雅思作文精讲：国际合作
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篇1：雅思作文精讲：国际合作
题目：
Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits have been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
国际合作到底带来了什么?
范文：
Nowadays, countries like to maintain a strong and healthy relationship with each other for several reasons. Many people argue that environment issues such as global warming, preservation of natural habitat of rare species and detrimental effects of nuclear energy could only be solved with mutual efforts. Others claim that nations join hands in order to achieve lucrative business opportunities around the globe.
如今，国家之间保持一种强大而健康的关系有几个原因。许多人认为，诸如全球变暖、珍稀物种自然栖息地的保护和核能的有害影响等环境问题只能通过共同努力才能解决。另一些人则声称，为了在全球范围内获得有利可图的商业机会，各国携手合作。
There is no denying that global warming is the biggest threat to the environment. That should be tackled on an emergency basis, one of the reason is that a large number of people are exploring and exploiting natural resources for the sake of their own benefits, which is damaging the environment on larger extent. Many countries have set up organisations that are researching on the causes and will proposed solutions to the problems. They are expecting to form some standards and legislation based on their research that would help on depletion of such issues.
无可否认，全球变暖是对环境最大的威胁。这需要在紧急的基础上解决，原因之一是大量的人为了自己的利益而勘探和开发自然资源，这在更大程度上破坏了环境。许多国家已经建立了组织，研究原因并将提出解决问题的办法。他们希望在他们的研究基础上形成一些标准和立法，以帮助减少此类问题。
On the other hand, many international food and hotel chains are expanding worldwide that are the source of employment for many people in developing countries. Another big advantage is to get potential labours in cheap rate, for example, the biggest giant of information technology ‘Apple’ has all its production in China because of low wages of workers and free if cost electricity provided by the Chinese government, thus tremendously helping both countries, as apple has low production cost and thus have huge profit margins, while people of china are getting jobs and their government are enjoying tax on the development and sales of each item of products,.
另一方面，许多国际食品和酒店连锁正在世界范围内扩张，这是发展中国家许多人的就业来源。另一大优势是廉价的潜在劳动率,例如,信息技术的最大的巨头“苹果”已经全部在中国生产,因为低工资的工人和免费的电力,因此极大地帮助这两个国家,像苹果生产成本较低,因此有巨大的利润空间,而中国的人们获得就业机会,政府获得税收。
To sum up, I would like to say that international cooperation is essential for the mutual benefits of countries, thus has significant positive effects on their economy and also create a new horizon of opportunities for their people.
综上所述，我想说的是，国际合作对各国的共同利益至关重要，因此对各国经济产生了重大的积极影响，也为各国人民创造了新的机遇。
雅思大作文范文：国际间合作
题目：Some people think the main benefit of international cooperationis in protection of the environment, while others think that the main benefit is in the world business. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
范文：
There is no doubt that international cooperation, from private enterprisesto governments, has become increasingly prevalent (= more popular these years). It is on account of growingly global economy, and it is beneficial for almost every country in the world.
近年来，私企和政府间的国际化合作变得广泛而流行。这是由于经济全球化的趋势和世界各国的利益共同导致的。
People firmly believe that the international cooperation is good for environment protection. It is well awarethat every country has its unique way to protect environment. For example, the Dutch do well in disposing of wastes. They point out that if their advanced technology can be introduced into the developing countries that are hardly to invent such good technology, not only some countries or groups but also all of the people living on the earth will benefit a lot. Of course, the countries that have invented these technologies will have to suffer from the damage in economy more or less.
一些人认为国际间合作有利于环境保护。各国在环保方面都有自己独特的技术和方法。欧洲就非常善于使用再生资源，例如：荷兰的垃圾处理。这些人指出如果能够把这些先进的技术引入到那些没有充分研发能力的发展中国家，受益的将不仅仅是某个国家或团体，而是所有居住在地球上的人类。当然，发展这些技术的国家将在经济方面或多或少的遭受一定的损失。
On the other hand, the view taken by other people is that the main advantage of internationalcooperation is in terms of business. It is true that the imports have been sold everywhere in my country. To illustrate, a modern car often consistsof different components from various countries. In the meanwhile, some necessary goods are always imported from other countries. However, the competition between local businesses and exoticones is going more intense.
另一些人提出，国际合作最大的受益者是商业。今天，在我的国家里进口商品随处可见。例如，一辆汽车往往由几个国家生产的配件组装而成。而且，一些生活必需品也需要进口。然而，本地商品与进口商品之间的竞争也日益激烈。
In my opinion, the meritsof international cooperation are in both environment and the business. Also, people ought to make the best use of international cooperation to solvethe serious worldwide problems such as global warming.
我的观点是：无论是商业还是环境保护都将获益于国际间合作。此外，人们应该更好的利用国际间合作去解决一些严峻的世界性问题，如全球变暖。
雅思写作范文:国际合作的好处
标题：
7月26日
Some people think the main benefit of international cooperationis in protection of the environment， while others think that the main benefit is in the world business. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
范文：
There is no doubt that international cooperation， from private enterprisesto governments， has become increasingly prevalent (= more popular these years). It is on account of growingly global economy， and it is beneficial for almost every country in the world.
近年来，私企和政府间的国际化协作变得广泛而盛行。这是因为经济全球化的趋势和国际各国的利益一起导致的。
People firmly believe that the international cooperation is good for environment protection. It is well awarethat every country has its unique way to protect environment. For example， the Dutch do well in disposing of wastes. They point out that if their advanced technology can be introduced into the developing countries that are hardly to invent such good technology， not only some countries or groups but also all of the people living on the earth will benefit a lot. Of course， the countries that have invented these technologies will have to suffer from the damage in economy more or less.
一些人以为国际间协作有利于环境保护。各国在环保方面都有自己共同的技能和办法。欧洲就十分长于运用再生资源，例如：荷兰的垃圾处理。这些人指出假如能够把这些先进的技能引进到那些没有充沛研发能力的发展中国家，获益的将不仅仅是某个国家或集体，而是一切居住在地球上的人类。当然，发展这些技能的国家将在经济方面或多或少的遭受一定的损失。
On the other hand， the view taken by other people is that the main advantage of internationalcooperation is in terms of business. It is true that the imports have been sold everywhere in my country. To illustrate， a modern car often consistsof different components from various countries. In the meanwhile， some necessary goods are always imported from other countries. However， the competition between local businesses and exoticones is going more intense.
另一些人提出，国际协作最大的获益者是商业。今天，在我的国家里进口产品随处可见。例如，一辆轿车往往由几个国家出产的配件组装而成。并且，一些生活必需品也需求进口。但是，本地产品与进口产品之间的竞赛也日益剧烈。
In my opinion， the meritsof international cooperation are in both environment and the business. Also， people ought to make the best use of international cooperation to solvethe serious worldwide problems such as global warming.
我的观点是：无论是商业仍是环境保护都将获益于国际间协作。此外，人们应该更好的利用国际间协作去解决一些严峻的国际性问题，如全球变暖。
雅思写作大作文-国际合作更有利于环境保护还是世界贸易?
12月15日雅思写作大作文：Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while other people think more benefits have been brought to world business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
关于国际合作及其产生的后果：国际合作更有利于环境保护还是世界贸易(跨国企业)?
关于 “international”问题，雅思大作文可谓频繁出现，主要涉及的话题包括国际旅游、国际慈善组织、国际新闻、国际合作等。比如下面的这几道题：
5月7日
“环境保护需要国际合作，个人什么也做不了”
6月22日
“孩子是否应该学习国际新闻的课程”
5月13日和208月13日
“国际旅游是好是坏，让人开拓视野还是让人变得更加偏见”
年6月6日
“援助应该针对本人，还是应该捐钱给国际慈善组织”
尤其值得关注的是，6月17日与1月25日两次考试的话题都是“世界贸易和国际旅游增加了人与人之间的交往，这是好事还是坏事”，而本次考试则稍微转换角度：国际合作对环境保护更有利还是对世界贸易更有利?
雅思培训名师唐老师解析：
很多同学一看见国际，环保，世界贸易这样的词汇，可能头一下就懵圈了，不知从何动笔。唐老师在这里告诉大家一个秘诀：任何话题，无论大小，都一定与我们生活相关，烤鸭们要做的就是挖掘这些话题与我们日常生活的实际关联。
那么，国际合作给环境保护带来了什么好处呢?唐老师首先想到的是技术，你无我有，大家相互交流，不是可以更好地保护环境吗?这里如果烤鸭有些日常知识，能举出一些环境保护的技术输出或输入的具体例子就更好了!其次是改变环保意识。在国际合作中，我们可能从其他国家那里学习到一些以前没有过的环保观念。当然，有些环境问题本来就不是个别国家的问题，需要国际合作。
然后，国际合作又给世界贸易带来什么好处呢?首先，国际合作可为用户提供更多选择;其次，国际合作可以提高产品的本土化和服务质量。这些都将促进世界贸易的发展。
最后，论述“我的观点”。这个题目提问的重点是国际合作带给环境保护和世界贸易的好处，究竟孰多孰少?在唐老师看来，这个问题实属无厘头：如果比较国际合作带给两个不太相关事物的好处多少?但烤鸭又必须要回答这个问题，因此需要提出一个自己的标准：就与我们日常生活的相关性看，国际合作好像对世界贸易的好处更大，因为它让我们直接感受到了它的影响，当然我也完全清楚国际合作对环保的影响同样巨大。
雅思培训名师唐老师范文
International cooperation is now everywhere: the clothes we wear, the food we eat, the car we drive - all may be the effects of international cooperation. Yet when it comes to issue of which of the two, the environmental protection or the world business, benefits more from international cooperation, opinions vary from one individual to another.
现在，国际合作无处不在：我们穿的衣服，吃的食品，驾驶的汽车，都有可能是国际合作的结果。然而，当谈及环境保护和世界贸易哪一个从国际合作中获益更多时，人们的意见就各不相同了。
Needless to say, international cooperation has helped a great deal in environmental protection. When dealing with some environmental issues like global warming, we need the joint effort of all countries across the world. Even in face of local issues, the new technology from other countries can be very helpful. When developing the high-speed train in China, for example, a technology called “air cleaner” from Russia is used, which has helped to reduce significantly the air pollution along the railway.
毋庸多言，国际合作对环境保护帮助很大。当处理诸如全球变暖这样的环境问题时，我们需要全球所有国家的共同努力。即使在面对地方问题时，从其他国家引进的技术也会很有用。比如，当中国开发高速列车时，就使用了一种俄罗斯的“空气清洁器”的技术，这个技术极大降低了沿轨的空气污染。
International cooperation has greatly expanded the world business as well. International cooperation can not only increase the productivity but also bring down the costs. It is because of international cooperation that American customers can enjoy the high-quality commodities from China at low prices and vice versa. Meanwhile, if countries work together, they can make their products and services more agreeable to the local people, which in turn will create more markets. For example, Microsoft products are all originally in English and were met with cold eyes 20 years ago when they entered China. It was only after Microsoft cooperated with Chinese programmers and converted the language to Chinese that its products have been widely accepted in China.
国际合作也极大地拓展了世界贸易。国际合作不仅提升了生产力也降低了成本。正是由于国际合作，美国的用户才能低价享受到来自中国的高品质商品，反之亦然。同时，如果不同国家一起合作，就能让其产品和服务更加适应于本地人，这反过来会创造更多市场。比如，微软公司的产品原本都是英语的，前进入中国时遭遇冷眼，一直到后来微软与中国编程人员合作，将语言转换成汉语，其产品才被中国广为接受。
It is hard, though, to determine which has benefited more from international cooperation. My immediate response would be that world business is the greater beneficiary. After all, I have seen with my own eyes how the expanded world business as a result of the international cooperation has changed my life. Of course, I am fully aware as well that our environment is becoming better and better thanks to the international cooperation.
