英文写作避免重复的方法总结
“慕荣田田”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了20篇英文写作避免重复的方法总结，以下是小编整理后的英文写作避免重复的方法总结，欢迎阅读与收藏。
篇1：英文写作避免重复的方法总结
英文写作避免重复的方法总结
一、英文写作避免重复的方法，主要是通过代词、同义词、近义词和省略等手段来实现的。使用代词回避重复，这是最普通，也是常见的一种方法。例如：
When the entered，each was given a small present.
孩子们进来时，每人都得到一份小礼物。
二、用同义词避免重复这里说的同义词是一个比较宽泛的概念。它包括范畴词、相近词(near-synonym)和派生词等。
Then they went on with of the peak.The climb was an extremely difficult one.
然后他们继续向顶峰攀登，这是一次极难的攀登。
这是一个很典型的例子。如果第一次用来表达概念的词不太常见，不太通俗易懂，那么第二次需要重提此概念时，作者往往用一个简单的字眼。如：第二句就用了同义词climb来替代ascent这个较冷僻的词，既避免了重复，又解释了了ascent的意义。
三、用省略手段回避重复，省略的主要功能就是避免重复，并能突出新的信息。省略是英语的一种习惯用法，它能节省词语，使语句结构显得紧凑。
1、省略名词
1)He spoke for the first motion and against the second.(the second=the second motion)
他赞成第一个提议，反对第二个提议。
2)Cut off the first and last parts of the play，and leave then middle.(the first=the first part of the play)
把这个剧本的首尾两部分删去，只留下中间部分。
2、省略动词，谈到动词的省略，典型的例子应首推培根关于读书的那段名言。例如：
1)Some books are to be tasted，others(are)to be swallowed，and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
书有可浅尝者，有可尽食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。
2)Jack needn't stay here，but George must.(=but George must stay here)
杰克不必留下了，可是乔治必须留下来。
3、省略形容词，相比较而言，英语中省略形容词来避免重复的情形，不如其他词类多。
Robert seemed angry，and George certainly was(angry).
罗伯特似乎生气了，而乔治肯定是生气了。
4、省略从句
1)I did not notice it till too late.(=till it was too late)
等我注意到这事时，已经晚了。
2)l must get it done what ever the cost.(=what ever the cost may be)
无论代价如何，我也要把这事办成。
3)He gave the same answer as before.(=as he has given before)
他的回答和从前一样。
为了回避词语的重复，人们通常采用以上这3种省略手段。省略手段看似容易，因为有些内容可以略去不表，其实不然，能够做到正确地省略，说明一个人句子的运用能力已经达到纯熟的地步。有运用得当的省略句更能显示出学习者英语的规范性、地道性。避免重复是英语句子表达的一条原则。
英语作文范文：益友良师
Friends can be classified into two kinds, good friends and evil friends. Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good ones drive us towards the right and make our life successful.
朋友可以分成两大类，益友和损友。损友会把我们误入歧途，毁坏我们的生活，而益友会推动我们往正确的方向，使我们的生活成功。
Two of them exist in our daily life. However, ideal friends exist in people's mind. They should be diligent, successful and loyal. When you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to give you a hand. Also you can share your happiness and sorrow together.
这两类都存在于我们的日常生活中。但是，完美的朋友只存在于人们的脑海中。他们应该勤奋，成功和忠实。当你需要帮助的时候，他们会在身边支持你并乐于为你伸出援助之手。而你也可以和他们一起分享你的快乐和悲伤。
In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should keep their own secrets. So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my privacy too much. On the other hand, my friends should have Something in common with me, at the same time something special. In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other.
在我看来，有些事朋友可以分享，但是他们也应该保有自己的秘密。所以我希望我的朋友不要过多的干涉我的隐私。另一方面，我的朋友应该和我有些相同之处，同时也有自己的独特之处。这样我们就可以互相吸引，互相学习。
篇2：避免英文写作重复的方法总结
避免英文写作重复的方法总结
一、英文写作避免重复的方法，主要是通过代词、同义词、近义词和省略等手段来实现的。使用代词回避重复，这是最普通，也是常见的一种方法。例如：
When the entered，each was given a small present.
孩子们进来时，每人都得到一份小礼物。
二、用同义词避免重复这里说的同义词是一个比较宽泛的概念。它包括范畴词、相近词(near-synonym)和派生词等。
Then they went on with of the peak．The climb was an extremely difficult one.
然后他们继续向顶峰攀登，这是一次极难的攀登。
这是一个很典型的.例子。如果第一次用来表达概念的词不太常见，不太通俗易懂，那么第二次需要重提此概念时，作者往往用一个简单的字眼。如：第二句就用了同义词climb来替代ascent这个较冷僻的词，既避免了重复，又解释了了ascent的意义。
三、用省略手段回避重复，省略的主要功能就是避免重复，并能突出新的信息。省略是英语的一种习惯用法，它能节省词语，使语句结构显得紧凑。
1、省略名词
1)He spoke for the first motion and against the second．(the second＝the second motion)
他赞成第一个提议，反对第二个提议。
2)Cut off the first and last parts of the play，and leave then middle．(the first＝the first part of the play)
把这个剧本的首尾两部分删去，只留下中间部分。
2、省略动词，谈到动词的省略，典型的例子应首推培根关于读书的那段名言。例如：
1）Some books are to be tasted，others(are)to be swallowed，and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
书有可浅尝者，有可尽食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。
2）Jack needn't stay here，but George must．(＝but George must stay here)
杰克不必留下了，可是乔治必须留下来。
3、省略形容词，相比较而言，英语中省略形容词来避免重复的情形，不如其他词类多。
Robert seemed angry，and George certainly was(angry).
罗伯特似乎生气了，而乔治肯定是生气了。
4、省略从句
1）I did not notice it till too late．(＝till it was too late)
等我注意到这事时，已经晚了。
2）l must get it done what ever the cost．(＝what ever the cost may be)
无论代价如何，我也要把这事办成。
3）He gave the same answer as before．(＝as he has given before)
他的回答和从前一样。
为了回避词语的重复，人们通常采用以上这3种省略手段。省略手段看似容易，因为有些内容可以略去不表，其实不然，能够做到正确地省略，说明一个人句子的运用能力已经达到纯熟的地步。有运用得当的省略句更能显示出学习者英语的规范性、地道性。避免重复是英语句子表达的一条原则。
篇3：英文写作中避免用词的重复
英文写作中避免用词的重复
避免词汇重复是英语句子的又一特点。这一特点最明显的标志是，英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。英语主要是通过使用代词、同义词、近义词和省略等手段来避免重复。
1.使用代词回避重复
这是最普通，也是常见的一种方法。
Can you mend this table? I broke it yesterday.
你会修理这张桌子吗?昨天我把它弄坏了。
When the entered，each was given a small present.
孩子们进来时，每人都得到一份小礼物。
2.用同义词避免重复
这里说的同义词是一个比较宽泛的概念。它包括范畴词、相近词(near-synonym)和派生词等。
Then they went on with of the peak.The climb was an extremely difficult one.
然后他们继续向顶峰攀登，这是一次极难的攀登。
这是一个很典型的例子。如果第一次用来表达概念的词不太常见，不太通俗易懂，那么第二次需要重提此概念时，作者往往用一个简单的字眼。如：第二句就用了同义词climb来替代ascent这个较冷僻的词，既避免了重复，又解释了了ascent的意义。
The monkey's extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to drive single-handed.
这只猴子最出色的表演是学开拖拉机。到9岁时，它已学会独自驾驶拖拉机了。
在第二句仍要提及monkey和tractor，为了回避重复，作者用了animal和vehicle这两个范畴词来替代。范畴词虽然意义宽泛，不太确切，但是在特定的上下文中一般不会引起误解，而且行文也显得更加活泼了。
3.用省略手段回避重复
省略的主要功能就是避免重复，并能突出新的信息。省略是英语的一种习惯用法，它能节省词语，使语句结构显得紧凑。
1)省略名词
He spoke1 for the first motion and against the second.(the second=the second motion)
他赞成第一个提议，反对第二个提议。
They are fine actors.Smith is the finest I've ever seen.
