实例解析托福作文如何突出重点

“小杨”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了16篇实例解析托福作文如何突出重点，下面是小编给各位读者分享的实例解析托福作文如何突出重点，欢迎大家分享。

篇1：实例解析托福作文如何突出重点

实例解析托福作文如何突出重点

1. 把重点摆在句首或句尾. 一般而论，最显眼的位置是在“句尾，其次是在句首，中间的位置最平淡，乏善可陈。”例如：

(1).Incorrect grammar and improper construction invariably distract readers' attention.

(2) The history of vocabulary is， in many ways， the record of civilization.

把重点放在句尾是种“吊胃口”的方法，读者或听者非得读完或听完整句不可。

2. 在复杂句里，把主句放在从句之后.除了名词从句和形容词从句之外，因为它们位置较固定，副词从句中有几种的位置灵活，可以在主句之前出现，也可以跟在主句之后。通常我们就把这样的副词从句提前，重点则放在后头的主句，如(3b)： (3a) I came upon an old classmate when I went to town yesterday.

(3b) When I went to town yesterday， I came upon an old classmate. 副词短语更是如此，如 (4b)： (4a) Steel is commonly used to make knives， razors and other useful tools because of its durability.

(4b) Because of its durability， steel is commonly used to make knives， razors and other useful tools. 3. 把较重要或有分量的词语放在后头，如(5b)和(6b)： (5a) I was delighted and amused by the classical opera

(5b) I was amused and delighted by the classical opera.

(6a) That singer's life was tragic and brief.

(6b) That singer's life was brief and tragic. 4. 把句子中一系列的项目作逻辑性的排列。例如： (7) Tony ate his dinner， watched TV， and then went to bed.

(8) Were you bored with years of study in elementary school， high school and institute of higher education? 5. 必要时，重复重要的语词或概念。 例如： (9) Jackie enjoys the company of ladies. He likes their beauty， he likes their delicacy， he likes their vivacity， and he likes their silence.

(10) ...the land stretched out without names. Nameless headlands split the surf; nameless lakes reflected the nameless mountains and nameless rivers flowed through nameless valleys and nameless bays.

3波大招教你玩转托福独立写作中的举例论证

什么是例证法?

例证法是对分论点进行展开的一种非常有效的方法，不同于逻辑论证，它更多偏重对某一种经历或事实的论述，从自己的“经验”或社会的“事实”出发，对自己的分论点进行展开或证明。

例证法的优势

例证法的第一个优势是调节字数。例证法的一个特点是“生动具体性”，只有将例子填充足够多的背景和细节信息，才能够给读者带来充分的“代入感”，从而到达说服人的目的。而细节的详略具体程度就可以成为字数调节的一个工具。在论证部分，如果逻辑论证不好展开或者展开的篇幅比较小，这个时候就可以用一个详实具体的例子来增加展开的丰满度;如果逻辑论证本身就足够详实，就可以用一个稍微概括性的例子来增加展开。但要注意一点，增加细节不是没有重点或无意义地随意扩充，一定要保证例证与分论点的相关性，具体如何操作，我们会在下文中进行展开。

例证法的第二个优势就是它适用于逻辑性弱以及词汇贫乏的同学，对于逻辑性弱一点的同学，尤其是年纪比较小的考生，可能本身论理思维没有那么严密，在推导过程中很容易出现逻辑链的缺失，或者无法用准确的词表达出抽象性的概念，所以逻辑展开并不能恰当地运用好;而例证法则可以用相对平实具体的语言描述经历，从而对分论点进行说明和展开，所以从这个角度来说，它的运用就会更加简单一些。

如何使用例证法?

例证法看似简单，但用的恰当却并不容易。

一个好的例子应该具备三个特点：相关性，细节性以及结论性。

l 相关性

例子本身是作为论据的一部分，它最核心的作用就是去证明的分论点，所以例子本身的逻辑和内容必须贴切主题句，也就是分论点。而主题句本身包括主题(topic)和观点态度(controlling idea)两个部分，所以例证本身也是针对于这两个方面进行例证展开。比如对于Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly这样的主题句，它的主题是technology，而观点态度是has improved people`s living conditions significantly，所以我们对应将这两方面进行具体事例扩充：technology扩充为空调(air conditioner), 而improved people`s living conditions significantly可以初步扩充为“空调没普及的时候，人们在夏天非常难受;空调发明后，人们在夏天很享受”。

l 细节性

例证作为论据区别于逻辑的最大一点在于它是“生动具体”的，给读者强烈的真实感和共鸣感，所以它必须要填充详细具体的细节作为支撑。

细节填充的第一个原则就是W&H原则，补充when，where，who，why以及how的这些信息;尽量用具体的时间(three years ago; in 1988; when I was in 3 grade等)来替换掉模糊的时间概念(in the past, before等)，用具体人名(my cousin John)来替代泛指的人称(someone, a classmate);

第二个原则要扩充详细的修饰语，比如对于“我丢了一个帽子”，扩充修饰语就意味着你要补充各类信息，扩充之后就是“我在今天上午等202公交车的时候，把我妈妈给我缝制的红色毛线帽子丢在了站台长椅上”，有了足够多的信息补充，才会让读者有身临其境的代入感。

那对于上一个空调的例子，我们加入足够多的细节就变成“在1950s，中国的人们→忍受高温+甚至在南方引发高温病;现在的人们，有空调→终结高温+室内开凉爽派对空调让人们在夏天更舒适。”

l 结论性

例子证明也是论证过程，是论证就有分析和结论，所以在例证列举之后，要加上对分论点的总结和重申。而总结的方法可以用一个简单的因果链，也可以用强调句的形式。

因果：Because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.

强调：It is the invention of air conditioner that enables people to enjoy a delightful summer now.

以上整个例子的呈现如下：

Technology has improved people`s living conditions significantly. For instance, in 1950s, people in China had to suffer the extremely high temperature during summer every single year, and in some southern regions, people even got ill caused by the horrible weather sometimes. However, as the technology developed, the invention of air conditioner has ended the intolerable suffering of hot summer, and nowadays people can have parties and gatherings in the cool indoor rooms. Therefore，because of the invention of air conditioner, we can enjoy a delightful summer now.

在进行例子的论证时，一定要记得例子本身最核心的作用是为了证明分论点，务必要紧贴着分论点进行例证展开，同时要补充足够的细节从而增加例子的生动具体性，给读者更多的代入感和真实感，最后就是要利用例子去分析和重申分论点。

托福独立写作高分小技巧—Rhetorical Questions

如果说参加托福考试时在综合写作中还可以适当使用“模板”的话，那么独立写作里“模板”的使用往往会被并标以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通过这种“捷径”提高得分的结果不会特别理想。独立写作提高得分的关键还是“实力说话”。

尽管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧还是很多，如活用“万能理由”和巧用“论证方法”等。本文主要介绍在独立写作中很多考生没有注意的一个加分“小”技巧—rhetorical question的使用。

在托福写作实战中，rhetorical question的使用能够起到很好的加分作用。为了说明rhetorical question的加分作用，请看托福Official Guide评卷人对一篇题为Dishonesty Kills Reliability的满分作文的点评。下面是点评中关于language的comment：

The writer's language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of ideas. There is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.

评卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分点!

从上面的点评中，我们可以清楚的得出这个结论——至少评卷人把上述段落中的反问句视作一种“句型变化”而加以肯定和褒扬。

那么，何谓rhetorical question?Rhetorical question会不会很难?

我们先来看在托福Official Guide里备受评卷人赞誉的rhetorical question实例。在原文第四段中，为了说明honesty的重要性作者是这样写的：

In any relationship of mine, I would wish that first of all, the person I'm dealing with is honest.Even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that I wouldn't like,s/he'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, that'd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.……

提问而不需对方回答，提问只是为了表明并强调作者的立场。这不就是汉语中的“反问”吗?维基百科对反问句的定义是：

A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.

还有学者对反问的定义更加清楚：

A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.

那么，rhetorical question为什么能够收到评卷人的赞誉而得到加分?这就要从托福作文的评分标准说起了。托福Official Guide里面对于高分作文的要求(Scoring Rubic)描述如下：

.ffectively addresses the topicand task

.s well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / or details

.isplay Unity, progression, and coherence

.isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity

从上面的评分标准可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能够帮助我们满足实现评分标准第四条中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。这也正是官方指南中评卷人的点评。

其实，除了体现“句型变化”，合理使用rhetorical question还能帮助我们满足评分标准第一条的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事实上，rhetorical question不仅能够有效的回应主题，还能强调作者的观点从而获得读者的认同。rhetorical question的这种强调作用最著名的范例可能算是雪莱《西风颂》Ode to the West Wind的结尾了：

“O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”

另外，问句，尤其是设问的合理使用还能起到很好的衔接作用，也就是评分标准的第三条“Display Unity, progression, and coherence”。因此，有学者把rhetorical question的篇章作用总结如下：

? Emphasize a point

? Persuade powerfully

? Influence subtly

? Provoke thinking

? Help smooth transition

限于篇幅，对这些作用就不一一举例了。顺便说一下，rhetorical question后面的标点并不一定总是question mark，有时也可以是句号或感叹号。

09月18日北美新托福考试写作真题+范文

托福综合写作Reading：

The smeildons, a type of sabre-toothed tiger, despite having been extinct for thousands of years, nevertheless continue to attract much scientific research. Recently the question of whether they were social animals or not has aroused a heated debate. As far as we are concerned, they belong lo the social animal classification, which is explained in the following paragraphs.

First, smilodons lived in both South and North America from 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago, and through observing fossils from that period, scientists found evidence that some smilodons were wounded but still managed to survive. This raises an obvious question: Without the company of other members, how could the wounded smilodons survive? The wounded tigers needed other members of the pack lo hunt for them and tend to their wounds. Fossils suggest that smilodons are social animals.

Second, smilodon fossils discovered in the Rhea Kapoor tar pit in Los Angeles reflect a scene of their joint hunting at that time. An herbivore was caught in the sticky tar pit and on the verge of dying, and began attracting many hungry predators such as smilodons. However, during the process of capturing and eating the wounded beast stuck in the tar, many smilodons were also trapped in the gooey mess and died together as a group.

Third, living and hunting together would have improved smilodons’ competitive advantages. Though nowadays most tigers live and hunt alone, smilodons were quite different. Living in a time period where the natural environment was harsh and game was limited, smilodons had to cooperate with each other to hunt successfully, and in turn survive as a species.

托福综合写作题目：Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.

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托福综合写作范文：

The reading hypothesizes that smilodons, the extinct sabre-toothed tiger, were in fact social animals. The professor discounts the evidence given, claiming that none of it sufficiently proves the smilodon was a social animal.

First, the reading claims that wounded smilodons were still able to survive, and this would have been virtually impossible without the aid and protection of other tigers within a pack. The professor is unconvinced, and says that smilodons were such powerful and tenacious animals that even the wounded could survive by scavenging for corpses left behind by other predators. Additionally, even wounded smilodons could have survived in harsh conditions due to their natural hardiness and physical resilience.

Next, the reading suggests that fossils found in the Rhea Kapoor tar pit in California indicate a group of smilodons all drowned in the tar while trying to surround and feed on a wounded herbivore. Instead of agreeing that they died together as a pack, the professor posits that many individual smilodons became I stuck in the muck at different times, while trying to get to the wounded prey.