然而，决定这两者谁从国际合作获益更多却很不容易。我的直接反应是，世界贸易是获益更多的一方。毕竟，我是亲眼看到国际合作如何拓展世界贸易，而这又是如何改变了我的生活。当然，我也十分清楚，由于国际合作，我们的环境越变越好了。
篇2：第二节国际合作
教学目的
1、 使学生能明白加强国际合作的重要性。
2、 理解联合国等国际组织在国际合作中的作用。
3、 懂得国际合作的价值，树立学生的全球意识，培养学生团结合作精神、及竞争意识。
教学重点
加强国际合作的重要性，联合国在国际合作中的作用
教学难点
联合国在国际合作中的作用
教学课时
1课时
教学方法
讨论法、讲授法、图片展示、谈话法等
教学方式
多媒体教学
教学板书设计
一 加强国际合作的重要性
1、人类生产和生活的自然资源的分布不均
2、各地的工农业产品不同
发达国家 发展中国家
3、面临共同的环境问题
4、各地的文化、经济等各异
5、国际局势局部冲突、公正合理的国际政治、经
济秩序还没建立等等
国际合作的有利的通信条件：发达的海底电缆、
通信卫星、国际互联网等信息传递方式
二、国际组织
1、国际组织：
为特定目的、通过条约或协议建立的有一定规章制度的团体
2、国际组织的作用：
在一定程度上维护了成员国的共同利益，在国际事务中发挥这积极的作用
3、联合国——目前世界上代表性最广泛、最有权威的综合性国际组织
联合国徽记、六大机构、安理会及其常任理事国、
缩写：un 总部：美国纽约
宗旨：
4、 其它国际组织
世界贸易组织wto 总部：瑞士日内瓦
欧洲联盟eu 总部：比利时布鲁塞尔
石油输出国组织opec 总部: 奥地利维也纳
国际奥委会ioc 总部: 瑞士洛桑
教学过程：
1、 由上节的“南北对话”、“南南合作”知识提及，向学生指
出二者的实质即“国际合作”而进入本节内容。
2、 通过演示一系列的国际合作实例进入新课，让学生感受到国际合作的范畴已涉及生活生产方方面面，走进千家万户，先从实际生活中感受国际合作的重要性。再引导学生分析为什么我们需要加强国际合作、国际合作给我们带来什么利益，从而得出国际社会对国际合作的需要：人类面临的共同的如和平与发展等一系列的问题需要加强国际合作。而快捷的通信条件如海底电缆、通信卫星、国际互联网等也为国际合作提供了有利的优越条件。
3、 由合作需要什么方式引入国际组织的概念及作用的讲解。
4、 举实例，用多媒体展示相应图片向学生介绍国际上重要的国际组织。重点介绍国际上最重要的国际组织即联合国。讲解联合国的性质、成立时间、总部、缩写，宗旨，机构（重点介绍安理会的职能及其常任理事国）。
5、 简介其它重要国际组织如：世贸，欧盟，欧佩克，奥委会，这四个组织要求学生记住其各自的缩写及总部所在国家和城市。指出国际组织现在数量很多，其建立目的各不相同，功用也各不同。再通过多媒体简单介绍如阿拉伯联盟、非洲统一组织、美洲国家联盟、东南亚国家联盟、世界卫生组织、联合国教科文组织、北大西洋公约等等。让学生再次感受国际组织下的国际合作深入社会深入人心，理解其对人类的重要贡献，理解国际合作，国际组织对人类的和平、发展的重要性。
6、 小结本课知识：国际合作的重要性，联合国，主要的国际组织。
篇3：国际合作计划简介
国际合作计划简介
1 目的意义 通过国际合作,扩展我国极地考察的.空间范围和考察的深度,提升我国的极地考察与研究水平以及后勤保障能力,增进国际合作与交流,维护和扩大我国的极地权益和国际影响力.
作 者：国际极地年中国行动计划编写组 作者单位： 刊 名：极地研究 ISTIC PKU英文刊名：CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLAR RESEARCH 年，卷(期)： 19(4) 分类号： 关键词：篇4：国际合作节英语作文
国际合作节英语作文
Today, the world is globalized and more and more foreigners come to China to seek for business cooperation. Many years ago, a non-profit organization named the second Saturday of July as the International Day of Cooperatives. Its purpose is to call for more cooperations between countries.
With the development of Internet, the world gets smaller, because the communication between countries has increased. America is the superpower all the time, but during recent times, there are so many business cooperation between Chinese people and American people. It is known to all that China’s market is full of vitality, so there is no doubt that cooperation between countries will be the main trend.
The cooperation happens all the time and it promotes the working efficiency. People can share the information and technology. They learn from each other, so as to gain the precious experience and make progress. China is the future, so more and more foreigners learn mandarin. They want to find a place here and make their achievement. We also can gain a lot when we work with them.
篇5：试论反垄断法的国际合作
试论反垄断法的国际合作
近年来，引入和加强竞争成为各国经济发展的一项重要机制，随着经济全球化与贸易自由化，竞争法的国际合作日益重要。反垄断法是竞争法律政策的重要组成部分，反垄断法的国际合作同样是竞争法律政策合作的一个重要方面。根据联合国贸易和发展会议秘书处的报告《竞争政策问题及所用机制方面国际合作的经验》，从广义理解，竞争法和竞争政策领域的国际合作可以涵盖“（1）旨在避免各国政府之间发生冲突的合作；（2）旨在便利执行反对限制性商业惯例的法规的合作；（3）为竞争法和竞争政策的制定、改革或执行提供技术援助，由这方面经验较多的国家提供给经验较少的国家；（4）促进竞争法或竞争政策的趋同或协调；（5）在区域集团范围内加强一体化”。[1]
wto同样正在积极地推动各国竞争法在上述范围的合作。根据多哈部长会议决定，在世界贸易组织至进行的新一轮多边谈判中，竞争政策是议题之一，各成员国极有可能达成关于竞争规则的协定。
本文主要侧重于国际上在统一协调反垄断立法和执法方面所进行的合作努力，探讨反垄断法国际合作发展的原因，介绍分析当前合作的整体状况、合作的重要领域、合作的主要机制，并对未来国际合作趋势以及我国反垄断立法的相应对策进行展望。
一、反垄断法国际合作兴起的原因分析
反垄断法国际合作的最早实践可以追溯到二战之后的哈瓦那宪章（havana charter）。wWW.11665.com二战之前的19世纪30时代与40年代之间，德国、日本和意大利均将卡特尔组织作为战争动员的战略；战后，美国的国会与反垄断机关调查发现了上述战争根源所在，因此美国对国际卡特尔有了极为厌恶排斥的态度。[2]1944年罗斯福总统宣称，卡特尔由于限制了对外经济中货物的自由流动，必须对其进行控制。在此背景下，美国支持建立一个维护国际贸易竞争秩序的国际贸易组织（international trade organization，ito），美国提出的国际贸易组织宪章草案（即后来的哈瓦那宪章）对限制竞争的商业行为进行合作控制作了规定。1948年3月，探讨组建ito的哈瓦那会议正式通过了哈瓦那宪章。宪章第5章指出，“缔约国必须采取适当的措施，并与本组织合作，管制国际贸易中限制竞争的商业实践，如分割市场或者增强垄断势力，而不管它们是由私人企业还是国营企业所为”。[3]然而由于国际贸易组织的流产，哈瓦那宪章没有生效，此后数十年中，反垄断法的国际合作没有较为实质的进展。
但是，近来，反垄断法的国际合作日渐兴盛。不仅美国等发达国家高度重视，而且发展中国家也逐渐表现出了极大兴趣。反垄断法合作在各种双边、区域以及多边性层次展开。目前，美国、欧盟等发达国家之间已经有了相当多的反垄断法合作双边协定；一些区域性组织，尤其是欧盟和oecd，致力于成员国反垄断立法和执法合作的开展；联合国贸易和发展会议、世界银行以及wto等国际性组织亦纷纷开展反垄断法国际合作的讨论与工作。
法律规则的演进总是反映现实的要求，反垄断法国际合作的开展同样也根源于现阶段的世界经济状况。当前国际经济的特征是企业经营全球化与贸易投资自由化；然而与此同时，“全球化的经济并未产生全球化的政府”，[4]各国反垄断立法执法情况各异。可以说，上述全球化与自由化的交织进程以及全球性反垄断执法的分散，正是各国开展反垄断合作的驱动力所在。
首先，伴随经济的全球化，各种反垄断行为亦同样全球化，“既然垄断的密谋者在全球范围内活动，反垄断机构同样必须在全球范围内合作”。[5]长期以来，美国一直依靠其反垄断法的域外适用对影响其本国的国际性垄断行为进行执法；但是，在经济全球化的时代，美国日益感到开展反垄断合作的必要性。对此，美国司法部反垄断司负责人joel l. klein 指出“当各种经济行为在日益大规模的全球化，强有力的国际反垄断执法对保障美国企业有进行竞争的机会和动力至关重要。强有力的反垄断执法不仅仅要求我们的执法有力迅速，也要求我们能够在需要时候从国外反垄断机构获得合作与协助” 。[6]所以，出于维护自身经济利益的考虑，美国成为呼吁反垄断国际合作的急先锋。然而，对于发展中国家，同样可以从开展反垄断国际合作中收益。对此，一个典型的例子是：一家巴基斯坦公司对其所需购买的4600吨电解洋铁进行招标，共有6家外国企业进行投标报价，其中三个出价最低的企业分别是一家卢森堡公司（报价出卖2300吨）、一家英国公司（报价出卖1500吨）、一家德国公司（报价出卖800吨）。三家出价最低公司报出的销售量总和恰好是此次招标的采购数量，巴基斯坦政府对这明显可能涉嫌串标的行为进行调查，然而由于巴基斯坦与有关国家没有反垄断执法合作的协定，最终未能在上述公司所在地获得足够证据，调查不得不以失败告终。[7]
另一方面，贸易和投资自由化的进程也促使各国政府考虑进行反垄断国际合作。近年来，世界各国在贸易和投资自由化的过程中，主要着眼点在于消除各种关税壁垒和关税壁垒。其中，最重要的成果即世界贸易组织的诞生，由此，产生了一个全球性的多边贸易体制。wto体制的本质特征在于消除来自政府的妨碍自由贸易的措施。然而，仅仅是消除来自政府方面的贸易壁垒并不能保障自由贸易的开展。事实上，来自企业的限制竞争行为，通过市场的划分、价格产量的合谋往往比政府的限制措施更能阻碍自由贸易的开展。例如，国内的生产商可以通过独家交易协议或者参与国内分销商的联合抵制而排除国外生产商的市场进入和竞争。因此，世界各国为了维护wto所确立的贸易和投资自由化政策的成果与有效性，从而也维护自身的经济利益，纷纷开始呼吁对国际贸易造成扭曲的国际性垄断行为进行合作执法。对此，正如欧盟所指出，“贸易与竞争政策互动关系的核心就是促进公平竞争。伴随一个限制政府制造贸易障碍的规则框架，应该同时考虑建立一个关注同样对wto成员的贸易投资产生影响的企业限制竞争行为的规则框架”。[8]而这正有赖于反垄断立法执法合作的深入开展。
二、反垄断法国际合作的整体状况
