Freehand9.0 全程讲解7:填充
“小小不小”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇Freehand9.0 全程讲解7:填充，下面小编给大家整理后的Freehand9.0 全程讲解7:填充，欢迎阅读!
篇1：Freehand9.0 全程讲解7:填充
如果客户对我的作品色彩不作任何要求的话，我一定会选择“平涂的方法”了事，不过这样多数时间不会让“上帝”满意，看来，还得来点复杂的……“吓吓”他也好嘛，
上一节我们不是提到“另一个色彩面板”吗？就是他的了――Fill面板――执行命令 Window/Inspectors/Fill可以打开他。在这个面板里，你可以进行任何复杂的填充，Freehand眩目灿烂的色彩效果就通过他来完成……
1、渐变填充。
来简单应用一下先：绘制一个圆形；在Fill面板的填充方式菜单中选择Gradient项；在Fill（渐变）面板中选择线性填充按钮，设置为红色/黄色/绿色渐变，实现效果。
Fill面板控制着所有Freehand9的复杂填充方式。你需要做的仅仅是在Fill面板的填充方式菜单中选择相应选项，并在每个选项相应的面板中进行一定的设置就行了，现在我们来看看渐变填充面板。
Freehand9提供了直线和径向两种渐变填充方式，其面板自上而下依次是：
颜色色标：缺省状态下，这个色标为黑色，与面板最下方的缺省白色色标一起决定渐变为缺省的黑白渐变，你可以按下旁边的按钮打开色表来改变颜色，也可以用其他诸如鼠标拖放色块的方式改变颜色。
渐变方式切换钮：这里并排着两个按钮，按下直线渐变按钮，面板的下方相应改变为直线渐变的控制方式：Taper（渐变幅度――提供均匀的线性渐变与不均匀的对数渐变两种）、角度控制钮、角度显示框；按下径向渐变按钮，面板相应改变为径向渐变的控制面板：中心点位置控制框。
Overprint（叠印设置）：Fill面板中每种填充方式共有的选项，他表示打印的时候，如果画面中有叠加在一起的图像，则每一层的图像都进行打印，即层层叠加；否则只打印最上面一层。叠印设置可以将两层图像的边缘处理得足够精致，但却可能因为层层叠加而影响颜色质量。
看看上面内容，也许你还有一个难点：画面中只有两个色标，怎么进行红色/黄色/绿色渐变呢？答案很简单：先编辑好一种颜色，然后将该颜色拖动到渐变示意栏上就可以在原有的双色渐变中增加一个颜色了，相反，将该颜色从渐变提示栏上拖到画面的空白处则表示从渐变中删除该色――明白了？
2、透镜填充，
电脑资料
如果你曾经使用“放大镜”，那就能很容易的理解Freehand9中的透镜了，实际上两者根本没什么区别：选择一个对象（可以是任何形状的），然后对他执行透镜效果， 那么这个对象就作为一个“放大镜”一样性质的透镜了，只不过透镜不仅仅是放大对象而已,而透镜的效果需要通过其下面的另一个对象才能表现出来（当然，“透镜”本身也会有一定的变化）。
Freehand9一共提供了六种透镜，他们分别是Transpareney（透明度）、Magnify（放大）、Invert（负像）、Lighten（增亮）、Darken（变暗）、Monochrome（单色）。透镜可以单独使用，也可以层层重叠组合使用，但重叠的数量不能超过8个。Freehand9中透镜的使用方法和许多地方都一样：选择一个对象作为透镜，然后在透镜类型菜单中选择一种透镜，最后在其下的面板中进行适当的设置就可以了。
3、其他几种填充方式。
Freehand9提供了三种预设的填充方式，你只需在其中进行选择并作一些极细微的调整就可以了，他们是Pattern（图案填充）、Textured（纹理填充）、Custom（位图填充）：
Pattern（图案填充）：该填充方式提供色表和图案编辑栏，可以确定被选图案的色彩和创建清除图案填充：Invert按钮用于制造相反的效果。
Textured（纹理填充）：该填充方式提供九种款式的纹理，通过色表也能调整纹理的颜色。
Custom（位图填充）：“位图填充”提供了十种不同的位图，例如圆圈，网格之类的，我不能确定位图与图案有什么区别，但这种方式的填充与前两者有一个明显的区别：他只能在打印输出的时候才能显示，即不能作用于显示器，以致于编辑的时候只能凭借想象力来想象最后的效果――有点瞎撞的意味。[next]
4、自定图案填充。
“创建一个图形，并进行适当的填充；执行Edit/Cut命令或Edit/Copy命令，将对象复制到剪贴板；在“填充类型”菜单中选择Tiled（平铺效果）选项以打开相应面板；再创建一个图形，单击面板中的Padte in（粘贴入）按钮，将剪贴板中的对象填充入新建图形的内部”――这是我在另一篇关于Freehand的教程中提出一种操作示范，相信通过这一个操作，你就可以理解如何进行自定图案填充了。
和预设图案填充相对而言，“平铺填充”可以将自己满意的图案作为预设的图形填充到对象内部，从而打破了“图案填充”、“纹理填充”以及“位图填充”只能提供有限图形的限制，现在我们来看看其控制面板如图：
篇2：托福作文模仿训练法步骤全程讲解
托福作文模仿训练法步骤全程讲解
托福作文模仿训练步骤1：精读范文
想要进行模仿练习，第一步当然是要选择一些高质量的范文并且看懂范文。考生需要先对范文进行精读，了解范文的整体大意，然后分析范文的段落和论述结构，从整体框架上学习其提纲和写作思路。想要仿写范文，先要了解范文。因此，在模仿训练前，请大家先把范文仔细精读一遍。
托福作文模仿训练步骤2：归纳整理范文亮点
范文之所以能够成为范文，肯定有其作为示范材料的价值所在，而一篇优秀的范文必然有其突出亮点。高分范文可能是在文章结构上特别有条理，可能是在论述中使用了一些非常恰到的例子，又可能是在词汇和句式上独树一帜。考生在精读范文的同时，要学会主动去发现和归纳整理范文的高分亮点，这些亮点才是你真正需要学习并且化为己用的精华所在。
托福作文模仿训练步骤3：转化亮点重新表述
在学习过范文的优秀亮点之后，考生就需要通过转化转述的方式来把这些亮点转变成自己的东西了。很多同学看到范文里一些好的词汇句子论据时，都喜欢直接背出来，这种做法其实存在被判定为雷同抄袭的弊端，而且也不太容易记住。比较好的方法是把这些内容都用自己的语言重新说出来。比如觉得句式很好，那么就通过适当改变其内容的方式重新编写这个句子;如果是案例素材很有说服力，则可以尝试用自己的表达方式重新写出来。通过这种转化的方式，考生把范文中的优秀之处都变成了自己的东西，记得更牢，使用以来也没有了雷同抄袭的后顾之忧，可谓一举两得。
托福作文模仿训练步骤4：列出中文提纲然后重写
这个步骤在小编看来是比较实用的仿写方法，比起直接对着原文来模仿写作，思路写法上都容易受到影响，这样直接重写才是更为合理的仿写方式。具体做法是选择范文并完成上面三个步骤后，把范文的中文提纲罗列出来，包括观点，每段分论点等等。之后结合自己在之前步骤中所学到的内容，尝试用自己的语言来重新写出这篇文章。这个做法可以彻底杜绝大家写作过程中无意识地依赖甚至抄写原文的做法，考生只能凭借自己之前掌握的内容来进行展开论述，一方面可以检查大家到底学到了多少范文中的精华内容，另一方面也能够让考生进一步加深对于范文亮点的印象。而假如考生能够成功模仿出一篇还算不错的文章，对于树立和提升大家的写作自信也是大有好处的。
托福作文模仿训练步骤5：再次参考范文印证不足
完整的模仿出一篇范文后，考生的工作并没有到此结束。因为是凭借记忆写出的文章，在各种细节上难免还会存在一些问题和不足，而想要发现这些缺点，还能有什么方法比直接参考原文来印证更好呢?大家可以把原文和自己仿写的文章放在一起进行对比，各种细节比如遣词造句上存在的不足就无所遁形了，考生也能更清晰地发现问题所在，找到进一步提升的改良空间。
托福写作模板:结尾段模板
In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is in valid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that_____. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that_____. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.