Last, the passage describes the natural advantages of smilodons cooperating as a pack. The professor disagrees, and says that smilodons were evolved perfectly for their harsh environment, with strong, furred bodies and long sharp teeth for hunting. They needed no help in surviving solo.

篇2：托福阅读推理题实例解析

例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

○ Cause some deer to hibernate

○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter

篇3：托福阅读推理题实例解析

托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要掌握考察的重点。那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!

一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等

篇4：托福阅读推理题实例解析

推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们再来看一道例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

如何应对托福阅读推理题

一、题型分类

对于托福阅读来说，词汇是根本。在阅读中词汇题(vocabulary questions)的数量很多，每篇存在三至五题不等。

接下来就是阅读中的句子。句子细节在托福中的考察形式和内容相比词汇更为深入。有对于单个句子结构和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)。有对于文中明确表述的细节信息的考察和理解，即事实信息题(factual information questions)。还有对于文中明确表述信息真伪的识别和理解，也就是否定事实信息题(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，阅读还会考察对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述的信息的识别和理解能力，即推理题(inference questions)。

在阅读中，对于段落的考察往往侧重于句子之间的关系。句与句之间的连接往往会有名词的重复以及代词的指代，所以有了指代题(reference questions)。内容的衔接除了代词指代之外，还有逻辑关系的递进，所以又有了修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果说指代题和修辞目的题是对于句间关系的识别的话，那么句子插入题(insert sentence questions)则是两者的升级版，是对于句间关系的逻辑的应用。

当然，托福阅读也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段间的关系的考查。若是顺承的关系往往出的是总结题(prose summary questions)，若是对比分类的关系往往出的是表格题(fill in a table questions)。

二、题型难度

通过以上的分类讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读十大题型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大题型里，哪种题型相对比较难呢?如果说其他题型是通过词汇积累或者对于文章里的信息的透彻理解就可以掌握的话，那么更侧重于考察出题人的逻辑思维模式的题型就是推理题了。

我们再来看一下托福官方指南里对于推理题的表述：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解。大家重点关注强烈暗示这几个词，言下之意就是通过一些相关信息的表述来传递内在的意思，所以体会出题人传达相关信息的模式就变成了解题的关键。

三、推理题中的对比取反

解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。

接下来我们通过以下四个例子来层层深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。

1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?

A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。

2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。

3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…

A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.

B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.

C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.

D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.

同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。

4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.

通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢?

首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。

在托福阅读中，希望考生可以通过分析真题仔细体会出题人的思维逻辑，掌握考试规律，这样才能百战百胜。

篇5：实例解析托福阅读复合句

实例解析托福阅读复合句

实例解析1

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.

这个句子如果乍一看，fact后面的that表示一个同位语从句的开始。

从句什么位置结束，要明白这个问题，首先要知道从句它也是一个句子，句子必须要有完整的主干结构。所以，当它的主干结构完整，后面增加的内容已经和前面的内容不能够搭配的时候，从句就结束了。

这种不搭配，有语法上不搭配和逻辑上不搭配。我们重点关注出现比较多容易辨别的语法不搭配。所谓语法不搭配，就是如果不在该处结束从句，从句写在一起就变成了病句。最常见的这样的语法不搭配就是从句主干中第二个谓语动词义群的出现。因为从句主干里只能有一个谓语，出现第二个谓语显然不对。

怎么识别谓语，当然要看动词。但是，值得注意的是英语里面有大量的非谓语动词，要排除它们。一般定义：动词原型v，动词原型的第三人称单数变化，动词的过去式，都符合谓语动词定义。动词的现在分词、过去分词、不定式不属于谓语动词定义。

再回到上面这个句子：

从句内部are符合谓语动词，thought，inhabit不属于;

当出现does not这个谓语的时候，显然从句已经有了两个谓语，这是病句，必须断句。

可以把从句用括号括起来

The fact (that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests) does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.

实例解析2

It was in the cities that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism) first appeared.

首先这是一个强调句，里面有一个定语从句。

定语从句在第二个谓语义群前结束。这里之所以用义群，义群包含了谓语动词及其修饰成分。比如这里的first就是修饰appear的。

实例解析3

It became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition (for which there had been no previous effective treatment)might be responsive to vitamin therapy.

这里for which标志从句开始，第二个谓语义群might be前从句结束。

实例解析4

(What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists) is the realization (that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determines what is done).

第一个括号结束处，出现了第二个is，所以what开始的从句要结束了。

后面that开头的定语从句里面，although后面的结构都不是从句的主干，所以里面出现的谓语动词不能算作从句主干里的谓语动词，从句里面主干谓语动词是determine。

从句里面的嵌套从句的谓语动词当然也不能算作从句的谓语动词。这点要值得注意。

实例解析5

As a result，claims (that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health) have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.

首先claim是一个动词而不是名词，否则句子就没有主语了。

That引导一个同位语从句。这个从句里面的动词很多，什么时候结束这个从句呢?我们来看这个从句，eating动名词做主语，后面的consisting grown都不符合谓语动词条件，prevents第一个谓语动词，cures仿佛是第二个谓语动词，这里是不是从句结束呢?不是，因为中间有一个or连接，在语法上不构成病句。句子里是允许有多个谓语动词并列的。往后provides还是和它们并列。后面出现have become的时候才是从句结束位置。

所以补加一个小补丁，原来的规律描述变成：

从句主干中不和第一个谓语义群有并列关系的第二个谓语动词义群出现时，从句在第二个谓语动词义群前结束。本质是不能造成从句内部的语法搭配不当。

托福阅读：备考策略

一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小，高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个，这离8千的量就少很多了，所以我们建议两步走。 第一步找一本词汇书背一些，同时因为你词汇量比较小，而且背单词比较枯燥，同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时，大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的，一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中，每篇阅读文章中，如果是英语单词比较差的同学，甚至会发现100个单词不认识。但是我们也发现，在阅读中背单词是特别快，而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合，第一个是背一本单词书，我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章，包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章，同时把里面的单词全部都背下来，这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。

我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学，一般来说，SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量，而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量，从这个比例我们就可以看出来，SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的，托福的文章主要以科普类的为多，而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的，历史类的，所以这一方面需要更多准备。

所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的，但是需要你做一个转变的过程，做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的，所以我建议考完SAT以后，最好再买两本新托福备考的书，大量做一下练习题，尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉。《新托福综合教材》是一本非常不错的书，这本书尽管前面的板块有一点简单，但是这本书有一个特别大的好处，它把新托福的题型介绍的特别细，是备考托福非常好的一本书。而且告诉你一个好消息，目前为止我培训的很多学生都是SAT打高分以后再回来考托福的，他们很多人的托福都是在110分以上。

新托福阅读的新题型重点考察句子间的关系

有同学曾问过我：新托福阅读的拖入文本题有什么做题技巧?拖入文本题有很多叫法，有的人叫插入文本题，有的叫代入文本题，在托福阅读中有那么一个段落，其中有4个框框，他代表你在题干中的那句话可以拖入这个里面来，做题的方法是：第一步一定要优先阅读题干中要被拖入到原文的那句话。第二步找要被代入原文那句话当中的关键字和要点。因为我们知道，如果要把一句话代入到原文当中，这句话肯定和原文有很强的关联性。

然后第三点，我们找的是要被代入原文那句话中的关联词，这有很多，比方说一旦看到“因为”，前面讲的就可能是原因，因为这个结果后面有一个情况;再比如你看到THUS，通常表示结果，那么正确选项在第一个空和第二个空的可能性不是很大，在第三个空和第四个空的可能性比较大，因为它表示结果，基本都在比较靠后的位置;比如我们看到in contrast，跟前面正好是相反的，所以说这些关键词特别重要，从一定意义上来讲是我们做这种题型成败的关键。第四步我们要找逻辑关系，你要代入这句话的话，跟前面或者后面的话肯定有一种逻辑关系在里面，到底前后是转折还是递进还是表示结果还是什么样的关系，这是我们的情况。所以做这种题其实非常非常简单，就是读完这句话找到关键字以后，回到原文找到对应点代入进去就可以了，一般来说，多数中国同学做这个题还是比较容易的，我建议大家在备考的时候大量练习此类题目的做法。在朗文的综合教程或者是三角洲的模考题当中前面都有一个专门的章节，有大量的练习题会帮我们解决这个问题。

在此也顺便引出一点，我们也发现了一点，新托福阅读中新增加了五点新题型，都在重点考察句子的层面上，对句子的理解和句子之间的关系的层面上，所以我们在备考的时候对所有的新托福的题型中句子的理解，结构的分析，句子结构之间的逻辑关系得分析作为我们备考的重点。

托福阅读：做好复习安排

单词：想要做好托福阅读，背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需要考生自己完成任务。但是尤为重要的一点是，托福考试中，对单词的考查不仅仅是背过单词含义就可以，更重要的是要学会应用，学会在文章中理解使用单词。

句子：在托福阅读材料中，文章中的句子多是长句，有时候一个句子就是一段。而且英文的句子多是主从复合句，以中式的思维逻辑来学习会很不习惯，不能适应句子的语序。这就需要托福考生在平时的训练中多读多看，扩大泛读。

段落：托福阅读的文章大多都是学术性比较强的文章，在学习中，对于段落的安排和段与段之间的的关系问题也是托福阅读技巧中的一部分。对此，大家还是应该选举则一篇文章来一仔细研究，找出其中的关系之后，其他的文章就好办多了。

篇章：像托福的题型之一--小结题，就会用到对全篇的把握和理解。掌握对于全文的思维路线做这类题就会比较容易了。对于全文的拐角，转弯处把握好了，全文的意思也就差不多了。做题的时候还有注意对细节的把握。

篇6：实例解析托福阅读图表填空题

例题

Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth 3 points.

Features of Fishes

1. The absence of scales from most of the body

2. The ability to take advantage of eddies

3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming

4. Eyes that do not protrude

5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth

6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open

7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips

托福阅读图表填空题要求：对比文章中的某两个部分的内容

有的托福阅读文章是全文的对照对比，有的则是重点段落的对照对比。这种题目需要先识别要求对比的内容，并且从原文中搜寻对应的文章段落。本题要求对比REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE和INCREASING THRUST，因此我们先通过读每段的关键句来确定对比内容所在段落。

篇7：实例解析托福阅读图表填空题

通过检索我们发现以下两个段落对应本题：

第三自然段：Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

本段重点陈述了减少水阻力的几种设计，通过对于本段的精读我们发现阴影处信息可对应选项145.

第八自然段：There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by “pushing off” the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.

本段重点介绍了关于提升推进力的几种设计，通过对本段的精读可对应选项2和7.选项2和7对应原文中如阴影所示的句子，此题要求学生在做题时有快速检索信息的能力。

通过真题分析我们可以看出，图表填空题的解题关键在于明确文章结构类型，理清对比或对照的对象之间大致关系，然后去对应的文章段落中找信息点即可。希望大家在具体备考过程中能够多练习多反思，不断提升自己对文章结构的把握能力和信息分类筛选能力。

托福阅读：玛雅历史背景知识

The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Originating in the Yucatán around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D.250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.

玛雅文明是最富盛名的早期文明之一。玛雅人发展了天文，历法，文字，同时在建筑上包括寺庙、宫殿和瞭望台有很高的造诣，这些建筑均不适用金属。同时他们是经验丰富的种植者，在缺水的地方开辟大型水库储存雨水，同时他们善于编制、制陶，开辟通道与远距离的人们进行贸易往来。

关键词：astronomy, calendrical, hieroglyphic writing, architecture, reservoir, weaver, potter, swamp

Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. It started to decline around A.D. 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.