他们是优秀的演员，但史密斯是我见过的最好的演员。
有时，名词的省略出现在相同的名词之前。
Cut off the first and last parts of the play，and leave then middle.
(the first=the first part of the play)
把这个剧本的首尾两部分删去，只留下中间部分。
2)省略动词
谈到动词的省略，典型的例子应首推培根关于读书的那段名言。
Some books are to be tasted，others(are)to be swallowed，and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
书有可浅尝者，有可尽食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。
Jack2 needn't stay here，but George must.(=but George must stay here)
杰克不必留下了，可是乔治必须留下来。
John won the first race and Jim(won) the second.
约翰胜了第一场比赛，吉姆胜了第二场。
3)省略形容词
相比较而言，英语中省略形容词来避免重复的情形，不如其他词类多。
Robert seemed angry，and George certainly was(angry).
罗伯特似乎生气了，而乔治肯定是生气了。
4)省略从句
I did not notice it till too late.(=till it was too late)
等我注意到这事时，已经晚了。
l must get it done what ever the cost.(=what ever the cost may be)
无论代价如何，我也要把这事办成。
He gave the same answer as before.(=as he has given before)
他的回答和从前一样。
为了回避词语的重复，人们通常采用以上这3种省略手段。省略手段看似容易，因为有些内容可以略去不表，其实不然，能够做到正确地省略，说明一个人句子的运用能力已经达到纯熟的地步。有运用得当的省略句更能显示出学习者英语的规范性、地道性。避免重复是英语句子表达的一条原则。但是从词类的角度看，重复的多是名词、动词和形容词这些实词，而词义较抽象的代词、介词、助动词等虚词则不怕重复。这样看来，英语句子是“避实就虚”，而虚词的重复常常是为了避免实词的重复。
4.避免重复与避免中式英语
避免重复这条原则对中国学生还有一层特殊的意义。受汉语表达习惯的影响，中国学生用英语表达思想时，常常不自觉地加上不必要的修饰语。这些修饰语虽然在汉语中也是重复(如毫无根据的捏造)，但是它们显得自然，符合汉语的表达习惯。可是，如果把这些修饰语也译成英语，效果就适得其反了，既累赘，又有失表达的准确。
例如：汉语中，我们可以说，“请给我们多提宝贵意见”，但是用英语表达时就不必说Please gives us your valuable opinions.别人能提出意见、建议，我们肯定应该认为是宝贵的，再用valuable一词就是多余的，正确的说法应是Your opinions will be appreciated.还有一个典型的例子，在表达“他的病情好多了”这一汉语句子时，中国学生往往说成His sick condition is much better.实际上，condition本身就表示“疾病”(sickness，illness)，所以句中的sick也是一种无意义的重复，地道的表达方法是His condition is much better.或者可以更简单地说He is much better.
此外，在用英语表达汉语中的“吃饭”、“读书”、“唱歌”、“付钱”、“换车”这些动宾结构的概念时，中国学生往往把宾语表达出来，而实际上，英语的有些动词本身已经含有宾语所表示的意思，不言自明，一般是可以省略的，加上宾语则有可能形成画蛇添足，说出中国式的英语。现举例如下：
Have you heard(any news) from your daughter recently?
近来你得到你女儿的消息了吗?
“to hear from somebody” 就含有“听到某人的消息”，“接到某人来信”的意思。
Write(letters)to me often.
经常给我写信。
Dick was mad about books.He made notes while he read.(=while he read books)
迪克特别爱读书，他读书时总是作笔记。
It's through train, you don't have to change anywhere.(=you don't have to change trains anywhere)
这是一超支达车，你不需要在任何地方换车。
He paid(money) to see the show.
他花了钱去看演出。
以上各例中，动词的宾语是不言而喻的。如果不是特别需要强调，宾语可以省略。不省略，虽然符合语法规则，也不构成理解错误，但是在表达方式上与标准的英语习惯用法不符，影响语言的地道性。
避免重复这一原则在书面英语中体现比较严格，相对来说，口语中则具有较大的灵活性。
篇4：英语写作中避免重复的方法
英语写作中避免重复的方法
重复是英语写作中应尽量避免的一大难题,替代和省略是避免重复的`两大重要方法.这两个方法又都分为名词性和动词性两个方面.
作 者：崔凤爽 蔺新华 作者单位：青岛科技大学,山东,青岛,266061 刊 名：考试周刊 英文刊名：KAOSHI ZHOUKAN 年，卷(期)： “”(44) 分类号：H3 关键词：重复 替代 省略篇5：托福写作如何避免重复用词
托福写作如何避免重复用词?这2个方法你要了解
1. 通过简化避免用词重复
想要尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇，或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复的情况，这时候考生该可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 用词组替换单词避免重复
有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
托福写作模板:小孩成长环境
托福写作模板及范文参考：
It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.
托福写作范文参考：
With the development of the transportation system and some residence institution， the world is getting smaller and smaller， and people are not restricted in only one area. In addition to the convenient condition， because there are different places with different cultures， living standards， education environment and other disparity， they are inclined to transfer from one place to the other. Is it better to move around than stay in one place? I believe there are no uniform answers，but in my opinion， I do agree with the claim that to move around is better than to stay in one place.
Most people's growth comes with the transfers in their life. As for me， when I was young I lived in a small county. Because the school in there was not suitable to me， I transferred from my little county to a city to get a better education. As soon as I got to the city， I was amazed that the world here was so different here as my hometown .If I still lived in my hometown， it was impossible for me to make the wildest guess at what the real world looked like. The first transfer has made me to imagine my own life and spur on me to go further. With the confidence， I went into a university which I would never think of it before. The university is located in a different city so that I have to come into another world. Compared with my living city， the one is more complicated in which there are different people， more convenient transportation， more competitive environment. I love all of this very much. Communicating with different students and teachers， I have learned much from them which will benefit me throughout my life and my lifestyle. Now I am in a graduate school also so beautiful that I will never regret my selection of leaving my hometown because the transfer has given me a splendid life.
Also， like we students， there are many adults transferring their work place in order to grasp better opportunities. No matter in industry， in agriculture or in service， workers have rights to choose their work companies which leads them to work from place to place and then they accumulate precious experience and skills to get priorities to others.
People not only transfer in their own country， but also go abroad to get education， work or live through the rest of their life in appropriate countries. We can see that many students including me want to go to the foreign countries to study further and forge ourselves， and that many parents send their little sons or daughters to foreign countries to study. After all， diverse circumstances give persons new experience and broaden their narrow sight， even help them get more comprehensive understanding of the world， the society and our life itself.
However， some people may say that if people move around， they will pay for much such as money， time and energy. It is right to say that it takes one person some time to get used to his or her new environment， new personal relationship which indeed influences the growth of children， the efficiency of our work and the stability of our society and family. And I have to admit that people should make considerate plans before changing their places and may not transfer aimlessly and frequently. But I think sometimes it is just all the friction that has made the world wealthier and more beautiful. Therefore， I still think it is better to travel around than to live in one place.
托福写作模板:睡眠革命
Evolution of sleep
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?
Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
托福写作模板:学习问题
托福写作模板及范文参考：
Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.
托福写作范文参考：
Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However， to learn about something more complex， it's always best to have a teacher. Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They've been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style.
For instance， some students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that's best for each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they're only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.
Teachers help you focus on what you're learning. If you're learning something by yourself， it's easy to become distracted and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically， taking it one step at a time. On your own， it's tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don't need. That can hinder your ability to really understand the subject.
Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher， you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher's own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what you're learning.
There's nothing wrong with studying on your own， and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning， though， a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.
篇6：英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复？
英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复？
在英语的文章中，我们可以看到，除了表示强调或为了避免意义的含糊外，同一个词或短语很少在同一个句子中连续使用，有时，在一个句群或段落中也避免重复使用相同的词。避免词汇重复是英语句子的又一特点。这一特点最明显的标志是，英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。英语主要是通过使用代词、同义词、近义词和省略等手段来避免重复。1．使用代词回避重复
这是最普通，也是常见的一种方法。
Can you mend this table? I broke it yesterday．
你会修理这张桌子吗?昨天我把它弄坏了。
When the entered，each was given a small present．
孩子们进来时，每人都得到一份小礼物。
2．用同义词避免重复
这里说的同义词是一个比较宽泛的概念。它包括范畴词、相近词(near-synonym)和派生词等。
Then they went on with of the peak．The climb was an extremely difficult one．
然后他们继续向顶峰攀登，这是一次极难的攀登。
这是一个很典型的例子。如果第一次用来表达概念的词不太常见，不太通俗易懂，那么第二次需要重提此概念时，作者往往用一个简单的字眼。如：第二句就用了同义词climb来替代ascent这个较冷僻的词，既避免了重复，又解释了了ascent的意义。
The monkey's extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to drive single-handed．
这只猴子最出色的表演是学开拖拉机。到9岁时，它已学会独自驾驶拖拉机了。
在第二句仍要提及monkey和tractor，为了回避重复，作者用了animal和vehicle这两个范畴词来替代。范畴词虽然意义宽泛，不太确切，但是在特定的上下文中一般不会引起误解，而且行文也显得更加活泼了。
3．用省略手段回避重复
省略的主要功能就是避免重复，并能突出新的信息。省略是英语的一种习惯用法，它能节省词语，使语句结构显得紧凑。
1)省略名词
He spoke for the first motion and against the second．(the second＝the second motion)
他赞成第一个提议，反对第二个提议。
They are fine actors．Smith is the finest I've ever seen．
他们是优秀的演员，但史密斯是我见过的最好的演员。
有时，名词的省略出现在相同的名词之前。
Cut off the first and last parts of the play，and leave then middle．
(the first＝the first part of the play)
把这个剧本的首尾两部分删去，只留下中间部分。
2)省略动词
谈到动词的省略，典型的例子应首推培根关于读书的那段名言。
Some books are to be tasted，others(are)to be swallowed，and some few (are) to be chewed and digested．
书有可浅尝者，有可尽食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。
Jack needn't stay here，but George must．(＝but George must stay here)
杰克不必留下了，可是乔治必须留下来。
John won the first race and Jim(won) the second.
约翰胜了第一场比赛，吉姆胜了第二场。
3)省略形容词
相比较而言，英语中省略形容词来避免重复的情形，不如其他词类多。
Robert seemed angry，and George certainly was(angry)．
罗伯特似乎生气了，而乔治肯定是生气了。
4)省略从句
I did not notice it till too late．(＝till it was too late)
等我注意到这事时，已经晚了。
l must get it done what ever the cost．(＝what ever the cost may be)
无论代价如何，我也要把这事办成。
He gave the same answer as before．(＝as he has given before)
他的回答和从前一样。
为了回避词语的重复，人们通常采用以上这3种省略手段。省略手段看似容易，因为有些内容可以略去不表，其实不然，能够做到正确地省略，说明一个人句子的运用能力已经达到纯熟的地步。有运用得当的省略句更能显示出学习者英语的规范性、地道性。避免重复是英语句子表达的一条原则。但是从词类的角度看，重复的多是名词、动词和形容词这些实词，而词义较抽象的代词、介词、助动词等虚词则不怕重复。这样看来，英语句子是“避实就虚”，而虚词的重复常常是为了避免实词的重复。
4．避免重复与避免中式英语
避免重复这条原则对中国学生还有一层特殊的意义。受汉语表达习惯的影响，中国学生用英语表达思想时，常常不自觉地加上不必要的修饰语。这些修饰语虽然在汉语中也是重复(如毫无根据的捏造)，但是它们显得自然，符合汉语的表达习惯。可是，如果把这些修饰语也译成英语，效果就适得其反了，既累赘，又有失表达的`准确。
例如：汉语中，我们可以说，“请给我们多提宝贵意见”，但是用英语表达时就不必说Please gives us your valuable opinions．别人能提出意见、建议，我们肯定应该认为是宝贵的，再用valuable一词就是多余的，正确的说法应是Your opinions will be appreciated．还有一个典型的例子，在表达“他的病情好多了”这一汉语句子时，中国学生往往说成His sick condition is much better．实际上，condition本身就表示“疾病”(sickness，illness)，所以句中的sick也是一种无意义的重复，地道的表达方法是His condition is much better．或者可以更简单地说He is much better．
此外，在用英语表达汉语中的“吃饭”、“读书”、“唱歌”、“付钱”、“换车”这些动宾结构的概念时，中国学生往往把宾语表达出来，而实际上，英语的有些动词本身已经含有宾语所表示的意思，不言自明，一般是可以省略的，加上宾语则有可能形成画蛇添足，说出中国式的英语。现举例如下：
Have you heard(any news) from your daughter recently?
近来你得到你女儿的消息了吗?
“to hear from somebody” 就含有“听到某人的消息”，“接到某人来信”的意思。
Write(letters)to me often．
经常给我写信。
Dick was mad about books．He made notes while he read．(＝while he read books)
迪克特别爱读书，他读书时总是作笔记。
It's through train, you don't have to change anywhere．(＝you don't have to change trains anywhere)
这是一超支达车，你不需要在任何地方换车。
He paid(money) to see the show．
他花了钱去看演出。
以上各例中，动词的宾语是不言而喻的。如果不是特别需要强调，宾语可以省略。不省略，虽然符合语法规则，也不构成理解错误，但是在表达方式上与标准的英语习惯用法不符，影响语言的地道性。
避免重复这一原则在书面英语中体现比较严格，相对来说，口语中则具有较大的灵活性。
篇7：托福写作考试如何避免词汇和语句重复
【立场：AGREE】
本文的Introduction被隐去。
【A phenomenon as Reason 1】
第一个理由以举例论证的方法说明了立场，没有说理过程，却在例子中诠释了作者的立场.
First, rarely do neighbors 【语法：表否定的副词置于句首时的倒装现象，是一个很好模仿的语法现象，这里是在主语前助动词，单复数和主语一致;注意：这种语法现象其实也是在强调句子表达的否定意义】exchange pleasantries nowadays, whereas people in the same neighborhood used to greet each other. This phenomenon happens in my apartment building. 【写作法：长句之后的短句，用来调整/缓一下信息节奏】 I have to confess that I am unfamiliar with the person who lives next door, and I am almost sure that he knows nothing about me but my apartment number, although we often bump into each other in the elevator. We may make eye contact a few times, but never ask the other’s name, probably because we are uninterested. Also, I do not think that my neighborhood is an exception to the overall situation.
【Reason 2 stated and illustrated by examples】
第二个理由的论述是一个经典结构，先说明作者认定的道理，然后用例子诠释了这个道理。
In the past, when the financial gap between people was small, people were friendlier. The minor advantage a person had could barely provoke another’s jealousy. Nor could 【语法：nor置于句首时的倒装现象，这里是把情态动词提前到主语前】it be the richer person’s asset be contemptuous of another. As a matter of fact, people used to be generous in offering care or giving a hand. At present, a person can be far wealthier than another, and the richer one may have an annoying sense of superiority, and meanwhile the less privileged may display hostility. China is an example. 【写作法：这个短句前后的信息都很丰富，尤其是之前一句较长，所以这个短句在这里起到调整/缓和信息节奏的作用】 When my grandfather was my age, he would spare 50 cents from his only dollar to help a neighbor who needed it. Today, a person who works in our office building, who drives an economical car, won’t stop blowing the horn to hustle my boss, who drives an expensive car, just because “expensive cars should go faster”.