To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that_____. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning____.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that ____. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to _____.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning that_____.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to _____. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that____. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about that____.
托福写作模板:电力
Electricity
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.
Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.
All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small - often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.
篇3：托福作文模仿训练法步骤全程讲解
托福作文模仿训练法步骤全程讲解
托福作文模仿训练步骤1：精读范文
想要进行模仿练习，第一步当然是要选择一些高质量的范文并且看懂范文。考生需要先对范文进行精读，了解范文的整体大意，然后分析范文的段落和论述结构，从整体框架上学习其提纲和写作思路。想要仿写范文，先要了解范文。因此，在模仿训练前，请大家先把范文仔细精读一遍。
托福作文模仿训练步骤2：归纳整理范文亮点
范文之所以能够成为范文，肯定有其作为示范材料的价值所在，而一篇优秀的范文必然有其突出亮点。高分范文可能是在文章结构上特别有条理，可能是在论述中使用了一些非常恰到的例子，又可能是在词汇和句式上独树一帜。考生在精读范文的同时，要学会主动去发现和归纳整理范文的高分亮点，这些亮点才是你真正需要学习并且化为己用的精华所在。
托福作文模仿训练步骤3：转化亮点重新表述
在学习过范文的优秀亮点之后，考生就需要通过转化转述的方式来把这些亮点转变成自己的东西了。很多同学看到范文里一些好的词汇句子论据时，都喜欢直接背出来，这种做法其实存在被判定为雷同抄袭的弊端，而且也不太容易记住。比较好的方法是把这些内容都用自己的语言重新说出来。比如觉得句式很好，那么就通过适当改变其内容的方式重新编写这个句子;如果是案例素材很有说服力，则可以尝试用自己的表达方式重新写出来。通过这种转化的方式，考生把范文中的优秀之处都变成了自己的东西，记得更牢，使用以来也没有了雷同抄袭的后顾之忧，可谓一举两得。
托福作文模仿训练步骤4：列出中文提纲然后重写
这个步骤在小编看来是比较实用的仿写方法，比起直接对着原文来模仿写作，思路写法上都容易受到影响，这样直接重写才是更为合理的仿写方式。具体做法是选择范文并完成上面三个步骤后，把范文的中文提纲罗列出来，包括观点，每段分论点等等。之后结合自己在之前步骤中所学到的内容，尝试用自己的语言来重新写出这篇文章。这个做法可以彻底杜绝大家写作过程中无意识地依赖甚至抄写原文的做法，考生只能凭借自己之前掌握的内容来进行展开论述，一方面可以检查大家到底学到了多少范文中的精华内容，另一方面也能够让考生进一步加深对于范文亮点的印象。而假如考生能够成功模仿出一篇还算不错的文章，对于树立和提升大家的写作自信也是大有好处的。
托福作文模仿训练步骤5：再次参考范文印证不足
完整的模仿出一篇范文后，考生的工作并没有到此结束。因为是凭借记忆写出的文章，在各种细节上难免还会存在一些问题和不足，而想要发现这些缺点，还能有什么方法比直接参考原文来印证更好呢?大家可以把原文和自己仿写的文章放在一起进行对比，各种细节比如遣词造句上存在的不足就无所遁形了，考生也能更清晰地发现问题所在，找到进一步提升的改良空间。
托福写作模板:学习问题
托福写作模板及范文参考：
Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.
托福写作范文参考：
Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However， to learn about something more complex， it's always best to have a teacher. Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They've been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style.
For instance， some students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that's best for each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they're only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.
Teachers help you focus on what you're learning. If you're learning something by yourself， it's easy to become distracted and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically， taking it one step at a time. On your own， it's tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don't need. That can hinder your ability to really understand the subject.
Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher， you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher's own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what you're learning.
There's nothing wrong with studying on your own， and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning， though， a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.
托福写作模板:好邻居
托福写作模板及范文参考：
Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion， what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.
托福写作范文参考：
If you have a good neighbor， you are a lucky person. You have someone who cares about your needs and your property， who is helpful in the little day-to-day situations that come up， and who is supportive in times of crisis.
A good neighbor is someone who， for instance， understands that your children may occasionally run across his lawn，- even though you tell them not to. He'll realize that children can be careless about things like that， and he won't make a big fuss about it unless it becomes a regular thing. In the same vein， he knows that you'll understand if some of the trash from his trash cans blows across into your yard. In other words， he is sensitive to the unintentional things that can happen. He doesn't make a big deal about them.
A good neighbor is also respectful of your property. For example， she asks your permission before doing anything that interferes with what's yours. This means she wouldn't plant a huge tree in between your houses without asking how you felt about it. If she wanted to put up a fence， she would let you know first. She might work with you to decide where it should be placed. Maybe the two of you would even split the cost.
A good neighbor would lend you some milk if you ran out. She'd give you a ride to work if your car was broken， and let your children stay at her house in the evening if you got stuck working overtime. You would do the same for her. Both of you would help make the other's life easier.
When something really awful happens to you， like a death in the family， a good neighbor will volunteer to help in any way he can. This could mean something small， like making some casseroles to put in your freezer to feed visiting relatives. Or it could mean something big， like helping you get through the sadness of the funeral.
I think only someone who has experienced a bad neighbor can really appreciate a good one! A good neighbor can be a good friend. He or she can make all the difference in the world to your life.