玛雅人采用君主制。各地自治管理。公元9，玛雅社会开始走向衰退，而衰退的原因一直是一个谜。公元1200年，玛雅北部团结成为托尔铁克。

关键词：hierarchical, peripheral, thrive

Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others. It could also be described as one of continuity and change, guided by a religion that remains the foundation of their culture. For those who follow the ancient Maya traditions, the belief in the influence of the cosmos on human lives and the necessity of paying homage to the gods through rituals continues to find expression in a modern hybrid Christian-Maya faith.

玛雅文明对后世有着深刻的影响：宇宙观，对上帝的敬仰。

托福阅读材料：人体脑白金

Melatonin, sometimes called “the hormone of darkness,” plays an important role in regulating our daily sleep patterns. This hormone is produced by our bodies and in most organisms melatonin production is higher during the night than during the day.

褪黑素，又名黑素细胞凝集素的荷尔蒙，在调节我们日常睡眠规律中扮演重要角色。人体自身分泌褪黑激素，而且大多数生物夜晚比白天分泌得更多。

In addition to their body’s own melatonin, many people take melatonin supplements in an attempt to help them sleep, fight jet lag or balance out seasonal affective disorder.

此外，一些人通过体外补充褪黑素改善睡眠，缓解飞机时差感、平衡季节性情绪失调。

Melatonin And Memories

褪黑素对记忆的影响

But a study by a group of scientists at the University of Houston suggests that melatonin might have a negative impact on the ability to form new memories.

但是，休斯顿大学的科学家们研究表明：褪黑素阻碍记忆形成。

The researchers were interested in how the body’s internal clock affects the formation of new memories. They found that small striped minnows called zebra fish learned very well during the day but very poorly at night, when melatonin levels are higher.

研咳嗽毕肱宄迥谏镏尤绾斡跋煨律且涞男纬伞Q芯咳嗽狈⑾职呗碛惆滋煅澳芰芎;夜晚却很差，而夜晚褪黑素分泌旺盛。

They wondered if melatonin played a role in learning and memory.

研究人员怀疑褪黑素影响学习和记忆。

Melatonin And Learning

褪黑素对学习的影响

They treated zebra fish with extra melatonin during the day, boosting the hormone levels to night-time amounts.

白天，研究人员喂给斑马鱼褪黑素，促进斑马鱼夜晚褪黑素分泌。

They discovered that high melatonin did not affect learning per se, but dramatically reduced the fishes’ ability to form new memories, or to remember what they’d learned.

研究人员发现大量的褪黑素没有直接影响学习本身，但是却很大程度地使斑马鱼的记忆衰退，斑马鱼不记得学过的东西。

Then the scientists inhibited melatonin activity in the fish. They did this by blocking melatonin receptors with inhibitory drugs. The fishs’ melatonin levels were unchanged, but the ability of melatonin to affect the brain was blocked.

接着，科学家们抑制斑马鱼体内的褪黑素的作用：抑制药物阻碍褪黑素受体。斑马鱼褪黑素分泌量没改变，但是褪黑素不能影响不了大脑。

Blocking Melatonin

阻碍褪黑素

With melatonin activity blocked, the ability of the fish to form new memories was drastically improved, even at night.

褪黑素的作用受阻，斑马鱼新生记忆能力明显改善，夜晚也很好。

This research has potential benefits for humans. For example, the use of melatonin receptor blockers could improve performance of night-time cognitive tasks, helping people such as night-shift workers or students cramming for exams.

该项研究带给人类潜在好处。例如，褪黑素受体的阻碍能影响人夜晚的认知能力，那么对于那些夜班工作者和熬夜备考的学生都有所帮助。

篇8：托福阅读插入题实例解析

托福阅读插入题实例解析 为何总在插入题栽跟头?

一.托福阅读插入题难点解析

很多同学都会在这道题目上栽跟头，或者花费过长的时间，其主要原因就在于大家没有搞清楚这种题目背后的核心考点。如果大家的关注点都是希望通过这句话的意思来判断它应该在原文段落中出现的正确位置的话就会出现事倍功半的情况。接下来我们就来一起讨论一下解决这一种类型题目的重要思路。在分析解题思路之前我们首先要明确的是这种题目重点考察的是同学们对于句子与句子之间逻辑关系的掌握和判断。所以这就提醒我们的同学们在做题的时候除了要关注这句插入句的意思以外还有试着判断一下这句话与它前后句子之间的逻辑关系，以此来帮助大家确定正确的位置。那么我们句子插入题中究竟会考到哪些常考的逻辑关系呢，在这里给大家简单解析一下其中的1种。

二.如果做托福阅读插入题

在我们的插入题中我们会经常遇到这样一类句子，在句子的前半句中会出现一个代词+一个名词的结构，那么这就意味着这个代词之后的名词是在前一句内容中被提及过的，所以我们可以做的事情就是回到原文段落中去找到已经出现过这个名词内容的句子。然而这里需要和大家强调的是我们回到原文段落中很难找到这个名词本身出现，因为一般来说插入句中的那个代词后的名词不会照搬原文原词，而是会用一个更概括性的名词或者近义词，所以我们回到原文要寻找的是这个名词的一个具体内容。找到包含这样一个词汇的句子，那么就可以初步假设我们的插入句应该放在其后面的位置。

三.托福阅读插入题实例解析

The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

根据我们前面的分析我们在这句插入句中找到了两个代词后的名词，这意味着在这句话前面已经提到过了一些地质学家的发现，而且我们需要注意的是这两个名词都是复数。所以我们需要去寻找原文段落中哪里出现了至少两个地质学家的发现，于是我们找到了如下的位置。

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils. Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna.

我们可以去关注一下插入句放在一个黑框位置的时候它与后面一句话之间的意思和逻辑是否也成立。我们这句插入句表达的意思是这些地质学家的发现激发了全世界各地的人都去检查当地的化石和岩石记录。而我们第三个黑框后面那句话讲的就是很快人们发现这样一个关于动物演变的理论不仅在英格兰和法国(前文提及过)成立，而是在全世界几乎所有地方都成立。因此我们可以发现我们句子中提到的各地的人去检验当地化石岩石是得出最终结论的前提条件，也就是说插入句必须出现在soon这一句话的前面，从而我们可以确定我们这道题就应该选择放在第三个黑框的位置。通过这道比较典型的简单难度的题目，我们对于句子插入题的考点和解题思路有了一个了解，所以我们会发现有时候这句话我们不需要完全的理解每一个单词，如果能抓住其中的关键词从而判断出它和前一句话之间的逻辑关系的话，那么我们也可以知道它的位置。

托福阅读插入题与阅读中的小结题相比简单许多，大家只需要在段落中找到一句话对应的位置即可，所以掌握正确的方法是提升这类题目做题正确率的关键。

实例解析——托福阅读“三步法” 搞定细节题

备考托福的同学都应该知道，在满分为30分、共有42道题的托福阅读部分里，细节题占据了一半左右的题目，可谓细节决定成败!那么如何来做这看似简单的细节题呢?很多同学会说：细节题，那还不简单?首先，找题目中的关键词，去定位;其次，读懂关键词在文章中的句子;最后，看选项中哪个选项最符合文章的意思，就选择哪个。没错，细节题的思路确实如此。可是，这么简单的几个步骤，是否真的就是如此的简单? 新东方在线的邓玥老师为我们详细的解析了拿下托福细节题该有的步骤：

一、找关键词

在托福阅读题目中找关键词，是解题的第一步。可是，关键词怎么找?什么样的词才能作为关键词?很多同学会这样回答：这还不简单!比较级和最高级，数字，大写。没错，这些都是我们常见的定位词。那么，用这样的方法，我们看看怎么来定位下面这道题。这是TPO28第一篇文章underground water中的第八题：

Q8 According to paragraph 2, what is the relationship between permeability and porosity?

A. The more pores a rock has, the higher its porosity but the lower its permeability

B. Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.

C. If water flows through a rock easily, it has permeability but low porosity.

D. Rocks that have high permeability have high porosity and vice versa.

这道题既没有大写，也没有时间，更没有比较级。看到这个题，许多学生就傻眼了，这该怎么去定位?定位词不仅仅是指我们之前所学过的，大写，比较级，还应该包括名词，形容词，动词等等，这些词都可以帮助我们来定位。因此，在这道题中，我们可以用relationship，permeability，和porosity来定位。为什么用这几个词来定位?因为题目问的是relationship。是谁的relationship?就是permeability和porosity之间的关系。

二、找关键词所在的句子

根据第一个步骤我们找到了相应的关键词，接下来该怎么做呢?有很多同学会说，回文章找呗。好，那我们回到相对应的文章中，来找一下关键词所在的句子。

Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity, and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. Fractures and joints have very high permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.

我们来看一这下这段文字。在整段中，我们都没有找到含有 relationship 的句子。这个时候，大家所知道的——读关键词所在的句子——这条方式就行不通了。此时就需要大家先找出含有porosity 的句子：his pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume，从这个句子中，我们可以知道，porosity 指的是岩石储藏水的能力。然后，我们再来找到含有permeability 的句子：The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability，也就是说岩石的小孔连接起来，让水留过，这就是渗透性，也就是permeability。那么此时，我们再来理清楚二者的关系：岩石的储水能力，就是多孔性;岩石的小孔相联系，水能够流过，这就是渗透性。

三、运用排除法

读懂了关键的句子之后，我们再来看ABCD四个选项，如何用排除法来选出正确的答案。

A选项说，岩石的孔越多，多孔性就越高，渗透性越低。原文并没有说，多孔性越高，渗透性就越低。B选项说岩石的孔没有相连，那么就有高的多孔性和低的渗透性。这句话正好体现了原文的内容：多孔性是水的储存能力，小孔相连，水能留过，是渗透性。孔不相联系，那么水留过小孔的能力就自然很低。C是说如果水很容易的留过岩石的孔，就是有渗透性，但是多孔性很低。这个文章也没有说。D选项说岩石有高的渗透性就有高的多孔性，反之亦然。这个原文也没有说。

因此，大家在核对选项的时候，一定要记住，凡是文章中提到的才能够选，文章中没有提到的就不能够选。一定要符合文章。

根据上文中邓玥老师给我们的详细解题步骤，我们在做细节题时应该注意：

(1)找关键词。关键词包括名词，动词，形容词，比较级等等，不能仅仅局限于过去所学的大写，数字等等。

(2)找关键词所在句子。如果文章中没写出明确含有这个关键词的句子，那么我们需要读清楚文章的相关句，找到他们之间内在的逻辑联系。

(3)运用排除法。用排除法的时候一定要注意，要符合文章，文章中没有提到的一定是不能选的。

托福阅读细节题虽然看起来容易攻破，但依旧需要同学们有认真分析的耐心以及对于这类题型解题步骤的熟练度，正确运用邓玥老师的方法并且多加练习，相信每一位正在备考托福阅读的同学们都能在托福阅读细节题部分拿到尽量多的分数!

