GRE之OG2阅读真题
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篇1：GRE之OG2阅读真题精选
OG-2
Passage 26
Historian F. W. Maitland observed that legal documents are the best—indeed, often the only—available evidence about the economic and social history of a given period. Why, then, has it taken so long for historians to focus systematically on the civil (noncriminal) law of early modern (sixteenth- to eighteenth-century) England? Maitland offered one reason: the subject requires researchers to “master an extremely formal system of pleading and procedure.” Yet the complexities that confront those who would study such materials are not wholly different from those recently surmounted by historians of criminal law in England during the same period. Another possible explanation for historians’ neglect of the subject is their widespread assumption that most people in early modern England had little contact with civil law. If that were so, the history of legal matters would be of little relevance to general historical scholarship. But recent research suggests that civil litigation during the period involved artisans, merchants, professionals, shopkeepers, and farmers, and not merely a narrow, propertied, male elite. Moreover, the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries saw an extraordinary explosion in civil litigation by both women and men, making this the most litigious era in English history on a per capita basis.
1. The passage suggests that the history of criminal law in early modern England differs from the history of civil law during that same period in that the history of criminal law
A. is of more intellectual interest to historians and their readers
B. has been studied more thoroughly by historians
C. is more relevant to general social history
D. involves the study of a larger proportion of the population
E. does not require the mastery of an extremely formal system of procedures
2. The author of the passage mentions the occupations of those involved in civil litigation in early modern England most likely in order to
A. suggest that most historians’ assumptions about the participants in the civil legal system during that period are probably correct
B. support the theory that more people participated in the civil legal system than the criminal legal system in England during that period
C. counter the claim that legal issues reveal more about a country’s ordinary citizens than about its elite
D. illustrate the wide range of people who used the civil legal system in England during that period
E. suggest that recent data on people who participated in early modern England’s legal system may not be correct
3. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about the “widespread assumption” (line 15)?
A. Because it is true, the history of civil law is of as much interest to historians focusing on general social history as to those specializing in legal history.
B. Because it is inaccurate, the history of civil law in early modern England should enrich the general historical scholarship of that period.
C. It is based on inaccurate data about the propertied male elite of early modern England.
D. It does not provide a plausible explanation for historians’ failure to study the civil law of early modern England.
E. It is based on an analogy with criminal law in early modern England.
篇2：GRE之OG2阅读真题
OG-2
Passage 6
The more definitions a given noun has, the more valuable is each one. Multiple definitions, each subtly different from all the others, convey multiple shades of meaning. They expand the uses of the word; language is enriched, thought is widened, and interpretations increase or dilate to fill the potentialities of association. The very impossibility of absoluteness in the definition of certain nouns adds to the levels of connotation they may reach. The inner life of a writer often says more than most readers can know; the mind of a reader can discover truths that go beyond the intent or perhaps even the comprehension of the writer. And all of it finds expression because a word can mean many things.
1. In the context in which it appears, “shades” (line 2) most nearly means
A. reminders
B. nuances
C. obscurities
D. coverings
E. degrees
2. The passage suggests that a writer’s use of nouns that have multiple definitions can have which of the following effects on the relationship between writer and reader?
A. It can encourage the reader to consider how the writer’s life might have influenced the work.
B. It can cause the reader to become frustrated with the writer’s failure to distinguish between subtle shades of meaning.
C. It can allow the reader to discern in a work certain meanings that the writer did not foresee.
D. It allows the writer to provide the reader with clues beyond the word itself in order to avoid ambiguity.
E. It allows the writer to present unfamiliar ideas to the reader more efficiently.
篇3：GRE之OG2阅读真题精选
OG-2
Passage 29
The decrease in responsiveness that follows continuous stimulation (adaptation) is common to all sensory systems, including olfaction. With continued exposure to chronically present ambient odors, individuals’ perception of odor intensity is greatly reduced. Moreover, these perceptual changes can be profound and durable. It is commonly reported that following extended absences from the odorous environment, reexposure may still fail to elicit perception at the original intensity.
Most research on olfactory adaptation examines relatively transient changes in stimulus detection or perceived intensity—rarely exceeding several hours and often less—but because olfactory adaptation can be produced with relatively short exposures, these durations are sufficient for investigating many parameters of the phenomenon. However, exposures to odors in natural environments often occur over far longer periods, and the resulting adaptations may differ qualitatively from short-term olfactory adaptation. For example, studies show that even brief periods of odorant stimulation produce transient reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium, a process termed “receptor fatigue.” Prolonged odor stimulation, however, could produce more long-lasting reductions in response, possibly involving structures higher in the central nervous system pathway.
