中考英语语法总复习讲义十一:被动语态的构成及用法 (中考复习英语)
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篇1:中考英语语法总复习讲义十一:被动语态的构成及用法 (中考复习英语)
一、被动语态
被动语态的基本结构为:be+动词的过去分词
各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例):
时态 主动语态 被动语态 例句
主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do/does am/is/are+done We clean the classroom.. The classroom is cleaned by us.
一般过去时 did was/were+done He made the kite. The kite was made by him.
现在进行时 am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being done She is watering flowers. Flower are being watered by her .
现在完成时 have/has+done have/has+been done Jim has finished the work. The work has been finished by Jim.
一般将来时 will/shall/be going to+do will/shall/be going to+be done They will plant trees tomorrow. Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
过去进行时 was/were+doing was/were+being done She was writing a letter this time yesterday. A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.
过去完成时 had+done had+been done Jim had finished the work. The work had been finished.
过去将来时 would/should/be going to+do would/should/be going to+be done He said he would make a kite. He said a kite would be made by him.
含有情态动词 can/may/must+do can/may/must+be done I can find him. He can be found by me.
一.被动语态的用法:在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:
(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:This watch is made in China.更多资料QQ378459309制作:
(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:More trees must be planted every year.。
(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。如:Many houses were washed away by the food.
二、主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.主动语态变为被动语态
(1)要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾语变成主格。
(2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变成宾格,并用by引导。
(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。
主动语态: 动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者
被动语态: 动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者
如:We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态) →He was asked to sing an English song by us.
2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态
谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如:She gave me a book.(变为被动语态) →I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me改为了主语)
A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book 改为了主语)
3.动词短语变为被动语态
许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。如:We should speak to old men politely.(变为被动语态)
Old men should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)
4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态
宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。如:I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态) →Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.
5.变被动语态后动词形式的选择
主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等,及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。如:He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态)→The girl is made to stay at home by him.
篇2:中考英语语法总复习讲义六:介词(中考复习英语)
一.表示时间的介词(部分见资料)
1. in, on, at在……(之时)
①in与年、季节、月、年代、世纪及一般(泛指)的早、中、晚等较长时间的词连用eg: in summer在夏天; in January在1月;in 在; in the morning在早上 in the 21st century
②on用于具体的某日或某特定日期的早、中、晚。
如:on August 8th在8月8日; on Monday在星期一; on New Year’s Day;
on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早晨;on Sunday afternoon在星期天下午。
③at表示某一时刻。
如:at 5∶10pm 在下午5∶10; at the beginning of在开始时;
at the end of...在……的末尾;at the age of...在……岁时; at noon在中午;at the same time在同时。at night在晚上;
2. in, after 在……之后
“in +时间段”用于将来时之中;“after+时间段”用于过去时态之中;“after+时间点”既可用于将来时也可用于过去时。如: Jim will go to Beijing in five days. 吉姆五天后会去北京。Jim went to Beijing after five days. 五天后,吉姆去了北京。Jim will go to Beijing after five o’clock. 吉姆会在五点钟后去北京。
3. for, since
for可以指过去、现在或将来,着重说明“多久”, 后面接时间段。since意为“自从……起”,多与完成时连用,后面接时间点或从句。since引导的从句通常为一般过去时。如:
He has lived here for 2 weeks. / He has lived here since 2 weeks ago. It’s five years since he left school.
4. after, behind 在……之后
after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置。如:You should take a walk after dinner. /The picture is behind the door.
二.表示地理位置的介词
1. in, on, to
1).in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) 2).on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)
3).to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)
Hubei is ___ the north of Hunan /Tanwan is ___ the southeast of China . /Japan is ___ the east of China .
2.at/in/on
1)at 接小地点或较具体的位置”。at home/ at the station 如:He arrived at school at 8 o’clock. 他8点钟到学校
2)in 接在大地点 in China; in the world ; He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday. (较大地点)
3)on 表在一个平面上 on the farm
3. above, over, on 在……上
①above 指在……上方,表相对高度,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;
The bird is flying above my head. 鸟在我的头上飞。
②over指在……正上方,表垂直的高度,与under相对;There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。
③on表示某物体上面并与之接触。如:There is a book on the desk.
4. below, under 在……下面 ; under表示“在……正下方”; below表示“在……下,不一定在正下方”。如:
There is a dog under the desk./ Please write your name below the line.
5.in front of / in the front of
(1).in the front of 表示在…….内部的前面 ;(2).in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom . There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.