10月14日托福独立写作真题+范文+思路解析!
10月14日托福独立写作题目：Do you think that one needs to take risks to finally reach success, or to keep cautious and careful and take risks less?
Do you think that one needs to take risks to finally reach success 【审题关键词】, or to keep cautious and careful and take risks less?
写作前请一定仔细审题，本题不是单纯的比较“冒险”和“小心”，还有一个关键的限制是“目的在于最终获取成功”，如果漏掉了这一关键信息，作文很可能出现不够切题甚至彻底偏题的惨象。
写作思路
敲黑板·划重点
首先，introduction不宜长，不宜在进入主题前做长篇累牍的绕弯或铺垫。过度篇幅的introduction，尤其是铺垫部分，会给读者(即人类考官)制造阅读压力，打击读者的阅读愿望，引起读者的反感。
其次，introduction的结构可能不是最基础的“引入-论题-立场”结构。在introduction里可能会出现让步内容(一种特殊的让步内容位置)，之后，作者可以通过转折来表明自己的立场。
【本文的 introduction 就采用了内置让步内容的方法】
Many people have the conception that they need to take risks to achieve success. This thought is provoked by the many inspiring stories where entrepreneurs, such as Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, dropped out of college and started their own businesses. Their bold moves are believed to be the key to their accomplishments. However, these successful individuals are the rare individuals. For the overwhelming majority of people, keeping cautious and careful is more rational.
this thought --- the conception 名词指代名词
their bold moves --- dropped out of college 名词指代动词
本文的body部分被隐去
敲黑板·划重点
首先，conclusion也不宜长，不要在conclusion 里过度重复 body 里的细节。
其次，作为一个独立的段落，有起码两句话才是“守规矩”的，不建议考生只写一句话潦草收尾。
In conclusion, if a person’s goal is to achieve tremendous success, conservatism may be undesirable, because the greater is the risk, the greater is the reward. However, most people, whose objective is to secure moderate success, should keep cautious and careful.
篇8：托福写作考试如何避免词汇和语句重复
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
One’s job has a greater influence on the one’s overall happiness than the one’s social life does.
托福写作范文[立场：同意]
Our overall happiness is subject to many influences. The two paramount ones may be our jobs and our social lives. Here comes [“套路深”之 倒装句 机会] the question: is one’s job a greater influence than the one’s social life? I would rely in the affirmative [习语]. [“套路深”之 设问句(自问自答) 机会]
Before everything starts, a relatively clear definition of happiness is needed. It is fair to believe that prior to other factors, one’s financial security, which relies mostly on the one’s job – stability of the position and the salary, is the fundamental of the one’s happiness. [中心句] One who has difficulty making a living as is desired hardly has the mood to enjoy life’s other offerings. For example, one of my friends is recently suffering from a substantial salary cut and now can barely make ends meet [习语]. His mind is now where the source of income is, and he is obviously absent-minded even though there are friends around. Although he may put the worry aside [put … as
Here comes [“套路深”之 倒装句 机会] the follow-up question. [段落之间的联系不是简单的平行并列，而是 层进/递进] What about a financially secure person? When a job can fully satisfy the person’s economic need, in what ways does the job bring more happiness to the job holder than does the one’s social life? [“套路深”之 设问句 机会] One’s happiness is definitely not limited to [be limited to] how much money the job pays. Feeling needed, appreciated and respected is the next level up [习语]. This is what a job can provide and what a social life may not. [两句合成 中心句功能] [回答前面的 设问] In the job, one makes personal breakthroughs or accomplishments, gets better paid or promoted, feels trusted and admired by the peers, and plays a role that matters. In comparison, the social life may be pleasant but not that fulfilling. Friends like each other and not necessarily need to look up to each other; they enjoy each other’s company but can live without each other; their respect to each other often does not build on recognition on each other’s capability but on shared interests or common personalities.
Admittedly, that is not denying how important one’s social life is. Rarely does [“套路深”之 倒装句 机会] a high achiever at work live happily if he (or she) has nowhere to go except the office. While the job can challenge, frustrate or even irritate the person, the friends can keep the person undefeated, optimistic and delighted.
At this point, one should be convinced that a person’s job plays a bigger role in one’s overall happiness than does the person’s social life. We need to socialize and, to a greater extent, need to work.
[词汇学习重点：表示正/负评价的动词和形容词]
ide] for a moment, for the most of time, he struggles.
篇9：Shell脚本避免重复执行的方法
这篇文章主要介绍了Shell脚本避免重复执行的方法的,本文给出的代码只要放在需要执行的脚本头部即可避免重复执行,非常方便实用,需要的朋友可以参考下
很多用cron定时执行的shell脚本可能会由于各种原因执行很久，会有必要在运行的时候先检查一下自身是否还在运行，本文提供的linux shell脚本用以检查以命令sh ...来执行的shell脚本。要对其他东西进行唯一性检查，可以稍微修改一下源代码。
代码如下:
# 检查通过sh命令执行的shell脚本是不是还在执行当中,避免重复执行.
# 把这段代码放在需要保证唯一性的程序头部即可
# 注意，如果直接把此脚本放到cron里面执行的话，必须再grep -v “ -c sh ”以排除由cron产生的进程！
checkitem=“$0”
let procCnt=`ps -A --format=‘%p%P%C%x%a‘ --width 2048 -w --sort pid|grep “$checkitem”|grep -v grep|grep -v “ -c sh ”|grep -v “$$” | grep -c sh|awk ‘{printf(“%d”,$1)}‘`
if [ ${procCnt} -gt 0 ] ; then
echo “$0脚本已经在运行[procs=${procCnt}],此次执行自动取消.”
exit 1;
fi
篇10：避免写作无话可说的方法
避免写作无话可说的方法
一：深入分析。
很多时候，字数不够是因为无话可说，无话可说是因为观点很少甚至没有观点。其实，我们并不需要太多的观点，对一个观点进行深入分析，也可以有很丰富的写法。任何一个观点都是可以分出层次的。只要我们能够分出一二三点来，一个观点就可以裂解为多个观点，每个观点写几句，字数就会有显著上升。当然，在分割观点的时候要注意前后的逻辑关系和界限，不要把几个观点混淆起来。
二：多个方面。
很多时候同一件事情从不同的方面说就有不同的观点。例如限制购买车辆，单独写出来是一件很简单的事情，也不需要很多字数；但是，如果从政府、上班族、汽车生产者、汽车销售商等多个角度去考虑和落笔，文章就丰富了，字数也上去了。
三：正说反说。
一个观点，乃至一件事情，不论如何肯定都有正反两个方面。这一方面是说一个事情肯定有利有弊，另一方面是说人们的态度也有支持和反对两种。在写作文的'时候，如果能够注意支持一面的同时，对立场相左的一方予以分析并进行反驳，则文章内容更加丰富，逻辑更加完整，字数也不用担心。 最后，还有一个不是方法的方法，就是注意总结，很多烤鸭在写最后的结论段的时候以为就是走个形式，空喊一下就完成。其实，总结段是应该回顾整个文章，然后强调自己的观点的。在回顾整个文章的时候，要比主体段更简略，更有侧重，更加精炼。如果重视起总结的内容，文章不论从完整程度上还是字数上都会因此受益。
篇11：托福写作怎样才能避免中式英文
托福写作怎样才能避免中式英文
对很多中国托福考生来说，写作实际上是个翻译过程，如何把思想中的中文转化成现实中的英文是托福基础写作关心的问题，也是学生们首要应该解决的问题。但是我们的学生受思维定式的影响，如果在新托福写作中套汉语思维，就是中式化英语的表现。这只能使文章语言蹩脚、冗赘。所以考生在托福写作备考时，要注意英语表达和汉语表达的差别，重要的一点是托福写作应避免中式英文。
1、Original: If we agree to say that school offers us the best book knowledge acquisition then our society offers us the best surviving techniques in a hard way.