当前，反垄断法国际合作主要在双边、区域及多边三个层级开展。
（一）双边合作
反垄断法双边合作可以通过下列形式实现：（1）重点在竞争法的执法合作的双边协定；(2) 对于反托拉斯法规之下的刑事案和其他刑事案都适用的双边法律互助条约；(3) 两国家间缔结的含有反托拉斯合作条款的友好条约商务条约和航行条约；(4) 包括竞争法和竞争政策在内的经济规章方面双边技术合作协定。[9]
美国作为反垄断国际执法的急先锋以及反垄断法国际合作的主要倡导者，一直通过开展双边合作实现自己的目标。目前，美国签订的反垄断双边合作协定数量居各国之首，主要有：1976 年《美利坚合众国政府和德意志联邦共和国政府关于就限制性商业惯例开展相互合作的协定》、1982 年《美利坚合众国政府和澳大利亚政府关于合作处理反托拉斯问题的协定》、1991年《美利坚合众国政府和欧洲共同体委员会关于双方竞争法实施问题的协定》、1995 年《美利坚合众国政府和加拿大政府关于实施竞争和欺诈性营销惯例法的协定》、 年《美利坚合众国和澳大利亚关于相互实施反托拉斯法的协定》、 年《美利坚合众国政府和欧洲共同体委员会关于在竞争法执法过程中实施积极的礼让原则的协定》、 年《日本政府和美利坚合众国政府关于在反竞争活动问题上合作的协定》、1999 年《美利坚合众国政府和巴西联邦共和国政府关于双方竞争管理机构在执行竞争法方面合作的协定》、1999 年《美利坚合众国政府和以色列政府关于竞争法实施问题的协定》以及《美利坚合众国政府和墨西哥政府关于竞争法实施问题的协定》。比较有代表性的其他关于执行竞争法的双边协定如，1984年《德意志联邦共和国和法兰西共和国政府关于就限制性商业惯例进行合作的协定》、1994年《澳大利亚贸易惯例委员会和新西兰商业委员会合作和协调协定》、1999 年《加拿大和欧洲共同体关于使用竞争法的协定》，等等。值得注意并应当认真研究的是，我国政府在、分别与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦签订了《在反不正当竞争和反垄断领域开展合作的协定》。这是我国最早参与反垄断双边合作的实践。
许多这类协定的典型规定包括：通报对另一方重要利益有影响的执法活动；承诺在谈判或实施反对限制性商业惯例的办法时考虑另一方的重要利益(传统礼让)； 通过磋商设法解决双方在法律政策和国家利益方面的冲突；就两国出现的相互关联的限制性商业惯例采取协调行动；在己方重要利益受另一方境内的限制性商业惯例损害时请求对方协助调查；请求使己方命令能在对方境内得到执行承诺(在与国家法律及重要利益相符和具备资源的前提下)认真考虑关于此类协助调查或协助执行的请求，包括提供非机密性信息，以及在一些情况下提供机密信息(但有保障措施)。订得早一些的此类协定一般侧重于避免或掌握两国政府之间在执法程序中(尤其是在涉及治外行动时)产生的冲突，而新近的协定则既注意避免冲突也往往着眼于针对限制性商业惯例采取国际配合行动。
（二）区域合作
反垄断法区域合作的主要形式是自由贸易、关税同盟或共同市场协定。这类协定往往是区域性质的，可依缔约方设想的一体化程度和所设机构的超国家权力的范围而规定强度及详细程度不同的权利和义务。区域合作协定与上文双边协定的根本差别之一是前者订有实质性的竞争规则，规定了某种程度的协调（虽然在自由贸易协定中这一点远远不那么突出），而不仅仅是关于合作的程序规则。[10]这类区域性合作协定主要涉及制订或维持以及有效执行竞争法和竞争政策；对协定方相互贸易适用的竞争准则，有时随之规定不包括反倾销和/或反补贴税等贸易补救办法；广泛协调竞争法；控制补贴；控制国有企业或具有特权或专营权的企业的歧视做法或其他行动；超国家机构实施共同准则；国家机构与超国家机构之间以及国家机构相互之间就执法工作进行磋商和协调；解决争端；技术援助。
反垄断法区域合作的典型代表是欧盟。欧洲联盟订有超国家的竞争规则( 涉及限制性商业惯例公共企业和有特权或专营权的企业补贴)，这些规则通过罗马条约与建立共同市场的基本目标连在一起，这些规则适用于影响成员国之间贸易的做法，即便这些做法发生在欧洲联盟的.一个国家之内乃至一国的一个地区之内也一样，规定涉及：国家竞争法与欧盟竞争法并存，但欧盟法律优先；欧盟与各国竞争主管机关和法院( 也可适用欧盟法律) 职权分配办法，着眼于平衡辅从(subsidiarity 欧盟内部权力适度集中) 原则与竞争制度的统一性；合作调查或评估贸易惯例；交流文件资料( 包括机密资料)；听证会陈述；转达对决定征求意见稿的看法；欧盟机构向各国机构提供关于事实或欧盟法律的资料或介绍与之有关的裁定。
此外，美国、加拿大和墨西哥缔结了《北美自由贸易协定》，该协定规定各方采取或维持禁止限制性商业惯例或抵制限制性商业惯例的措施、就此类措施的效能相互磋商、并就执法问题进行合作，包括通过法律互助、通报、磋商和交流有关自由贸易区执法问题的信息。相比于欧盟的合作机制，《北美自由贸易协定》之下的办法规定的合作程度低得多。
另外，在非洲拉丁以及美洲地区，一些分区域集团仿效欧盟进行反垄断法合作。例如，1964年《建立中部非洲关税和经济联盟的布拉柴维尔条约》即已规定，应设法逐步消除成员国相互贸易中的限制性商业惯例；在建立《东部和南部非洲共同市场条约》之下，成员国仿照《罗马条约》第85 条，议定禁止在该共同市场有阻止、限制或扭曲竞争的意向或作用的限制性商业惯例；《安第斯分区域一体化协定》下的安第斯委员会通过第285 号决定，要求预防或纠正由限制自由竞争惯例引起的扭曲竞争现象。
我国参与的亚洲及太平洋经济合作论坛之下也有一个类似的可进行意见交流、技术合作及讨论竞争问题的机制，但相比于上述反垄断区域合作，尚处于非正式、不完善的阶段。
（三）多边合作
在多边层次，联合国贸发会议、oecd组织以及wto是三个推动开展反垄断合作的主要场所。
贸发会议主持下达成的《一套多边协议的管制限制性商业惯例的多边原则和规则》从1980年至今已有20余年历史，但仍是这一领域的唯一普遍适用的多边文书、唯一完全多边的竞争框架。20贸发会议还制定了《反垄断示范法》。
oecd组织作为发达国家俱乐部较早地对反垄断国际合作进行探讨，其成果代表发达国家先进经验往往迅速得以推广。oecd组织在反垄断合作方面的主要成果有《关于影响国际贸易的限制性商业惯例( 包括涉及跨国公司的限制性商业惯例)的建议》、《关于各成员国在竞争和贸易政策之间可能发生冲突的方面进行合作的建议》、《关于打击核心卡特尔的有效行动的建议》、《跨国企业指导原则》等。
wto是一个刚刚开始关注反垄断法国际合作的重要组织。wto新加坡部长会议宣言第20条规定，“我们还同意：建立一个工作组，研究成员提出的有关贸易与竞争政策相互作用的问题，包括反竞争行为，以便确认值得在wto框架内进一步考虑的领域”。据此，wto贸易与竞争政策相互作用工作组成立并开展工作。经过多年努力，20多哈第四届部长会议决定于201月31日到201月1日进行世贸组织成立以来的第一次多边贸易谈判，其中贸易与竞争政策关系是新一轮多边谈判的议题。如果新一轮谈判取得成功，将有可能就反垄断问题达成地第一份具有效力的多边国际协定。
与贸发会的《原则和规则》及上述经合组织文件不同，乌拉圭回合达成的各项协议具有法律约束力，并且还辅以有力的解决争端机制。其中包含关于竞争法和竞争政策的多种不同的规定，尤其是关于下列各点的条款或协议：国有企业和有专营权的企业；反倾销；补贴；保障措施；与贸易有关的知识产权问题；与贸易有关的投资措施问题；服务贸易，特别是电信和金融服务贸易。除了对所有与世贸组织有关的争端都适用的一般磋商程序外，还在下列诸项之下规定了特殊的磋商程序：(a) 关贸总协定1960 年11 月18 日关于限制性商业惯例问题磋商安排的决定； (b)《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》，其中规定，世贸组织一成员在考虑对另一成员的企业采取执法行动时，可与该成员磋商，以保证协议得到遵守，而此种行动针对的企业的所属国也可请求进行磋商；(c) 《服务贸易总协定》，涉及服务的垄断性提供者和专属提供者的某些商业惯例。后两项协定还规定交流非机密信息，并在遵守国内法律及有关保障机密的一项令人满意的协定的前提下交流机密信息。1960 年决定之下规定了一定程度的积极礼让；收到磋商请求的一方如也认为确实存在有害影响，应采取其认为合适的措施消除此种影响。在1947 年《关税及贸易总协定》(关税总协定)(现已纳入1994 年关贸总协定)第十七条之下也可推定协定方有某种积极礼让义务，即确保国营企业和具有专营权的私营企业在进出口货物方面不进行歧视，而尤其是在《服务贸易总协定》之下更是有义务管制垄断性的服务提供者和专营性的服务提供者的某些做法(辅以电信领域的更详细的义务和金融服务领域程度低一些的义务)。
三、反垄断法国际合作的重要领域
长期以来，各国反垄断法一般关注于本国的国内市场，制止本国领域内的限制竞争行为；同时利用本国反垄断法的域外效力对在发生在本国领土之外但损害本国利益的垄断行为进行执法，从而维护本国经济的利益和效率。从理论上而言，针对传统单个国家各自执行反垄断法的不足，反垄断法的国际合作不应该仅仅关注于本国的利益，而应该从更广的角度出发，对国际贸易造成扭曲影响的各种限制竞争行为开展执法；同时针对域外执法存在的困难以及可能引发的管辖权冲突，建立维护共同利益的合作机制。正如欧盟指出，反垄断法合作应该首先关注下列三种情况：（1）阻碍货物、服务、投资在各国自由流动的限制竞争行为，例如，进口卡特尔、特定的纵向限制竞争行为以及滥用市场支配力的行为；（2）影响多个国家市场的限制竞争行为，例如国际卡特尔、跨国公司合并；（3）主要对行为地之外的国家的市场造成损害的限制竞争行为，例如往往被本国政府豁免适用反垄断法的出口卡特尔。[11]
然而，由于各国经济发展阶段各异，对于反垄断法执法产生的利益也有不同的侧重，目前的反垄断法国际合作并尚未在上述领域全面实现。显而易见，相对只对外国竞争者或者外国市场产生不当影响的垄断行为（例如出口卡特尔），那些对本国市场或者对本国与国外市场都产生不当影响的垄断行为会更受到反垄断执法机关的关注（例如国际卡特尔、跨国合并），从而也在反垄断法的国际合作中为各国所共同接受，处于较为优先的地位。另一方面，相对各国反垄断法尚有不一致规定或者需要个案分析的限制竞争行为（例如纵向协议），那些危害性已被各国立法确认的垄断行为（例如横向限制竞争协议或者所谓“核心卡特尔”）也较容易开展国际合作。概而言之，目前反垄断国际合作较为成功的两大领域主要是在打击核心卡特尔与跨国合并审查方面的合作。
（一）国际性核心卡特尔（hard core cartel）
根据oecd组织《关于打击核心卡特尔》的有效行动的建议，所谓“核心卡特尔”指，竞争者之间进行固定价格、联合串标、限制产出、瓜分市场的限制竞争协议、联合行为和安排。[12]核心卡特尔通过提高价格或者限制产出，使得货物、服务对消费者要么遥遥不可及要么极度的昂贵，核心卡特尔因此损害在不同国家消费者的利益，被视为对竞争法最赤裸裸的违反。
国际性核心卡特尔的危害在美国司法部年查处的赖氨酸卡特尔一案中可见一般。此案中美国的archer daniels midland company公司与来自欧洲、亚洲的几家厂商达成在全球市场中固定赖氨酸价格与销售量的协议。据调查，在垄断协议达成的头3个月，全球赖氨酸的价格即上涨了70%，该年度全球赖氨酸的总销售量是5亿美元。[13]可见，国际卡特尔从全球消费者中榨取了超额利润。
国际卡特尔的危害极大，并且随着经济的全球化，国际卡特尔日益增多。根据美国司法部的统计，自从19，美国司法部起诉参与国际卡特尔的公司达50家以上，上述卡特尔涉及影响美国经济的数额达100亿美元。[14]其中，1997和在对违反垄断法的公司所处的4.72亿美元罚款中，对国际卡特尔的罚款占4.4亿美元，即针对国际卡特尔的罚款占美国司法部全部反垄断执法罚款的90%以上。[15]另据19美国出版的《公司犯罪报告》，国际卡特尔已经成为最为严重的公司犯罪，该报告列举出20世纪90年代最大的100宗公司犯罪，包括破坏环境、贿赂、偷税、垄断等罪行，其中，头4宗最大的公司犯罪中的3起，以及前10宗最大的公司犯罪中的6起都是国际卡特尔犯罪。[16]