篇4：365网友7 月考试武汉报考过程全程记录
365网友7 月考试武汉报考过程全程记录
因为7 月的考试课程和4 月的有一样的，而这次4 月的考试我考的不好，4 门里很可能有1 门不能及格的`。所以我想等4 月的成绩出来后再报7 月的，因为我们那的自考办说5 月上中旬就可以查到成绩了。（网上要到5 月底才出来）。结果等到11号，成绩还没出来，不能再等了，于是我想先报了7月的再说，结果在网上发现不能报名。就来论坛发帖子问，突然看到一个帖子，说是截止到11号已经不能报考了。这一下我差点没晕过去，这就意味着我今年不能毕业不能考研，意味着我失去了4 门的报考机会，真不敢相信这是真的！
后来多亏斑竹dl771228给了我洪山区教委的电话。我从早上开始打到中午，一直没人接。又从午饭后打到下午快5 点的时候，手机都快打没电了，终于有人接了，但是马上就挂了，我又打，又接了，又是挂掉。我打到第4 次，终于接了。一个女声传过来，喂，当时我的心简直是扑通扑通的跳，嘿嘿，终于通了。赶快说，你好，麻烦你请问一下7 月自考报名截止到什么时候啊？那边说，已经不能报了，我说，哦，那谢谢你了，能不能再问一下，有补报机会吗？以前不都是有补报吗？她想了一下，说，可能有吧。25号你过来看一下能不能报。说完就又挂了，我连谢谢都只说了一个谢字。靠，真丢！
不知道还有没有人和我一样没报成的，我有个建议。没报成的，从明天开始，从早上，打电话区自考办，一直打到晚上，打到他们接为止，就说自己完全是因为自考办临时提前截止时间而没报成的，要求补报时间。他们不接，就一直打，一直到把他们电话打爆为止，打的他们什么电话都接不成。另外有能力的，看能不能查到自考办其他的电话，因为他们可能不止这一个电话，查出来，我联系朋友一起打，一直打到他们接，叫他们知道朝令夕改是不合民意的。
这次考试没报成的同学们，机会掌握在自己手里，稍纵即逝啊！
最后再次感谢dl771228友情提供电话号码。
还有ybiwen，给我QQ留言，告诉我武汉报名截止到11号了。后来又非常热情的帮我打电话去自考办问，帮我找信息，很久没聊过了，而且我QQ一直都隐身，居然还能记的我，提醒我报名，真的很感动，非常非常感谢~ ！！！
.COM社区・天下有雪篇5：GRE备考从能力培养到考前冲刺全程攻略讲解
GRE备考从能力培养到考前冲刺全程攻略讲解
将备考分为三个阶段：备考初期(能力培养期)、备考中期(分类练习期)、备考末期(整套做题、模考冲刺、适应笔考节奏期)
每个阶段，都有其特定的复习内容和复习重点。
备考初期：能力培养阶段，实际阅读、写作、单词能力的培养，并且对GRE考试有一个基本的了解。
备考中期：分类练习阶段，对于每一类考试，包括阅读、填空、类反、数学、作文的练习，形成每一类题目的做题思路和方。(60天)
备考末期：使用95-99最新题，完全模拟考试的练习，培养考试的节奏感，时间的分配，提高考试心理素质，对备考中期的练习成果进行巩固提高。进行心理调整，保持状态的方。(18天)
由于作文改为机考,并且要提前考完,大家可以根据自己的复习情况,选择作文的考试时间。理论上,应该在备考中期完成。
第一部分：备考初期的计划
备考初期本阶段计划
本阶段为备考初期，主要是能力练习。从开始准备，一直练到备考中期开始。
时间要求：
每天1-3小时
总体原则：
1、通过仔细研读gre入门文章，对gre有所了解。
2、通过有效的持续性训练，提高自己实际的单词能力、阅读能力、写作能力，建立起基本的gre做题基础。
具体分类安排：
1、阅读
1、NO题阅读(用GRE阅读，提高阅读能力，单词量比较广，切合GRE的词汇情况。NO题的特点，就是比较晦涩难懂。从严要求，考试时候的比较容易的阅读，也就不在话下了。每两天坚持1长2短。体会感觉。
2、自己总结难句，发到阅读论坛，看大家的难句、翻译难句、分析义群。
3、看猴哥阅读突破，体会gre作文的套路感。体会自己的阅读技巧。
4、纪录自己的阅读难词，有些阅读单词，在主要背诵类反的单词书中很难看到。在阅读的过程中，打开金山词霸、东方词圣等具有屏幕取词能的软件，进行总结。
2、单词
1、单词的积累，应该包括两部分：1、迈西GRE背单词软件用来快速积累词汇，还可以结合红宝书、黑宝书或者蓝宝书大面积扫荡GRE词汇。2、填空、阅读、数学、作文中应用的单词，经常出现又不会的总结出来作为难记词汇。
2、单词的背：进行难度分类背诵。
3、写作
能够使用模版，写出4-5分的作文。
1、每天背诵一篇新概念第四册的文章。满分网GRE各班班级和首页每日滚动更新。先背，是再写的基础。根据自己情况，制定背诵频率。
2、每天坚持写2篇ets最新题库的作文的提纲。一篇issue,一篇argument。
3、看其他人对昨天的论点的文章和提纲。看别人对自己文章的修改。总结提高。学习别人的好句型、好观点。
4、每周自己至少仔细写两篇文章。
5、如果本阶段考作文，还应该在考前，根据自己的时间，每天看5个论题的提纲(issue5个，argument5个)
第二部分：备考中期的计划
本阶段时间的使用
1、一个原则：持之以恒。一定会有提高，而且提高很大。
2、可以找个朋友一起备考，也可以虚拟的网络中找个G友，另外平时注意多用电脑，练习打字速度，多用满分网的摸考平台，提高适应能力。
写作时间分配：
issue 45分钟：审题 3分钟，写提纲4分钟，写文章，35分钟，检查，3分钟。
Argument 30分钟:审题3分钟，写提纲2分钟，以迅速写出主要的词。主要是对自己要写什么，有一个总体的把握。
第三部分：备考末期的计划
本阶段计划
本阶段为备考中期，主要是分类练习。共8周。
时间要求：
平时，每日3-4小时，周末，全天。
总体原则：
通过分类练习，达到对每一个分类，有如何做题的概念和技巧，也就是，碰到一道题目，知道如何下手，如何分析。形成自己的做题风格、模式。主要使用90-94和pp2。
GRE分类词汇记忆：不满
6.13.2 不满
disaffect v. 使不满;使不忠
disgruntle v. 使不满意
grouch n. 不满，牢骚
grudge v. 不满，吝啬
insatiable adj. 不能满足的，贪心的
malcontent adj. 不满的;n. 不满分子，反抗者
repine v. 不满，心中抱怨
crab v. 抱怨，发脾气;n. 蟹，螃蟹
croak v. 发牢骚，抱怨;n. 蛙鸣声
grievance n. 抱怨，委屈
gripe v. 抱怨
grouch n. 牢骚，不满
grouse v. 牢骚，诉苦;n. 松鸡
grumble v. 喃喃诉苦，发怨言(抱怨)
moan v./n. (不满地/的)抱怨;(痛苦地/的)呻吟
querulous adj. 抱怨的，多牢骚的
remonstrance n. 抱怨，抗议
repine v. 心中抱怨，不满
chagrin v./n. 失望，懊恼
crestfallen adj. 失望的，挫败的
dejected adj. 失望的，沮丧的
despondent adj. 失望的，意气消沉的
GRE分类词汇记忆：满足
6.13.1 满足
complacency n. 满足，安心
complacent adj. 自满的，得意的
content adj. 满意的，知足的;n. 满意;内容 (contentment n. 顺从，满足)
contented adj. 心满意足的
fulfil v. 满足，符合;履行
gratification n. 满足，喜悦
gratify v. 使满足，使高兴
indulge v. 满足;放纵
jaunty adj. 满足的，愉快的
sate v. 使心满意足，使厌腻 (satiety n. 饱足，厌腻 satisfy v. 满足 satiate v. 使充分满足，使饱足)
satiated adj. 充分满足的;厌倦的，生腻的
suffice v. (食物)满足，足够
GRE分类词汇记忆：原谅
6.12 原谅
condone v. 宽恕，原谅
remission n. 宽恕，赦免 (remissible adj. 可被赦免的)
remit v. 宽恕;免除;汇款
venial adj. (错误等)可原谅的，轻微的
篇6：人教版 高三Unit 7 语言点讲解与训练
高三英语Unit 7 语言点讲解与训练
Unit 7 A Christmas carol
I. Words
1. conscience n.良心；是非感
have a good/clear conscience问心无愧
a bad /guilty conscience 感到内疚
examine one’s conscience扪心自问
be a matter of conscience事关良心
according to one’s conscience = in all conscience凭良心
①我没有告诉他事实真相，心里决得内疚。
I had a bad conscience about not telling him the truth.