Revised: If we agree that school offers the best method for the acquisition of book knowledge, then our society offers us the best method for acquiring common sense or “street smarts”.
Agree to say that表达中式化，只需要agree that即可;the best book knowledge acquisition改为the best method for the acquisition of book knowledge(学校给我们提供了获取书本知识的方法)更为恰当 ，同样后面的the best surviving techniques改为the best method for acquiring common sense,加上street marks(街头智慧)给文章的托福词汇增添色彩。
2、Original: They can spend more time studying education and communication to improve their role as a mother, wife and daughter.
Revised: They can also decide to spend more time studying, education themselves, in order to improve themselves in their roles as mothers, wives and daughters.
原句中studying education and communication的说法中式化，不符合英语的表述，应该为studying，educating themselves。除了词语表达，此句中还存在其他问题，如名词单复数的使用：不是提高他们的角色，而是提高他们自身以扮演好母亲角色。
还有，女性不止一个人。很多人都在扮演母亲角色，role和mother应用复数，故将improve their role as a mother改为improve themselves in their roles as mother;同样，为保持一致，wife和daughter也可用复数，原文中wife的复数写法有误，应该是wives。
3、Original：If you can get the point of communication by watching TV，will you...?
Revised：If one can learn about communicating from television，will you...?
原句的get the point of communication by watching TV表达不清，让人难以理解，应该是指“从电视上学习交际”：learn about communicating from television.
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：获得成功靠什么品质?
托福写作难点话题一览
The most important characteristic that a person can have to be successful in life
In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty, intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer. When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question.
写作思路展开结构分析
成功类的话题是托福独立写作中比较常见的一类话题，而围绕这类话题展开的题目也很多，比如这道题目问的就是获得成功最重要的性格特点。题目中已经给出了诚实，智慧，幽默感几个选择，但实际上大家可以说的性格特点还有很多，建议大家可以结合自己准备过的名人或是成功人士的案例素材来展开，反向从几个名人事例中共有的性格特点来进行论述。
本话题高分范文赏析
To be successful in life, one should have the characteristic of independence, that is, he/she has the ability to think critically. By critical thinking, one is capable of analyzing insightfully, concentrating on the right target, thereby making a wise decision. Thinking critically can enable one to analyze problems insightfully. We live in a world where controversial issues are often simply taken for granted. For example, most people are reluctant to think carefully about issues like whether boys and girls should take separate classes. Recently a high school in Beijing announced that their students from then on take separate classes. Many parents support such ridiculous decision without careful consideration. They are poor thinkers. Critical thinking is but to ask some simple yet essential questions, which always brings amazing sometimes appalling outcomes. Is such a scheme capable of eliminating underage sexual behaviors among adolescents? Is such a scheme guarantee boys and girls free of negative effects? Sadly, the decision had been made but the question left unanswered. Thinking critically can help one concentrate on right targets. We all have only and exactly 24 hours a day, but we often have mountainous work to do in hands, along with which many personal affairs seem equally urgent. Concentrating on right targets is probably the only way to overcome such dilemmas. For example, ETS has recently announced that GRE examination will be transformed back to paper based test. Grumbles are all around, and complains are posted almost on every BBS on the Internet. But if students think critically, however, they will find out the simple fact that even if ETS had made an awkward decision, test preparers should concentrate on the right target—preparing test as prudently as possible, and at the same time, grumbling never helps. Only by thinking critically can one make decisions wise and prudent. Sound decision making is essential to success. Decisions such as which movie theater we should go tonight are simple enough to make by tossing a coin, but decisions such as which university or which major we should choose are complicated enough so that we need careful comparisons. A comparison sheet will help a lot, simply by listing several relevant questions such as “Am I really interested in this major?” or “Are there more opportunities in the city where the university locates?” By analyzing insightfully and concentrating on the right targets, wise decisions are not hard to reach at all
托福写作重要的3个步骤
第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。
要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))
用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，
欲速则不达;
用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔
，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做
到。
第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。
a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。
主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落
写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相
对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想
出来，就用哪一种。
b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完
型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套
话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有
结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)
第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。
1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。
2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事
例时用的是过去时;
3、主谓一致
按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。
整洁
1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误
要擦干净再改;
2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，
可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。
篇12：英文写作避免重复使用同一词语
英文写作避免重复使用同一词语
这一特点最明显的标志是，英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。英语主要是通过使用代词、同义词、近义词和省略等手段来避免重复。
比如，有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：
1.I like reading while my brother likes watching television.
→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。
2.Can you mend this table? I broke (it) yesterday.
你会修理这张桌子吗?昨天我把它弄坏了。
3.The monkey's extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to drive single-handed.
这只猴子最出色的表演是学开拖拉机。到9岁时，它已学会独自驾驶拖拉机了。
在这句话中，提及monkey和tractor，为了回避重复，作者用了animal和vehicle这两个范畴词来替代。范畴词虽然意义宽泛，不太确切，但是在特定的上下文中一般不会引起误解，而且行文也显得更加活泼了。
英语新闻：校园安全
We all say that students are the future of our country, but there are much more reports about campus safety than before, such as killing, injury or maltreat and so on. Therefore, campus security has aroused many concerns. Why are there so many campus injuries? I think the following reasons may explain it. Firstly, some people are treated unfairly so that we take revenge on society and the place they first choose is campus, especially elementary school or middle school. The students are the vulnerable group that they can’t protect themselves. Secondly, some parents make trouble in campus because of some fees issues. They may hurt students if they are agitated. Finally, teachers may be a hidden danger of campus security. Some of teachers can not take good care of students because of irresponsibility. They do not fully fulfill their duties. Even worse, a very few teachers maltreat students because of personal reasons. It shocks the whole society and worries many parents. From discussed above, we should pay much more attention to campus security to prevent students from danger.
我们都说学生是祖国的未来，但现在关于校园安全事件的报道却比以前多了许多，诸如杀人、伤害或虐待之类的。因此，校园安全已经引起了广泛的关注。为什么会有这么多的校园伤害?我想以下的原因能回答这个问题。首先，有的人由于受到了不公正对待，于是产生了报复社会的心理，而他们的首选之地就是学校，特别是中小学，因为学生是弱势群体，他们不能保护自己。其次，一些家长因为学校收费问题到学校闹事，激动起来有可能会伤害到学生。最后，教师也是校园安全的隐患。一些老师由于失职不能很好地照顾学生，没有履行好自己的职责。更糟糕的是，极少数学生因为个人原因虐待学生，这震惊了全社会，也让很多家长忧心忡忡。从上文讨论得知，我们应该更多地关注校园安全问题，以保护学生的安全。
篇13：托福写作避免空洞词汇和重复啰嗦是关键
托福写作如何提升考官阅读体验?避免空洞词汇和重复啰嗦是关键
托福作文词汇应选择使用不空洞的词
1.一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered，young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents，in my opinion.
这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2.有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents， they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents， they did not have the options that young people have now.
托福写作中应尽量减少重复啰嗦
1.尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2.有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
托福写作语料库积累：关于饮食
托福写作语料库
健康饮食的重要性 ：
鼓励健康饮食习惯：encourage healthy eating habits ,
保持体形：keep fit,
集中注意力：concentrate/focus on; 容易分散注意力：get easily distracted
营养：nutrient, 特定的维生素：certain vitamins;
油腻的垃圾食品不含孩子成长所需的必要维生素，这样孩子无法在学习中集中注意力,因此学校应该鼓励健康饮食。
Greasy junk food lacks certain vitamins for the healthy development of the children, and students without sufficient healthy food might suffer from lack of concentration on their study and they get easily distracted, thus school should encourage healthy eating habit.