Ⅲ.表运动方向和位置的介词更多资料QQ378459309制作:
1. across / through / over / by 经过
①across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.②through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.
③over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. ④by/past 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.
Can you swim ______ the river ? / The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. / I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .
2. between, among
① between指在两个人或两个事物之间;There is a bank between the post office and the police station.
② among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间eg:The teacher is standing among the students.
3 . in, into, out of
①in:在……里面,用于表示静止的位置。Her mother works in the hospital.
②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,经常与表示动作的动词连用如,come, go, run, rush等。
The child ran into his mother’s arms. 这小孩跑进了它妈妈的怀里
③out of:从……里出来,与into一样,也表示有一定的运动方向。如:
All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.
四.表示方式的介词 with / in / by 表示 “用……”
1.with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
2.in a)表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料..
Can you say it _____English ? / He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
b)以…方式in this way 用这种方法 behave in a polite way
c)也可表交通方式travel in a car d)“穿着” in red穿红色的衣服
3.by a)表示乘坐交通工具, travel by bus
b)以……方式、方法或手段 I study for a test _____ working with a group .
4. on a)通过 study on the air/radio通过广播学习b)乘坐on a bus/ on a bike
注意: 1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car 3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
五.范围介词
In 在。。。。里边 in our class between 在两者之间 between us
among 在三者或三者以上的中间 among students
besides 除了。。。之外还有(包括后面的宾语)Tom,Jim besides Lily.
except 除了。。。之外(不包括后面的宾语)Tom,Jim except Lily.
including包括 All the students including me.
六.介词词组辨析
1. on the tree /in the tree
①on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. ②in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.
There are some apples _____ the tree ./ There is a boy ____ the tree.
2.in the wall /on the wall
①in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” ②on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”
a picture the wall the window the wall
3. .except / besides / except for
1).except 除了…之外, 都… 不包括在范围之内,排除同类的. We all went swimming except Lucy .
注: nothing but …除了…之外,什么也没有. There is nothing but a letter in the box .
2).besides除了…之外,还有… 包括在范围之内. We study Japanese and French besides English
3) except for 句中的主语与except for后的宾语不同类:
Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外,是个好人
.4. .with / without
1).with具有,带有 反义词: without 没有 词组: with the help of = with one’s help 反义词:without one’s help
2).without 的用法:A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth . He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句. If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .
5. be made +介词的区别:(见九上笔记)
be made of 由…制成 (看得见原材料);be made from由…制成 (看不见原材料)
be made in +地点 由哪儿生产 ; be made by sb. 由某人制造
6. since / for 注: since / for 常用于现在完成时.
1).since : a).since +时间点;b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时;c).since +一段时间+ ago.
2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago
七.其他固定搭配
be full of充满; be filled with装满……; be born in出生于; be sure of确信;
be used to习惯于…; be late for迟到;be strict with sb对某人要求严格; be excited about对…感到激动。
介词与动词的固定搭配:
arrive in/at 到达大/小地方; agree with同意,赞同; ask for要求,请求。
catch up with 赶上,追上; come from 来自; do well in在……做得好;
decide on决定; fall behind 落后; get to 到达; go to school去上学;
get on with与某人相处; go on with sth.继续做某事; go to bed(sleep)去睡觉;
go to the cinema 去看电影; have nothing with 与……无关; hear of 听说;
hear from收到…来信; help...with...在(某方面)帮助; hand in 交上来。
九.不用介词的情况:
1.当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?
2.含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .
3.以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .
4.以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.
He met a bad man one cold morning .= He met a bad man a cold morning .
篇3:中考英语语法总复习讲义二:冠词(中考复习英语)
专题二 冠 词
中考对冠词的考查主要为:
不定冠词a和an的用法,定冠词the的用法,零冠词的用法,习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。
Ⅰ.冠词的定义 冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之前,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词(a和an)和定冠词(the)两类。
Ⅱ.冠词的用法
1.不定冠词a, an的用法
(1)泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.
(2) 不定冠词a 用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前;a useful book; a desk;不定冠词an 用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如: an old man; an actor; an “m” 。
(3) 第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如:There is a book on the desk, but the book isn’t mine.
(4) 表示人或事物的某一类。如:An elephant is bigger than a tiger.
(5) 用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“ 每一” 的意思,相当every 如: three times a week.
(6) 表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a computer.