②A good conscience is a soft pillow.问心无愧,高枕无忧.
③A guilty conscience is a self-accuser.做贼心虚.
2. admit (admitted) vt.承认;准许…进入; 容纳=seat/hold/contain
vi.容许;承认
admit sb./sth into /to …允许某人进入…
sb./sth. to be adj. 承认。。。是。。
sth/ doing 承认…
(to sb.) that –clause 向某人承认。
①The prisoner admitted having broken prison.
that he had broken prison.
②Though he was admitted into/to a famous university, his parents couldn’t afford the tuition.
③We admit him to be foolish.
3. abundant adj.大量的,充足的; 丰富的,富裕的
be abundant in = be rich in
①There is abundant rainfall in our hometown.
②Fish are abundant in the lake.
③Iraq is abundant in oil.
4.occupy vt.占(空间/时间), 占用; 使忙碌,使全神贯注;占领,侵占=take/seize;担任(职务)=hold
occupy oneself with / (in) doing sth. be occupied with/ (in) doing sth.
①The table occupies a lot of space.(takes up)
②Is this seat occupied?(taken)
③His lecture occupied two hours.（took）
④The newcomers are occupied in writing letters home.(are busy writing/ are engaged in writing)
⑤the enemy-occupied areas
⑥He occupies an important position in the government.(holds)
II. Phrases
1. do sb. good= do good to sb.
a lot of /much good
some good
no good
be good for sb./sth.=do sb. good
to sb.= be kind to sb.
2.in want of
cf: in need of
P60 Ex2.
3.close up (暂时)关闭
down (永久性的或长期的)关闭
4. be badly off穷的，境况不好的；缺少的
cf: be well off= be rich
①She was quite badly off after her husband died.
②The mountain school is badly off for teachers.
5．far from 远非，完全不;远离
far from (being) adj.
sth/ doing
①What he said is far from (being) satisfactory.
②Computers, far from destroying jobs, can create employment.
III.Sentence patterns
1.If I hear another word from you, you will go where it is really cold.
where引导的是地点状语从句,wherever, everywhere也可以引导地点状语从句。
①He left the key where it lay.
Cf: He left key in the place where it lay.
②Where there is a will , there is a way.
③Everywhere/Wherever I went , people were happy.
④Help must be given where/wherever necessary.=
Help must be given when/whenever necessary.
2.Much good may it do you!= May it do you much good!
May you be happy!
3.Let’s observe another little scene, as you might have in your life to come.
Cf: I think it’s because he walks slower than he used to, as of late.
V. Practice
(A) Fill in the blanks with words.
1.I haven’t done anything wrong, so I’ve got a good conscience .
2.There are abundant supplies of firewood in the forest.
3. It was a small country house but it was large by urban standards.
4.The pretty girl left him because his ambition to become wealthy was the only thing he cared about.
5.The taxpayer promised to care for the welfare and the working conditions of his clerk with kindness , generosity and warmth.
6.With A Christmas Carol , Dickens wished to show how selfish, cold-hearted and mean people can be changed into caring , kind-hearted people with social conscience through moral persuasion.
7.The composer dreamed of his dead partner, who died that very eight years ago.
(B) Fill in the blanks with phrases.
1.When they got there, they found the people suffering the storm were in want of food and water supplies.
2.The film A World Without Thieves enjoyed a great success and brought in a large profit to the cinema.
3.A breath of fresh air often does our health a lot of good.
4.They don’t seem too badly off----they have smart clothes and a nice house.
5. Far from being kind, he was most cruel.
6. My father has an eye for a good horse.
7.I , on the contrary, envy you because you can work and choose your work.
8.I haven’t seen him of late, for he is engaged in unemployment surveys.
(C) Multiple choice.
1. _______ in a dark room, the little girl was so frightened that she cried her eyes out.
A. Leaving alone B. Left alone C. Being left alone D. To be left alone
2.---I’ll ask our physics teacher to explain Newton’s Second Law of Motion she taught us yesterday.
---That’s just _____ most of the students still have doubt.
A. where B. why C. how D. what
3. Because the shop____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
A. has closed up B. had closed up C. is closing down D. closed down
4. ---We didn’t find Dan attending the lecture.
---No one ____ him about _____ a lecture the following day.
A. told, there to be had told, there to be
B. told, there was D. had told, there being
5. Everything in the universe undergoes _______ development and change .
A. constant B. continuous C. continual D. continued
6. ---What about going out this evening?
---Oh, I don’t know . I’ve got a bit of a headache. And ____ , John’s coming to see me, so I ought to stay in.
A. however B. anybody C. anyway D.though
7. Rose is _____ a translation of a French novel.
A. occupied with B. engaged with C. absorbed to D. busy in
8.---I’d like to go to the movie with you, Dad.
---Sorry, my son, but only the grown-ups are ____ into the cinema.
A. required B. intended C. supposed D. admitted
篇7：托福听力7大类关键信号词全面讲解
【备考必看】托福听力7大类关键信号词全面讲解
什么是信号词?
信号词是语篇衔接和连贯的重要手段，它包括逻辑联系语(logical connectives)和段落标题(paragraph headings)。所以!掌握住听力中的信号词， 就相当于把握住了听力的出题点。下面我们以讲座类材料为例，整理总结了托福听力中的信号词。
1、主 题
出现在讲座开头的主题类信号词
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头，例如
● Let's...
● Today, I will be talking about ...
● Today， we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息，例如：
● Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
● We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
● Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时，today 后面的内容才是关键，不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2、定 义
被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容，被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容，需要做笔记。
此类信号词有：
● What I mean is
● All that means is
● which is / that is
● in other words，...
● ... is referred to as...
● ... is named/known/called
3、举 例
教授借例子说明的道理更为关键
比起例子中的种.种细节，教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到 for instance，such as，namely，as an example，take example for，say，consider，take 之类的字眼后，考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结，如果考生记不起例子之前的内容，此时记下总结性话语也能保证答题哟。
4、对 比
区分容易混淆的概念
讲座中，教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有：
● We should not confuse A and B
● A is different from B
● First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
● compare to
● contrast
● unlike
● similar to
● in contrast to
● ...differently
● ...differ
● alike
● resemble
● on the other hand，
● instead，
● likewise，
● in the same way 等...
5、因 果
细节题中的逻辑关系
学术讲座中，因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有：
because，because of，due to，since，as，for，the reason is，that’s why，by reason of，owing to。
表示结果的信号词有：
so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly
6、转 折
转折后出现的强调信息
转折是对前文的否定，转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调，此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有：
but，however，nevertheless，while, yet, unless, except for, actually，in fact, to tell you the truth，practically，virtually，as a matter of fact
7、结 论
容易得分的结论题
讲座的最后也可能是出题点，而且该点比较容易得分。结论是最新获得的信息，遗忘率最低。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有：
conclusion，summarize，make a summary，in brief，in short，in a word，in a conclusion，finally，all in all，to sum up.
托福听力：听力中的修辞方法
孔子曰：“言之无文，行而不远。”汉语中有修辞，英语中自然也有。早在90年代初的TOEFL 听力考试中，美语的修辞手法便得到了初步的运用,随着TOEFL听力不断向Daily (日常生活化) 和Functional (语言交际功能化) 发展，为考试而刻意雕琢的那些呆板、生硬的语法现象
已荡然无存,各种各样修辞方法的广泛运用已成为听力语言地道性的重要表现。
不过，也正是由于修辞的出现，无形间加大了我们对其语言理解的难度，有时甚至“不知所云”，即使看到了听力文字部分，也是“一头雾水”,但如果我们真正领悟了修辞中字里行间的奥秘，不仅会帮助我们迅速解题，更会被TOEFL听力中的经典修辞艺术所折服。从这种角度考虑，修辞堪称TOEFL听力调色“话”板的点睛笔!
