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LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION3

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LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION3

篇1：LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION3

section iii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. everyone sitting in the waiting room of the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock had just registered for a beginners tennis clinic. john, mary, and teresa were all sitting in the waiting room this morning at nice o clock. no accomplished tennis player would register for a beginners tennis clinic.

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

(a) none of the people sitting in the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock had ever played tennis.

(b) everyone sitting in the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock registered only for a beginners tennis clinic.

(d) john, mary, and teresa were the only people sitting in the waiting room of the school s athletic office this morning at nine o clock

(e) neither john nor teresa is an accomplished tennis player.

2. most people who ride bicycles for pleasure do not ride until the warm weather of spring and summer arrives. yet it is probably more effective to advertise bicycles earlier in the year. most bicycles are purchased in the spring, but once shoppers are ready to shop for a bicycle, they usually have already decided which brand and model of bicycle they will purchase. by then it is generally too late to induce them to change their minds.

the main point of the argument is that

(a) bicycle advertisements are probably more effective if they appear before the arrival of warm spring weather

(b) most bicycle purchasers decide on the brand and model of bicycle that they will buy before beginning to shop for a bicycle

(d) in general, once a bicycle purchaser has decided which bicycle he or she intends to purchase, it is difficult to bring about a change in that decision

(e) spring and summer are the time of year in which bicycle riding as a leisure activity is most popular

3. during 1991 the number of people in the town of bayburg who received municipal food assistance doubled, even though the number of people in bayburg whose incomes were low enough to qualify for such assistance remained unchanged.

which one of the following, if true, most helps to resove the apparent discrepancy in the information above?

(a) in 1990 the bayburg town council debated whether or not to alter the eligibility requirements for the food assistance program but ultimately decided not to change them.

(b) in 1990 the bayburg social service department estimated the number of people in bayburg who might be eligible for the food assistance program and then informed the bayburg town council of the total amount of assistance likely to be needed.

(d) during 1991 the number of applicants for food assistance in bayburg who were rejected on the basis that their incomes were above the maximum allowable limit was approximately the same as it had been in 1990.

(e) during 1991 bayburg s program of rent assistance for low-income tenants advertised widely and then informed all applicants about other assistance programs for which they would be qualified.

4. campaigning for election to provincial or state office frequently requires that a candidate spend much time and energy catering to the interests of national party officials who can help the candidate to win office. the elected officials who campaign for reelection while they are in office thus often fail to serve the interests of their local constituencies.

which one of the following is an assumption made-by the argument?

(a) catering to the interests of national party officials sometimes conflicts with serving the interests of a provincial or state official s local constituencies.

(b) only by catering to the interests of national party officials can those who hold provincial or state office win reelection.

(c) the interests of iocal constituencies are well served only by elected officials who do not cater to the interests of national party officials.

(d) officials elected to provincial or state office are obligated to serve only the interests of constituents who beling to the same party as do the officials.

(e) all elected officials are likely to seek reelection to those offices that are not limited to one term.

5. since professor smythe has been head of the deparment the most distinguished member of the faculty has resigned, fewer new courses have been developed, student has dropped, and the reputation of the department has gone down. these facts provide conclusive evidence that professor smythe was appointed to undermine the department.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argumetn

(a) overlooks the fact that something can have the reputation for being of poor quality without being of poor quality

(b) bases a general claim on a few exceptional instances

(d) fails to distinguish between a decline in quantity and a decline in quality

(e) presupposes what it purports to establish

6. books about architectural works. unless they are not intended for a general audience, ought to include discussions of both the utility and the aesthetic appeal of each of the buildings they consider. if they do not, they are flawed. morton s book on italian baroque palaces describes these palaces functional aspects, but fails to mention that the main hall of a palace he discusses at length has a ceiling that is one of the truly breathtaking masterpieces of western art.

if the statements above are true, it would be necessary to establish which one of the following in order to conclude that morton s book is flawed?

(a) morton s deseription of the palaces utility is inaccurate

(b) morton s book does not discuss aspects of the palaces other than utility and aesthetic appeal

(d) the passage discussing the palace plays a very important role in helping to establish the overall argument of morton s book.

(e) the palace discussed at length is one of the most aesthetically important of those treated in morton s book.

7. of all the photographs taken of him at his wedding there was one that john and his friends sharply disagreed about. his friends all said that this particular picture did not much resemble him, but john said that on the contrary it was the only photograph that did.

which one of the following, if true about the photograph most helps to explain john s disagreement with his friends?