(7)用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前 eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉
(9)用在某些固定词组中:如:have a good time; have a swim ,have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for a long time, a few ,a little ,at a time ,
2.定冠词the的用法
(1)用来特指某人或某物,双方都知道的人或物的名词前如:Open the door, please.
(2) 用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new.
(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如:the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky
(4) 用在序数词或形容词最高级前,如:March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class.
(5) 用在某些形容词前, 表示一类人。如:the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。
(6) 用在西洋乐器名词前。如:play the violin
(7) 用在表示方位的名词前。如:in the east/north/west/south
(8) 用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等
(9) 用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。eg:The Greens are watchingTV now
(10)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the...the... ”的句式中,表示“越……越……”。如: The more, the better.
(11)用于固定搭配中。all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上in the open air 在户外,在野外
3.零冠词的用法
(1)棋类活动,球类运动,一日三餐,学科名词前不用任何冠词 play chess play football have supper We all like English.
特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
(2)称呼语前不用冠词, 表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。
如:I don’t feel well today, Mum./ This is Professor Li/ /Hello, Lily.
(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前,用零冠词.
如:Teachers’ Day; Mother’s Day; on Monday; in May; in summer
▲但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节,需在月份或季节前加the, eg:The winter in was very cold.
(4)名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词 my book(正);my the book(误)
(5)有些专有名词, 如人名,地名,国家名,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。
如: China; Japanese; milk; love等。Jim lives in China.
(6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词 We can’t live without water./ Horses are good animals.
(7)用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名,路名,山名等名词前 Hainan Island / Nanjing Road
(8) by与火车等交通工具连用,用零冠词
eg:by bus/ by train/by car/ by bike 注意:take a bus/ on the bike/ in a boat
(9)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词. QQ378459309制作
如on foot; at home; at night; from morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。
(10)用与不用冠词的差异
①in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院里②in front of在…(外部的)前面 / in the front of在…(内部的)前面
③at table进餐 / at the table在桌子旁 ④by sea乘船 / by the sea在海边
⑤go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…) /go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
⑥two of us我们当中的两人 / the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
⑦a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
篇4:中考英语语法总复习讲义十七:宾语从句(中考复习英语)
一、直接引语变间接引语
1.人称的变化:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。
1). “一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致.
She said “I like playing basketball”. She said that _____ _____ playing basketball .
2). “二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致.
She asked Tom “Can I have a look at your picture”. She asked Tom if ___ could have a look at ___ picture .
3). “第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变.
She said to me “They want to help me”. She told me that _____ _____ to help me .
2.指示代词,时间、地点状语的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
that those
时间状语 now then
today that day
this morning that morning
three days ago three days before
Last week the week before
tomorrow the next /following day
next year the next year
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
二. 宾语从句的考查
宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。
1.考查宾语从句的语序: 宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即 “主语+谓语+……
Do you know when __________? A.does the next train leave B.the next train leaves
注:若从句是疑问句,但语序不变的有:
1).who在从句中作主语。Can you tell me _________?(谁将来这儿)
2).what’s wrong / the matter ? He asked what was the matter with me .
3).what happened I don’t know what happened yesterday .
4).which is the way to ….? Can you tell me which is the way to the park ?
2.考查宾语从句的引导词
1).若宾语从句时陈述句时,引导词用that 且that 可省掉。
She said “I’m gald to see you” = She said _____ _____ ______ gald to see me .
2).宾语从句时一般疑问句时,引导词用if 或whether . 一般情况下if /whether 可互换,但后有or not / or 、动词不定式或介词的后面时,只能用whether . I’m thinking about ______ to go there . A.if B.whether C.that
3).宾语从句时特殊疑问句时,引导词用特殊疑问词。
Do you know ________? I’m not sure ,Maybe he is a businessman .
A.who he is B.who is he C.what he does D.what does he do
4).若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时,就改为ask /tell sb to do sth .若为否定祈使句,就改为ask /tell sb not to sth .
“Don’t open the door” The teacher said . = The teacher told me _____ ____ ___ the door .
3.宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
Can you tell me _________? He is a doctor . A.what is he B.what he was C.what he is D.what was he
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态
He asked ____________.A.what time it is B.what time is it C.what time it was D.what time was it
He told me that he ______ for the sports meet. A.is preparing B.was preparing C.will prepare D.has prepared
注:1) 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。
Our teacher said that January__ the first month of the year. /Our teacher said that the earth _(go) around the sun.