为了透彻理解TOEFL听力修辞语言的话外音，我们有必要对近年来TOEFL听力中出现的各种美语修辞手法做一个分析和总结，以有利于考生究其根本，从而顺利、快捷的解题。
Hyperbole(夸张)
试比较以下TOEFL听力短对话的两种回答方式：
Have you asked your brother to do the dishes?
1)Yes, many times.(很多遍了。)
2)Yes, a thousand times.(无数次了。)
很明显，种回答方式不如第二种生动，因为a thousand times(无数次)使用了Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法。Hyperbole一词源于希腊语的huperbole，意思是exceed(超过)，是一种故意夸大其词(overstatement)或言过其实的修辞手法;其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以达到强烈的修辞效果。如：a river of tears (泪河)、a mountain of coal (煤山)、oceans of people (人海)...
Hyperbole(夸张)在TOEFL听力中的运用也可谓炉火纯青。
比如：(划线部分为夸张之处)
1)You are my lifesaver.(你是我的“救命恩人”。)
2)You are 100% right.(你“百分之百”的正确。)
3)My back killed me.(我的腰痛的厉害。)
4)You make me feel guilty. (你让我感觉像是在犯罪。)
5)I haven't seen you for ages. (好久不见了呀!)
6)I could sleep for a whole year. (我太困了。)
7)We're all tired to death. (我们快累死了。)
当然，除了TOEFL听力，Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法在英语语言文学中的经典范例不胜枚举：
1)One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. (George Herbert) (一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。)
2)It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. (今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。)
3)A drop of ink may make a million think.(George G Byron)(一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。)
Simile(明喻)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式：
1)He spent a lot of money.(他花了大笔的钱。)
2)He spent a lot of money, like water.(他花钱如流水。)
很明显，第二种表达方式比种更加生动和形象。因为like water(如流水)使用了Simile(明喻)的修辞手法，这样以来，无疑使语言更加精彩和完美，听力考试也不再单纯是一门考试，而变成了一种享受。Simile(明喻)一词源于拉丁语similes,其意为like(象)。他借助人们的想象力，使用一定的比喻词如：like, as等加以连接，从而清楚的表明两种事物之间的相似之处，使得表达更加新鲜有趣。其典型形式是A is like B.
托福听力：造成托福听力低于15分的四大原因
语音知识不扎实扎实的语音知识是听写慢速英语录音的基础。准确地抓住了语音，即使是生词，也不难根据其发音从词典找到答案。反之，如果语音知识不够，即使是自己会的词也不一定能听懂，更不用说真正碰到生词了。由于种.种原因，不少人在学习英语过程中没有得到足够的语音训练，虽然记住了数千个或上万单词和大量语法知识，可以顺利地阅读书面英语文章，但听不懂用词量只有1500余个的慢速英语广播。
语音知识不扎实的表现形式有：
读音不正确或根本不会读
不少人脑子里的英语音形脱节，记住的只是英语单词的字母拼写(形状)，而没有正确的声音印象，不是不会读就是读得不对。看写在纸上的英语，能根据其拼写确定是不是认得，但是听到一个英语单词的正确发音，由于与自己脑子里不正确发音不一致，以为是生词。
重音正确与否对于听力的影响极大，例如有的人能听懂 resign，但听到resignation时由于重音的改变而听不懂。
某些词英美读音的区别也会带来一些问题，例如schedule、missile等。
虽然能正确地发音，但是没有熟练到能立即反应的地步，所以听到以后需要反复思考才能明白其含义，因而感到应接不暇而听不懂。
不适应连读
初学者在听写中常常听不懂录音带上外国人的原声，但若由中国人再重复说一遍，他就有可能听懂。我们提高英语听力的目的是为了听外国人讲英语，而不是为了听懂中国人说英语，所以一定要以能听懂录音带上的原声为准。
由于不适应连读，常常会把两个词误以为是一个词，例如把a part听成apart，把aspecial way听成especial way等等。
有时也会把一个词误听成几个词，因而听不懂。例如把un- derground一个词听成under the ground三个词，把especially一个词听成aspecial1y两个词等等。
听不出介词、冠词、连词
播讲人在读这些词时一般都是弱读，既轻又快，一带而过。对于初学者来说，不是很容易听得出的，这是起步阶段听写中的一个难点。笔者在批改初学者的听写记录时向他们指出某处有这类词没有听写出来时，他们的个反应一般都是“有吗/。但是有了疑问后再去听，才感到好像是有一个词，反复听上几遍以后或许能听出来。真是“初听似没有，越听越有，超听赴像，起听越是”。没有亲身实践过的人不太相信这一点，认为这些简单的词应该是容易听出来的。其实不然，实践证明，能否听出这些词是衡量英语听力的一个很重要的标志。这里的关键是听不出来，不是写不出来。解决这个难点的方法只能是多听，多练，久而久之就习惯了。一旦到了能听出这些词时，别人间你是怎么样听出来的，你的回答可能是“我听着就是有”，不一定能说出什么要领来。到了这个境界，说明已经适应这些词的弱读了，听力大大地提高了。
分辨不出各种前后缀
慢速英语中用的词汇有很大一部分是从常用词汇基础上加前后缀派生出来的。如果不熟悉加前后缀的规律，听录音时会碰到很多的生词。例如知道marine的意思是 “海的”，way意思是“路”，但是不知道前缀sub的意思是“下面的”，听到submarine和subway以后不知道是“水下的，潜水艇” 和“地下铁路”。
篇8：中考英语分类阅读及讲解（五）体育天地 7
中考英语分类阅读及讲解汇编（五）体育天地 7
chess
chess must be one of the oldest games in the world. an arab traveler in india in the year 900 wrote that it was played ‘long, long ago’. chess was probably invented in india, and it has been played everywhere from japan to europe since 1400. the name ‘chess’ is interesting. when one player is attacking the other’s king, he says, in english, ‘check’. when the king has been caught and cannot move anywhere, he says ‘check mate’. these words come from persian. it means ‘the king is dead’. that is when the game is over, and one player has won.
such an old game changes very slowly. the rules have not always been the same as they are now. for example, at one time the queen could only move one square at a time. now she is the strongest piece on the board. it would be interesting to know why this has happened! chess takes time and thought, but it is a game for all kinds of people. you don’t have to be a winner in order to enjoy it. it is not always played by two people sitting at the same table. the first time the americans beat the russians was in a match played by radio. some people are able to play many people at the same time. one man played 400 games! it is said that some people play chess by post. this must make chess the slowest game in the world.