总之，鉴于国际卡特尔对各国利益可能造成的严重损害，不管在单边、双边、区域还是多边层次，开展打击国际性核心卡特尔的合作都得到重视，oecd、wto以及联合国贸发会议（unctad）都极力强调打击国际性核心卡特尔。正如，unctad秘书处指出，“竞争法的中心任务是打击对核心卡特尔，应该尽可能消除核心卡特尔，这是目前为止在竞争法合作方面唯一最确定的共识”。[17]
（二）跨国合并审查
对企业合并进行审查、与打击限制竞争的联合行为、制止滥用市场支配地位的行为构成反垄断制度的三大支柱。大多数企业的合并，一般均受到各国反垄断执法机关的审查。
当前，随着经济的全球化，企业的跨国经营行为日益增多，这些企业的合并往往对多个国家构成影响。很显然，当合并行为对当地经济产生影响时，各国政府对于合并均有进行反垄断审查的管辖权。然而，到目前为止，已经有60多个国家确立了对企业合并进行反垄断审查的法律制度。[18]如此，可能出现的局面是“由于市场和企业的全球化，反垄断执法机关即将越来越多的发现，它们所审查的企业合并案件正同样被5个、10个甚至20个其他国家的反垄断机构审查”。[19]1995年，美国司法部诉kimberly clark公司和scott公司一案正是发生了上述的情形。kimberly clark和scott分别是美国得克萨斯和宾夕法尼亚的公司，两家公司在面巾纸和美国婴儿卫生用纸市场都处于优势地位， kimberly clark公司试图收购scott公司。美国司法部认为两家公司的合并将使kimberly clark公司占有面巾纸市场和婴儿卫生用纸市场份额的59%和50%以上，因此，向法院起诉阻止该合并。[20]在此案中，由于两家公司在其他国家的市场均有影响，加拿大、哥斯达黎加、欧盟和墨西哥都对该合并进行了反垄断调查，并禁止合并。[21]
可见，由于经济的全球化以及各国都建立自己的反垄断制度，企业合并受到多个反垄断执法机构的审查的情形将不鲜见。这种情况极大地引发了在实体方面与程序方面的问题。在实体方面，不同国家可能对同一企业合并可能做出不同的评价与裁决；在程序方面，多个国家的审查程序将使企业花费巨大的时间与精力，面对极大的交易成本。因此，“为了减轻多个国家的反垄断审查给合并交易中各方企业所带来的巨大负担，以及减少不同国家对同一合并得出不同审查结果所带来的冲突，不同国家反垄断执法机关之间建立合作关系至关重要” 。 [22]
目前，在反垄断法合作中，国家之间企业合并审查的合作占了极大的比例。据统计， 2000年，欧共体与美国之间根据《关于双方竞争法实施问题的协定》所进行的案件通知中，欧共体对美国通知了104起反垄断执法案件，其中85起是企业合并案件；而美国向欧共体通知的58起反垄断案件中，49起是企业合并案件。[23]四、反垄断法国际合作的主要机制
欧共体与美国之间的反垄断法合作开展得较早，也较为成熟。以他们之间开展的合作实践为例，反垄断法国际合作的机制主要有通报、信息交流、礼让等。
（一）通报
反垄断执法机构之间就特定案件情况的相互通报，是反垄断合作最简单又常见的一种方式。根据欧共体与美国《关于双方竞争法实施问题的协定》，当一方的执法活动可能影响另一方的重要利益时，应向另一方进行通报，这种情况主要包括：（1）一方的执法活动牵涉另一方的执法活动；（2）一方的执法活动针对在另一方领土上进行的限制竞争行为；（3）一方审查的企业合并交易中有一个以上的交易当事人或控制交易当事人的企业是根据另一方法律设立；（4）一方的执法活动涉及被另一方所要求、鼓励、赞成的行为；（5）一方所采取的执法措施将涉及对在另一方领土上进行的行为的强制要求或禁止。[24]
欧共体与美国在运用通报程序进行反垄断方面取得了巨大的成功，从1991年双边合作协定签署以后，双方通报的案件愈来愈多，而且涉及合并与非合并的反垄断案件。（见下表）
欧共体与美国反垄断法合作中的案件通报[25]
年度 欧盟的通报 美国的通报 合并审查案件的通报
ftc
司法部 合计 欧盟 美国 1991 5 10 2 12 3 9 1992 26 20 20 20 11 31 1993 44 22 18 40 20 20 1994 29 16 19 35 18 20 1995 42 14 21 35 31 18 1996 48 20 18 38 35 27 1997 42 12 24 36 30 20 1998 52 22 24 46 43 39 1999 70 26 23 49 59 39 2000 104 26 32 58 85 49（二）信息交流
在美国与欧共体现有的合作机制中，双方就非机密信息可在下列情况进行交流：（1）双方官员每年至少会晤两次，以便就各自反垄断执法的状况与重点、双方有共同利益的经济部门、可能的政策变化以及其他涉及竞争执法的事项进行交流；（2）每一方应向另一方提供已经为他所注意到的有关限制竞争行为的重要信息，这些信息将牵涉或者引发另一方反垄断机构的执法活动；（3）根据另一方的要求，每一方应该向另一方提供他所掌握的、关系另一方正在考虑或开展的执法活动的信息。
对于机密信息，每一方没有义务通告那些为本国禁止泄漏的信息，以及将损害己方重大的信息；而且，每一方对于另一方提供的机密信息有保密义务，并且尽可能不向未经授权的第三方要求该类信息的公开。[26]
（三）礼让原则
美国与欧共体合作机制中，最有特色的是其中的“消极礼让原则”（negative comity）和“积极礼让原则”(positive comity)。
消极礼让原则，指每一方在反垄断执法的任何阶段都应该保证考虑另一方的重要利益。在波音和麦道公司合并一案，双方即运用了消极礼让原则。6月26日欧共体就此案要求美国政府考虑欧共体的重要利益，例如维持民用客机市场的竞争性；与此同时，美国政府要求欧共体注意美方在国防方面的利益。最后，礼让在一定程度上发挥作用，欧盟委员会以符合欧洲联盟法律为限考虑到美国政府就美国重要的国防利益表示的关注并考虑到不宜强制出售股权，因此将其行动的范围限于这两家公司的民品业务批准了合并但附加一些条件，其中不包括强制出售股权。
积极礼让原则，指如果一国的竞争主管机关请求另一国主管机关就其境内损害前者重要利益的限制性商业惯例提起诉讼或扩大诉讼范围，则后一主管机关应对此请求加以认真考虑。对这种请求的答复仍是自愿性质的；反之，请求国也保留自行提起诉讼或重新提起诉讼的权利。这种协定中还明确承认在双方市场都受损害的情况下宜进行平行调查。第一项订有积极礼让条款的双边竞争协定是1991 年美国与欧洲共同体委员会协定。该协定后来又有1998 年协定作为补充(不适用于合并) 其中提出了“增强的积极礼让(enhanced positive comity)”即设定受影响方的竞争主管机关在己方消费者未受直接损害时，或在反竞争活动主要发生在针对另一方境内时，推迟或暂停己方的执法行动(美国联邦执法机构受此协定约束但法院不受此协定约束)。 各方保证投入适足资源并尽最大努力调查向其提交的事项，并按请求或按合理的时间间隔向对方的竞争主管机关通报案件处理情况。在实践中积极礼让规定的应用似主要在于请求方希望保护出口贸易、减少在此类情况下求助于治外行动的必要。尽管并非只有在请求国的竞争法受到违反时才能提出请求，但只有在被请求国的竞争法受到违反时才会考虑采取行动。就此而言不可能因积极礼让规定而对出口卡特尔等情况采取行动。积极礼让原则的应用较为有限。至今为止积极礼让程序仅仅正式动用过一次。美国司法部要求欧盟委员会调查有关指控：三个欧洲航空公司设立的一个计算机订票系统以反竞争的方式运作阻止设在美国的计算机订票系统在欧洲市场上竞争。[27]
五、反垄断法国际合作的展望以及我国的对策
（一）反垄断法国际合作的展望
1、多层次国际合作局面的并存
当前反垄断法国际合作的基本特征是双边、区域以及多边层次的合作并存。这三种合作形式各有利弊，将可以互相补充，共同存在。
双边合作的优点在于可以针对两个国家所关心的具体问题进行规定，具有较强的针对性、适用性和可操作性。因此，这是现阶段最为有效的反垄断法国际合作。但其缺点在于这种合作的范围有限，如果运用这种合作形式，一个国家需要与其他很多国家订立多个合作协定（例如美国），但是内容大同小异，可见如果单纯依赖双边合作，那么在全球范围内开展合作的成本将很大，程序极为繁琐。而且，双边合作一般只能就范垄断执法中的程序性问题做出约定，无法涉及实体问题，如此无法从根本上消除反垄断执法的冲突，最明显的例子是，尽管美国和欧盟之间有先进的双边合作协定，但在两国关于企业合并的合作中，双方的观点往往大相径庭，这很大一部分原因在于双方在反垄断法的实体规则中存在差异。
区域合作能对实体问题做出同一规定，同时可以对多个成员国家产生约束力，因此可以克服双边合作存在的缺点。与此同时，反垄断区域合作开可以与其他措施结合（例如贸易投资自由化），形成区域经济联盟。所以，除了欧盟之外，在美洲、非洲、亚太地区都存在程度各异的反垄断区域合作。不过，区域合作无法对区域之外的成员产生效力及适用于区域之外的反垄断执法合作，因此仍具有局限性。
多边合作的优点在于可以弥补上述两种合作形式的不足，在更广乃至全球范围内建立合作机制，尤其可以对一些基本问题达成有效力的国际协定，从而指导约束各国的反垄断执法，有效解决反垄断管辖权的冲突问题。不过，多边合作并不能排斥其他合作形式，因为多边合作由于参与的国家众多，各国发展程度、法律体制不同，所以，在多边合作情况下所能达成的协定往往是各方的妥协，对一些最起码共识的重申，而对于一些有争议性的细节问题往往无能为力。相比之下，发达国家有时候更热衷于小范围的合作，因为这能够直接的解决它所面临的问题。
综上所述，双边、区域和多边合作各有利弊，目前反垄断法国际合作多层次并存的状况将继续下去。
2、灵活性与渐进性的合作方式
尽管经济日益全球化，但是各国经济发展程度各异，依旧有许多国家尚未有反垄断立法，或者未有效认识反垄断法的重要性，或者将关注焦点置于其他更为优先的考虑。在这种情况下，许多国家认为，目前的反垄断法国际合作应该采取灵活性与渐进性的方式。
换言之，反垄断法国际合作应该考虑各国基本国情的差异，允许各国在反垄断规则中有一定的差异性。特别是对于发展中国家，反垄断法国际合作应该考虑发展中国家的特殊情况，给与有差别与优惠性的对待。正如世界贸易组织年第四届部长级会议通过的《部长宣言》确认，“我们认识到发展中国家和最不发达国家需要在该领域获得更多的技术支持和能力建设，包括政策分析和发展，以便他们能更好地评估更加紧密的多边合作对他们的发展政策和目标以及人力和机构建设的影响。以此为目的，我们应与其他有关政府间组织，包括联合国贸易与发展会议，进行合作；并通过适当的地区和双边渠道为他们的需求提供更多和适合的资源支持” [28]。
3、wto的作用将更加突出
世界贸易组织2001年第四届部长级会议（多哈会议）通过的《部长宣言》确认了建立一个多边框架来加强竞争政策对国际贸易和发展的贡献的必要性，同意在wto第五届部长级会议后，以《谈判方式会议》上经由明确一致达成的决定为基础，来进行竞争政策的谈判，并且谈判应在不迟于年1月1日前结束，第五届wto部长级会议将评估谈判中取得的进步，提供任何必要的政治指导，并采取必要的决定，当所有领域的谈判结果出台的时候，将召开一次部长级会议的特别会议，就这些结果的接受和实施做出决定。
事实上，wto目前关于竞争法的谈判工作本质上基本是关于反垄断法的问题。根据多哈会议《部长宣言》，从现在到wto第五届部长级会议这段时间，贸易和竞争政策互动工作组将就以下方面的澄清做进一步的工作：核心原则，包括透明度、非歧视和程序上的公平以及核心卡特尔(hard core cartels)规定；自愿合作方式；支持通过能力建设逐步的加强发展中国家的竞争机制。对于发展中国家和最不发达国家参与者的需要应给予完全的考虑，应就解决这些需要给予适度的灵活性。[29]
可以预见，wto可能达成对其140多个会员具有约束力的涉及反垄断法内容的竞争规则协定，从而极大地推动当前的反垄断法国际合作。
（二）我国反垄断立法的相关对策
1、我国反垄断法的域外效力
在目前经济全球化，各种国际卡特尔以及企业跨国合并行为日益增多的情况下，我国的反垄断立法不应该仅仅关注本国领域内的限制竞争行为，还应该适用于在域外发生但对我国市场具有影响的限制竞争行为。概而言之，我国反垄断法应该采取“域外效力原则”。