垃圾食品：junk food, French fries, hamburgers;
高热量：with high carbs, 油腻：greasy;
儿童肥胖：child obesity;
摄入过多的高热量垃圾食品会导致儿童肥胖。
It is really important for the school to encourage healthy eating habits, and junk food like French fries and hamburgers alike should be banned in schools. Too much junk food with high carbs leads to childhood obesity.
健康食品 ：
海鲜类： salmon， tuna, shrimp
水果类：fruits such as berries, apples, cherries, pineapple, oranges, frozen grapes, watermelon, cantaloupe,
蔬菜类：Vegetables - broccoli, carrots, cherry tomatoes, potatoes and sweet potatoes
高蛋白质低热量：high in protein low carbs
非常好的结合：a wonderful combination
学校应该提供蔬菜和水果等低热量高维生素的食品。
School should offer students a variety of healthy food and snack ranging from vegetables to different kinds of fruit. Like broccoli, carrots, cherry tomatoes, and apples, cherries, pineapple are also good choices. They are low in carbs, and vitamin rich.
通过适当的教育学生会做出更好的饮食决策：
Hopefully, with proper education, students can make appropriate eating choices.
既然学生可以摄取合理的营养，他们会更加集中注意力也会保持好的体形。
Since students are getting the proper nutrients, they will concentrate better on their study and also they will be more fit.
托福写作词汇积累
支持前/后种观点的人
people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion4 }
有/提供如下理由/证据
have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
在一定程度上
to some extent/ degree / in some way
理论和实践相结合
integrate theory with practice
……必然趋势
an irresistible trend of…
日益激烈的社会竞争
the increasingly fierce social competition
眼前利益
immediate interest/ short-term interest
长远利益
interest in the long run
有其自身的优缺点
has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
扬长避短
Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
取其精髓，取其糟粕
Take the essence and discard the dregs
对……有害
do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
交流思想/情感/信息
exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
跟上……的最新发展
keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
采取有效措施来……
take effective measures to do sth….
……的健康发展
the healthy development of …
有利有弊
Every coin has its two sides…
没有什么事物是完美的
No garden without weeds
对……观点因人而异
Views on …vary from person to person
重视
attach great importance to…
社会地位
social status
把时间和精力放在……上
focus time and energy on…
扩大知识面
expand one’s scope of knowledge
身心两方面
both physically and mentally
有直接/间接关系
be directly / indirectly related to…&
经济的快速发展
the rapid development of economy
人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长
the remarkable improvement / steady growth of people’s living standard
先进的科学技术
advanced science and technology
面临新的机遇和挑战
be faced with new opportunities and challenges
人们普遍认为
It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
篇14：避免GMAT写作跑题的方法
避免GMAT写作跑题的方法
在备考GMAT作文考试的过程中，考生往往很容易出现GMAT作文跑题情况的发生，从而影响了GMAT作文的.备考效率及最终成绩。有什么办法能够有效防止GMAT作文出现跑题的情况呢?下面就来分析一下。
GMAT考试中的Issue写作部分，非常容易出现跑题的现象，而这种跑题又往往是在Issue部分错误地使用了Argument的思路，结果导致在考试实战时，当发现自己跑题了，往往已经没有时间进行修改，严重影响了后面考试状态。如何避免GMAT作文跑题是考生备考过程中必须重视的一个问题。
A companys long-term success is primarily dependent on the job satisfaction and the job security felt by the companys employees.
这道题讨论的是企业长期成功与工作满意度及工作稳定度之间的关系。相对应的补集概念为企业长期失败与工作不满意及工作不稳定。那么，在以上所叙述的四个集合之间展开的讨论，都是属于紧扣题意的。
如果错误使用Argument寻找他因的思路，考生就容易去思考企业长期成功除了依靠工作满意度及工作稳定度之外，还要依靠新兴市场、企业美誉度、商业联盟等因素，即可能形成类似下面这种范文段落：
I agree that business success is more likely when employees feel satisfied with their jobs. Employees who dislike the workplace or their jobs are not likely to reach their potential performance levels; they may tend to arrive late for work, perform their tasks in an unimaginative and sluggish manner, or take excessive sick leaves. Nevertheless, a firms long-term success may equally result from other factors such as finding a market niche for products, securing a reputation for quality products and services, or forming a synergistic alliance with a competitor. This list hardly exhausts all the factors that can contribute to a firms ultimate success, and no none of themincluding job satisfactionis pivotal in every case.
篇15：避免Excel重复输入数据的方法EXCEL基本教程
在单位制作员工花名册等表格时，员工的身份证号码应该是唯一的，我们可以通过“数据有效性”来防止重复输入:
选中需要输入身份证号码的单元格区域(如D2至D101)，执行“数据→有效性”命令，打开“数据有效性”对话框，在“设置”标签下，按“允许”右侧的下拉按钮，在随后弹出的快捷菜单中，选择“自定义”选项，然后在下面“公式”方框中输入公式:=COUNTIF(D:D,D2)=1，确定返回，
避免Excel重复输入数据的方法EXCEL基本教程
，
以后在上述单元格中输入了重复的身份证号码时，系统会弹出提示对话框(如图1)，并拒绝接受输入的号码。
图1
注意:为了让输入的身份证号码能正确显示出来，请将单元格设置为文本格式。
关 键 字：EXCEL
篇16：如何在英文写作中避免性别歧视？
如何在英文写作中避免性别歧视？
近四十年来，尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度，但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸，或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告，就会发现supervisor（工头，领班）替代了原来的foreman， workman‘s compensation（工人赔偿金）变成了worker‘s compensation； sales rep， sales associate或seller（推销员）取代了常用词salesman等。为此，笔者将有关资料整理如下，供英语学习者参考。请注意，所选用的例句，除个别注明外，均选自Rosalie Maggio编写的The Nonselist Word Finder： A Dictionary of Gender－Free Usage （Maggio， 1989）。1．尽量不用通性代词he，除了明确地指代一个男性人物时，都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要，选用下列替换方式：
1）采用复数形式
Sexist： When bathing a baby， never leave him unattended.
Revised： When bathing babies， never leave them unattended.
给婴儿洗澡时，一定不能让他们无人照料。
2）用we／us／our改写原句
Sexist： From each according to his abilities， to each according to his needs.
Revised： From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
各尽所能，按需分配。
3）改用第二人称、
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas， purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.
只有当汽车大的油用光了，按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时，人的本来品性才会显露出来。
4）改用被动语态
Sexist： One who， when he has the choice of two evils， chooses both.
Revised： One who， when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.
一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。
5）完全省略代词
Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?
Revised： What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?
一个人离去后，会作何感想呢？
6）用冠词替代
Sexist： Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one？
Revised： Can a critic give an opinion of...？
评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗？
7）用someone， one, the one， no one等替代
Sexist： He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.
Revised： Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.
接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。
8）使用he and she或his and her，但使用的次数不宜太多。s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。
9）用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend， one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.
想找朋友；就得睁一只眼，闭一只眼；想留住朋友，就得双眼都闭上。
2．尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别之分的词（gender-free words),
例如: child， teacher， officer（警官)，people， worker, immigrant（移民）,voter（投票者，选民）, coach(教练），church member(教友）, sale rep（推销员），grand parent（外／祖父或祖母），leader， evening student, employee (雇员），testee（考生，应试者），engineer，customers（顾客）, dealer（交易者，商人），clerk（职员，办事员），civilian（平民），scientist, operator（接线员，办事员)，patriot(爱国者)，person, planner(策划者，计划者)， politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者)， tutor（家庭教师,导师，[美国］助教），reporter，writer，chief executive（首席行政长官），everybody, expert等.
