推断题正确解答案例分析

托福阅读因果关系词介绍

托福阅读中的因果关系词其实有两类，一个是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一个是表示结果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger.

托福阅读推断题如何用因果关系来解题?

Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer putidentical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. Theboxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same pointof the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could bechanged by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outerwalls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun,no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to thecorrect food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or theleft wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, thebirds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 aboutKramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds'ability to navigate toward the box with food.

C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this woulddistract the birds from following their migratory route.

D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food atany particular point of the compass.

首先，我们来明确一下推断的定义(infer, imply, indicate)，纵使它是推断题，也不是意味着这题是主观臆断，臆想或是联想得出的。这道题也是要通过提取题干中的关键词到文章中的明确位置，然后文中没有平铺直叙地告诉你答案，需要我们根据一些线索找到答案。

接下来我们来看一下这道题，题干中出现Kramer, filling one food box andleaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解开这道题的重点就在于：reason。我们看到第一句话一开始说到，so, in another set of experiments，很明显，答案并不在这一段，而是上一段的最后。所以答案是B。

托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析：A fertile plowed field...

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds, whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.

词汇讲解：

fertile /'f??ta?l/ adj. (指土地)肥沃的, 富饶的;(指动植物)能结果实的, 能生育的;(指人的头脑)主意多的, 有创造力的

plow /plau/ v. 犁<地>，用犁耕<地>

compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起

coarse /k??s/ adj. 粗糙的;(指食物﹑ 酒等)低劣的, 粗劣的;不高雅的，粗俗的;

结构划分：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded (by a large variety of weeds), whereas a neighboring construction site (from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) may remain virtually free of vegetation (for many months or even years) (despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干部分是：

A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded whereas a neighboring construction site may remain virtually free of vegetation

whereas然而，表示对比，对比两种情况

修饰一：(by a large variety of weeds) ，介词短语

中文：被各种各样的杂草

修饰二：(from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse, infertile parent material) ，从句，修饰a neighboring construction site

这个句子理解的难点应该就在这里了，这个从句把a neighboringconstruction site和may remain virtually free ofvegetation分开了，注意断句不要出问题。

中文：这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层(不要去理解啥是parent material，学术名词)

修饰三：(for many months or even years) ，介词短语

中文：几个月偶然甚至是几年

修饰四：(despite receiving the same inputof seeds as the plowed field.) ，介词短语

中文：尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子

参考翻译：

一块肥沃且被翻耕过的土地会被各种各样的杂草迅速入侵，然而一个邻近的建筑工地(这里的土壤被紧压或移除过以至于露出母质层)可能几个月甚至几年都几乎没有植被覆盖，尽管得到了和这块翻耕地同样多的种子。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species' death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.

The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.

One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth's orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species' survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.

1. The word it in line 3 refers to

(A) environment

(B) species

(D) 99 percent

2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) exceptionally

(B) dramatically

(D) unfortunately

3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth's history

(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.

(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

(D) They are no longer in existence.

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological

change?

(A) Temperature changes

(B) Availability of food resources

(D) Competition among species

5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) change

(B) recovery

(D) death

6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?

(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.

(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.

ocean.

(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.

7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that

(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth's history.

(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive

(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.

8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) published information

(B) research method

(D) scientific discovery

9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?

(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.

(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.

(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.

10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species' survival?

(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.

(B) It may depend on chance events.

(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.

11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred

(A) 26 million years ago

(B) 65 million years ago

(D) 250 million years ago

PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.

In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.

By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.

1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Laws governing the printing industry.

(B) Competition among printers

(D) Advances in printing technology

2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?

(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major

projects.

(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.

(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.

3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they

(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly

(B) were in great demand in European markets