“域外效力原则”又称“效果原则”或“影响原则”，其基本含义是指，发生在域外的法律行为，只要其“效力”或“效果”影响了国内的市场竞争，不管其主体的国籍如何，反垄断主管机构都可以依据本国的反垄断法对其行使管辖权和处罚权。这项原则目前广为美国、欧盟等国立法例采用，我国应予以借鉴，从而维护我国利益。
2、追踪国际发展动向，加强反垄断国际合作
反垄断已经成为国际上的热点问题之一，得到越来越多的国际组织如联合国贸发会议、wto、oecd等的广泛关注。反垄断立法的国际化和执法的国际化，以及中国加入wto的新形势，都要求我们必须时刻关注国际反垄断发展的新动向，加强反垄断的国际合作，广泛吸收国外成功的立法和执法经验，与国际通行作法相衔接，搞好国内国际两个领域的反垄断工作。[30]
在当前，值得注意的是，wto即将启动涉及竞争政策谈判，我国作为wto成员应该积极参与有关规则的制定，提出有利于自身利益的主张和建议。一方面，要注意达成的规则能够有效保护本国市场免受国际性限制竞争行为（包括跨国企业合并）的损害；另一方面要避免达成的规则成为类似当前“反倾销”规则的一种新的贸易保护工具，从而使我国的对外经贸或企业活动受到不当的影响。与此同时，我国国内的反垄断立法应注意与即将达成的多边协定相一致。
篇6：值得关注的国际合作
值得关注的国际合作
我国机床行业的发展证明,与国外的合作是加快技术发展的有效捷径.在过去的二十多年中,行业内许多企业都和国外建立了合作生产、技术引进、来料来图加工、合资经营等合作关系,对促进企业技术进步起到了积极的作用.加入wTO后,随着关税的降低,中国经济的持续快速发展,成为世界关注的热点.廉价劳动力,较好的`基础和丰富的资源正在使中国变成一个世界制造工厂.合作合资无疑是国外企业进入中国最便捷的办法,新一轮国际合作的热潮即将兴起.
作 者：法景涛 作者单位：中国机床工具工业协会国际部 刊 名：世界制造技术与装备市场 英文刊名：WORLD MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING & MARKET 年，卷(期)： “”(1) 分类号：F4 关键词：篇7：国际合作社日是几月几日
人们已确认了合作社作为社团和企业的重要性，因为公民可通过合作社有效地改善自己的生活，同时为其社区和国家的经济、社会、文化和政治的进步作出贡献。合作社运动已被视为国家和国际事务中的独特和主要的利益有关者。
合作社运动高度民主，在地方上享有自主，但在国际上却是一体化的。它属于社团和企业的组织形式，通过该组织，公民本身可依靠自己承担责任，实现经济目标及社会和环境的目标，如消除贫穷、确保生产性就业和鼓励社会一体化等。
1992年，通过国际合作社联盟与促进和推动合作社委员会的共同努力，联合国大会通过1992年12月16日的第47/90号决议宣布设立国际合作社日。
篇8：发展差异与国际合作教案设计
发展差异与国际合作教案设计
【教学目标】
1、了解世界主要国家和地区概况，知道国界线的划分情况。
2、了解发达国家和发展中国家的划分情况，掌握主要的发达国家。
3、了解国际合作的重要性，掌握世界主要的国际组织。
【教学重点】
发达国家和发展中国家
【教学用具】
教学挂图，投影片
【教学过程】
1、国家和地区。
提问：世界上面积最大的国家和最小的国家?最大俄罗斯，最小梵蒂冈。据图找出世界面积前六位的国家，记住他们所在的大洲，首都和轮廓特征。
人口最多的国家：中国，印度。找出人口占前十位的国家，找出所在的大洲，看看哪一个洲的人口最多。
最大的地区：格陵兰岛。
政治制度：社会主义，资本主义。
补充：国界线的划分是一个很复杂的`问题，有的依据山脉、河流、海洋，经纬线等自然情况划分，有的根据语言、民族、总结等社会经济情况划分。如美国和加拿大，智利和秘鲁等。世界各国无论大小，贫富，一律平等。
2、发达国家和发展中国家。
划分标准：经济发展水平的差异。
发达国家：北半球的北部：美国，加拿大，英国，法国，德国，意大利，澳大利亚等。
发展中国家：北半球的南部，南半球：中国，印度。
强调：南北对话就是发展中国家和发达国家之间的对话，北代表发达国家，南表示发展中国家。近年来许多发展中国家发展迅速，如亚洲的韩国，印度的计算机软件产业等。这一课是本章的重点内容，要掌握世界主要发达国家所在的大洲和位置，轮廓等特征。
3、国际合作。
读课本，明确国际合作的重要性和必要性。发展中国家需要：资金，技术，人才。
发达国家需要：资源，劳动力，土地。
世界主要的国际组织：联合国、世界贸易组织、欧盟、奥林匹克运动会等。
联合国是世界上最大的国际组织，总部在美国的纽约。五个常任理事国：美国、英国、法国、俄罗斯、中国。
补充：掌握世界主要组织的英文缩写，标志，主要职能等。
篇9：金融监管国际合作制度双边模式探讨
各国通过金融监管国际合作制度为金融市场提供的金融稳定这一全球公共物品，制度模式表现出多元化的特点。监管合作既有双边模式、区域模式也有多边模式。这三种模式在合作基础、运作方式等方面均有所不同。本文主要对金融监管国际合作制度的双边模式展开研究分析。
双边合作模式的合作基础
(一)金融监管双边合作的两种博弈类型
双边合作作为国家间交往的一种重要模式，应用领域非常广泛，从投资、贸易、科技、文化到军事防务、争端解决，几乎涵盖国家交往中的所有领域。双边合作所表现出的广泛性，主要是由于在这一交往模式中，参与方数量少且固定，合作程度的可选择空间非常大，从对双方具有完全约束性的正式双边条约(bilateraltrea?ty)，到不具有约束效力的谅解备忘录(memo?randaofunderstanding)、联合公告(jointpressre?leases)，参与方可以根据议题的领域、谈判的时间、国内的政治情况自主决定最终进行合作的方式。双边关系的本质是典型的双人博弈过程，在这一博弈过程中，会因为议题的不同而呈现出不同的博弈类型。在金融监管的双边合作关系中，国家其实面临着两类博弈情境。首先，国家与他国，特别是在全球金融市场中与本国金融市场相比，具有较弱竞争力的国家，在金融监管合作领域中呈现出典型的囚徒困境的博弈模式。尽管二者都明白在金融监管领域进行合作，对两国而言将获得更高的绝对收益。但同时，对于具有较强金融市场竞争力的国家而言，如果在金融监管领域展开合作，特别是就集中性较强的证券市场准入问题展开合作，会加大本国企业在证券市场上的融资压力。因此，对于处在这种金融关系中的两国，所具有的合作意愿是不同的，对于占有金融市场竞争优势的国家而言，并不具有强烈的合作激励。其次，金融交易技术手段的创新与便捷，使得巨额资本可以在很短的时间内完成跨境转移，从而给一国的资本市场与外汇市场带来巨大波动;与此同时，现代金融交易技术与金融交易工具的创新，也给金融犯罪带来了更多的机会空间。就维护两国金融市场稳定，保护消费者利益与打击金融跨境犯罪而言，两国的合作关系又体现出了“性别之争”[1]107型的博弈模式①。即两国对于在维护金融市场稳定与打击金融跨境犯罪领域应当进行合作是具有共识的。但是，鉴于相关的金融利益集团在每个国家中的政治地位与影响力有所不同，两国会在合作的范围与方式等具体执行问题中存有分歧。
(二)合作的基础
前文阐述了金融监管双边合作中的博弈类型，说明了两个国家面对金融监管的不同问题，具有不同的合作激励。除了合作激励以外，双边金融监管合作制度的建立，还需要具备以下四个方面的条件。第一，两国具有较高的交易频率。威廉姆森将交易频率分为一次、数次和经常三种类型[2]35。交易频率的高低在一定程度上决定着两国间关系的联系程度。较高的交易频率意味着两国之间的联系度较高，有着较强的相互依赖关系。特别的两国在金融领域具有较高交易频率，就意味着由此产生的.较强相互依赖关系，将给两国带来较高的监管合作激励，进而提升两国进行金融监管双边合作的意愿。第二，两国具有较高的同质性。国家的同质性主要表现在两个方面，国家的经济类型与政治制度。两国如果同属市场经济型国家，且具有较为相近的政治制度，那么，两国就具有较高的同质性。金融是社会经济领域的一个重要组成部分，两个具有不同经济类型的国家，在经济发展与管理理念中会表现出一定的差异性，而这种差异性也会反映在金融监管领域，包括金融监管的目标、金融监管的水平和监管部门的实际执行能力。这种差异性越高，意味着金融监管双边合作制度中的交易费用就越大，而过高的交易费用很可能使得双方对监管合作望而却步。如果两国政府能够克服经济类型的差异性，而决定开展金融监管合作，但如果两国的政治制度存在较大的差异性，则会使得政府间达成的合作方案，在不同政治制度下最终获得通过的概率有所不同，而这将直接影响金融监管合作制度的顺利执行。第三，两国之间的了解程度。两国之间的了解程度主要是指各自对对方金融监管领域中的法律制度与监管模式的了解程度。两国之间的了解程度与交易频率有关，两国在金融领域的交往频率越高，势必对彼此的监管法律制度与监管模式了解的就越多。基欧汉与奈在关于世界政治的复合相互依赖理论中，对复合相互依赖的三个特征做出了详细的描述。其中，第一个特征就是强调社会之间的多渠道联系。这种多渠道联系包括国家间联系、跨政府联系和跨国联系三个层面①。跨国银行与跨国公司构成了跨国联系的主力。两国在金融领域中较高的交易频率，表明了两国跨国金融企业往来密切。跨国金融企业通过具体实践可以更多的、更为具体的了解对方的金融监管法律制度与监管模式，进而帮助本国政府在实践层面而非原则层面了解对方的监管法律制度与模式。第四，两国之间的政治关系。两国之间的政治关系是决定两国能否在金融监管领域开展双边合作关系的一个前提性因素。如果两国存在根本政治分歧，甚至处于严重政治对立状态，即使已经具备了前三项双边合作条件，两国也绝对不可能在对国家具有重要战略意义的金融领域展开双边合作，甚至会单方面终止已经存在的双边合作关系。由此可知，两国间的政治关系直接决定了金融监管双边合作的存续。
篇10：金融监管国际合作制度双边模式探讨
(一)美国—欧盟间的双边合作模型
美国与欧盟，作为世界上最大的两个金融市场，代表了现代金融的发展方向。两个金融市场之间联系紧密，欧洲企业15%的股权融资来源于美国市场②，美国在银行业与其他金融部门的对外直接投资的50%是在欧盟，而在银行与保险领域的欧洲投资者将75%的对外直接投资投向了美国③。鉴于美欧金融市场如此紧密的联系，美国与欧盟在设立了美国—欧盟金融市场监管对话机制(US?EUFinan?cialMarketsRegulatoryDialogue，简称FMRD)。美国与欧盟委员会派出本国的高层决策者与监管者，通过一系列正式与非正式会议实现双方的经常性对话机制。双方的会议议程，主要包括对各自管辖区域内有关监管政策变化的信息分享，解决双方的监管冲突以及协调双方金融监管方面的政策法规。由FMRD负责解决的问题包括同意逐步完成美国通用会计准则与国际金融报告标准的趋同;由美国证监会(USSecur?itiesandExchangeCommission，简称SEC)负责组建一个监管大型非银行性金融联合企业的部门，以符合欧盟对金融联合企业的监管要求;以及制定新的外国私人发行者撤销登记的监管要求。美欧金融监管双边合作机制取得了良好的效果。欧盟委员会在的一份有关美欧金融市场发展关系的报告中指出，美欧良好紧密的金融市场关系，为两个市场间节省了60%的贸易交易成本，增加了50%的双边贸易量以及降低了9%的股权融资成本①。美国与欧盟之间的金融监管双边合作关系之所以能够取得如此良好的成果，主要是因为双方具有良好的政治关系，在金融市场上具有较高的交易频率和紧密的市场联系，在经济类型与政治制度方面较为相似，对彼此的金融监管法律制度与监管模式有着较为深刻的了解，且金融企业间的联系紧密，符合上述金融监管双边合作的所有条件。
篇11：国际合作促进越南遥感发展
国际合作促进越南遥感发展
在总结越南遥感技术发展历程的基础上,探讨越南遥感应用的主要数据源以及限制因素,解析国际合作和数据共享在越南遥感发展过程中的`重要作用.最后,通过对比中巴地球资源卫星CBERS和美国陆地卫星Landsat TM数据的技术指标,探讨CBERS数据在越南资源与环境研究中的应用潜力,为CBERS数据用于世界资源研究提供案例.