(a) it, unlike the other photographs of john, showed him in the style of dress he and his friends usually wear rather than the formal clothes he wore at the ceremony.

(b) it was the only photograph taken of john at his wedding for which the photographer had used a flash.

(d) it was unique in showing john s face reflected in a mirror, the photographer having taken the photograph over john s shoulder.

(e) it was one of only a few taken at the wedding that showed no one but john.

questions 8-9

eva: a “smart highway” system should be installed, one that would monitor areawide traffic patterns and communicate with computers in vehicles or with programmable highway signs to give drivers information about traffic congestion and alternate routes. such a system, we can infer, would result in improved traffic flow in and around cities that would do more than improve drivers tempers; it would decrease the considerable loss of money and productivity that now results from traffic congestion.

lines: there are already traffic reports on the radio. why would a “smart highway” system be any better?

8. eva s argument depends on the assumption that

(a) on “smart highways” there would not be the breakdowns of vehicles that currently cause traffic congestion

(b) traffic lights, if coordinated by the system, would assure a free flow of traffic

(d) the type of equipment used in “smart highway” systems would vary from one city to another

(e) older wehicles could not be fitted with equipment to receive signals sent by a “smart highway” system

9. if eva responded to luis by saying that the current one-minute radio reports are too short to give a sufficient description of overall patterns of traffic congestion, which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen luis s challenge?

(a) bad weather, which radio stations report, would cause traffic to slow down whether or not a “smart highway” system was in operation.

(b) it would be less costly to have radio stations that give continual, lengthier traffic reports than to install a “smart highway” system.

(c) radio reports can take note of congestion once it occurs, but a “smart highway” system could anticipate and forestall it in many instances.

(d) the proposed traffic monitoring would not reduce the privacy of drivers.

(e) toll collection booths, which constiture traffic bottlenecks, would largely be replaced in the “smart highway” system by electronic debiting of commuters accounts while traffic proceeded at full speed.

10. the terms “sex” and “gender” are often used interchangeably. but “sex” more properly refers to biological differences of male and female, while “gender” refers to society s construction of a system that identifies what is masculine and feminine. unlike the set of characteristies defining biological sex, the set of traits that are associated with gender does not sort people into two nonoverlapping groups. the traits characterize people in a complex way, so that a person may have both “masculine” and “feminine” traits.

which one of the following statements best expresses a main point of the argument?

(a) distinctions based on gender are frequently arbitrary.

(b) gender traits are not determined at birth.

(d) the terms “sex” and “gender” are not properly interchangeable.

(e) society rather than the individual decides what is considered proper behavior.

11. raising the tax rate on essential goods—a traditional means of increasing govemment revenues—invariably turns low-and middle-income taxpayers against the government. hence government officials have proposed adding a new tax on pruchases of luxury items such as yachts, private planes, jewels, and furs. the officials in government revenues while affecting only the wealthy individuals and corporations who can afford to purchase such items.

the answer to which one of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the accuracy of the government officials prediction?

(a) will luxury goods be taxed at a higher rate than that at which essential goods are currently taxed?

(b) will be revenues generated by the proposed tax be comparable to those that are currently being generated by taxes on essential goods?

(c) will sales of the luxury items subject to the proposed tax occur at current rates once the proposed tax on luxury items has been passed?

(d) will the proposed tax on luxury items win support for the government in the eyes of low-and middle-income taxpayers?

(e) will purchases of luxury items by corporations account for more of the revenue generated by the proposed tax than will purchases of luxury items by wealthy individuals?

12. in a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. high aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. high-achieving. competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the passage?

(a) low levels of television viewing often lead to high levels of aggression among children.

(b) the level of aggression of a child cannot be predicted from levels of television viewing alone.

(d) high levels of television viewing can explain high levels of aggression among children only when the parents are not child-centered.

(e) parental lifestyle is less important than the amount of television viewing in determining the aggressiveness of children.

13. one of the effects of lead poisoning is an inflammation of the optic nerve, which causes those who have it to see bright haloes around light sources. in order to produce the striking yellow effects in his “sunflowers” paintings, van gogh used naples yellow, a pigment containing lead. since in his later paintings, van gogh painted bright haloes around the stars and sun, it is likely that he was suffering from lead poisoning caused by ingesting the pigments he used.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(a) in van gogh s later paintings he painted some things as he saw them.

(b) van gogh continued to use paints containing lead after having painted the “sunflowers” paintings,.

(d) the paints van gogh used in the “sunflowers” paintings had no toxic ingredients other than lead.