如何在一个月内快速攻克托福阅读

有些同学认为，托福和SAT或GRE相比是一门很 “二” 的考试。新东方在线的邓玥老师在实际的教学过程中经常会被很多学生问到这样一个问题：老师，我还有一个月左右的时间就要考试了，怎么样能够在这一个月的时候，拿到阅读的高分呢?邓玥老师为这门很 “二” 的考试总结了如何在一个月之内快速攻克阅读部分的方法，供各位童鞋理解和学习。

备考托福的同学在阅读部分大致有以下两大问题：

一、完全没有做题，对于做题方法不熟悉，需要如何在短期内提高托福阅读的分数。

在短短的一个月内，想要在托福的阅读部分获得一个较高的分数，还是需要不断的努力的。针对做题方法不熟悉这个问题，首先，需要大家在一个月的时间内，按照老师所讲的托福阅读的方法，来做大量的练习——刷题。俗话说 “纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行”，大多数学生一直都是在听老师讲解，托福阅读细节题怎么做，推断题怎么做，修辞目的题怎么做，但如果你自己没有认真的去做几套题，你是永远无法掌握老师口中所讲的方法的，也不能体会题干中的规律和奥妙。因此对于没有做过托福阅读练习的同学来说，首先要做的就是，通过多做练习来提高托福阅读做题方法的熟练度。对于做题方法都不太熟悉的同学来说，还是尽快的熟悉下托福阅读的题型，学习做题方法，进行练习，这样才能够达到最佳的效果。

二、经过了专门的学习和练习，有些同学们还是会经常做错题，及觉得做题时间不够等。

那么对于第二类同学，也是占绝大多数的同学来说，学会总结是至关重要的。既然我们都是经过了长时间的准备，对于托福阅读的题型也很了解，那为什么还是会有错题呢?

首先，大多数同学在做题的过程中，会遇到一个问题：不符合题干。也就是说，我们做题的过程当中，并没有完全的符合文章的意思。很多同学在找到关键句之后，总是“我以为…”“我认为…”可是，这些认为，并不符合文章的意思，这也是导致大部分同学做题出错的罪魁祸首之一。其次，不符合题干，并不仅仅指同学们自己想的部分，还包括大家自己做题的时候偷换概念。

让我们举TPO20当中的一道题进行说明，这道题非常有代表性：

Q6 According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?

A It granted government-supported loans to farmers.

B It provided farmland at an affordable price.

C It required banks to offer loans to farmers.

D It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.

大多数同学都能够通过1820这个年代找到原文中相关的描写部分：In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for 100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. (在18，通过了一个新的土地法案，一个农场用100美元就能够买下。)这句话的意思非常简单，但是为什么还是有这么多同学会选错呢? 原因就是因为他们所关注的是法案的内容，而不是题目中所问的法案的重要性。这就是我们所说的，大家自己在偷换概念。此时，需要大家再次看清审题。因此建议同学们应采纳的做题顺序为：读题目找关键词---读句子---再次读题---选出正确选项。这样做的好处是既让大家看清楚题目，又能快而准确的解题。有时候因为题目没有读仔细，我们会出现重复看文段的现象，这样就降低了做题速度。不重复地去读文段，是解决托福阅读做题速度慢的最佳方法。

托福阅读素材之“慢艺术

Slow art is art created or presented in a way that encourages unhurried viewing and deep contemplation; a work of art that unfolds over a long time.

“慢艺术”是为了鼓励人们从容观看和深思而创造或展示的艺术，是让你花长时间去欣赏的一件艺术品。

Famous art critic Robert Hughes wrote that “We have had a gutful of fast art and fast food. What we need more of is slow art: art that holds time as a vase holds water; art that grows out of modes of perception and whose skill and doggedness make you think and feel; art that isn’t merely sensational, that doesn’t get its message across in 10 seconds, that isn’t falsely iconic, that hooks onto something deep-running in our natures.”

著名艺术评论家罗伯特?休斯曾写道：“我们已经受够了快艺术和快餐。我们更需要的是慢艺术：那些能承载时间的艺术，就像花瓶能承载水一样;那些领会了各种感知方式，灵活又固执地让你去思考和感受的艺术;那些不只带来一时震撼，也不会在10秒内迅速传递信息的艺术，这种艺术不是虚假的偶像文化，而是直抵人性深处的真实。”

A number of museums now offer “slow art” tours or days that encourage visitors to take their time. Rather than check master works off a list as if on a scavenger hunt, you can make a sprawling museum digestible and personal by seeking out only those works that dovetail with your interests.

不少博物馆现在都提供“慢艺术”游览项目或鼓励游客从容观赏的“慢艺术日”。你不必像食腐动物狩猎一般把大师杰作飞速地一览而尽，而是可以找出那些对你口味的作品，然后慢慢地去消化吸收，让你的博物馆之旅变得个性化

托福阅读素材之“谷歌帮你保存搜索记录”

From medical problems to travel plans, your Google searches can reveal a intimate snapshot of your life.

从健康问题到旅行计划，谷歌搜索记录就是你私人生活的简介。

While it can be easy to forget these searches, if you were logged into a Google account, all these queries have been saved.

尽管这些内容很容易就被人们忘记，不过，如果你登录了谷歌账号，所有这些浏览记录都会被储存。

Now Google is offering users the option of downloading their entire search archive, as well as deleting part, or all, of the record.

目前，谷歌为用户提供了储存他们全部浏览记录的技术支持，用户也可以选择部分删除或者全部删除他们的浏览记录。

The feature exports your searches to Google Drive in a ZIP archive, with files divided by year and quarter.

所有数据都会被存储到谷歌云端硬盘压缩包，文件夹的内容则按年份和季度分类存储。

'You can download all of your saved search history to see a list of the terms you've searched for,' a Google support page says.

谷歌在其支持页面上称，“你可以下载你的所有谷歌搜索记录，看你曾经搜过什么。”

'This gives you access to your data when and where you want.'

“这样你就可以随时随地查看这些数据。”

To download your history visit history.google.com and log in with your Google account.

登陆谷歌账户，进入history.google.com页面，即可下载你的搜索历史。

Then click onto a calendar view to take a look at what you searched for on any given date.

然后就可以通过点击日历视图，查看任何一天你的浏览记录了。

For those who want to keep a record of their Google searches, clicking the settings button on the top right corner can download the database.

想要保存个人全部谷歌搜索数据的话，只要点击右上角的设置键进行下载即可。

Items in search can be deleted by checking the box next to them and clicking the 'remove items' option.

删除浏览内容可以查看旁边的选框，然后点“删除内容”选项。

To delete your entire search history, click settings, remove items and pick a time frame, such 'from the beginning of time'.

想要删除个人全部搜索历史的话，点击设置、删除内容，然后选择开始及截止日期(例如从最早的记录开始)。

Google stresses that only account holders can see their data.

谷歌公司强调，只有注册用户才能查看自己的这些数据。

The company has also warned user not download the search archive on a public computer to maintain privacy.

谷歌也提醒用户不要在公用电脑上备份个人搜索数据以避免泄露隐私。

According to the unofficial Google Operating System Blog, the California-based began testing its download feature last year.

一个名为“谷歌操作系统”的非官方博客称，总部位于加州的谷歌公司于去年开始测试这项下载技术。

It follows similar moves by groups such as Facebook who have made it easier for users to access their archived content following privacy concerns.

这与“脸书”等网站出于隐私考虑实现用户个人资料备份是类似的性质，而且脸书的下载还更容易些。

Vocabulary

snapshot：快照

top right corner：右上角

archived：存档的;已归档的

托福阅读插入题实例解析

篇9：实例解析托福阅读解题方法

实例解析 托福阅读解题方法

逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。

托福阅读逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤：

通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系

查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项

根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案

实例1：

例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项：

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。很明显，这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness，谓语 results from，后面 as well as from 与前面并列，连接了并列宾语，所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。

第二步查看选项，我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项，C 选项因果关系缺失，D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系，中文释义为“除非”，不是因果，所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。

第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象，选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分，而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致，排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后，做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话的意思是否一致，规避一些基本的小错误。

此外，我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子，里面包含多种逻辑关系，在这种情况下，我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑，哪个是次要逻辑，最终根据分析，确定主要内容。

实例2：

例：He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

通过分析句子，我们可以看到，句子中有两个逻辑关系，一个是因果，一个是条件，“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”，“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的，主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”，a 以 b 为原因，而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句，这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果，不是条件。看下面四个选项：

A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.

C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

通过上述分析，我们可以知道，答案为 C，D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似，但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系：已经发生的事情属于因果关系，尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。

OK，上面就是利用主干逻辑解题的方法啦。

最后还要提醒大家：技巧不是万能的，不能雪中送炭，只能锦上添花，所以大家还应该打好基础，尤其是句子分析，这样才能提高自己对句子的理解，才能提高我们的阅读水平。

托福阅读素材之世界上最贵的指甲油

The most expensive nail polish in the world has been unveiled.

Containing 267-carats of black diamonds, the tiny bottle of varnish, by Los Angeles-based luxury jeweler Azature, has been priced at $250,000 (157万元).

Models Own, a British company, released a Gold Rush Couture nail polish last year. The product, which contained 1,118 diamonds, was priced at $132, 800 (84万元), which set a new record for the most expensive nail polish in the world.

It also featured a hand-crafted lid made from yellow gold.

Just last month, beauty fans showed their passion for nail polish by taking to the auction site eBay in order to purchase the almost impossible-to-get Black Spotted polish by OPI.

Because it only sells in France, French owners of the product are able to price the varnish for up to $70 (440 元) per bottle.

译文：

女生们大都喜欢指甲油，那或鲜艳或神秘的颜色，给心情增加了不少斑斓。不过，这小小的指甲油，也有平价和天价之分。

珠宝品牌Azature推出号称“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”，成分含有267克拉的黑钻石，一瓶售价高达25万美元。

流行品牌Models Own两年前推出一款名称为“淘金潮”(Gold Rush)的金黄色指甲油，要价13万美元，且宣称是“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”，受到媒体瞩目。

这款指甲油内含约14克拉的钻石粉末，手工打造的瓶子含有将近4盎司黄金，并镶着1118颗碎钻。

如今珠宝品牌Azature更上一层楼，推出售价25万美元的黑钻石指甲油，指甲油内含有276克拉的黑钻石，堪称“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”。

托福阅读中的四种句子关系

很多考生在准备托福考试的时候，总会发现部分托福考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。对于这些长难句，当然要从语法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时，考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去读句子，没读懂不说，还浪费了时间，影响了下面的答题。

其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。

下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。

1. 因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：

A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。”

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映，体现(果-因)： reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到： given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依赖于： rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分词短语，不定式做状语

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

2. 对比转折关系

A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

3. 比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高级

1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比较=最高级

No one is more outstanding than him。

从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

4. 否定关系

显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

遇到托福阅读中的学术词汇如何处理

什么是学术词汇

在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇，会大大拖慢阅读速度，影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中，所有的单词可以被归为两类：一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景，比如：animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物，像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟);某一个生物结构，像是nerve cord(神经索)，或者某一个历史时期，像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词，托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。

具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面：第一，我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇;第二，学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测;第三，我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道，例如：托福阅读中出现过一种叫Kittiwake的鸟，汉语叫三趾鸥，这个中文名词，我们可能也没有听过。如此，陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度，也影响我们的心理状态。

为什么会有学术词汇

那么既然托福是一门语言考试，那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇?而这所有的学术词汇，为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢?