作 者：赵晋陵 Zhao Jinling 作者单位：中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京,100101;中国科学院研究生院,北京,100039 刊 名：中国科技资源导刊 英文刊名：CHINA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES REVIEW 年，卷(期)： 41(3) 分类号：V557 关键词：国际合作 遥感 数据共享 CBERS 越南篇12：雅思作文
题目：电脑网络优缺点分析
With computers and Internet, people can study and work without going to school or company. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
范文：
When it comes to the issue about the Internet, some people argue that their efficiency will be lower if they could study or work at home using the Internet, but I cannot agree with this opinion.
Initially, using the Internet could serve as an efficient contributing factor to save more time for people. For those who live in a metropolis, it is common for them to spend two or even three hours on the way to schools or companies and back home. However, distance learning or working assists them to avoid the possible traffic congestion they may meet during the commuting time. Thus, because of the existence of Internet, learners or workers are potent to distribute more time to their study or work.
Furthermore, it is beneficial to study or work at home because people could arrange their schedules more freely. Some students or workers have the higher efficiency during daytime while others may be more efficient at night. Studying or working at home enables individuals to allocate their time to different tasks according to their willingness. For example, for some art subjects, inspiration could be sparked better during a silent night, but not common working time.
But the refuting voice may come from the opponents that working or studying alone at home may deprive people of the chance of communication; however, they oversimplify this situation. It is true that most employees or learners do tasks at home by themselves, but the fact is that they still have various methods to communication with peers or workmates, and it is the Internet that also provides them with convenient ways of keeping in touch with other people.
In conclusion, people could benefit more if they adopt the way of working or learning by Internet, considering that they could save more time and have a free timetable.
篇13：雅思作文「通用」
雅思作文模板「通用」
开头
This graph/pie chart/table/bar chart reflects the (rate/percentage/proportion/number …) of (对象) in(place/country)from …to…
According to the figure ， it is not surpring findings that there was/were 总体趋势的描述(the overall trend tended to indicate…/the general trend is…/其他)
结尾
In conclude ， the overall trend tended to illustrate ……during this **-year period
雅思小作文模板——线状图
1.先(上升/下降)后(下降/上升)，之后便平稳
According to the data ， the years from …to…saw/winess a rise/climb/drop in the number/rate/percentage/proportion of 对象 from数据to数据，which was followed by a rapid decrease/reduce/increase over the ** years.
The number/rate…droped/went up again from…in ** year to…in ** year and then went up/clined gradually until ** year ，when there was a leveling off/leveling out at 数据 for 一段时间。
2.对峰值和低谷的描述
Also it can be noticed that in ** year ，the number/percentage … reached the buttom . However/on the contrary，**year saw the peak during this period.
……时间点 ，when the number/percentage reached(amounted to)to a peak of… / a high point at …
……时间点，when the number/percentage bottomed out (at…)
3.趋势相同描述
The proportion/number of 对象 in the xx and xx are similar and follow the same trend.In ** the figures were xx% and xx% respectively，rising to xx% and xx% respectively in **，after dipping to xx% and xx% respectively in **.(总体的趋势介绍)Thereafter，分开介绍即可
4.对未来的表述以及转换词
…is projected to…… as to
…is expected to…… as for
…is forcasted to …… …is estimated to…
5. 对波动的描述
as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of…
如图所示，两条曲线描述了…的'波动情况。
……fluctuated dramatically between xx% and xx% during …period .
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列： as well as(句首/中)， also， as well(句尾)， either， neither， too， moreover， furthermore， in addition， additionally， besides， what’s more， apart from …
举例： for example， for instance， to illustrate， as an illustration， in particular， particularly， especially
事实： as a matter of fact， in fact， actually， as long as， so long as …
雷同/近似：similarly， likewise(句首/尾)， at the same time， equally …
转折： however， whereas， nevertheless， nonetheless， though， although， even though， while， yet， on the contrary， contrarily， in contrast， conversely， on the other hand， unlikely， instead (of)， in spite of， despite of …
雅思小作文模板——饼状图
1.描述
It is clear that the most (adj.) xx is A， which accounts for m% of all x . B is the next largest(adj.)xx ，n% lower than A of all x and followed closely by C . The above three items of xx take uo about o% of the x%
By contrast D E andF make uo the smallest percentage of total x ， which are p% q% and r% ，respectively.
The regions can be divided into two groups-one where … and the other where the reverse is the case.
2.比较，占据，百分数
Form， comprise， make up， occupy
Constitute， cover， represent， account for
Be shared by
In 1950， the urban population represented less than 13% of the total. It is now about 40% and is expected to reach 60% by 2030. (摘自BBC)
3.比例，倍数
A quarter of…
Half of…
A majority of…
A has something in common with b
A shares some similarity with b
The difference between a and b lies in…
Double， triple， quadruple (v， n， adj)
原来的2倍-double， 50→100
原来的3倍-triple， 50→150
原来的4倍-quadruple， 50→200
The value of the house has increased fourfold (=it is now worth four times as much as before).
…be twice as adj. as …..
…more than xx times as adj. as …..
雅思小作文模板——柱状图
柱状图和线型图写法一致，并且结合饼状图来写!
表格题
1. 找出最大值，最小值，以及一般值
2. 进行分析比较，找出近似值和相差很大的数值
常用句式
1.a is nearly /more than…times as much/many/large as b.
a是b的…倍。
3. be the same as…
与…相同
4.表原因的句子：
(1). cause-effect (较常用) ：XXX lead to / bring about / result in/ account for … (一个句子/shared the same tendency)， therefore / thus / hence / as a result / consequently / (and) so …
(2). effect-cause (较常用)
XXX be caused by / result from / be the result of / be the effect of / be the consequence of … (一个句子/shared the same tendency)， because …
it is adj. that …
it is unimaginable that …
it is undeniable that …
it is interesting to discover that …
篇14：雅思作文
雅思小作文是看图写作文的类型，根据图表的不同，我们可以把它分为7大类。
雅思大作文是立论作文，我们可以根据文章的逻辑和主题进行分类。
雅思小作文7大题型
流程图
地图题
饼图
曲线图
混合图
柱状图
表格图
雅思大作文6大题型(按文章逻辑分)
1.for&against,或者是advantage&disadvantage
支持反对类型/有点缺点类型
2.discussion
讨论型
3.to what extent do you agree or disagree
你对某观点的赞成/反对程度
4.cause&effect
问题产生原因和影响
5.problem&solution
问题说明和解决方案
6.compare&contrast
两种观点比较
雅思大作文12大题型(按文章主题分)
一、教育类
A.理论与实践
1.知识和经验的重要性。
2.为什么要上大学。
3.大学理论知识和实践课程的关系。
4.高中毕业的学生是否应该在去大学前要工作或旅游一年
5.高中生评估和挑战老师，会不会没有尊重没有纪律性。
6.成功人士所需素质是不是必须从大学或相似的科研学术机构中去学习。
B.男女生问题
7.大学专业招收的学生男女比例是否应该协调。
8.男女分校的利弊。
二、体育活动类：
1.学生花时间练习体育运动的利与弊/该不该。
2.体育活动造成竞争而非合作的是否应该提倡。
3.体育盛事是否有利于缓解世界紧张局势可以维护世界和平。
三、语言类
1.如何说服他人学习自己母语。
2.英语流行的利弊。
3.机器翻译的发展是否导致不必学外语。
4.英语和国际旅游业的流行会不会导致小语种和小民族的伤害。
四、新闻广告类
1.人们是否只应阅读真实事件或人物。
2.新闻的真实性和好的工作者的素质有关系吗。
3.广告的利与弊。
五、青少年成长类
1.学生变异行为或态度的原因和改善。
2.家庭小孩的惩罚教育是否有效。
3.学生压力是否很大。
4.父母是否应该限制小孩看电视玩游戏而应该看书学习。
5.儿童的性格来自先天还是后天培养。
6 儿童要学会竞争还是学习合作。
7 课余参加有偿劳动是否可以提倡。
六、老年人类
1.我们这一辈人和上辈人区别的重要方式。
2.公司55岁的老人是否应该退休把位置让给年青人。
3.年青人比老年人社会地位高的原因和怎么改善。
七、科技与传统类
1.电脑电视录相等是否替代书籍成为传媒和教育的工具。
2.电脑的普及是否会取代老师的对学生的教育。
3.建立博物馆的目的和手段有哪些。
4.网络的普及影响到生活中家庭成员或是朋友之间的亲密关系。
5.科学技术的发展有多少潜在的危机呢。
6.技术发展是否影响娱乐习惯从而减少创造力。
7 生命工程中的器官移植和试管婴儿等是否符合人道。
八、金钱类
1.人类登月类似研究浪费金钱和时间么。
2.医生应以救人为主，不论病人之贫和利益。
3.向朋友借钱会否影响友谊及其原因。
4.花钱买东西或用东西交换的各自好处你喜欢哪种?