1. chess ______.
a. is an old indian game for travel
b. is the oldest game in the world
c. was played in india long before 900
d. was played in japan and europe before 1400
2. ‘at one time the queen could only moved one square at a time. now the queen is the strongest piece on the board.’ this example is used to show ______.
a. chess is an interesting game
b. chess changes very slowly
c. how this rule has happened
d. there have been some changes of rules in chess
3. you don’t have to be a winner in order to enjoy it.
a. only a winner can enjoy chess.
b. you can enjoy chess only when you lose a game
c. you can enjoy chess even if you are not a winner
d. you can enjoy chess when you play with a winner
4. the writer tries to tell us _____.
a. some interesting facts about chess
b. how the rules of chess have changed
c. how to play chess
d. how people enjoy chess
5. the first time the americans beat the russians was in a match played by radio. for the first time the americans ______ the match
a. beat b. got c. had d. won
key: 1.c 2.d 3.c 4.a 5.d
篇9：雅思听力多选题之7选3题型规律分析及答题技巧讲解
雅思变题月即将来临，这原本就是对所有Ieltser的考验，所以，大家应该以最好的备考状态奔赴考场，曾经的复习短板应立刻补强。在雅思众多难点之中，雅思听力多选题是大约是其中的一个。本文将聚焦雅思听力多选题之7选3题型的规律及解题技巧。
雅思听力多选题之7选3题型规律分析及答题技巧讲解
下面我们通过一道OG里面的7选3的雅思听力多选题来给各位烤鸭详细解答该类题型的答题技巧。
Questions 21-23
Choose THREE letters, A-G.Which THREE factorsdoes Marco’s tutor advise him to consider when selecting acourse?
A. possibility of specialization
B. relevance to future career
C. personal interest
D. organization of course
E. assessment methods
F. range of topics
G. reputation of lecturer
雅思听力多选题解题步骤1. 读题干
题干的重点通常在于：特殊名词(人名、地名、年份等大写和数字)，以及特殊情况。所以该考题的重点人物是Marco’s tutor,通过人物定位得出：该题的引导者(也就是我们所谓的信号词)大致出自Marco,而该题的答案大致出自他的tutor。
信号词：特殊情境
该题的特殊情境是：select a course(答案信号词)。
Summary(总结)：通过题干的重点提炼，我们可以得出，对话双方谁是答案引导者，谁是答案叙述者。直接引导出答案的信号词是什么。
雅思听力多选题解题步骤2. 选项分析
雅思听力选择题答案大致可分为三类：
(1). 被直接或间接地支持(Directly or indirectlysupported)
(2). 直接或间接地矛盾(Directly or indirectlycontradicted)
(3). 并未提及(Not mentioned)
而在多项选择题目中，尤其是7选3的题目，大多数情况是3个直接或者间接支持(肯定)，3个直接或者间接矛盾(否定)，1个选项是没有提及的。所以，各位考生的第二步骤是选项的阅读和关键词的提炼。
A选项关键词：specialization(因为possibility只是修饰specialization);B选项关键词：career(future只是修饰词，修饰career);C选项关键词：interest(personal是interest的修饰词)
D选项关键词：organization;E选项关键词：assessment;F选项关键词：range;G选项关键词：reputation
Summary(总结)：通过选项阅读划出1-2个关键词。关键词通常是该句子或者短语的核心词汇或者话题词汇。关键词通常是我们常见的可做paraphrase(同义替换)的词汇。
雅思听力多选题解题步骤3. 原文录音定位比对
答案引导定位：各位考生可以看到，通过信号词selectcourse可以定位出该多项选择题的答案在这里即将出现。
T: Hi Marco, come in.
M: Thanks. I’ve got a bit stuck trying toselect courses for next semester. Could you help me,please?
T: Of course. Sit down. First of all, mostpeople just go for the areas of business that they’re interestedin, but-even if something doesn’t look very stimulating-it’simportant that you can use it once you get a job. It’s not muchgood choosing areas that aren’t going to be helpful lateron.
选项C和B定位，关键词interest和job(career同义替换)，转折词but肯定后面部分否定前面部分，所以选择B排除C。
M: Right. I want to go into management, soI’ll need to think about that. And should I start specializing in aparticular area yet?
T: I don’t think that’s wise, at this stage.It’s better to aim for a wide variety of subjects, especially asmanagement covers so many possibilities. You shouldn’t be limitingyour choices for later on.
选项A和F定位，信号词specialising(specialization同义词)和wide variety ofsubjects(range同义替换)，否定词don’t否定specialization, 建议类词汇’d better肯定rangeof subjects, 所以选择F排除A。
M: Yes I see.
T: You should also look at how the course ismade up-will you have regular seminars and tutorials, for example,as well as lectures?
M: OK. Some of the lecturers are quite bignames in their fields, aren’t they? Should I aim to go to theircourses?
T: Well remember that the lecturers who aren’twell-known may still be very good teachers! I’d say we have aconsistently high standard of teaching in this department, so youdon’t need to worry about it.
选项D和G定位，信号词made up(organization同义替换)，bignames(reputation同义替换)，建议性的短语you should also肯定madeup(既organization)，否定词aren’t well-known否定reputation,所以选择D排除G。
选项E关于assessment(考评)并未提及。
雅思听力多选题解题步骤4. 排除干扰项，同义替换
通常在多项选择题里面，肯定(支持)和否定(矛盾)选项都是成组出现的。正确选项会出现肯定类的词汇，干扰选项会出现否定词或者后面紧接转折词，同义转换词多数时候是正确选项的暗示，而原词出现多数是陷阱。各位考生需要多累积常用词汇的同义转换单词。
雅思听力多选题解题步骤5. 得出正确选项
以这个example的正确答案是B, D, F。
值得考生们注意的是，在多项选择题里面，所有的选项都是需要看的，不要看到一个认为是正确的选项而忽略了其他的选项，因为通常只会有0-1个选项完全不会提及，为了肯定我们选择的正确性，应该同时确定排除的选项都是被录音否定过的。
在雅思听力考试中我们要注意以下几点：
1.提前读题非常重要，寻找题干信号词和选项的关键词，并且划出所有关键单词，以便知道应该留意的字和句;
2.随时准备答题，有时候题目的答案会在很早的时候，甚至是第一句就出现第一次的肯定
3.词汇的累积非常重要，尤其是常用词汇以及它们的同义替换;
4.注意陷阱选项：转折词、否定词等等;
5.检查一次答案，并且猜测所有听不到或听不懂的答案，千万不要留空。
雅思听力考试每年一月都会出新题型吗?
网友：有个说法说每年的一月份的雅思听力考试都会出新题型，考起来比较冒风险，老师请问是这样的吗?
老师：谢谢这位同学的问题。首先我必须要否定这种说法。我们常说的新题是指内容新，也就是场景新，但题型是不会有变化的。比如今年1月的第一次考试，Section1考的是临时驾照，题型以个人信息表格题为主;Section2考的是租房场景，同样没有新题型。所以每年新的场景会出现，但题型不会增加。所以建议同学们看机经的时候多注意新单词，而不用担心题型。
雅思听力答案小写写成大写会扣分吗?
网友：老师您好,请问雅思听力中如果答案用的小写,而我用了大写(e.g. 关于某个地点)这种情况会不会扣分啊?谢谢。
老师：放心，这种情况一般不会扣分的。
短期突击雅思听力6.5分该如何备考?
网友：每天要保证3个小时的雅思备考时间啊?那还有其它三门呢?我考G类的雅思，目标6.5，也需要3个小时吗?好痛苦哦，要上班要考试的!