(e) the effects of naples yellow could not have been achieved using other pigments.

questions 14-15

politician: the mandatory jail sentences that became law two years ago for certain crimes have enhanced the integrity of our system of justice, for no longer are there two kinds of justice, the kind dispensed by lenient judges and the kind dispensed by severe ones.

pulic advocate: but with judges stripped of discretionary powers, there can be no leniency even where it would be appropriate. so juries now sometimes acquit a given defendant solely beacuse the jurors feel that the mandatory sentence would be too harsh. those juries, then, do not return an accurate verdict on the defendant s guilt. this is why it is imperative that the legislation instituting mandatory jail sentences be repealed.

14. the public advocate responds to the politician s argument by doing which one of the following?

(a) trying to show that the politician s conclusion merely paraphrases the politician s evidence

(b) claiming that the politician s evidence, properly analyzed, has no bearing on the conclusion the politician derives from it.

(c) arguing that leniency is not a trait of individuals but that, rather, it is a property of certain kinds of decisions.

(d) arguing that an analysis of the consequences of certain legislation undermines the politician s conclusion

(e) charging that the politician exaggerated the severity of a problem in order to justify a sweeping solution

15. which one of the following principles, if valid, provides the politician with the strongest basis for countering the public advocate s argument?

(a) juries should always consider whether the sum of the evidence leaves any reasonable doube concerning the defendant s guilt, and in all cases in which it does, they should acquit the defendant

(b) a system of justice should clearly define what the specific actions are that judges are to perform within the system.

(d) changes in a system of justice in response to some undesirable feature of the system should be made as soon as possible once that feature has been recognized as undesirable.

(e) changes in a system of justice that produce undesirable consequences should be reversed only if it is not feasible to ameliorate those undesirable consequences through furhter modification.

16. researchers studying artificial sweeteners have long claimed that the perception of sweetness is determined by the activation of a single type of receptor on the tongue, called a sweetness receptor. they have also claimed that any given individual molecule of substance can activate at most one sweetness receptor and that the fewer molecules that are required to activate a receptor, the sweeter that substance will be perceived to be, now the researchers claim to have discovered a substance of which only one molectule is needed to activate any sweetness receptor.

which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the researchers claims, if all of those claims are true?

(a) the more sweetness receptors a person has on his or her tongue, the more likely it is that that person will find sweet sensations pleasurable

(b) in sufficient quantity. the molecules of any substance can activate a sweetness receptor

(d) a substance that does not activate a sweetness receptor will activate a taste receptor of another type.

(e) the more molecules of a substance that are required to activate a single sweetness receptor. the more bitter that substance will be perceived to be.

17. an editorial in the grandbury daily herald claims that grandburg s voters would generally welcome the defeat of the political party now in control of the grandburg city council. the editorial bases its claim on a recent survey that found that 59 percent of grandburg s registered voters think that the party will definitely be out of power after next year s city council elections.

which one of the following is a principle that, if established, would provide the strongest justification for the editorial s conclusion?

(a) the way voters feel about a political party at a given time can reasonably be considered a reliable indicator of the way they will continue to feel about that party, barring unforeseeable political developments.

(b) the results of surveys that gauge current voter sentiment toward a given political party can legitimately be used as the basis for making claims about the likely future prospects of that political party.

(c) an increase in ill-feeling toward a political party that is in power can reasonably be expected to result in a corresponding increase in support for rival political parties.

(d) the proportion of voters who expect a given political possibility to be realized can legitimately be assumed to approximate the proportion of voters who are in favor of that possibility being realized.

(e) it can reasonably be assumed that registered voters who respond to a survey regarding the outcome of a future election will exercise their right to vote in that election.

18. prolonged exposure to nonionizing radiation—electromagnetic radiation at or below the frequency of visible light—increases a person s chances of developing soft-tissue cancer. electric power lines as well as such electrical appliances as electric blankets and video-display terminals are sources of nonionizing radiation.

which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the statements above?

(a) people with short-term exposure to nonionizing radiation are not at risk of developing soft-tissue cancers.

(b) soft-tissue cancers are more common than other cancers.

(c) soft-tissue cancers are frequently cured spontaneously when sources of nonionizing radiation are removed from the patient s home.

(d) certain electrical devices can pose health risks for their users.

(e) devices producing electromagnetic radiation at frequencies higher than that of visible light do not increase a person s risk of developing soft-tissue cancers.