5.体育专业的费用是否应该应该比其它重要专业的费用多。
九、国家政府类
1.政府是否应该重视传统和艺术。
2.发展中国家是应该致力于发展本国的科技研究还是去发展人文教育呢。
3.政府花钱在艺术上还是其他事情上。
4.政府财政支持在科学上还是语言商业上。
5.你的国家城乡差距大的原因和解决。
6.电影教给你其他国家的哪些概况
7.富国是否应该帮助穷国。
8.你的国家和其他地方有何相似，如何相似。
9.政府是否该为母亲的工作提供帮助和资源。
10.国外工作一段时期对个人和国家有何影响。
十、变革类
1.发明什么是你的愿望。
2.改变家乡的一个重要举措。
3.新千年是否符合世界变化的机会和你希望如何变化。
4.人类为什么变得长寿。
十一、环境类
1.如何改进地区公园或国家公园。
2.动物做宠物还是野生动物。
3.是否应该关闭动物园。
4.小轿车是否利大于弊。
5.吸烟是否应该非法化。
6.一个国家和城市的环境保护是应该由个人，团体(公司)和政府来共同承担。
十二、个人看法类
1.拥有土地后如何运用。
2.喜欢亲自动手还是喜欢机器。
3.对独处还是和朋友相处的看法。
4.玩游戏是否一定要赢。
5.安乐死是否会合法化。
6.游客是否应当遵从当地风俗习惯。
7.堕胎应该提倡还是认为是非人道。
8.对现在工作压力大但是闲暇时间非常少有什么看法。
9.名人是否因隐私付出代价及是否应该拥有此权
10.工作需要的转变和自身适应。
篇15：雅思大作文
As a result of the accelerating process of globalization in various aspects, young people in different countries are more likely to enjoy the same music, films, or television programs, which invariably result in some similarities.
Some people may claim that it is more a curse than a blessing for the world. One argument commonly raised that this process will be damaging to the globe diversity. When locals are bombarded with foreign products or culture, they may gradually abandon their traditional values or ways of life, so this would have a negative impact on their national or cultural identities in the long run. They even quote numerous examples such as the Eskimo in Iceland and Mosuo ethnic group in Southwest China to illustrate their point of view.
While this is particularly true of some minority cultures, I want to point out that they are still special cases instead of the general rule.
Generally speaking, sharing something across the globe can contribute to a deeper mutual understanding between different nations. For example, a piece of country music by John Denver may well shed light on the peaceful daily life of Americans while a pop song by Cui Jian may introduce to Westerners a much more familiar China. What is more, an experience of some alien cultures may encourage more appreciation of the local ones, rather than assimilation or malfunction.
There is overwhelming evidence on this when we consider japan, or China, or even the US, which tend to incorporate the international elements into the local.
To conclude, I am quite optimistic about the prospect of an increasingly similar world. Of course, some minority groups may be put at a disadvantage for they cannot receive equal attention as the superpowers. So I also advocate that governments or other bodies should make efforts to bring these minorities into the international horizon.
范文二：
Knowledge is power, Francis bacon wrote long ago. Education has a key to play in one’s growth and a nation’s development.
Education is the driving force of productivity. Keeping this in mind, numerous countries and governments are paying closer attention to the cultivation of talents. People differ greatly in their views as to how to wisely allocate educational budget, some people assert that instead of supporting other subjects, national investment in science is desirable. As I see it, government should place equal stress on both science and arts.
Granted, plenty of evidence and arguments could be easily found to prove that it is advisable for a nation to subsidize science. For a start, the competition among different countries, to some extent, amounts to the competition of gifted people. Science and technology is the stimulating factor of the development of productivity. Large amounts of talents could inject new life into a nation’s prosperity. Besides, in comparison with art students, those who are better equipped with science knowledge such as computer, business and accounting could create more commercial value.
Nevertheless, it is rather superficial to simply say that national budget should be only restricted to science investment. The mightiness of a nation involves many aspects and the cultivation of good citizens or talents is to realize one’s comprehensive development. The construction of a country needs enterprisers, mathematicians and scientist, yet, on no account can we ignore the immense value of artists, writers, musicians. In addition to science subjects, literature, history, philosophy, music, art and PE should also become the aim of education. Literature strengthens one’s cultural deposit, history deepens one’s insight into life, philosophy fosters one’s analytical thinking, music moulds one’s temperament, art cultivates one’s artistic eye and PE enhances one’s health index. In these senses, art still deserves enough attachment and support. Art talents are indispensable to the betterment of a country.
Overall, I re-affirm my conviction that education should not have too much utilitarian, conversely, it needs to render more concerns over one’s spiritual growth and character-training. Ideal educational policy should place equal significance on science investment and other subjects.
范文三：
The process by whichbricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in sevenconsecutive steps. First the raw material, clay, which was just below thesurface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.
Then the lumps of clayare placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay intomuch smaller areas, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whosemotion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make ahomogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut intobrick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.
Those fresh bricks arethen kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, severaldozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are thentransferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. Firstthey are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 ℃-1300℃. This process is followed by cooling downthe finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.
Once thebricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and deliveredto their final destination, be it a building site or storage.
篇16：雅思大作文
雅思大作文：life in a 'thrown-away' society
雅思大作文题目：Nowadays people are living in a 'thrown-away' society where they use things for a short time and then throwaway. What cause this and what problem it may lead to?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
作文范文：
The life span of items has been shortened ever since the great expansion of social economies, which results in their clear-cut destiny of being thrown away over a limited period after production. The major reasons of this lies in the development of manufacture industry and the consequent and indulged consuming habits of users, thus leading to some issues on environment, economy and citizens.
The formation of fast consuming culture depends on three main factors. The prime and fundamental one to blame is the great progress of technologies on goods production, which hence bring massive amounts of goods with more affordable prices. Moreover, the commodity producers have accustomed to minimize the life cycle of products and sell more by making improvements and generating new versions way more attractive to buyers. Lastly,no one including the government at first has encouraged or promoted thrift f or the public or at school, and all parties were enjoying the boost of economy instead.
The problems are obvious according to present global context. Environmental pollution, as the most apparent one, is now taking its toll by using land fill garbage to poison water sources, utilizing remains of fertilizers to contaminate the soil and feeding plastic waste to kill wild animals. As well as that, it cost a fortune to deal better with the disposals and the young who have adopted consumerism are suffering from peer comparisons and heavy debt.
To sum up, it seems to be infeasible to embrace people's previous consuming habits for the sake of life standard and economy. It is reasonable to fear a worse situation in the near future.
雅思大作文：a free flow of labor force mainly results from policies
雅思大作文题目：The young people in the workforce are changing their jobs or career every few years. What do you think are the reasons? Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
作文范文：
In my country, people used to be constrained to a single workplace for a lifelong time by social security or welfare system. However, this is no longer the case nowadays and people are free to choose their occupation. To pursue a better career or eliminate a bottleneck, rather than secure a stable income, young people usually opt to change their job. In addition, graduates with little working experience have not developed a clear perspective of their life career. It is reasonable for them to be exposed to various workplaces, orienting to the society and trying to find out their strengths and interests.
This mobility of work force has exerted positive influence on both employees and employers. They are allowed to freely make their selection in the employment market based on their specific needs. As a consequence, they are more likely to be matched appropriately and both get satisfied. Meanwhile the workplaces are infused with more vitality and innovation. In addition, job hoppers tend to obtain diverse working experience, hence developing a high ability of adaptation to a new environment.
However, there are surely risks when young people change their job too frequently. In that case, their loyalty can be questioned. What’s worse, they are not able to settle down until their 30s or 40s, which usually leads to a postponed marriage and childbirth. In some cases, changing job means changing their residential places, and this instability can influence their family members negatively. On top of the family relationship, their social relation network can also be impaired.
To sum up, a free flow of labor force mainly results from policies which intend to encourage a more lively employment. Hopping job in moderate frequency is helpful for young people to adapt to the society and recognize their personal aptitudes and ambitions in professional development. But too much hopping would be harmful to theirsuccess.
雅思大作文： nursing homes in modern society
雅思大作文题目：Nowadays some older people choose to live in the retirement communities with other people rather than living with their adult children. Is it a positive or negative development?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownknowledge or experience.
作文范文：
Decades of low birth rate indeveloped countries have caused a greater proportion of senior population and thus the working-age population has more obvious stress in coping with daily job and taking care of old retired parents at the same time. Therefore, more senior citizens have turned to nursing homes and it is believed to be reasonable and feasible despite certain apparent drawbacks.
Professional nursing institutions benefit different parties. For their customers, peer-to-peer contact of similar age helps psychological and mental well-being as they share similar social background in which topics of common interests are frequently spoken of andactivities suitable for the aged can be organized because of the easy access to partners. In addition, they can enjoy professional daily care on hygiene and medicine, guaranteeing the physical health and hence prolonging life span. Another two parties benefited indirectly are their adult children and the business market, the former can focus more on their own life and work and the latter need not worry about the employees’ attendance and stability.
However, the retired person may still suffer from two conditions, the aloof offspring and the short of money. To be precise, the elderly may face the risk that the family may never orscarcely pay a visit and it is a cruel and pathetic situation which happens indeed as the cases stand. It is more pitiful that all the retired are not pensioners in some countries, which means they either choose to live independently, which gets harder in the aging process, or to ask for the provision from descendants when others not.
To sum up, nursing homes in modern society is a feasible and inevitable approach and it generally has greater advantages. However, some suggestions like a better pension system and strict regulations on these organizations can be taken to ensure the happiness in everyone’s later life
雅思大作文：children should begin formal learning at school
雅思大作文范文：Some people think children should begin formal learning at school as young as possible. However, others feel children should not study at school until at least seven years old. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
作文范文：
Controversy arises as for when children are supposed to embark upon their formal study. I hold the view that earlier exposure to study is an asset for children, even though some minor drawbacks may occur.
Some people advocate the early learning time because this practice could make full play of children’s potential and their intrinsic characters. In their earlier childhood, children tend to be more curious about the world around them and they are more willing to try brand-new things. Motivated by this inherent feature, children are more likely to show interest in school subjects and feel less frustrated and daunted when they encounter some problems and challenges. With due guidance and inspiration from teachers, children may be even cultivated with passion and perseverance, which can provide relentless incentive in the long run.
The opponents, however, deem it unnecessary for children to commence study before they are aged 7 years old. Children are too young to be put under the academic stress and peer competition, mainly because they are not mentally strong and not capable of releasing study-induced stress in a moderate way. The ever-increasing study load also increases the likelihood of less outdoor exercise and contact with nature, which make children less physically strong and even suffer from poor eyesight and some diseases.
Personally, I believe it is sensible for children to start their study earlier. Schools are places where not only knowledge is taught, but also the first spot where students can learn social rules and cultivate their interpersonal communication skills. Children are required to obey school rules, such as being punctual for the class and respecting their classmates and teachers. This can help them to behave in a socially acceptable way and take others into consideration when necessary. In schools, children will also participate in activities, which means they need to listen to their peers and express their own ideas, a practice which will nurture and facilitate their communication abilities.
篇17：雅思经典作文
Third, education makes an individual adapted to the society. Being innocent and naive,young people always find it hard to immerge into the complicated environment, and feelfrustrated. Through education like communication skills, students may know the essence ofgetting on with other people. This kind of education influences our personality and viewseveryone as a whole individual in the big family of society.
