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英美文化背景知识

2022-05-29 04:39:41 收藏本文下载本文

“一碗牛肉面”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了7篇英美文化背景知识，下面是小编为大家整理后的英美文化背景知识，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

英美文化背景知识

篇1：英美文化背景知识

英美文化背景知识汇总

In Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in.

Subject In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum(课程), which was introduced in 1988 and sets out(制定) in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested.

The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach. In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers(祈祷) and religious(宗教的) instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs(信仰).

Examinations At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment(评价) of work done during the two year course, or both of these things. At 18 some students taken A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or polytechnic(综合技术大学).

In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate(证书) of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree.

In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years. Social Events and Ceremonies(仪式) In American high schools there is a formal ceremony for Graduation (=completion of high school). Students wear a special cap and gown and receive a diploma(文凭) from the head of the school. Students often buy a class ring to ear, and a yearbook, containing pictures of their friends and teachers. There are also special social events at American schools.

Sports events are popular, and cheer leaders lead the school in supporting the school team and singing the school song. At the end of their junior year, at age 17 or 18, students held in the evening. The girls wear long evening dresses and the boys wear TUXEDOS. In Britain, there are no formal dances or social occasions(场合) associated(和...有关) with school life. Some schools have SPEECH DAY at the end of the school year when prizes are given to the best students and speeches are made by the head teacher and sometimes an invited guest. However, in many British schools students and teachers organize(组织) informal dances for the older students.

Government in Britain and the US

Government in Britain National government The center of government in Britain is PARLIAMENT(国会), which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation(犯罪), etc.

Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch(贵族). The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself is used to mean Parliament. The House of commons (or the Commons) is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a particular area or constituency. The House of Lords (the Lords) is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount(子爵) which have been passed down to them on the death of their father (hereditary peers(世袭贵族)); people who are given titles as a reward for their long service in public life, but whose children do not INHERIT(继承) their title (life peers); and some important leaders of the Church of England (Archbishops(大主教) and Bishops(主教)).

The government brings BILL (=suggested laws) to the House of Commons, which are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be discussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it (=refuse permission for it to be passed). When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament At present England, Scotland, Wales, and N Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster.

In N Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of discussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales Local government Local government is Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws (bylaws) which only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.

Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, school, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting this tax. Local councils(议会) are elected by people within each town, city, or country area.

The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues(问题) rather than the national policies of their party. Government in the US All levels of government in the US (federal(联邦), state, and local) are elected by the people of the country. Federal government The constitution of the US specifically limits the power of the federal (=national) government mainly to defence(国防), foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is make up of the CONGRESS(国会), the President, and the Supreme Count(最高法院). Congress Congress, the central law-making body in the US, is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen/Congresswomen elected by their state. The member of Representative(代表) for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate is the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators(参议院), elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL (suggested law) becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representative both agree to a bill, the President is asked to agree. The President can veto(=say no to) the bill(议案), but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.

state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution(宪法) (set of fixed law), and among the state there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one or two elected lawmaking bodies (state Legislature) whose members represent the various parts of the state.

Local government concerns laws made at the town, city or county level. These laws are usually limited to a small area and concern such thing as traffic, where and when alcoholic drinks can be sold, or keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city Council. Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with(一致) the United States constitution. Any citizen who thinks he or she has not been given their rights under the law may argue their case through all the courts up to the Supreme Court (the final Court of Appeal in the US) if necessary, and any law which is found not in agreement with the constitution (unconstitutional) cannot be kept in force.

篇2：万圣节的文化背景知识

万圣节背景知识

万圣节溯源：

关于万圣节由来的，传说最多的版本认为，那是源于基督诞生前的古西欧国家，主要包括爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士。这几处的古西欧人叫德鲁伊特人。德鲁伊特的新年在11月1日，新年前夜，德鲁伊特人让年轻人集队，戴着各种怪异面具，拎着刻好的萝卜灯(南瓜灯系后期习俗，古西欧最早没有南瓜)，他们游走于村落间。

这在当时实则为一种秋收的庆典;也有说是“鬼节”，传说当年死去的人，灵魂会在万圣节的前夜造访人世，据说人们应该让造访的鬼魂看到圆满的收成并对鬼魂呈现出丰盛的款待。所有篝火及灯火，一来为了吓走鬼魂，同时也为鬼魂照亮路线，引导其回归。在中世纪的中欧，曾有过_摧毁异教徒的历史。可是新年夜前的祭祀庆典从未真正消除，不过以巫术的形式出现。这也就是为什么人们现在的万圣节里，还留有巫婆的扫帚、黑猫、咒语等痕迹。