1. According to the passage, the phenomenon of olfactory adaptation may cause individuals who are reexposed to an odorous environment after an extended absence to
A. experience a heightened perception of the odor
B. perceive the odor as being less intense than it was upon first exposure
C. return to their original level of perception of the odor
D. exhibit a decreased tolerance for the odorous environment
E. experience the phenomenon of adaptation in other sensory systems
2. The passage asserts which of the following about the exposures involved in the “research on olfactory adaptation” (line 11)?
A. The exposures are of long enough duration for researchers to investigate many aspects of olfactory adaptation.
B. The exposures have rarely consisted of reexposures following extended absences from the odorous environment.
C. The exposures are intended to reproduce the relatively transient olfactory changes typical of exposures to odors in natural environments.
D. Those exposures of relatively short duration are often insufficient to produce the phenomenon of receptor fatigue in study subjects.
E. Those exposures lasting several hours produce reductions in receptors in the olfactory epithelium that are similar to the reductions caused by prolonged odor stimulation.
3. The author of the passage discusses “receptor fatigue” (line 24) primarily in order to
A. explain the physiological process through which long-lasting reductions in response are thought to be produced
B. provide an example of a process that subjects would probably not experience during a prolonged period of odorant stimulation
C. help illustrate how the information gathered from most olfactory research may not be sufficient to describe the effects of extended exposures to odors
D. show how studies of short-term olfactory adaptation have only accounted for the reductions in response that follow relatively brief absences from an odorous environment
E. qualify a statement about the severity and duration of the perceptual changes caused by exposure to chronically present ambient odors
篇4：GRE之OG2阅读真题精选
OG-2
Passage 27
Geese can often be seen grazing in coastal salt marshes. Unfortunately, their intense grazing removes the grassy covering, exposing marsh sediment; this increases evaporation, which in turn increases salt concentration in marsh sediments. Because of this increased concentration, regrowth of plants is minimal, leading to increased erosion, which leads to a decrease in the fertile topsoil, leading to even less regrowth. In time, the salt marsh becomes a mudflat. This process challenges one of the most widely held beliefs about the dynamics of salt-marsh ecosystems: supposedly, consumers such as geese do not play a large role in controlling the productivity of marsh systems. Rather, the standard view claims, marshes are controlled by bottom-up factors, such as nutrients and physical factors.
1. The author discusses “the standard view” (line 14) most likely in order to identify a view that
A. explains the occurrence of the chain of events described in the passage
B. provides a summary of the chain of events described in the passage
C. is called into question by the chain of events described in the passage
D. advocates reassessment of the widely held belief described in the passage
E. is undermined by the widely held belief described in the passage
2. According to the passage, which of the following is a widely held belief about geese?
A. They are not often seen grazing in coastal salt marshes.
B. They are not the primary consumers in salt-marsh ecosystems.
C. They play only a minor role in the productivity of salt-marsh ecosystems.
D. They are the primary determinants of which resources will thrive in coastal salt marshes.
E. They control the productivity of salt-marsh ecosystems through a bottom-up process.
篇5：GRE之OG2阅读真题精选
OG-2
Passage 28
Last year, Mayor Stephens established a special law-enforcement task force with the avowed mission of eradicating corruption in city government. The mayor’s handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting a dozen city officials. Since all of these officials were appointed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens’ predecessor and longtime political foe, it is clear that those being prosecuted have been targeted because of their political affiliations.
1. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the editorial’s argument?
A. Complaints of official corruption in city government have decreased since the anticorruption task force began operating.
B. Former mayor Bixby did not publicly oppose Mayor Stephens’ establishment of the anticorruption task force.
C. Almost all of the officials who have served in city government for any length of time are appointees of Mayor Bixby.
D. All of the members of the anticorruption task force had other jobs in city government before the task force was formed.
E. During the last mayoral election campaign, then–Mayor Bixby hotly disputed the current mayor’s claim that there was widespread corruption in city government.
篇6：GRE之OG2阅读真题精选
OG-2
Passage 30
Among academics involved in the study of Northern Renaissance prints (reproducible graphic artworks), an orthodox position can be said to have emerged. This position regards Renaissance prints as passive representations of their time—documents that reliably record contemporary events, opinions, and beliefs—and therefore as an important means of accessing the popular contemporary consciousness. In contrast, pioneering studies such as those by Scribner and Moxey take a strikingly different approach, according to which Northern Renaissance prints were purposeful, active, and important shaping forces in the communities that produced them. Scribner, for example, contends that religious and political prints of the German Reformation (ca.1517–1555) functioned as popular propaganda: tools in a vigorous campaign aimed at altering people’s behavior, attitudes, and beliefs.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and choose all that apply.