2).若主句为could you …..?表示请求客气的语气,从句的时态仍然不变。
Could you tell me _______?A.what he was doing B.what was he doing C.what he is doing D.what is he doing
5.宾语从句的简化:
1).宾语从句是陈述句时,且主、从句的主语一致,可简化为“动词+ to do sth”.
I hope I can meet you again ./I hope _____ _____ you again .
2).宾语从句是疑问句时,且主、从句的主语一致,或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+ to do sth”. I don’t know what I should do next ./ I don’t know ____ ____ _____ next .
篇5:中考英语语法总复习讲义十九:简单句和并列句(中考复习英语)
引言:※句子的分类。根据语气可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。根据结构可分为:简单句、并列句和复合句。 ※简单句是只包括一个主谓结构的句子。
※并列句是包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子,句子之间常用并列连词连接。常见的连词有and, but, or, so等。
一、常见的五种基本句型。
1. S+V,主谓,谓语动词一般为不及物动词;
①The bus stopped. ② Tom has arrived
S Vi .
2.S+V+P,主谓(系)表,谓语动词一般为连系动词;
(表语可以是名词,形容词,动词不定式、动名词短语、介词短语或句子等)。
连系动词主要有:be(am, is, are), look(看起来), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel(感到,摸起来);stay/keep(保持);seem(好像,似乎). turn/get/become/grow(变得); appear(呈现):appear red
①The skirt looks beautiful. ② she is a student. ③ My dream is to be a teacher.
S V P
3.S+V+O,主谓宾,谓语动词一般为及物动词,如果是不及物动词,后面要跟介词再接宾语;
①I like English. ②She likes watching TV. ③She wants to go shopping. 更多资料QQ378459309制作:
S V O
4.S+V+O+OC,主谓宾补,宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、动词不定式等.
①I find English [easy]. ②They keep their eyes [closed].
S V O OC
③She asked me [to go shopping]. ④She makes me [laugh].
5. S+V+IO+DO,主谓双宾,接双宾语的动词有buy, give, show, tell, teach, offer, provide
一般物为直接宾语(DO),人为间接宾语(IO)。 (give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. )
①She gave me a pen. ②She buy me a pen.
S V IO DO
二、常见的并列句:
(1) 用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…,as well as等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示平行关系、顺接关系、对照关系、先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。
(2) 表示在两者之间选择一个, 常用的连接词有or, otherwise, either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。
①Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.(or译为:或者)
②Hurry up, or you will miss the early bus. (or译为:否则)
(3) 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折, 常用的连接词有but, yet, still ,however, while(而)等,前后分句时态一致。 ①It has no mouth, but it can talk. (前后彼此矛盾,表示转折)
②School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. (前后彼此矛盾,表示转折)
③He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. (前后不矛盾,只是表示转折)
(4) 说明原因或理由, 用连接词for ,前后分句时态一致。He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。
(5) 表示结果,用连接词so, 前后分句时态一致。Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead.
三、反意疑问句: 见专题
四、选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句
1) 构成:(1)一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项?
(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?
2) 选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:
①Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl.②Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please.
五、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。
▲祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他 如:①Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) ②Shut up! (住嘴!)
▲祈使句的否定式:Don’t +动词原形 + 其他
如:①Please don’t talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。)② Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。)
以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面③Let’s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)
肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:④Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)(do起强调作用)
▲注意祈使句在复合句和其它一些情况下看作将来时:
⑤ Please call me when she comes back. (主将从现)⑥ -----Don’t bring it here tomorrow. ---OK, I won’t.
六、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”见专题
篇6:中考英语语法总复习讲义十六:反意疑问句(中考复习英语)
、结构:陈述句 + 附加疑问句?It’s hot today ,isn’t it ?
二、原则:1.前肯后否,前否后肯 2.前名后代 3.时态一致
三、变法: 一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。
四、特殊的附加疑问句:
1.I’m …… , aren’t I ? /I’m right , ______ ______ ?/ 2.There be …… , ______ there ?
There will be fewer buses in the future ,____ ______?
3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句,仍把它作为肯定形式。He is unhappy , _____ ______ ?
4.Let’s 的反意疑问句为 shall we ? Let us的反意疑问句为will you ?
Let us go to the movie together ,_____ _____ ?/ Let’s go to the movie together ,_____ _____ ?
5.祈使句的反意疑问句为 will you ? Don’t miss it ,_____ _____ ?