万圣节发展：

万圣节流传到今天已经完全没有了宗教迷信色彩，它成了一个孩子们的节目，也是年轻人化装舞会的节目。公共场合以及居家周围的节日布置都是自愿的。鬼脸南瓜灯、白网黑蜘蛛等，都是节日的装点，已没有骇人之鬼魅色彩。有的女学生还在这时候会买一对南瓜或者鬼骷髅的耳环来佩带。

学校在万圣节是不放假的。有时学校出面组织晚会，有时不甘寂寞的学生们也会自己主办小型晚会;而朋友、家人间互寄贺卡祝万圣节快乐则成为每年十月间流行的习俗。万圣节已成为西方人一个很普通的季节性节日。有很多人将此看作秋的结束以及冬的到来。万圣节一过，人们就开始期盼感恩节、圣诞节乃至新年。

万圣节的由来

万圣节是西洋鬼节，对国外来说万圣节就像我们的中元节，这一天他们会把自己打扮的鬼模鬼样，到处举办狂欢派对。

“万圣节”这个字，起源自天主教教会。每年的11月1日，是天主教庆祝诸圣的节日AllHallowsDay或AllSaint'sDay。

而在万圣节前夕，每年十月三十一日的前夕是塞尔特族人的年度丰收祭典，象征着一年的结束，以及新一年的开始。

当时二千多年前的塞尔特族人(即目前的苏格兰人、爱尔兰人等)一年之中最害怕的日子莫过于十月三十一日的晚上，他们相信世人的生活是由神明所主宰的，而死亡之神Samhain在会在每年10月31日的夜晚会和逝者一起重返人间。

所以每年的这一天是塞尔特族人表达他们对太阳神的敬意，因为太阳神让他们的谷物丰收，以应付即将到来的冬天!可是在这一个夜晚也是恶灵力量最强大的一天，传说中，每年到了这一天，所有时空的法则都会失效，使得阴阳两界合而为一。因此，这是游魂出没找替死鬼的唯一机会。在10月31日晚上惊骇的时刻，活着的塞尔特人会为了躲避灵魂的搜索，在这天晚会上把家里的炉火灭了，营造出一个寒冷阴森的环境，并刻意用动物的头或皮毛做成的服饰打扮自己成鬼怪的模样，口中发出可怕的声音，企图吓走灵魂也让灵魂分不清谁是活的人，而不能够找到替身;过了这个晚上，第二天就是万圣节，一切也就回复平静了。

万圣节的意义是什么

每年的10月31日乃是西方的传统节日，万圣节(Halloween)。“万圣节”又称“鬼节”。它是西方历史悠久的节日之一。据说，早在公元前，住在英伦三岛、爱尔兰、法国一带的凯尔特人每逢10月31日都要为残废和黑暗之神举行庆祝活动。这一天晚上，他们预备了许多美味佳肴，让善良的鬼来吃，还有旷野的山丘上燃起篝火，让明亮的火焰招来善鬼，驱走恶魔。这可能是鬼节的最早形式了。后来，“鬼节”又与_相结合，成为圣徒们的一个传统节日，并改称为“万圣节”，时间定于每年的11月1日。以后，这一节日逐渐从欧洲传入北美及世界其他一些地区。

篇3：英美货币小知识

英美货币小知识

（一）美国货币

美国货币由美元dollar和美分cent组成，one dollar等于100 cents。其纸币bill有一、二、五、十、二十、五十和一百美元等面值；硬币（coin）有一美分（或a penny）、五美分（或a nickel）、十美分（或a dime）和二十五美分（或a quarter）等。在数字前加$表示美元，如：$500表示五百美元；在数字后加C表示美分，如：50C表示50美分；表示由美元和美分组成的钱数时，常用$表示，如：$6．50。

（二）英国货币

英国货币由英镑（pound）和便士（pence）组成，也分为纸币notes和硬币coins。纸币有面值五镑、十镑、二十镑和五十镑；而硬币，即金属货币有一便士、二便士、五便士、十便士、二十便士、五十便士和一镑等。若指一定数额的硬币，通常用piece，如2P（pieces）；随身带的`硬币可用change表示。100 pence等于1 pound。在数字前加￡表示多少英镑，如：￡800为800英镑；在数字后加P表示多少便士，如：5P表示五便士（penny的复数）；表示由英镑和便士组成的钱数时通常不说出pence，如3镑50便士可说成￡3．50或three pounds and fifty。

篇4：高级英语中的文化背景知识

高级英语中的文化背景知识

高级英语是英语专业高年级阶段的一门主干课程.高级英语教学中应该重视文化背景知识,找准文化切入点,将文化教学和课文教学相结合.