首先应该相信，作为世界范围内英语最为权威的考试之一，考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。

托福的确是语言考试，但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语，但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生)，对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里，一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢?显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求，托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂，理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成，含有大量的学术词汇。这样，托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。

一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多，可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本;但是，如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。

“量”的问题--考前储备学术词汇

考前储备学术词汇，首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，自然科学，人文科学，社会科学，艺术等等无所不包，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的，也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时，我们只需在练习时，把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写，会听，会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物)，动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。

“质”的问题--考场理解学术词汇

当我们在考场上时，对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次，也就是“质”是不同的。主要可以归为两类。

第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们“是哪类事物”就可以。

例如：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.

句中“common murres”, “Atlantic puffins”, “black-legged kittiwakes”, 和 “northern gannets” 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们，我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以，然后利用首字母缩写，分别可以用“C” “A” “BK” 和“N”来替代标记，之后在做到相关题时，比如：

According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(C) Kittiwake gulls

(D) Northern gannets

其中 B、C、D选项直接对应“A”、 “BK” 和“N”即可。

第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们“是哪类事物”，还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有：定义从句，同位语从句，插入语，破折号，括号等。

例如：

1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice.

这篇文章主题是冰川，句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语，后面的破折号之间的部分，即是对cementation的解释定义。

2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands).

这一句中，Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇，括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中，

All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(C) They have a rough texture.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。

正确的态度面对学术词汇

学术词汇固然有一些难度，但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发，它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中，在阅读课本的过程中，肯定有很多术语是陌生的，没见过的，而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习，才掌握了那些学术词汇，才学到了知识。

同样，做托福阅读时，不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出解释定义的，而这些也是学习的重点，要着重理解。与课本不同的是，真正的课本上，概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示，而在托福阅读中，我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇，理解的“质”也不需要那么高。

只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质，平时适当积累，掌握正确的应对方法，再加上正确的面对心态，相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。

篇10：实例解析如何让托福写作言之有物

托福写作提升丨实例解析如何让写作言之有物

一.托福写作实例解析

题目：Nowadays， food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer。(如今食物变得越来越容易准备。这种变化是不是改善了人们的生活?)

解析：该问题中提供给考生探讨的要点是食物准备方式的改变是否提高生活质量。对此问题，一些考生马上就联想到：食物容易准备节约了时间，并就此给出段落中心词。但结合文章论点稍微深入思考一步就会发现，时间缩短这一项改变虽然是事实，但对于生活质量的影响并不直接，如果作为主要论点给出的话会使读者觉得该支持理由与主题观点并没有直接关联。所以对于这种容易想出但与文章中心关系并不密切的拓展思路就需要能及时舍弃。

二.托福写作提升方法——如何言之有物

1.写作思路剖析

就上面这道题目而言，有的考生注意到了食物准备时间缩短与生活质量改善之间的思路跳跃，因此在两者中间补充说明，食物准备时间缩短能让人性情改变，从而影响人们的生活质量，构思时觉得该立意比较新颖，又能切合主题，继续写下去不无可能。但真正落笔时却不知道该如何说明人们性情转变这一抽象情况，并且自己平常生活中对此也并无较深入的感受和经验，结果说了一句话拓展就不得不匆匆收尾，导致读者要不就读得“意犹未尽”，要不就干脆觉得“云里雾里”。与其这样，还不如选个常见思路，如：快速的生活节奏造成压力，来展开拓展，这样即能展示语言功底，也能显示思维缜密的写作方向。

2.写作具体展开方法

这其实是托福写作整个构思阶段的重头。要立意，就是要明白自己表达的对象是什么，明确立场。然后站在这个立场上，挑选支持自己的论点。在整理行文思路时，考生所进行的其实是个发散思维的过程，而立意，则是要把思维收回来，组织化，理清它的脉络纹路，让它们有着各自的特征，又能协调地为同一目的服务。

托福写作辅导提到能够说服读者的议论文，在论点选择上应该遵循一个原则：三个(或者两个)论点虽说要符合一条明线：支持全文观点，但不能在各自的论述层面上有交叉。比如在上题所给的理由中已经列出：快速的生活节奏造成压力，有的考生继续拓展第二支持理由：人们正在沉沦于速食中，丧失享受生活的品位，这两点看上去都与主题相关，并且有各自的中心点，但是稍微拓展就会发现，其实两者都是围绕人们的心理健康这一基本点所进行的思维扩展，与其分开两段来写，还不如先给出影响心理健康这一中心，再分原因和不同情况进行扩展论述。这样即体现了同一段落内部论述的全面性，又避免出现两段中内容及语言的重复表达。

我们通过对一道写作题目具体分析为大家讲解了托福写作提升的方法。托福写作想要提升必须要言之有物，想要言之有物，必须要写出实际的内容来，但是这些都要在贴合主题的前提之下进行。大家在托福写作练习中可以根据上文中提供步骤去剖析题目，展开思路，然后写出具体的文章。

托福写作模板：老师很难既受欢迎又有效教学

题目：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:

It is difficult for teachers to be both popular (well-liked) and effective in helping students to learn.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

范文1：Argument 1 (for)

It is very difficult for a popular teacher to really help the students learn to the best of their abilities. Popular teachers are more concerned about their image than about pushing students to do their best. As a result, popular teachers are often too easily distracted from the class content, they make the class too easy, and they focus on the students that respond best.

Popular teachers are invariably very social. They try to show that they are interested and involved in the students’ world by discussing sports, television shows, and other things which are not related to the subject. Although such conversation may be fun for the students, it leaves less time to cover class material. I had a teacher once who was so talkative that he only completed half of the topics on the syllabus. The students like myself who were interested in learning the material had to read the second half of the textbook on our own. Sharing funny anecdotes about his weekend activities, that professor did not effectively teach what needed to be covered.

Another potential problem with popular teachers is the desire to give good grades. If a teacher fails a student, the student invariably is not happy. Therefore, popular teachers often make tests very easy so that students can get high scores. This may satisfy students who don’t care about mastering a subject, but the top students are not challenged or pushed to study and reach a higher level of understanding. Giving everyone good grades does not make the class better; itkeeps the stronger students from testing their limits.

Finally, popular teachers often focus on the students who respond well to their teaching style and keep the class entertaining. They call on those students who answer the questions in a funny way rather than students who address the topic in a thoughtful manner. They may even highlight the accomplishments of a few students during their conversations rather than trying to engage and encourage everyone. As a result, some students feel left out, and may even stop attending class. The unpopular students lose motivation and do not excel because they are ignored in favor of students that cater to the popular teacher.

Popular teachers often do a poor job in helping all students learn because they are more interested in socializing than teaching the class material, they want to give good grades rather than challenge students, and they focus on a few students who like the teacher.

help the students learn to the best of their abilities 帮助学生尽其所能地学习

are often too easily distracted from 经常太容易分心

leave less time to do X 为做X留更少的时间

the second half of X X的后半部分

keep the stronger students from testing their limits 阻止较强的学生去测试他们的极限

left out 被忽视,被遗忘

cater to 迎合

范文2：Argument 2 (against)

Popular teachers can be effective in helping students to learn. In fact, the very reason that some teachers are popular is that they make the information they are presenting interesting, are available to answer questions, and they take an interest in the students’ activities.

The primary role of a teacher is giving information to students. If teachers create appealing programming that relates to the real world, students will pay attention. The teacher is well-likedbecause the students enjoy learning. It is easier for the student to remember the material, too, when it is presented in a fun manner. For example, I will never forget a physics lesson in which we threw eggs into different types of basket. Although some of the alternatives were messy, I still remember how a flexible surface that catches and moves with the egg will absorb the impact of even the strongest throw, so the egg stays intact. I remember the concept because the teacher was good at engaging the students.

Teachers who are not natural showmen can still be popular by being available to answer any question. Teachers who explain in different ways can clarify doubts, making even the toughest lessons understandable. Teachers can be available in different ways, too. Some teachers are willing to interrupt lessons to explain points. They allow students to ask questions at any time so that no one is confused or left behind. Other teachers have an open office policy where students can drop by and ask questions in a one-on-one setting. Whatever method the teacher uses, it can help the students understand the material and perform better.

Finally, popular teachers take an interest in their students. Talking about hobbies or goals may seem detrimental to a solid education, but in reality, it can help the teacher explain concepts in ways that the students can relate to. Once I was having a hard time in a math class. That teacher sat down and asked about my interests, and he got excited to hear I liked quilting. He pulled out some paper and showed how the things we were learning could help with my hobby: I could calculate the yardage for a pattern or proportionately change the design’s size. I realized that his popularity was not just based on his chattiness; he used the students’ hobbies to make math practical and interesting.

Popular teachers gain their popularity by doing the things that help students excel. They come up with creative lessons, are available to answer questions, and take an interest in their students. As a result, popular teachers can be very good at helping students learn.

is well-liked 受欢迎的

the teacher was good at engaging the students 老师擅于吸引学生

natural showmen 天生的表演家

drop by 顺便拜访

in a one-on-one setting 在一对一的环境下

take an interest in X 对X感兴趣

help students excel 帮助学生出类拔萃

托福写作模板：如何提升演讲能力

题目：

After your presentation, which way would you choose to identify your weakness and improve your presentation?

1) reviewing the recording on your own;

2) inviting your colleagues or classmates to make suggestions for improvement.

范文1：For Choice 1

To improve my performance after giving a presentation, it is best to review a recording of it by myself. This process lets me observe all aspects of the presentation, evaluate changes at my own pace, and avoid being defensive.

First, a video recording gives significantly more information than just relying on comments made by colleagues or classmates. I can analyze and improve on even small points that others may not have noticed or found worth mentioning. For example, a couple years ago, I gave a presentation that I had extensively prepared for. It had strong organization and flow. Classmates raved about the content, but mentioned that I looked scared. I was confused, because I had felt confident. However, I noticed in the video later that I was continually fingering my notes. For my next presentation, I placed the notes within view but did not hold them, rendering my appearance more professional.

Another reason I prefer watching a recording is my pace of learning. I can focus on the points I want to redo, replaying the material as often as I want, confirming even tiny details. In fact, I can even take long breaks to think about what I see or to try out alternate delivery styles. I do not have to inconvenience my friends by asking them for feedback or taking up their time. If others are involved in the evaluation process, I feel much more rushed because I do not want to bother people who have agreed to help me.

Finally, reviewing a recording by myself eliminates a serious problem that hinders progress: my pride. I do not like to admit it, but I often get defensive about feedback and want to explain why certain things happened. I feel resentful about negative comments rather than see them as stepping stones towards improvement. It is a natural tendency, but it definitely hinders my ability to assimilate outside feedback. Furthermore, friends try to be polite, so they may not mention minorpoints that I might have improved because they don’t want to seem too critical. Emotions get in the way of a thorough critique.

To improve my future performance, I find it best to review videos of my presentations by myself. I can evaluate all aspects of the presentation, take as much time as I need, and avoid the inevitable problem of emotional involvement swaying the critique.

at my own pace 按照自己的步伐走

rave about the content 对内容赞不绝口

place the notes within view 把笔记放在眼前,把笔记放在视线范围内

inconvenience my friends 麻烦我的朋友

take up their time 占用他们的时间

see them as stepping stones towards improvement 把它们看作是迈向进步的垫脚石

get in the way 妨碍,阻碍

范文2：For Choice 2

It is essential to get the feedback of people in the audience to learn about mistakes and improve on a presentation. Spectator critiques help identify the big picture and reveal points that you can’tsee in an honest, unbiased way.