老师：如果短期突击的话，主要是参照每次考前的机经预测，再精听剑桥就可以了。
篇10：新高三Unit 7 Christmas Carol 知识点讲解(人教版高三英语上册教案教学设计)
单元要点
Word study
1. bacteria 2. powder 3. standard
4. conscience 5. nephew 6. frost
7. handwriting 8. overcoat 9. wage
10. anyway 11. god 12. admit
13. foolish 14. clap 15. partner
16. abundant 17. warmth 18. taxpayer 19. personally 20. occupy 21. constant
22. welfare 23. clerk 24. composer
25. novelist 26. firm 27. shadow
28. ambition 29. noble 30. gain
31. bond 32. indeed 33. goose
34. selfish 35. bishop 36. choir 1. 细菌 2. 粉末 3. 标准 4. 良心
5. 侄子，外甥 6. 霜 7. 笔迹 8. 外套 9. 工资 10. 无论如何 11. 上帝
12. 承认 13. 愚蠢的 14. 拍手
15. 伙伴，搭档 16. 丰富的 17. 温暖
18. 纳税人 19. 就自己而言，亲自
20. 使忙碌，占有 21. 经常的 22. 福利 23. 职员 24. 创作者 25. 小说家 26. 公司 27. 影子 28. 雄心
29. 高贵的 30. 获利 31. 契约
32. 的确 33.. 鹅 34. 自私的
35. 主教 36. 合唱队
Useful expressions 1. care for 2. leave alone 3. in want of
4. close up 5. pick sb’s pocket 6. have eyes for 7. make money 8. do sb good
9. take sb’s/sth’s place 1. 喜爱，照顾 2. 不管，随……去
2. 需要 4. 关闭，使靠近5. 扒窃
6. 喜欢 7. 挣钱 8. 对某人有好处
9. 代替某人/某物
Sentence
patterns & Communicative English
表示祝愿：
God save you! God bless it! Merry Christmas! A Merry Christmas! Long life to him!
Grammar 状语(Adverbial)
1. 状语可以由副词、介词短语、不定式或不定式短语、分词或分词短语、形容词、词组、复合结构及从句来表示，间或可以用名词作状语。
He got up early to catch the early train.
The boy lay on the ground, with his eyes staring at the ceiling.
2. 分词或分词短语作状语时，要考虑分词或分词短语与其逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的逻辑关系。主动的用现在分词，被动的用过去分词。
Scolded by his father, the boy was very sad.
Walking through the woods, the two men came across a big bear.
3. 状语从句根据其作用分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、地点状语从句和比较状语从句。
He didn’t attend the meeting, because he was ill.
You must do everything the way I do.
Topic &
Writing 掌握谈论有关社会责任感的话题的方法。
Warming up
…the time in which he lived 他所生活的时代
[点拨] in which he lived是定语从句，修饰the time。这里是“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句，关系代词which代指the time。
e.g. I will never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永远都不会忘记我4第一次见到他的那一天。
[点拨] time 名词，表示（与某情况、经历等有关的）时期。
e.g. University is a good time for me. 我的大学时期十分愉快。
Listening
During our sleep we often have dreams. 我们睡觉时经常做梦。
[点拨] dream 用法小结：
1. 名词：梦，梦想 have a dream (of/about …) 做梦，梦（见…）
realize one’s dream实现梦想
e.g. I have a recurrent dream that I’ve turned into an elephant.
我屡次梦见自己变成了大象。
My son’s dream is to be an astronaut. 我儿子的理想是当宇航员。
3. 动词：做梦，梦想 过去式和过去分词是dreamed 或者dreamt.
dream of/about sth/doing sth 梦见某事物。
e.g. I dreamt about flying last night. 我昨夜梦见我在飞翔。
Was it real or did I dream it?是真的还是当时我在做梦？
He dreams of one day becoming a famous violinist.
他梦想有朝一日成为著名的小提琴家。
What does Scrooge have to do to avoid Jacob’s fate? 斯克罗奇要怎样做才能避免雅各布的命运？
[点拨] avoid 动词 “stop (sth) happening, prevent” 防止发生（谋事），预防
avoid sb’s fate 避免某人的厄运。
The reason why Jacob Marley appears in Scrooge’s dream to warn him is probably because…雅各布玛利出现在斯克罗奇的梦里警告他的原因可能是……
[点拨] why Jacob Marley appears in Scrooge’s dream to warn him是定语从句修饰先行词the reason。当定语从句的先行词是reason 时，定语从句可以用why, for which 或者that（关系副词） 引导。
Speaking
Scrooge has no friends except his partner, Marley 除了他的合伙人玛利以外，斯克罗奇一个朋友也没有。
[点拨] except 介词，意思是“除了…以外”。Except用法小结：
1. except +名词
e.g. The restaurant is open everyday except Monday.
这家商店除星期一外，每天都营业。
2. except +代词
e.g. Everyone except me got an invitation.
除了我以外，所有人都收到了请柬。
3. except +介词短语
e.g. He looked everywhere for the book except in the bedroom.
除了卧室以外，为找那本书他到处都找遍了。
4. except +v-ing形式
He does everything except washing clothes.
他除了洗衣服外，什么活都赶。
5. except+动词不定式
He desired nothing except to go abroad for further study.
他只求出国深造，别无他求。
6. except + that从句
He has no special bad habit except that he smokes too much..
他没有什么特别的坏习惯，就是烟吸得太多。
7. except + when/where/why等从句
It happens every day, except when it rains.
除非是下雨天，天天如此。
I understand everything except why she killed him.
我一切都明白，只是不理解她为什么把他杀死。
8. except for + 名词/代词
e.g. Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 你的作文除有几个字拼错外，其余都很好。
Neither Scrooge nor Marley care for other people. 斯克罗奇和玛利都不喜欢别人。
[点拨] care for sb 意思是“喜欢某人，照顾某人”。
e.g. I really care for the students in my class.
我确实喜欢我班里的学生。
The child is well cared for. 这孩子被照顾得很好。
[点拨] care for sth 意思是“愿意或同意（做某事），希望或喜欢（做某事）”，用于否定句或疑问句，尤与would 连用。
e.g. Would you care for some coffee? 来点咖啡好吗？
They do not care about their employees, their families or poor people in society. 他们不关心他们的雇员、家人和社会上的穷苦的人们。
[点拨] care about 意思是“感兴趣，关心”，多用于否定句和疑问句。
e.g. Don’t you care about anybody? 你难道谁也不关心吗？
I don’t care about what happens to him. 我才不管他的事呢。
…some people forget that business is not only about making money and profits. 一些人忘记了做生意不只是为了赚取金钱和利润。
[点拨] 此处，make 意为earn, gain, acquire 赚取（某事物）；获得；取得。
e.g. She makes $15 000 a year. 她一年挣15 000美圆。
He made a fortune on the stock market. 他在股票交易中发了财。
…to protect the people working for them. 保护为他们工作的人们。
[点拨] working for them “为他们工作”在这里是现在分词短语作定语，修饰the people。
e.g. The boy talking with Mary is my son.
正和玛丽谈话的那个男孩是我儿子。
There are also cases of food polluted with poisons or bacteria. 也有一些食品受毒药或细菌污染的事例。
[点拨] case 此处意为“事例，事实，实例”。
e.g. Could you give us a concrete case? 你能给我们举个具体事例吗？
另外，case 还可意为“状况，情形；病例，患者；案件等”。
e.g. This is not the case in our country.在我国情况不是这样的。
He is the first case of cancer the young doctor has treated.
他是这位年轻医生医治的第一位癌症患者。
The case is in fovor of the defendant. 案情陈述有利于被告。
[点拨] case 短语总结
1. in case +从句 或者in case 作状语
意思是“because of the possibility of sth happening”“以防万一，万一”。
e.g. It may rain-take an umbrella with you in case (it does).
可能下雨---你最好带把伞，以防万一（下雨）。
2. in case of sth 意为“if sth happens” “假如，如果发生某事”。
e.g. In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 遇火警时立即按警铃。
3. in any case意为“whatever happens or may have happened” “无论如何，总之”。
e.g. Be sure to try your best in any case. 无论如何都要尽你最大的努力。
4. in that case意为“if that happens or has happened; if that is the state of affairs” “既然那样；假如那样的话”。
e.g. You don’t like your job? In that case why don’t you leave?