Above all, knowledge, emotion, and personality form the most important part of the contentof education. The aim of education is to teach a per son become a completely developedindividual.
雅思写作范文:垃圾成因及如何减少
Nowadays we are producing more andmore rubbish. Why do you think this ishappening? What can governments do to helpreduce the amount of rubbish produced?
I think it is true that in almost every countrytoday each household and family produces a largeamount of waste every week. Most of this rubbishcomes from the packaging from the things we buy,such as processed food. But even if we buy freshfood without packaging, we still produce rubbishfrom the plastic bags used everywhere to carryshopping home.
The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a dailybasis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buypackaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we needit, first in the supermarket, and then at home.
However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use somethingonce and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuableresources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficultto dispose of.
I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public.Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action.Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags,by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt torecycle their waste.
With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish weproduce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned bywaste.
篇18：雅思大作文
Fresh water is a necessity in human’s daily life but how to use it varies in different societies. Some people take unlimited water consumption for granted, but others think that it is governments’ obligation to control fresh water as it is limited.
It is true that most residents in developed countries and coastal nations do not need to worry about the shortage of fresh water. Sophisticated infrastructures and sufficient precipitation can guarantee sufficient water supply. What all these occupants need to do is paying the bills. They can use as much water as they want as long as they can afford it. Thus, it is undoubted that some of them hold the opinion that they can utilize the resource freely.
It may be true that many other people do not need to concern about water consumption, but it is also a fact that a large number of inhabitants in many developing countries have no access to clean water because of its scarcity. In those countries, natural environment and climate like droughts have a negative effect on water supply. What makes things worse, the poor situation makes water even more precious. If people use as much water as they want in those areas, it can almost be sure that water supply will fail to meet some people’s daily need. Therefore, it is reasonable that local officials limit the individual water use and punish the people who waste it.
In my opinion, fresh water should not be used without any restrictions. Water supply depends so heavily on natural environment that it can be regarded as limited resource in some countries. Water conservation, whether it is advocated by government or not, is what people should insist on.
雅思大作文模板：国际贸易影响环境?
Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits have been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
篇19：雅思大作文
Being a parent can be regarded as a milestone during the life course of many people and family upbringing can somehow shape the development of children both psychologically and cognitively. As for the sound growth of children, I advocate that those who have newly become fathers and mothers can benefit a great deal by attending some relative courses.
As the initial guide and instructor of their children’s life, the implications of parenting cannot be underestimated. Children are exposed to their parents almost everyday and children can directly gain a host of information from those who are most intimate to them. Naturally, children are adept in imitating what they see and what they hear, and some undesired outcomes are likely to arise if parents lack the corresponding know-how to foster their offspring. In this way, the specialized courses which are tailored for new parents can provide access to some tips and advice, therefore steering clear of some problems.
Another reason makes it imperative for parents to can informed with the parenting tips is that numerous parents are too early and too hasty to become a qualified father and mother. To some extent, the parents themselves are spoiled and someone may unfortunately belong to the beaten generation, which means the physical maturity does not equate to the meticulous and considerate love and care to their next generation. On other hand, the opponents of this issue may claim that the tips and expertise of parenting can be learned from various ways, rendering the attending a class time-wasting and not cost-effective, especially for the parents who desire to have a flying start in their career. However, for the overall benefit of children, it is still advisable for parents to receive some training.
To conclude, parents are supposed to pour time to obtain some useful instruction for raising their next generation, albeit sometimes it is not necessary.
篇20：雅思大作文
31The bar chart illustrates that…该柱状图展示了
32 As is shown in the bar chart, 如柱状图所示，
33It can be concluded from the barchart that…从该柱状图我们可以推导出
34 The bar chart presents the general trend in…该柱状图描述了……总的趋势
35 This bar chart displays the numbers of…该柱状图展示了…的数据
36 The number of … increased by %…的数字上升了百分之…
37 The number of… dropped by %…的数字下降了百分之…
38 The chart reflects several trends. 该图展示了几个趋势
39As can be seen clearly from the barchart, the fluctuation of…tookplace
从该柱状图我们可以清楚地看出：…出现了波动
40 Over the period from…to…the…remained level. 在……至……期间，…基本不变
雅思大作文模板
篇21：雅思大作文
It is noticeable that multinational cooperation has become increasingly common, and it makes contribution to global integration instead of international isolation. Some people claim that the primary merit of international cooperation is protecting the environment while others argue that the major strength is promoting worldwide business. Before present my position, the essay aims to critically discuss both views.
It is no doubt that environmental protection needs the global efforts. In order to find an effective solution to pollution, governments from all over the world have to make stricter laws and regulations on the emission of polluted substances. Furthermore, international cooperation makes it possible for scientists to launch research seminars to exchange their diverse and innovative ideas, from which they may gain the inspiration to design more clean energy like wind and solar energy and address environmental problems.
International integration plays an indispensable role in developing prosperous business, which support the other side’s opinion. On the one hand, with the help of advanced technology and professional skills offered by developed nations, developing countries become capable of harnessing adequate resources and achieving the goal of maximizing business profits as soon as possible. On the other hand, more employment opportunities are created on the products-supply sides and a better quality of life is shared by skill-receiving ends. Admittedly, without economic collaboration on such a massive scale, a huge number of countries would be likely to be embroiled in starvation except for the few blessed with fertile lands and wise governmental leadership.
Judging from the detailed analysis on both sides, I think both aspects are extremely significant during the process of propelling global progress. However, it is high time that multinational collaboration paid more attention to environmental issues to catch up with the pace of global business development.
雅思大作文模板：父母育儿课程
New parents should attend a parenting course to learn how to bring up their children well, do you agree or disagree?
篇22：雅思作文精选
Nowadays, experimental usage of animal hasbecome a widely concerned issue around the world.People hold diverse views towards it.
Adversaries claim that it is an extremely crudebehavior. Animals, especially mammals, like dogs,cats, rabbits, rats, which are the major victims in theexperimentation, are usually human’s pets. Petowners are strongly against it for they firmly believethat animals suffer physically and mentally as we do.When equality is advocated in the modern world, it isinhuman to disrespect creatures that are nothuman beings.
Furthermore, a number of experts pointed out that it would be at high stake of dependingon the results of animal experiment; since they differ from us in many ways. Take the bodystructure for example, we can’t imagine humans try to jump from the height of nine storieswithout any protection because cats survive out of the same test.
Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is an advisablechoice. On one hand because their bodies are similar in function to ours. For instance, theycatch colds, suffer from stomachs and heart diseases, which more importantly influenced by dietand habits. The consequences of the test may not be applied to humans, although they arehighly connected to the human situations. On the other hand, those creatures yell and actabnormally when they feel uncomfortable, which is what exactly researchers expect. Inaddition, there is an easy-to-answer question: isn’t it crueler to test directly on people withlittle knowledge on the objects’ effects? In a word, there is nothing better than animal thatresemble human the best for experiment.
Personally, I am not a supporter of animal experiments, yet there is anything moresuitable can replace them, I accept using animals for tests, but take good care of them whenthey are not in the laboratory.
雅思写作范文:私家车的利与弊
Advantages and disadvantages of privatecars.
With the fantastic spur both in industry and ineconomy in China, the number of people who ownprivate cars is on the rise. Some people have boughtcars of their own, and others are planning to buycars. But there have been two quite different viewson this phenomenon.
Some claim that there are many advantagesbrought about by cars. First, the automobile industryprovides jobs for countless workers and strongsupport for other industries. Second, if conditionspermit, owning a car can make us work more efficiently. Finally, life will become moreconvenient. A car allows one to move freely and with a car there is no need to wait for the busin the cold or under the burning sun.
However, others strongly object to the increase in developing private cars. They hold thatautomobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars areproduced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting theatmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute totraffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are oftencancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasingnumber of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In my opinion, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities ofour society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmentalpollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amountsof fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Traffic accidents kill thousands and thousandsof people each year and cripple more. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore I am againstdeveloping private cars.
篇23：雅思作文
The advancement of modern technology is making peoples life more comfortable and at the same time less human. To those who enjoy the benefits of technology, there is no better time to be alive than now, but to others life has been increasingly complex and stressful. The issue is whether such new technological machines as computers and the Internet would be our servants forever or eventually could become our masters.
All kinds of inventions made possible by technology are designed to be the slaves of human beings, if human beings are not to be slaved by machines. Once upon a time, we were plain people, but that was before we began having relationships with technological systems. By getting involved with computerized machines, we could not help changing the way we live and the way we work, for better or for worse It can be realized that life is more complex because much of modern technology is not born to meet primary human needs, and many unnecessary inventions are producing negative effects on a living style that used to be relatively simple. Thus, there is an overwhelming feeling of complexity in the sense that machines act like humans and humans act like machines. Now that intelligent machines such as robots are widely applied to take the place of human beings because they are capable of doing many useful jobs, although making many people joblesss. Those who cannot work with computers are disadvantaged and therefore helpless while the traditional skills and simple ways of life are fading away, never to return again.
篇24：雅思作文
With the development of cities, more and more new buildings are appearing in the city. Some people claim that the government should ensure all the new buildings should be built in traditional styles. For me, I do not agree with this suggestion.
Undoubtedly, the old buildings can reflect our traditional culture and should be protected and built. They are the houses where the ancient people lived. By appreciating these old buildings, we can have a better understanding of our ancient culture and history.
However, I do not agree that all the new buildings should be built in traditional styles. First of all, a city’s culture identity consists of the past culture and the modern culture. While past culture can be represented by the traditional buildings, modern culture should be reflected by modern buildings. If all the new buildings are built in traditional styles, the modern culture may be lost in the city. Secondly, the style of the new building should be decided by a lot of factors such as location, function, and so on. For instance, it is impossible for us to build a modern shopping mall into traditional style, because there are a lot of famous brands inside. Thirdly, modern buildings can accommodate more people than traditional buildings, which can meet the increasing population.
Therefore, I agree that we should build some old buildings, but we should not build all the buildings into traditional styles. We should consider a lot of aspects before we make the final decision.
篇25：雅思作文
As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagantlifestyles with huge houses and cars.
Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibilityof governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of ‘fairness’ is not the issue.
Those who feel that sports stars’ salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform. in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of thesefactors may justify the huge earnings.
Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicatesthat our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.
篇26：雅思作文
Dear Sir or Madam
I am writing to inform you that I wish to movesintosa new room next term. I would prefer a single room, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.
I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my room-mate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he sometimes borrows my things without asking me. In these circumstances. I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments.
I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to molesintosa room of my own,swheresI will be free from such distractions. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.
Yours sincerely.
篇27：雅思作文
People have different views about whether we are more or less dependent on others nowadays. In my view, modern life forces us to be more independent than people were in the past.
There are two main reasons why it could be argued that we are more dependent on each other now. Firstly, life is more complex and difficult, especially because the cost of living has increased so dramatically. For example, young adults tend to rely on their parents for help when buying a house. Property prices are higher than ever, and without help it would be impossible for many people to pay a deposit and a mortgage. Secondly, people seem to be more ambitious nowadays, and they want a better quality of life for their families. This means that both parents usually need to work full-time, and they depend on support from grandparents and babysitters for child care.
However, I would agree with those who believe that people are more independent these days. In most countries, families are becoming smaller and more dispersed, which means that people cannot count on relatives as much as they used to. We also have more freedom to travel and live far away from our home towns. For example, many students choose to study abroad instead of going to their local university, and this experience makes them more independent as they learn to live alone. Another factor in this growing independence is technology, which allows us to work alone and from any part of the world.
In conclusion, while there are some reasons to believe that people now depend on each other more, my own view is that we are more independent than ever.
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