6.若陈述句部分含有never , few , little , hardly ,no ,seldom ,nobody ,nothing …否定词、半否定词时,附加疑问句用肯定形式。 He can hardly understand it , _____ ______ ?
7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时:
1).主语为指人的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he / they . No one was hurt , ______ _______ ?
2).主语为指物的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用 it. Nothing is serious , _______ _______ ?
8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句,其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。He must be at school , ______ ______ ?
9.陈述句的主语是this , that , these , those 时,附加疑问句的主语分别为 it , they .
This is a new computer , ______ ______ ?/Those aren’t banana tees , ______ _______ ?
10.当陈述句是主从复合句时, 其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为I think / believe /suppose /imagine /expect 时,其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。He said that he would leave here tomorrow , __ __ ?
/I don’t think you can do these exercises alone , ___ _______ ? 更多资料QQ378459309制作:
11.陈述句中有has / have / had 时,一定要注意。
1).若句中是 has to / have to / had to ,表 “不得不” 附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t / don’t / didn’t 进行反问.
They had to leave early , ______ ______ ?
2).若句中是has / have / had 表“有 ”, 其附加疑问句的谓语用do/ does / did 进行反问。
He has few friends in the new school , ______ ______?
3).若句中是has/ have / had +过去分词时,其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问。
He has never been to Beijing , _____ _____? She had studied a few English songs by the end of last month. ,______ ______?
五、反义疑问句的回答:反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes , +肯定形式。若事实是否定的,就用No, +否定形式。
注意:在前否后肯的句子中回答仍然用:yes , +肯定形式/No, +否定形式。但yes表“不”而No表“是的”。
She didn’t come to school yesterday, did she ? _________, though she was not feeling well.
A.No, she didn’t B.No , she did C.Yes , she didn’t D.Yes , she did
篇7:中考英语语法总复习讲义九:情态动词(中考复习英语)
一、情态动词的类型和特征(一)
情态动词的类型
1. 只作情态动词的有:must; can (could); may (might); 2. 可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need;
3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will (would); shall (should);更多资料QQ378459309制作:
4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have to; ought to
(二)情态动词的特征:1.有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语。
2. 无人称和数的变化 (have to例外,用于第三人称单数时用has to)。
We must stay here. /He must stay here. 他必须呆在这儿。
We have to walk home. /He has to walk home. 他不得不步行回家。
3. 后接动词原形: She may lose her way. 她可能迷路了。
4. 具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。
- Can you sing an English song? 你会唱英语歌吗?- Yes, I can. 是的,我会。
二、情态动词的用法 (一) can, could的用法
1. 表示能力,译为:能,会。如: Can you play basketball? 你会打篮球吗?
2. 表怀疑、猜测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:He can’t be in the room.他不可能在房间里。
3. 表请求或允许,多用于口语中,意为“可以”,相当于may。 如:You can (may) go now. 你现在可以走了。
4. could是can的过去式,可以表示过去的能力.如: I could swim when I was seven years old.
5. 以can开头的一般疑问句,其肯定回答和否定回答分别用can和can’t。
(二) may的用法 1.表推测,意为“可能;也许”,用于肯定句中.如: He may come tomorrow.他明天可能会来。
2. 表请求、许可,意为“可以” 如: May I borrow your book? 我可以借用你的书吗?
※may表请求,用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时,其否定回答用mustn’t,不用may not,意为“不可以,不许,禁止”。如: - May I go now? - No, you mustn’t. 不可以。/Yes, you may(can). 是,可以。
3. (1) 表祝愿。 如: May you succeed. 祝你成功。
(2) can和may 均可用来表示征求意见或允许,意为“可以”,一般可互换使用。
(三) must的用法:1. 表示“必须、应该”。
2. 表示推测,意为“一定”,一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句一般应用can,否定句中也用may,但may not表示“可能不”,而can’t 表示“不可能”。
- There’s someone knocking on the door. 有人敲门。 - It must be Jim. 肯定是吉姆。
※3. 在否定句中,mustn’t表示禁止,意为“不允许”。以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答应用must,而否定回答则常用needn’t,意为“不需要、不必”,相当于don’t have to, 而不能用mustn’t。。
- Must I finish the work today? 我今天必须完成这项工作吗?
- No, you needn’t/You don’t have to. 不,你不必/ Yes, you must.