No matter how impartial you want to be, a self-evaluation is biased. It incorporates points that are not relevant to the performance you gave. For example, you may think you did excellent given your limited practice time or great amount of stress, but your audience is unaware of these factors. The viewers only evaluate what they see, which is a far more accurate measure of a presentation. A self-evaluation may also ignore issues that were “just accidents.” However, such points may reallybe important detractors that need to be addressed.

People in the audience also provide insight into the big picture. They only have time to note specific glaring details or outstanding highlights. Otherwise, their feedback gives you the overallimpression of the performance, which is something intangible and essential to the presentation’ssuccess. If you compare the feedback of several observers, you can isolate the main patterns. As a result, you can understand the most important parts that need changed. If you only refer to a video on your own, you may get caught up changing minor details rather than addressing the key elements that are needed to alter the overall flow or lasting effect.

Finally, classmates or colleagues may identify things you take for granted such as mannerisms, repeated words, or even problems with visual aids. One example is a teacher who gave a presentation using an old slide projector that kept jamming. The teacher apologized when that happened and kept going with the lecture. He had no idea how distracting it was, to the point that students remembered joking about which slide would get stuck next better than they remembered the content. The teacher, however, was so used to fixing the projector that he barely noticed it. The feedback showed him the value of replacing his visual aids with newer equipment, an issue he had never considered was important.

Since an audience gives you honest evaluations of the overall impression of a presentation and identifies points you may not see on your own, it is important to get feedback from people in the audience in order to improve your presentations.

spectator critiques 旁观者的评论

in an honest, unbiased way 以诚实、公正的方式

a far more accurate measure of a presentation 对报告或展示一种更为准确的评价

provide insight into the big picture 洞察全局

glaring details 明显的细节

outstanding highlights 突出的亮点

visual aids 视觉辅助

篇11：托福口语考试常见问题实例解析

(1)在做综合口语部分时，听完小短文，阅读完Reading Materials，急于进行口语表述，根本就没有弄清楚题目要求，然后按照自己的理解编排口语陈述。

(2)做笔记能力还有待加强，遗漏一些关键信息，使整个口语表述不完整!

实例1

The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman's problem. Describe the problem and the two solutions. Then explain what you think the woman should do and why.

Sample answer1

Mary has cancelled the three day's trip. And she thought she would have no chance, so she promised Professor Clark to help the museum exhibition. And nowadays there is a chance for Mary to enter the trip. She must choose one place to go, the museum or the trip? I think Mary should help Professor Clark for the museum exhibition at first. Because she promised the professor and this is her job now. If she couldn’t finish the job until Wednesday, she should give up the trip because she must perform her promise.

解析

(1) 从上面的陈述中我们不难看出这位托友并没有很清楚地且很正确地把握题目要求，这是一个致命的缺点，这样就使题干没有发挥它应有的指标性纲领的使用价值。就这道题的题干而言，它很明确地告诉大家答题顺序，具体分为三个步骤：1,Describe the problem and the two solutions; 2,explain what you think the woman should do;3，why.因为托友没有按照题目建议的答题顺序作答，所以整体听起来没有层次。

(2) 重要信息遗漏，造成题目回答走偏或者可以说是跑题的问题。Listening Materials中很清楚地说明Mary面临两个选择：First, short trip; Second, to help Professor Clark to set up the museum exhibition.同样她有两个solutions: First, to finish the task before Wednesday; Second, She finds someone else to replace her to help Professor Clark to set up the museum exhibition.按照材料中所透露的信息，我想听后大家100%会选择第一个方案，因为它两全其美!这样Mary在既遵守诺言的同时还可以去参加短期旅行，一举两得!而很显然作者遗漏了其中一个solution，所以致使其偏离了主题。

实例2

Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two definitions of money presented by the professor.

Sample answer2

From the professor's speech, we can see two definitions of money. Money is papers, bills, and coins, just like people use everyday. On the other side, money is anything that people can use to make purchase with. Money has different forms, like goods or something else, just like the examples of the speech. We give 5 dollars to the tax driver for a ride. And the tax driver gives them to the farmer for some vegetables. And in the process, money is a just tool for the exchange. So money is not money only. Money can have its widely use.

解析

(1) 这道题和上面两道题不一样的地方是：这位托友很好地把握了题干要求，但是对这类型题目的完美把握上还欠缺一些。

(2) 我们要清楚地明白IBT的Integrated Speaking之Task6这种题目一般难度很高，它只提供一篇lecture，然后要求你对其中的信息进行概述，并不要求发表个人意见，这一点请大家一定要注意了，不要画蛇添足或者多此一举。

(3) 此类型题一般会对一个专有名词进行定义，那么不要求大家照搬原材料中的定义，可以用自己的理解来定义!就本题而言，这位托友并没有明确提出材料中的高频关键词：the narrow definition of money and the broad definition of money,还有没有对狭义货币定义进行很好的说明：The narrow definition of money might be the legal tender whatever is in the society and whatever has to be suspected as the payment.

托福口语怎么能拿满分?

对于参加托福口语考试的同学来说，每个同学都希望自己能取得好的分数，那么我们在考前要怎么准备呢?为了帮助同学们更好的了解，小编给大家整理了相关内容，希望能给有需要的同学提供帮助。

考前准备1.模板的准备

对于托福口语的备考相信大家都准备了不少的模板，这也是大家在平时备考时也都看到了许多高分牛人都说要准备模板这么一个说法，这个通常对于托福独立口语来说是非常重要的。大家平时积累可以收集一些如：敬佩的人，喜欢的动物，喜欢的地方，难忘的事，对你最有影响的人……很多段子是可以回答不同的题目的。

对新托福口语的3-6题综合口语，大家可以做出问题的基本框架，利用这个框架来帮住自己理清思路。把听到的内容填进空中，再在相关的地方填上自己的看法，这样答案便可轻松得到了。

考前准备2.从模拟中检验自己的不足

如果你在考前你准备好了托福口语模板，那么在考前你还需要进行模考，现在市面上的模考也是有很多的，小站备考平台就是一个不错的选择，里面对题目的类型进行了完整的分类，并对各种题型进行了解析，还有扬格外语口语名师进行批改，让你充分找到自己的不足之处。

对于机经的练习练习大家也不容错过，每期的机经也是针对本次考试而进行整理的，其参考价值也是非常有用的。小站论坛每期托福考试都有更新机经，并附有大范围和小范围，针对不同时期的考生而准备的大家可以去下载来复习。建议你把预测的题目一个不漏的全部做完，这样不仅可以锻炼口语，增强能力，重要的不会为自己考试时遇到出现过的题目却不会做而留下遗憾。

考前准备3.利用任何时间来进行学习

对于托福口语的考试，需要大家在听到题目的第一时间将要该说的内容准备好，大脑要快速地做出反应，灵感可能是一瞬间的，等到提示音响起时，你就要大声的且响亮的说出你的答案。

这个考试是煅烧考生的一个口、耳、脑的协调能力，同时也是一个需要考生争分夺秒的技术活。另个考生在准备的时候也可以在草稿纸上写下要准备的内容，在答题时也可以看着草稿来回答。

篇12：实例解析托福口语解题思路

实例解析托福口语解题思路

话题A)What character is the most important for a leader.

解题思路：

对于类似问题可以先从题目入手，就是要从核心词入手。在这个题目中，我们可以采用就提问的方法进行解答从而找到思路。例如，核心词character 那我们就从哪些性格入手去想问题，如脑子里可以先呈现出一些表达性格的形容词。比如像Hardworking 和 cooperative 等。

有了类似的形容词我们就可以把该问题归结为两点。这样就有了topic sentence : Both characters of hard working and cooperative are the most important for leader.之后，我们就要就下一个关键词leader 进行考虑。这里建议可以考虑一些名人来担当这个角色，或者是你熟知的人。然后再分别把一到两个名人提出来并把相应的性格特点搭配到这一两个名人身上，这样就有了相应的例子支持。至于如何证明这两个人有类似的品质，那就可以自己杜撰了。只要合乎逻辑范围都是可以接受的。所以我们可以得出类似的观点句。

如Chairman Mao was hardworking leader. Our boss is cooperative leader in my company. 再往后就是要具体展开这两个观点句，可以举出些许事例来证明其特点。比如说Chairman Mao always sit up so late to read until the 3 or 4 am, so that he can be knowledgeable and keep charming to his followers. 和 our boss let me to do some tasks with other people for cooperative sprit so that he could rally all of his employees to work together. 类似这种话题描述某种特性是某某职位最重要的等都可以套用类似的思维方式进行模拟创造。这样就可以以不变应万变了。

话题B) Do you agree or disagree that power and money define the success.

解题思路：

对于此类题目涉及到是否同意某一个观点和看法的时候，可以先确定自己的立场是同意还是反对。如果确定好立场就可以继续发展下去了。如果选择不同意，那么就要有自己的评判标准，也就是要推旧立新。比如说：I disagree with it. In my view, only the people who do the contribution to the society can they become success. 有了自己的立场，接下来就可以摆出事实讲道理了。例如可以举一些普通的劳动者，他们虽然没有显赫的权式，和高额的收入，但是他们对社会的贡献却是不可磨灭的比如像教师。例如：For example, Miss Wang who is the math teacher in my high school, even though she does not have a lot of money or power she still be successful in her students' minds. Because she doesn't fall in sleep until midnight for examining students' works. 所以在托福口语考试中，重要的是要有明确和清晰的思路，并且好要有相应展开思路的手段。

托福口语:那些有点“2”的英文短语

下面小编为大家整理包含“two”单词的托福口语短语，希望这种带点趣味的方式，让大家更快地掌握它们。

1.put two and two together 根据事实推理

例句：If we put two and two together, we might come up with the right answer.

如果根据事实推理，我们就能得出正确答案。

2.two heads are better than one 人多智广;三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮

例句：After all, two heads are better than one. Two people working together can get better results.

毕竟“三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”，两个人一起工作能取得更好的成果。

3.there are no two ways about it 别无选择;没有退路

例句：We have to win this game, and there are no two ways about it.

我们已经没有退路了，这场比赛我们非赢不可。

4.of two minds 举棋不定，犹豫不决

例句：He always seems to be of two minds on important matters.

别指望他能做出决定。 在重要事情上他好像总拿 不定主意。

5.two shakes of a lamb's tail 迅速地;简易地

例句：But with any luck, we could solve the problem in two shakes of a lamb's tail.

但幸运的话，我们能迅速解决问题。

6.kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕，一举两得

例句：I always get my nails manicured while I get my hair cut, that way I can kill two birds with one stone.

每次我去剪头发的时候都会修指甲，这样我可以一举两得。

7.two wrongs don't make a right 负负不得正

例句：But we must remember that two wrongs don't make a right. If someone does something bad to you, you should not do the same to him.

但是我们必须要记住：负负不得正，如果有人冒犯了你，你不应该以牙还牙。

8.two's company, three's a crowd 俩人结伴，三人添乱

例句：Two's company, three's a crowd, so please don't come with my girlfriend and me.

两人刚好，三人嫌太挤，所以你就别跟着我和我的女朋友了。

以上就是包含“two”单词的英文短语，大家可以根据例句掌握运用。

篇13：托福阅读句子简化题实例解析

托福阅读句子简化题实例解析 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?