作者：潘惠作者单位：温州医学院,外语系,浙江,温州,325000 刊名：考试周刊英文刊名：KAOSHI ZHOUKAN 年，卷(期)： “”(11) 分类号：H3 关键词：高级英语文化背景知识文化切入点

篇5：考研英语翻译之缺乏文化背景知识

翻译是一项复杂而艰巨的脑力活动，涉及文化、知识、思维、表达和经验等多个层面。它不仅要求译者拥有丰富的知识储备、熟悉英汉两种语言的差异、具备完善的表达技巧和长期的翻译实践，而且要求译者拥有善变的能力。译者既不能脱离原材料，但又不能局限于原材料;既能进行英语思维，又能运用汉语思维;表达既要忠实于英文，又要符合汉语习惯;译文既能传形，又能传神。所以，对于任何译者而言，英译汉时，只能做到更好，绝对不能做到最好;只能尽量避免错误，绝对不可能不犯错误。而考研翻译，要求考生在有限的时间里读懂一篇400词左右的文章，并将其中5个划线部分共计约 150词的英文译成汉语，还要求译文准确、完整、通顺，这对参考的多数并未进行过专业翻译训练的考生而言，实在不是一件易事，出现错误更是在所难免了。

由于各位考生自身素质参差不齐，考研翻译中的错误也可谓千奇百怪、错综复杂，从思维到表达、从句意到词意，各种错误真是应有尽有，难以一一陈述。误译，主要是由于译者没有理解英语原文的真实意义，不能根据上下文正确推断词语的含义造成的。归纳起来看，考生的误译主要源于以下几个方面：缺乏文化背景知识，不懂句子结构，误解逻辑关系和词不达意，等等。

篇6：考研英语翻译之缺乏文化背景知识

语言与文化是密不可分的孪生体，没有不受文化影响的语言，也没有不用语言传播的`文化。无论是在英译汉还是汉译英的实践中，无论是在日常交往还是正式场合，由于缺乏对英美文化的了解而造成的误译比比皆是，常常会闹出笑话，甚至因此造成一些不必要的矛盾和损失。比如：

【例1】 Television has changed the importance of issues. It can be argued that since the 1960 presidential debates we have elected people， not platforms.

【译文】电视已经改变了政治见解的重要性。可以证明，自从1960年以来的总统选举中，我们选择的是人，而不是政治纲领。

【分析】Platform一词的原意是“讲台、讲坛”，但经常被引申用来指美国各党的“竞选纲领”，这是因为在美国总统大选期间，代表美国两大党派竞选的候选人都要在讲坛上阐述各党的竞选纲领。如果将这里的platform简单地译为“讲台”，就会产生误译，表明对美国大选缺乏一定的了解。

【例2】 The blue chip Dow Jones Industrial Average， too， although down 12% form its all time high， was broadly back to its November value.

【译文】汇集绩优股的道琼斯工业指数虽然从历史高点下跌了12%，也大幅回升到了去年11月份的价位。

【分析】原文中的blue chip字面意思是“蓝色的筹码”，源自扑克牌游戏;在证券市场上，它是指股市中那些业绩优良的绩优股，比如IBM、GM等在股市上表现良好的上市企业，他们的股票通常都是投资者所青睐的。尽管可以按照字面意思直译成“蓝筹股”，但意译成“绩优股”意义更为明显。

【例3】 Suddenly， being wined and dined was considered insulting， part of the male conspiracy to keep us （female） in our places， so we got out our chequebooks and went Dutch.

【译文】突然间，让男人请去饮酒进餐被认为是一种侮辱，认为这是男人们让我们安分守己的阴谋，所以我们拿出自己的支票簿，各付各的账。

【分析】go Dutch是指美国社会中的一种付账现象，也就是在越来越多的社交活动中，人们在付账的时候通常采用各自付账（AA制）的形式。这主要是受妇女解放运动影响而形成的一种社会文化现象：越来越多的女性追求独立，不再依赖男性付账，而采取各种付账的形式。

所以，了解英美语言国家的文化，是一个英汉翻译者的必修课。对于考研的学生来说，出国体验这种文化是不现实的，但不能因此就因噎废食，相反，要从实际出发，利用各种现实途径，通过报纸、网络、书刊杂志来积极了解英美文化，在努力实现考研奋斗目标的同时，切实提高自己的翻译、表达和跨文化交往的能力。

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