3、如非特指男性或女性，尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词，例如：
calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像）-calendar model 挂历模特
call girl(应召女郎）--prostitute妓女
cover girl(杂志封面女郎）--cover model封面模特
flag girl（女司旗手）--flag bearer司旗手,执旗员
flower girl(卖花女）--flower seller卖花人
housewife（家庭主妇）--house worker（家务工人）
midwife（接生婆）--birth attendant（助产士）
showgirl（舞女,歌女）--dancer（伴舞者）
chairman（主席）--chair, head（主席，头头）
ring man（赌／赛马者）--bettor； gambler（赌马者,赌博者）
seaman（海员，水兵）--sailor； navigator； mariner pilot, captain 水手，航海者，船员，领航员，船长
spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人，代表，
right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant； helper 得力助手，副手，助理，助手
4．写信时，如果不知道收信人的性别，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir； Dear Gentleman， Dear Madam. 可以选用下列之一：
1) Dear friends of the library（亲爱的图书馆的朋友们）
2）Dear Madams and Sirs（亲爱的'女士们及先生们）
3) Dear Personnel Officer（亲爱的人事处长)
4）Dear Committee Member（亲爱的委员）
5）Dear Citizen（亲爱的公民)
6）Dear Customer（亲爱的顾客）
7) Dear Councilor（亲爱的参议员，或顾问）
8）Dear Agent（亲爱的代办）
9）Dear Director（亲爱的厂长或局长；主任；）
5．尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语，如果非引用不可，下列处理办法可供选择:
1）不直接引用，把引语进行释义
Sexist： W. Phillips said: “The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet．”
Revised： W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.
W・菲利普斯说：“行使法律的最好办法是教导人们把不好的法律踩在脚下。“
2）使用[sic](原文如此)让读者意识到原文中的man使用得不大恰当。例如:
w. Phillips said： “The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet．”
3）对上述引语，也可只引用其中的一部分，例如：
W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people ”to trample bad laws under their feet”。
我们赞同Rosalie Maggio所讲的话：
“It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might
篇17：雅思写作如何避免字数不够的方法
关于雅思写作如何避免字数不够的方法
雅思写作如何避免字数不够的方法一：深入分析。很多时候，字数不够是因为无话可说，无话可说是因为观点很少甚至没有观点。其实，我们并不需要太多的观点，对一个观点进行深入分析，也可以有很丰富的写法。任何一个观点都是可以分出层次的。只要我们能够分出一二三点来，一个观点就可以裂解为多个观点，每个观点写几句，字数就会有显著上升。当然，在分割观点的时候要注意前后的逻辑关系和界限，不要把几个观点混淆起来。
雅思写作如何避免字数不够的方法二：多个方面。很多时候同一件事情从不同的方面说就有不同的观点。例如限制购买车辆，单独写出来是一件很简单的事情，也不需要很多字数；但是，如果从政府、上班族、汽车生产者、汽车销售商等多个角度去考虑和落笔，文章就丰富了，字数也上去了。
雅思写作如何避免字数不够的方法三：正说反说。一个观点，乃至一件事情，不论如何肯定都有正反两个方面。这一方面是说一个事情肯定有利有弊，另一方面是说人们的态度也有支持和反对两种。在写作文的时候，如果能够注意支持一面的同时，对立场相左的一方予以分析并进行反驳，则文章内容更加丰富，逻辑更加完整，字数也不用担心。
最后，还有一个不是方法的方法，就是注意总结，很多烤鸭在写最后的'结论段的时候以为就是走个形式，空喊一下就完成。其实，总结段是应该回顾整个文章，然后强调自己的观点的。在回顾整个文章的时候，要比主体段更简略，更有侧重，更加精炼。如果重视起总结的内容，文章不论从完整程度上还是字数上都会因此受益。
篇18：学习英文写作的方法
规划写作进程：
在考场上时间是非常宝贵、十分有限的，所以就需要我们在平时练习的时候一定要养成合理规划写作进程的好习惯。每一个人都有不同的写作习惯，有的人习惯于先写出提纲，有的人习惯于完整地写下草稿后再抄写在
卷面上，也有人习惯于直接在卷子上写。但不管怎样，我们一定要首先计划安排好时间。在平时写作的时候就要严格要求自己，按照考试的要求操练。
审清题型题意
在考场上有些考生往往担心没有足够的时间，看完题目就动笔写了起来，结果是写了一半却发现跑题了。为了避免这种情况，首先要认真审题，在审题期间我们要解决两个问题，即：分清题型和揣摩题意。
1. 分清题型。
拿到题后，分析该题目是议论文、说明文、记叙文还是书信通知类的文体，以及题目中所给的信息是段首句、提纲、还是图表还是关键词。不同的题型要求使用不同的语言风格和写作方法。分清题型，脑子里就对采用什么风格和方法写作有了一个初步的概念。比如：如果题目是议论文，就要想到必须在文章中使用充分的例证来说理：如果是书信体，就必须注意使用书信的格式，用诚恳生动的语言来打动读者。
2. 揣摩题意。
根据题目中的一些词汇信息，来确定文章的主题，限定写作范围。
精心选材构思：
在分清题型、确定了文章的主题和写作范围之后，要开始构思写作的内容和步骤了。也就是说，在作文答题纸上动笔之前，要对文章将要涉及到的内容以及组合这些内容的步骤进行思考。当你看到一个题目时，是不是常常遇到大脑一片空白的情况，如果是这样的话，不要着急，因为你并不孤单，有许多人和你一样也正为此发愁呢!下面我们就要介绍两种有效的方法来克服这个问题。
1. 风暴联想法
构思写作方法和步骤先要围绕题目，广泛搜索材料，然后是筛选材料，列出稍微详细的提纲。搜索材料可以采用联想法，即针对题目所给的信息，尽可能快速地联想尽可能多的与信息有关的材料，将所有这些想到的材料写在草稿纸上，这些材料可以是一个单词、一个短语或一个句子，然后再进一步筛选。下面就是一个用风暴联想法来搜集素材的例子：要求 “Demonstrate that the invention of computer has significantly changed our lives”，此时我们可以给自己限定五分钟的时间，在这五分钟里让我们的思想随意走，联想到什么便写什么，无须讲求逻辑、语法，务求尽快在指定时间内列出所想到的字词句。接着看看哪些与题目相关，然后将它们组合成有用数据。我们可以想到：Computer games，convenience brought by Internet (e-mail， ICQ)，My kid bro. thinks computers are for kids. Mother says it“s too bad that kids don”t read in their spear time anymore. Hackers， purchase on-line， surf， Program，become a programmer? big future?Guided missiles，Computers in railway stations- print tickets Banks-shove your credit cards A man lucked out-deposited $100-computer credited him with $10，000 Are we just numbers now? 并不是我们所能想到的都是有用的，我们还需要根据短文的主题来取舍。如果要写一篇关于电脑的正面影响的短文的话，划线的单词、短语或句子就是有用的。
2.自我提问法
除了通过风暴联想法来搜集素材以外，我们还可以通过自我提问法来打开思路。当记者要写一篇新闻稿时，都会在报道中回答以下的问题：
│who│what│where│when│why│how│
同样地，我们也可以围绕这些问题来搜集作文的材料，让自己从不同角度去看同一主题，帮助自己定位。我们无须安排一定次序，也不用担心数据是否有用，只要尽量提出多一些的 W-H问题，然后逐一解答便可。当我们完成后，再决定取舍哪些材料。下面我们还是以电脑给人们的生活带来的影响为例，用自我提问法来搜集材料。可以想到的问题有：