一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析

在托福阅读题型中，句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了，首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解，需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础，另外，它又同文章段落结构相联系，同时答案又是选出简化后的内容，所以要求学生在确定文章主题以及段落大意的情况下，通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。

那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题，下面我为大家介绍一种方法，即运用逻辑解题法，希望对大家有所帮助。

二.逻辑解题法简述

逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。

逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤： 通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系 查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项 根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案。

三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析

下面我们来看一个例子： 例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项： A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。很明显，这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness，谓语 results from，后面 as well as from 与前面并列，连接了并列宾语，所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。

第二步查看选项，我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项，C 选项因果关系缺失，D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系，中文释义为“除非”，不是因果，所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。

第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象，选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分，而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致，排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后，做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话的意思是否一致，规避一些基本的小错误。

此外，我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子，里面包含多种逻辑关系，在这种情况下，我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑，哪个是次要逻辑，最终根据分析，确定主要内容。比如下面这个例子：

例：He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

通过分析句子，我们可以看到，句子中有两个逻辑关系，一个是因果，一个是条件，“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”，“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的，主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”，a 以 b 为原因，而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句，这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果，不是条件。看下面四个选项：

A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

通过上述分析，我们可以知道，答案为 C，D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似，但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系：已经发生的事情属于因果关系，尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。

利用逻辑解题法解决托福阅读句子简化题是非常不错的选择，如果大家不会做这类题目，建议按照文中示例步骤来解决此类题目。句子简化题虽然乍一看难度很高，但是只要大家用对方法，多做练习，考试中遇到这里题目就能做的又快又对。

托福阅读素材：驾驶新规

请看相关报道：

The Ministry of Public Security's amended regulations on driving licenses increase the penalties for motorists who run red lights, as well as authorities who issue licenses to new drivers who cause serious accidents.

公安部新修订的驾驶证使用规定加强了对司机闯红灯的处罚力度，同时新司机发生严重事故的也将对发证机关进行处罚。

新规中对running red light (闯红灯) 和 blocking or defacing license plates (遮挡、污损号牌) 等行为的point penalty (扣分处罚) 从之前的3分提高到6分; drunk driving (醉驾) 的客货车司机将面临 lifetime ban (终身禁驾)。

Newly qualified drivers (新司机)上高速必须由三年以上驾龄的司机陪同，一旦发生fatal accident(致命事故)将追究license-issuing authorities (发证机关)的责任。

托福阅读素材：每个女人都应该记住的10句名言

1. Muhhamad Ali Jinah:

穆罕默德·阿里·吉娜

There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.

世界上最强大的两种东西。一种是剑，一种是笔。这两者之间有很大的竞争性。世界上还有比这两种东西更强大的第三种，那就是女人。

2. Margaret Sanger:

玛格丽特·桑格

Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have. Regardless of what man's attitude may be, that problem is hers — and before it can be his, it is hers alone.

女人必须得有她的自由，最基本的自由是选择是否成为一位母亲以及将生几个孩子。不管男人的态度如何，那都是她自己的事情——也许最后男人也会参与进来，但首先将由她自己作出决定。

3. Marilyn Monroe:

玛丽莲·梦露

A wise woman likes but doesn't love, listens but doesn't believe and leaves before she is left.

聪明的女人会喜欢但不会深爱，会倾听但不会相信，会在被抛弃以前离开。

4. Dick Van Dyke:

迪克·范·戴克

Women will never be as successful as men because they have no wives to advise them.

女性绝不会有和男人一样的成功，因为她们没有妻子给她们建议。

5. Whitney Houston:

惠特尼·休斯顿

I like being a woman, even in a man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear the pants.

即使是生活在男人的世界里我也喜欢做女人。毕竟，男人不能穿裙子，但是我们能穿裤子。

6. Cameron Diaz:

卡梅隆·迪亚兹

What we women need to do, instead of worrying about what we don't have, is just love what we do have.

我们女人需要做的就是，与其担心我们没有的东西，还不如爱我们已经有的东西。

7. Farrah Fawcett:

法拉·弗西

God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I've ever met.

上帝给了女人直觉和女人味儿。使用合理的话，这两者结合就能很容易迷倒我曾遇到过的所有男性。

8. Yul Brynner:

尤尔·伯连纳

Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.

女孩儿有男孩儿没有的优势：如果她们不能通过变聪明得到她们想要的，那么她们可以通过变得愚笨得到。

9. Joseph Conrad:

约瑟夫·康拉德

Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.

做女人难，因为主要是和男人打交道。

10. Oscar Wilde:

奥斯卡·王尔德

Women are made to be loved, not understood.

女人生来是被爱旳，而不是被理解的。

托福阅读素材：20几岁最需要学会的技能

What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?

20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?

1. Build a foundation for health.

锻炼强健的体魄。

In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.

20几岁的时候，你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过，第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候，我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点，做做运动。几年之后，你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。

2. Learn resiliency.

学会振作。

Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.

20几岁是你最自由的时候，到了30岁和40岁的时候，责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤，20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。

3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.

找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。

I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.

20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败，因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作，这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标，我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里，我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人，什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业，而不是像你所希望的那样。

4. Learn to live within your means.

学会靠自己生活。

Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.

现在开始，学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活，还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误，现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误，那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶：无论去哪儿都打的，买昂贵的衣服，还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人，尽管工资很高，但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候，奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约，然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。

5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.

认真选择你的伴侣。

Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.

在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现，时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响，那些人只会浪费你的时间，他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福，谁激励你，谁支持你，让你们之间的关系升温。

篇14：托福阅读猜词技巧实例解析

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。

2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。

篇15：托福阅读猜词技巧实例解析

1.前后缀

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：

mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)

2.合成词

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.

根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。

上文中通过实例为大家讲解了托福词汇的猜词方法，如果大家在做阅读的时候遇到影响理解的生词可以结合语境猜测词义，也可以通过构词法来猜测。

托福阅读素材：世上最糟糕的感觉是什么

What is the worst feeling in the world?

世界上最糟糕的感觉是什么?

来自Quora网友的总结：

Discrimination：

歧视

Being judged on the basis of physical appearance and not on talent.

人们总是根据外貌而不是能力来判断一个人。

Close relationships：

亲密的关系

Death of a daughter in accident and coming home with one less child.

女儿因事故过世，回家的时候少了一个孩子。

To see your mother/father cry

看着父亲或者母亲哭泣

See my mother beg and cry to the administrators at my little brother's school.

看见我妈在我弟学校哭着求教务主任。

Letting your parents down.

让你的父母失望

Seeing two of your best friends breaking up. And then one of them stops talking with you because you are not willing to break contact with the other person.

看着你最好的两个朋友闹掰了。其中一个因为你不愿意跟另一个断绝来往而不理你了。

Watching someone you love suffer and being unable to help.

看着你爱的人受苦却无能为力。

The feeling you get when you have realized you married the wrong person.

当你发现你跟一个错的人结了婚的时候的那种感觉。

Seeing your child in pain and knowing there is nothing you can do to fix it.

看着你孩子受苦，却什么都做不了。

Knowing you've hurt someone else and cannot undo the pain you've caused.

知道你伤害了别人，但却无法弥补。

Feeling like everyone you know and love would be better off without you.

你感觉到即使没有你，你认识的人或者你爱的人也能活得更好。

Career:

工作

To fail in something you thought you were good at.

搞砸了你明明很擅长的事。

The feeling you experience when you fail miserably even after putting your best foot forward

全力以赴之后仍旧可悲地失败了的感觉。

When you know all your close friends advancing in their fields while you are trying to figure out whether you are on the right path

看着你所有的亲近的好朋友都在各自的领域有所发展，你还在思考自己是不是走错了路。

Chains of Failure. Breaking all hopes on you down. Shame caused by it is the worst feeling might push a person to death

一连串的失败，所有的希望都破灭了，羞耻心是最糟糕的感觉，它能把一个人推向地狱。

Romantic relationship：

恋爱关系

Being forgotten by someone you could never forget.

你铭记于心的人将你遗忘。

When a person who you are romantically in love with is now in love with someone else.

你爱的人爱上了别人。

Others:

其他：

Getting older

老了

The feeling of being left out. . Being ignored.

被别人遗忘的感觉。

Helplessness (being trapped in a situation)

无助(陷入了困境里)

Hopelessness

绝望

托福阅读素材：亚投行AIIB是如何产生的

To the alphabet soup of international development banks (ADB, AfDB, CAF, EBRD, IADB), add one more set of initials: AIIB, or for the uninitiated, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. On October 24th, representatives from 21 Asian nations signed an agreement to establish the AIIB, which, as its name suggests, will lend money to build roads, mobile phone towers and other forms of infrastructure in poorer parts of Asia. China spearheaded the bank and hopes to formally launch it by the end of next year.

国际发展银行的字母组合中又多了一种：AIIB，对不熟悉这个行业的人来说，它的全称是亚洲基础设施投资银行。10月24日，21个亚洲国家的代表签署协议创办亚投行。正如它的名称所述，亚投行将为亚洲不发达国家和地区的道路、移动电话信号发射塔等基础设施建设提供贷款。作为亚投行的领导者，中国希望它能在明年年底前正式投入运营。

More money for critical projects might seem unambiguously good, but the AIIB has stoked controversy because Asia already has a multilateral lender, the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Why is China creating a new development bank for Asia?

重要项目获得更多的资金看起来无疑是件好事，但亚投行引发的争议在于，亚洲已经存在一个多边贷款机构亚洲发展银行(简称ADB)了，为什么中国要为亚洲再创建一个新的发展银行?

China’s official answer is that Asia has a massive infrastructure funding gap. The ADB has pegged the hole at some $8 trillion between and . Existing institutions cannot hope to fill it: the ADB has a capital base (money both paid-in and pledged by member nations) of just over $160 billion and the World Bank has $223 billion. The AIIB will start with $50 billion in capital — hardly enough for what is needed but still a helpful boost.

中国的官方回答是亚洲存在巨大的基础设施资金缺口。亚洲发展银行认为，至间亚洲有8万亿美元左右的融资需求。现有机构均无法满足这一需求：亚洲发展银行的资本金额为1600亿美元，世界银行为2230亿美元。初始资本500亿美元的亚投行虽然仍不足以满足需求，却至少颇有助益。

Moreover, while ADB and World Bank loans support everything from environmental protection to gender equality, the AIIB will concentrate its firepower on infrastructure. Officially at least, ADB and World Bank officials have extended a cautious welcome to the new China-led bank, saying they see room for collaboration.

更重要的是，亚洲发展银行和世界银行的贷款用来支持包括从环境保护到男女平等之类的各种项目，而亚投行则专注于基础设施建设。至少在官方场合，亚洲发展银行和世界银行都对中国领导的亚投行表示了谨慎的欢迎，认为彼此有合作空间。

Behind the scenes, though, the Chinese initiative has set off a heated diplomatic battle. America has lobbied allies not to join the AIIB, while Jin Liqun, the Chinese official who will head the bank, has shuttled between countries to persuade them to sign up. At the bank’s inauguration ceremony, Australia, Indonesia and South Korea were conspicuously absent.

尽管如此，中国已经在幕后开展了一场激烈的外交战役。美国游说盟友们不要加入亚投行，而预定的亚投行行长，中国官员金立群，则往返各国劝说它们加入。在亚投行的开幕式上，澳大利亚、印尼和韩国的缺席十分显眼。

In public, the concern cited by America and some of the hold-outs has been a lack of clarity about AIIB’s governance. Critics warn that the China-led bank may fail to live up to the environmental, labour and procurement standards that are essential to the mission of development lenders. However, China has insisted that AIIB will be rigorous in adopting the best practices of institutions such as the World Bank. Given that the bank will be placed under such a close microscope, there is good reason to believe China on this.