(四) 对need词性的判断: need后加to do说明need为实义动词,用助动词提问或否定;need后加doing表被动;若need后加动词原形, 则need为情态动词,用need提问或否定,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t。 如:You needn’t come to school so early. 你不必这么早来学校。
(五) had better的用法: had better+动词原形,表示最好做某事,否定式用had better not do sth.。
You’d better stay at home. 你最好呆在家里/You’d better not watch TV every day.你最好不要每天看电视。
(六) shall (should), will (would)的用法
1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求意见、询问。 如:Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?
Shall we have lunch here? 我们在这儿吃饭好吗?
2. Should常用来表示义务、责任。如: We should obey traffic laws. 我们应该遵守交通规则。
3. will 用于第二人称表示询问,请求,也可以表达现在的“意愿”
如:Will you pass me the book? 你能把这本书递给我吗?/ We will do anything for you.
4. would 用来表示过去的意愿或委婉的询问。
Would you tell me the way to the station? 你能告诉我去车站的路吗?
易混点清单
一.can和be able to : can 和be able to表示能力时用法相同,can只用于现在时和过去式(could),但 be able to表示经过努力后, 能够做到有现在时,过去时和将来时。
如:We will be able to come back next week. 我们下周能回来。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. (表示经过努力后, 能够做到)
Jim couldn’t speak Chinese last year, but now he can. 吉姆去年不会说汉语,但现在他会了。
二、can 和may 表可能性的区别
1.在肯定句中,用may表可能You had better ask the policeman. He may know.你最好问警察,他可能知道。
2. 在否定句中,若语气肯定,表示“不可能”时用can not;若语气不肯定,表示“可能不”时用may not。
Mr Li can’t be in the room. He has gone to Beijing for a visit.李老师不可能在,他去北京度假了。
三、could, should, would, might表示委婉语气
could, should, would, might等过去式有时不表示过去,而是表示更委婉客气的语气。
Would you tell me the way to the park? 你能告诉我去公园的路吗?
四、must和have (has) to: must和have (has) to 意思均为“必须”,常可以互换使用。但have (has) to用于强调客观需要,意为“必须,不得不”;must用于表示主观看法,意为“必须,应该”。
We’ll have to ask Zhang Hong instead. /We must work hard at school.
五、maybe和may be
may为情态动词,后加动词原形be,用在句中;maybe为副词,“大概,也许”,相当于perhaps,用于句首。
六、can’t和mustn’t: 表否定推测时应用can’t, mustn’t表达“禁止、不允许”的含义,不是用来表推测的,在肯定句中must表推测,译为“一定”。
七.(补充)should have done 本应该做的事情但未做含有责备之意
如:I told Lily how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it out. needn’t have done 本没必要做但却做了sth
篇8:中考英语语法总复习讲义十八:定语从句(中考复习英语)
一、定语从句:
1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。
关系词 指代 在定语从句中的作用
that 既指人也指物 作主语、宾语
which 指物 作主语、宾语
who 指人 作主语
whom 指人 作宾语
whose 既指人也指物 作定语
二、定语从句:1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that,which均可.但下列情况,只用that不用which。
1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。There is nothing ______ I can do for you .
2).先行词被the only,the very,the last,all,no,little等词修饰,只用that。This is the very book ___ I’m looking for .
3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .
4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .
5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that 。 He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .
2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况,只能用which不用that。
1).关系代词前有介词时,关系词只能用which 。This is the building in ______ he lives .
2).先行词本身是that时,关系词只能用which 。The clock is that _____ tells the time .
3).引导非限定性的定语从句(先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开),关系词用which。
His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.
3.先行词是人时,一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。但以下情况下,只能用who。
1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who .Those ____ are singing are all my classmates .
2).在there be 句型中,先行词指人时,只能用who。指物时用that。There is a girl ______ expects to see you .
3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时,只能用who 。He ______ plays with fire gets burned .
三、定语从句 由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。
where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which
1.由where引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语
Is this the house ____ you lived ?= Is this the house ____ ___ you lived ?= Is this the house ___ you lived in ?
2.由when引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语
I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him.
注:先行词是the last time 时,when 可省略。When was the last time you saw the parrot ?
3.由why引导的定语从句。先行词为reason 时,一般用why 。 why在句中作原因状语。
We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come .
四、注意事项:
1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,常可省略。The story _____ he told was very popular .
A.who B.whom C.whose D. /
2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。
I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs ./She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard .
3.定语从句中whose 的确定:无论先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语用whose。
判断:看定语从句的主语前有无限定词(my、your、Jim’s等),若没有,则用whose 。
The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .A. who B. whose C. which D. that
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