1. The passage suggests that an adherent to the “orthodox position” (line 3) would agree with which of the following statements?
A. Northern Renaissance prints should be regarded as passive representations of their time.
B. Northern Renaissance prints were part of a campaign aimed at altering contemporary thinking.
C. Northern Renaissance prints provide reliable records of contemporary events, opinions, and beliefs.
2. Replacement of the word “passive” (line 5) which of the following words results in the least change in meaning for the passage?
A. disinterested
B. submissive
C. flaccid
D. supine
E. unreceptive
26 | B | D | B | |
27 | C | C | ||
28 | C | |||
29 | B | A | C | |
30 | AC | A |
篇7：GRE之OG2阅读真题
OG-2
Passage 7
Until recently, many anthropologists assumed that the environment of what is now the southwestern United States shaped the social history and culture of the region’s indigenous peoples. Building on this assumption, archaeologists asserted that adverse environmental conditions and droughts were responsible for the disappearances and migrations of southwestern populations from many sites they once inhabited.
However, such deterministic arguments fail to acknowledge that local environmental variability in the Southwest makes generalizing about that environment difficult. To examine the relationship between environmental variation and sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region of central Arizona, which indigenous tribes have occupied continuously for at least 800 years, a research team recently reconstructed the climatic, vegetational, and erosional cycles of past centuries. The researchers found it impossible to provide a single, generally applicable characterization of environmental conditions for the region. Rather, they found that local areas experienced different patterns of rainfall, wind, and erosion, and that such conditions had prevailed in the Southwest for the last 1,400 years. Rainfall, for example, varied within and between local valley systems, so that even adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantly different yields.
The researchers characterized episodes of variation in southwestern environments by frequency: low-frequency environmental processes occur in cycles longer than one human generation, which generally is considered to last about 25 years, and high-frequency processes have shorter cycles. The researchers pointed out that low-frequency processes, such as fluctuations in stream flow and groundwater levels, would not usually be apparent to human populations. In contrast, high-frequency fluctuations such as seasonal temperature variations are observable and somewhat predictable, so that groups could have adapted their behaviors accordingly. When the researchers compared sequences of sociocultural change in the Western Pueblo region with episodes of low- and high-frequency environmental variation, however, they found no simple correlation between environmental process and sociocultural change or persistence.
Although early Pueblo peoples did protect themselves against environmental risk and uncertainty, they responded variously on different occasions to similar patterns of high-frequency climatic and environmental change. The researchers identified seven major adaptive responses, including increased mobility, relocation of permanent settlements, changes in subsistence foods, and reliance on trade with other groups. These findings suggest that groups’ adaptive choices depended on cultural and social as well as environmental factors and were flexible strategies rather than uncomplicated reactions to environmental change. Environmental conditions mattered, but they were rarely, if ever, sufficient to account for sociocultural persistence and change. Group size and composition, culture, contact with other groups, and individual choices and actions were — barring catastrophes such as floods or earthquakes — more significant for a population’s survival than were climate and environment.
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
A. explaining why certain research findings have created controversy
B. pointing out the flaws in a research methodology and suggesting a different approach
C. presenting evidence to challenge an explanation and offering an alternative explanation
D. elucidating the means by which certain groups have adapted to their environment
E. defending a long-held interpretation by presenting new research findings
2. Which of the following findings would most strongly support the assertion made by the archaeologists mentioned in line 3?
A. A population remained in a certain region at least a century after erosion wore away much of the topsoil that sustained grass for their grazing animals.
B. The range of a certain group’s agricultural activity increased over a century of gradual decrease in annual rainfall.
C. As winters grew increasingly mild in a certain region, the nomadic residents of the region continued to move between their summer and winter encampments.
D. An agricultural population began to trade for supplies of a grain instead of producing the grain in its own fields as it had in the past.
E. A half century of drought and falling groundwater levels caused a certain population to abandon their settlements along a riverbank.
3. The fact that “adjacent agricultural fields can produce significantly different yields” (lines 16–17) is offered as evidence of the
A. unpredictability of the climate and environment of the southwestern United States
B. difficulty of producing a consistent food supply for a large population in the Western Pueblo region
C. lack of water and land suitable for cultivation in central Arizona
D. local climatic variation in the environment of the southwestern United States
E. high-frequency environmental processes at work in the southwestern United States
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following activities is NOT an example of a population responding to high-frequency environmental processes?
A. Developing watertight jars in which to collect and store water during the rainy season
B. Building multistory dwellings in low-lying areas to avoid the flash flooding that occurs each summer
C. Moving a village because groundwater levels have changed over the last generation
D. Trading with other groups for furs from which to make winter clothes
E. Moving one’s herds of grazing animals each year between summer and winter pastures
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