在公开场合，美国和一些拒绝加入的国家对亚投行不透明的监管表示质疑。批评认为，亚投行可能无法达到发展银行自身使命必需的环境、劳工和采购标准。但中国坚持亚投行将严格遵守世界银行等机构的优秀惯例。既然亚投行会被放在显微镜下仔细审查，中国方面的说法还是比较可信的。

But the real, unstated tension stems from a deeper shift: China will use the new bank to expand its influence at the expense of America and Japan, Asia's established powers. China’s decision to fund a new multilateral bank rather than give more to existing ones reflects its exasperation with the glacial pace of global economic governance reform. The same motivation lies behind the New Development Bank established by the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Although China is the biggest economy in Asia, the ADB is dominated by Japan; Japan’s voting share is more than twice China’s and the bank’s president has always been Japanese. Reforms to give China a little more say at the International Monetary Fund have been delayed for years, and even if they go through America will still retain far more power. China is, understandably, impatient for change. It is therefore taking matters into its own hands.

事实上，这种难以宣之于口的紧张是由于更深层次的变化所导致的：中国将利用这个新银行扩大其影响力;而亚洲的现有势力，美国和日本，则会此消彼长。中国决定投资一家新的多边银行，而不是向现有的亚洲发展银行投入更多资金。这表明它对改变世界经济统治的缓慢速度感到不满。金砖五国成立的新发展银行背后同样隐藏着这一动机。虽然中国是亚洲最大的经济体，但日本才是亚洲发展银行的主导者。它的投票权超过中国的2倍，亚洲发展银行行长一直以来都是日本人。在国际货币基金组织，能使中国获得稍多话语权的改革已被搁置多年。就算改革通过，美国仍然拥有多得多的权利。因此，中国对于改变缺乏耐心也就不难理解。它想要自己掌控事情进展。

托福阅读素材：如何帮助一个应届生找到工作

You probably know someone who's graduating from college this year. And what would Amazon or Pinterest suggest you give this brave soul who's walking over coals to the hellish world of job searching? A pen. (A nice pen, but a pen.) Or a mug with an inspirational quote printed on it. Or a business card holder.

You know what would be more helpful than those gifts? A job. Preferably a job with a desk, where this graduate can use her pen, drink from her mug and store her business cards.

Luckily, you – yes, you – can help give that greatest gift of all. Here's how to help a newbie job seeker land a job:

1. Start by looking within your company. Don't see any entry-level jobs listed for your company? That may be because those positions often go unlisted and are filled by internal referrals, says Brian Krueger, founder and CEO of CollegeGrad.com, an entry-level job search site, and author of “The College Grad Job Hunter.” That's where you come in, passing the job seeker's résumé to your human resources department. “If they're a good person for your company, go ahead and refer them internally,” he says. “And you may make a nice little employee referral bonus for making that connection.”

Even if there isn't an open and relevant position available for your contact right now, this referral may help both the recent grad and HR department in the future. Keep in mind that entry-level positions often have high turnover, Krueger says. And consider how larger companies sometimes hire numerous entry-level employees at once, and how usually a few of them will back out of the program just before it begins, he adds. Where do you think the HR team will turn in those situations, when they've got to do some speedy hiring? “If you've got an employee referral sitting there, waiting, that person may be given first consideration and very little competition for that entry-level position if and when it comes up,” Krueger says.

2. Reach out to your network. Share the job seeker's résumé with folks outside your company, too. If there's not much crossover between what you do and what the new grad wants to do, remember: “You may have other connections outside of your job type and industry,” Krueger says. Is there anyone in your book club or yoga class who could help? What about neighbors or family members? Shoot them the résumé, and encourage them to pass it along to whomever may be interested.

In fact, that's where things get interesting. “It's not necessarily who you know, it's who they know,” Krueger says. Maybe there's not much cooking among your connections or even your connections' connections. But the more folks forward the referral, the more eyes (and potential employers) will see it. “Networking is a numbers game,” Krueger says, and it's in those third-level contacts and beyond “where the numbers explode.”

Even as the number of professionals who see the résumé grows exponentially, the fact that the process began as a firsthand referral keeps it personal – unlike if the new grad blindly applied to a job online. Krueger says this method is particularly helpful for finding roles in small companies that have few, unadvertised openings. When companies want to fill those positions, “they're looking at that internal pipeline of people they already know,” he says.

3. Invite the grad to shadow you. “Shadowing is a very classic way of mentoring and helping people,” says Dan Schawbel, career and millennial expert and author of “Promote Yourself: The New Rules for Career Success.” After getting permission from your company, “get this student or recent graduate to come in, and show them firsthand what it’s like to work in an office environment in your profession or industry.”

Schawbel points out that shadowing may help the grad determine what he or she wants – or doesn't want – to do. (Those 9 a.m. conference calls aren't very fun, are they?)

To assure the day goes smoothly for both the shadower and the shadowee, check out these four tipsoutlined by Monster.

4. Help with mock interviews. “We train [students] to read things, know things and take the test,” Krueger says. “You can't read interview questions, know the answer and go to the interview. You actually have to practice.” Here's where you, a list of common interview questions and your phone's video feature come in. And you don't have to be a career expert to be helpful.

“All you're doing is asking them the questions and giving them the opportunity to respond,” he says. “The best part of the mock interview is not necessarily your feedback, but the opportunity to see themselves answering interview questions [and] getting that practice to actually do it.”

5. Be a coach. Again, no expertise necessary. “Sometimes the hardest part of job searching is getting started and making that your full-time job until you get a full-time job,” he says. And you can help keep the grad motivated.

Krueger suggests simply listening to the job seeker's plans and goals for the week – say, reaching out to 30 companies and securing three interviews –and then checking in on how they played out. If applicable, talk about how you can help tweak the strategy. For example, if the job seeker contacted those 30 companies and got no bites, brainstorm more effective ways to communicate with potential employers.

“That's different than Mom and Dad saying, 'Do you have a job yet?,'” Krueger says, because you're holding the grad accountable for her own goals. You're just giving a nudge – which is more useful than a pen.

篇16：托福阅读直接信息题实例解析

托福阅读直接信息题实例解析

一般能来说，托福阅读直接信息题的解题需要遵循三步：1.从题干中找到定位关键词 2.通过定位关键词找到对应原文，得出原文答案 3.将四个选项跟原文答案进行对照，看哪个选项是对原文答案的同义改写。这个过程中最重要的主要有两种能力：关键词定位与同义改写。

首先我们来看看“定位关键词”。，按照“识别度高低”排序可以有如下这些帮助我们回到原文定位的关键词：

(1) 数字、大写、符号(引号、破折号、连字符、斜体...)

(2) 名词(以具体名词为主、抽象名词为辅，因为前者更不容易被改写)

(3) 比较级、最高级

(4) 动词、形容词、副词

在关键词定位的过程中我们要对题干中诸如when、where 、how 、why等特殊疑问词敏感，这些单词可以帮我们更好地判断题目的考查方向，让我们知道最终要找到什么。另外文章标题词不可作为定位关键词，因为高频词没有定位价值。

关于Step 2“原文答案”，这是指的是如果题目没有四个选项、只有题干的话，这道题就类似一道简答题，那么这个“原文答案”就是该简答题的答案。最后关于Step 3“同义改写”，这也是托福考试最广泛考察的能力之一了，指同义词或近义词的替换。

接下来我们运用这个三步走的策略来解答下面两道题：

例题1

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption-that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.

Which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?

(A) Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.

(B) Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.

(C) Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.

(D) Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.

解析：

Step1题干： 找出题干的定位关键词，是technical problems of early sound films。这段所有句子就是围绕early sound films展开的，所以early sound films没有定位价值，所以需要通过technical problems来定位;technical problems是抽象词，一般会发生改写。

Step2原文： 我们发现原文中有两个短语都跟technical problems同义改写，分别是倒数第二句的technological inadequacies和倒数第一句的technical flaws。

Step3选项： 纵观四个选项，我们发现D选项跟倒数第二句同义改写，其中impossible to overcome跟原文中would invariably occur again是同义改写，technical difficulties跟题干关键词是同义改写。

例题2

Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.

Which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?

(A) Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues.

(B) Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood.

(C) Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front.

(D) Wooden statues had a different effect on the viewer than stone statues.

解析：

Step1题干： 找出题干的定位关键词，是wooden statues;这是具体名词，一般不会改写。

Step2原文：根据wooden statues定位至倒数第三句(以By contrast开头)，我们发现之后两句话也都是关于wooden statues的信息;那么原文答案就是最后三句话。

Step3选项： 纵观四个选项，我们发现D选项跟原文最后一句话but之前的信息同义改写，所以答案是D。

综上所述，托福阅读直接信息题的解答策略并不复杂，主要涉及关键词定位和同义改写这两个基本能力的考察，只要把握好确定关键词、定位、同义改写的做题节奏，利用真题做好充分练习与反思，我们完全可以轻松hold住这一高频题型，顺利稳住托福阅读。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea (Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what is now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.

Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated and tangled masses. The creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloth's, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose) — including mastodons and Columbian mammoths — have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.

The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.

As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn. Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering them dark brown and shiny.

1. What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The amount of asphalt that was mined there

(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals

(C) The fossil remains that have been found there

(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits

2. In using the phrase the heart of Los Angeles in line 2, the author is talking about the city's

(A) beautiful design

(B) central area

(C) basic needs

(D) supplies of natural asphalt

3. The word noticed in line 5 closest in meaning to

(A) predicted

(B) announced

(C) corrected

(D) observed

4. The word tangled in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) buried beneath

(B) twisted together

(C) quickly formed

(D) easily dated

5. The word them in line 13 refers to

(A) insects

(B) birds

(C) cloths

(D) proboscideans

6. How many proboscideans have been found at the La Brea tar pits?

(A) 9

(B) 17

(C) 1.5 million

(D) 2.5 million

7. The word concealed in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) highlighted

(B) covered

(C) transformed

(D) contaminated

8. Why does the author mention animals such as coyotes and wolves in paragraph 4?

(A) To give examples of animals that are classified as carnivores

(B) To specify the animals found least commonly at La Brea

(C) To argue that these animals were especially likely to avoid extinction.

(D) To define the term scavengers

托福阅读背景知识汇总之未来派

未来派(Futurism)

在法国的未来派是一个有预先组织的画派, 他们把画派的中心思想及名称都想好了并发表后, 才开始依照准则作画. 未来派的准则简单的来说就是:“动就是美”. 他们认为, 一切的一切在未来而否认过去. 他们认为要不停的动, 才能摆脱过去, 迎向未来. 未来派表现“动”的方法大多是用物体的连续动作. 好像摄影时使用慢速快门, 了解摄影的人都知道, 在摄影中要表现动作(movement)时, 有两个选择, 一是用快速快门(通常在1/500秒以上)使物体动态凝结, 二是用慢速快门(通常在1/30秒以下)使物体在底片上留下动态轨迹. 所以未来派所表现的不是现在式, 不是过去式, 更不是未来式, 而是现在进行式(加-in就对啦!). 虽然未来派只有短短的五, 六年, 但是这个观念影响了之后的达达派(Dada)及现代抽象艺术, 他们比未来派更否定过去, 保证你看不懂.

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