你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么不辞掉呢？
5. in no case意为“in no circumstances” “在任何情形下决不，无论如何都不”。
e.g. He would in no case give in.他决不会屈服的。
Reading
Frost stands on the window. 窗户上结着霜冻。
[点拨] stand 此处意为“在某处，位于”。
e.g. A tall poplar tree once stood here. 这儿曾经有过一棵高大的白杨树。
If I hear another word from you, you will go where it is really cold. 我要是再听你说一句，我就让你到真正冷的地方去
[点拨] 本句中where it is really cold 是状语从句，表示地点。
本句也可以这样表示：If I hear another word from you, you will go to the place where it is really cold.
e.g. Bamboo grows best (in the place) where it is warm and cold.
竹子在温暖潮湿的地方长的好。
Put the raincoat (in the place) where you can easily find it.
把雨衣放在你容易找到的地方。
That’s a poor excuse for picking a man’s pocket every twenty-fifth of December! 每年的十二月二十五日掏人腰包，这个借口不充分。
[点拨] poor 此处意为“不好的，不充分的，不充足的”。
e.g. We had a poor crop of wheat this year. 今年我们小麦歉收。
[点拨] pick sb’s pocket ---steal money, etc from sb’s pocket 扒窃
have one’s pocket picked 遭扒窃
e.g. He had his pocket picked in the supermarket. 他在超市里遭扒窃了。
Anyway I suppose I will have to let you have it. 不管怎么说，我想我会答应你的。
[点拨] anyway 副词，意思是“无论如何，即使如此(whatever the facts may be; in spite of this)”。
e.g. Whatever you say, I’m going anyway. 不论你说什么，无论如何我也要去。
Let me leave it alone, then. 我才不管它呢.
[点拨] leave sb/sth alone/be ---not disturb or interfere with sb/sth 不打扰或不干预某人[某事物]。
e.g. I’ve told you to leave my things alone. 我告诉过你不要动我的东西。
Much good may it do you. 愿它能给你带来好处！
[点拨] do sb good = do good to sb ---benefit sb “有益于某人“。
e.g. Eat more fruit; it will do you good. 多吃水果，对你有好处。
…women and men open their hearts freely and think of other people男人女人们自由地敞开心扉为别人考虑。
[点拨] open one’s heart “敞开心扉”
open one’s heart to sb “同情；向……讲心里话”。
e.g. Mr. Smith opened his heart to the poor little boy.
史密斯先生对那个可怜的小男孩充满了同情
Mary felt much better after she opened her heart to her mother.
玛丽向母亲讲了心里话之后，感觉好多了。
…you will celebrate Christmas by losing your position. 你就会通过丢了你的工作来庆祝圣诞节了。
[点拨] by losing your position 是介词短语作状语，表示方式。
e.g. You switch the radio on by pressing this button.
按这个按钮就能打开收音机。
By working hard he gained rapid promotion.
他工作努力因而晋级很快。
…many of us enjoy abundant comfort 我们很多人都非常舒适
[点拨] abundant---more than enough; plentiful 丰富的；充裕的。
e.g. We have abundant proof of his guilt.我们有传充分的证据证明他有罪。
Many thousands are in want of basic needs. 有几千人需要基本的必需品
[点拨] in want of sth---needing sth “需要某事物”。
e.g. The house is in want of repair. 这所房子需要修了。
Personally, I don’t care. 就我而言，我才不管呢。
[点拨] personally ---as far as I am concerned; for myself 意为“就我来说，就自己而言”，常用语一句话的开始，后有逗号。
e.g. Personally, I don’t like him at all. 就我而言，我一点都不喜欢他。
My business occupies me constantly. 我自己的事整天都忙不了了。
[点拨] 此句中occupy 意为“使忙碌，使从事”。
e.g. He was occupied with /in writing a novel. 他忙于写小说。
[点拨] occupy 用法小结：
1. occupy意为 “take up or fill (time, space, sb’s mind, etc)” “占据，充满（时间，空间，某人的头脑等）”。
e.g. The speech occupied three hours. 发言工占去了三个小时。
A bed occupied the corner of the room. 一张床占去了房间的一角。
2. occupy意为 “take possession of and establish troops in (a country, position, etc)” “（军事）占领（国家、阵地等）”。
e.g. The army occupied the enemy’s capital. 军队占领了敌国首都。
3. occupy意为 “live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)” “占用，占有（房屋、土地等）”。
e.g. The family have occupied the farm for many years.
这家人在农场已居住多年。
They occupy the house next door. 他们住在隔壁。
4. occupy oneself (in doing sth/with sth) “忙着（做某事）；忙（于某事）”。
e.g. How does he occupy himself now he is retired?
他既已退休，都如何打发日子呢？
They are all gone.他们都走了。
[点拨] gone 此处是形容词，意为“离开，离去”，另外，gone 还有“过去”之意。
e.g. Gone are the days when you could buy a three-course meal for under $1.
一顿饭吃三道菜不到一美圆，这日子一去不复返了。
And make it short, because it’s time to close up. 快点说，该关门了。
[点拨] close (sth) up “（尤指暂时）关闭（某事物）”。
e.g. Sorry madam, we’re closing up for lunch.
很抱歉，小姐，我们现在要关门吃饭。
He closes the shop up at 5.30.
他在5点30分停止营业。
close up 还可以指伤口愈合。
e.g. The cut took a long time to close up. 伤口经过很长时间才愈合。
Alone is what you are, and what you have been. 你是孤单的，你一直都是孤单的。
[点拨] 此句是倒装。alone 是副词，在句中作表语，这里是表语前置；其的主语为what you are 和what you have been.
Integrating skills
These are but shadows of the past. 这些只是过去的影子。
[点拨] but 此处是副词，意为“只，仅仅”。
e.g. He is but a boy. 他不过是个孩子。
I don’t think we can succeed. Still we can but try.
我想我们不会成功，但是，不妨试一试。
Another idol has taken my place. 另一个偶像取代了我。
[点拨] take sb’s/sth’s place`; take the place of sb/sth 代替某人/某事物
e.g. She couldn’t attend the meeting so her assistant took her place.
她不能出席会议，所以由助手替她。
Nothing could take the place of the family he had lost.
他失去了家庭，这一损失是无法弥补的。
That’s not what life is about! 钱不是生活的全部！
[点拨] what life is about 是从句作表语。
You only have eyes for money. 你就只爱钱。
[点拨] (only) have eyes for sb/sth. ; have eyes (only) for sb/sth---only be interested in or in love with (a specified person) （只）对……感兴趣；（只）爱恋/喜欢……
e.g. In Amsterdam, I had eyes only for the Rembrandts.
在阿姆斯特丹，我只想看伦勃朗的名画。
All the girls liked Fred, but he had eyes only for Helen.
姑娘们全都喜欢弗雷德，但是他却只对海伦感兴趣。
[点拨] have an eye/a good eye for… 意为“对……有眼光”。
e.g. He has an eye for the fair and the beautiful. 他有审美眼光。
You’ve got it all wrong. 你全弄错了。
[点拨] 此句中 all 副词，意为“completely 完全地”，修饰 wrong；wrong 是形容词，作it 的宾语补足语。
Nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow. 没有人比你更了解他了，可怜的人。
[点拨] know sb/sth well 对……熟知，对……很了解；do 代指knows。
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