1. When was computer invented?
2. What can a computer do?
3. What are the positive influences brought to human beings by computer?
4. What are the negative influences brought to human beings by computer?
5. What cases in point do we often see in our life as far as the influence of computer is concerned?
6. What will the future computer do for us?
7. Can computer take the place of human beings?
这些问题中有些是有用的，有些可能派不上用场。现在我们就可以来筛选出有用的问题，按照一定的逻辑顺序排列，逐一解答便可得到作文的大概了。
快速拟写大纲：
通过风暴联想法和自我提问法的学习，我们打开了思路、搜集到了许多相关的素材。下面我们就需要理出文章的基本思路，也就是要构架作文的轮廓或大纲 (outline)。 所谓的大纲就是一个有逻辑性的、有组织的对作文的概述。一个好的大纲是我们写作过程中的好助手，它可以帮我们确定作文的主题和结构、有序地组织自己的观点、合理地安排材料。写大纲的时候，我们可以使用完整的句子，也可以使用单词或短语。使用完整的句子写大纲比较详细，而且有些主题句在最后写成文的时候直接可以使用。而如果使用单词或短语来写大纲的话则会更快、更简洁。下面我们继续以上面的话题为例，写一个大纲。
The Effect of Computer on Our Life
I. Thesis： The invention of computer has greatly changed out life.
II. The effect of computer on our life
1. Positive effect
2. Negative effect
III. Conclusion： We must use computer in a correct way.
大纲拟好后，下笔成文就是 a piece of cake 了，下一步就交给你来完成了。
篇19：如何学习英文写作有哪些方法
学英语作文的方法
第一，词汇储备是基础。平时注意积累同义词，并体会它们之间细微的差别。首先保证词汇量，有了量的基础才能有准确性和具体性。
第二：语法是万变之源
比如，现在分词过去分词及各种从句的灵活运用，主动被动的转换，虚拟语气表达的特殊感情，都是写作的基本技巧。而语法错误将使文章的水准大打折扣。语句的灵活多样都能从语法的学习中获得。
第三：模仿与修改
模仿是一个很实用并较快见效的方法，先把范文自己翻译成中文，再对着自己的翻译写成英文，将自己所写和原文进行比较。用这种方法，少则掌握个别词汇句式的用法，多则培养纯正的英语思维表达方式。或者定一个领域，进行专注的模仿，并不断的修改，修改，修改(如果有教育层次较高的母语朋友协助，效果最佳)任何技能的习得都需要反复练习来巩固。
第四：多读
首推报刊杂志，有人会推荐经济学人，纽约时报等高大上的专业严肃媒体的文章。我觉得这些媒介并不是适合所有的人，而且对于诉求和基础不同的人，这些专业的媒体容易给读者产生挫败感，从而影响学习的热情。那么该要读什么呢?最好的老师莫过于兴趣，每个人都有自己的兴趣，而你的兴趣一定在英文世界里有相应的报刊。比如说八卦，时尚，美食什么的
学英语作文的建议
多写
无论是技巧，还是韵律，都还是要通过写作本身来训练。写技术报告，开一个英文的博客，在Twitter用英文发贴，或者找机会发英文邮件，都是很好的训练机会。这个时候不要被“writing block”阻挠，不要被自己的完美主义困扰，要有一种豁出去、厚脸皮、无所谓我就是要乱写的心态。写得多了，你自然而然的会想着如何去改进自己的英文写作水平的。
多听
多听听，不仅锻炼自己的英语听力，还能帮助自己很好的英语写作，从中学习他们的语法。
词汇基础。要想写好作文，必要的词汇量是不可少的，不仅能读，理解词汇，最重要的是会拼写。
语法基础。如果不懂英语语法，那么词汇堆积出来的肯定不能称之为句子，那也就不存在作文了，所以必要的语法知识是一定要掌握好的。
俗语和谚语。就像我们汉语一样，英语在表达中也有固定的俗语和谚语，在作文中增加一些俗语和谚语，能提高语言的趣味性。
书写规范。字母的拼写规范和汉语拼音是不一样的，要注意书写规范，这样可以提高卷面分数。
背诵积累。平时的积累是很重要的，多背诵范文，可以提供很多的素材，使你写作的时候不会无话可说。
学英语作文的技巧
积累一定的词汇量，任何一篇的英语作文都是通过单词堆积而成的，如果你的基础实在是很薄弱，那你就需要保证基础词汇的正确率，当你可以写出一篇完整的文章时，你可以用一些高级英语词汇替换低级英语词汇。
积累词组和语法，如果你这篇英语作文只是通过简单的英语词汇组成的话，那这篇英语作文将会是错漏百出的，所以大家必须掌握英语写作里面要求的基本语法和词组。
积累好的英文句型，如果大家想要我们的英语作文拿到高分那就必须使用一些高级句型，例如从句等，这个部分主要是靠大家平时的积累，大家可以准备一本本子，将平时的看到的好句子记起来，以后自己就可以用了。
参考经典模板，大家都知道英语文章有各种各样的形式，例如书信、叙事文、议论文等，如果我们盲目的都只写成一种形式的话，那就是大错特错了，这时候就体现出我们熟悉各式各样的英文作文模板的重要性了。
写出属于自己的模板，如果你只会复制网上的模板，那你的英文水平将永远不会提高，在上面四部的基础上，我们可以整理出几套专属我们自己的英语作文模板，以后就可以一直用了。
背诵英语文章，其实学习英语跟学习很多其他语言一样，很重要的一项就是培养语感，当你语感上升的时候你会发现，你的英语水平也就上升了，背诵就是很好的一项培养语感的方法。
练好英语字体，最正规的英语字体是意大利体，如果你觉得自己写的英文很难看，大家可以到网上下载一些字帖模仿着练一下。
篇20：英文自荐信写作的方法
英文自荐信写作的方法
格式与态度：写英文求职信时,开头写每段第一句话时, 要顶格写, 一定不要空两格. 这点很重要, 请你注意; 不要用开玩笑的口吻与对方套近乎, 要严肃, 认真地写.这能使对方感觉你很重视这件事情; 简短介绍自己的专业与才能. 重点写清楚你的能力可以满足对方公司的需要.
各人资料:写英文求职信时，写信人应述明自己的年龄或出生年月，教育背景，尤其是和应征的职位有关的训练或教育科目、工作经验或特殊的`技能；如无实际经验,告知对方你正在学习经验!
推荐自我介绍：写英文求职信时,需重点注意约定面试时间.一定要写清楚:我知道您很忙, 我很感谢您能在百忙之中抽几分钟时间跟我见面并谈话. 请放心,这几分钟您一定不会浪费的!因为我确定我的能力一定使贵公司达到目的.要自信!但不要过份夸大自己的能力或表现过份信心，尤其不要说出与事实不符的能力或特性来.
结尾与联系方式:写英文求职信结尾时,需重点注意:不要等对方先打电话联系你, 你应该在英文求职信中明确写出, 你会在此期间打电话约对方见面, 并告对方知具体联系时间;还要写明, 在见面之前, 若对方有什么问题需要了解的, 可发email或打电话联系你. 并写清楚你的联系方式. 最后, 再一次写明感谢他们抽时间看你的个人简历, 求职信. 并感谢他们考虑你的应聘.
写英文求职信要点:
篇幅不易过长, 简短为好;态度诚恳, 不需华丽词汇;；让对方感觉亲切，自信,，实在即可；不要误看其他错误的写作方法， 以免耽误了你的求职机会。
纸张的选用: 建议你用灰色,黄褐色或米色纸作最终打印信纸. 要配合信封的颜色。
书写：字体要写得整洁可辩，使用打字机把信打出来，具有专业感。
附邮票：英语求职信内需附加邮票或回址信封。
【英文写作避免重复的方法总结】相关文章：
1.英文写作
3.英文写作作文
4.英文推荐信写作
5.英文写作范文
6.英文求职信写作
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