19. in the first decade following the founding of the british labour party, the number of people regularly voting for labour increased fivefold. the number of committed labour voters increased a further fivefold during the party s second decade. since the increase was thus the same in the first as in the second decade, the often-made claim that the labour party gained move voters in the party s second decade than in its first is clearly false.

the reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

(a) fails to specify dates necessary to evaluate the truth of the conclusion, even though the argument depends on distinguishing between two time periods

(b) draws a conclusion that cannot be true if all the data advanced in its support are true

(d) fails to allow for the possibility that the policy positions advocated by the labour party changed during the period in question

(e) overlooks the possibility that more elections were held in one of the two decades than were held in the other

questions 20-21

a number of seriously interested amateur astronomers have tested the new exodus refractor telescope. with it, they were able to observe in crisp detail planetary features that were seen only as fuzzy images in their 8-inch (approximately 20-centimeter) newtonian telescopes, even though the 8-inch telescopes, with their wider apertures, gather more light than the 4-inch (approximately 10-centimeter) exodus. given these amateur astronomers observational findings, any serious amateur astronomers ought to choose the exodus if she or he is buying a telescope for planetary observation.

20. the argument proceeds by

(a) evaluating the credibility of claims made by a particular group

(b) detailing the ways in which a testing situation approximates the conditions of ordinary use

(d) supporting a recommendation to a group on the basis of the experience of a subset of that group

(e) distinguishing between the actual reasons why a certain group did a particular thing and the best reasons for doing that thing.

21. which one of the following most seriously weakens the argument?

(a) telescopes of certain types will not perform well unless they have been precisely collimated a delicate adjustement requriring deftness.

(b) image quality is only one of several different factors that, taken together, should determine the choice of a telescope for planetary observation.

(d) the comparisons made by the amateur astronomers were based on observations made during several different observation sessions.

(e) the substance used to make the lenses of exodus telescopes differs from that used in the lenses of other telescopes.

22. anatomical bilateral symmetry is a common trait. it follows, therefore, that it confers survival advantages on organisms. after all, if bilateral symmetry did not confer such advantages, it would not be common.

the pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above?

(a) since it is sawyer who is negotiating for the city government, it must be true that the city takes the matter seriously. after all, if sawyer had not been available, the city would have insisted that the negotiations be deferred.

(b) clearly, no candidate is better qualified for the job than trumbull. in fact, even to suggest that there might be a more highly qualified candidate seems absurd to those who have seen trumbull at work.

(c) if powell lacked superior negotiating skills, she would not have been appointed arbitrator in this case. as everyone knows, she is the appointed arbitrator, so her negotiating skills are detractors notwithstanding bound to be superior.

(d) since varga was away on vacation at the time, it must have been rivers who conducted the secret negotiations. any other scenario makes little sense, for rivers never does the negotiating unless varga is unavailable.

(e) if wong is appointed arbitrator, a decision will be reached promptly. since it would be absurd to appoint anyone other than wong as arbitrator, a prompt decision can reasonably be expected.

23. electrical engineers have repeatedly demonstrated that the best solid-state amplifiers are indistinguishable from the best vacuum-tube amplifiers with respect to the characteristies commonly measured in evaluating the quality of an amplifier s musical reproduction. therefore, those music lovers who insist that recorded music sounds better when played with the best vacuumtube amplifier must be imagining the difference in quality that they claim to hear.

which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(a) many people cannot tell from listening to it whether a recording is being played with a very good solid-state amplifier or a very good vacuum-tube amplifier.

(b) the range of variation with respect to the quality of musical reproduction is greater for vacuumtube amplifiers than for solid-state amplifiers.

(d) solid-state amplifiers are more compact, use less power, and generate less heat than vacuum-tube amplifiers that produce a comparable volume of sound.

(e) some vacuum-tube amplifiers are clearly superior to some solid-state amplifiers with respect to the laboratory to evaluate the quality of an amplifier s musical reproduction.

24. explanation must be distinguished from justification every human action potentially has an explanation that is with sufficient knowledge it would be possible to give an accurate description of the causes of that action. an action is justified only when the person performing the action has sufficient reasons for the action. according to many psychologists, even when there is a justification for an action, that justification often forms no part of the explanation. the general principle, however, is that only an action whose justification, that is, the reasons for the action, forms an essential part of its explanation is rational.

if the statements in the passage are correct, which one of the following can be properly concluded form them?

(a) when a human action is justified, that action has no explanation.

(b) if there are any reasons among the causes of an action, then that action rational

(d) there are actions whose causes cannot be discovered

(e) if any human actions are rational then reasons must sometimes be causes of actions

25. at the company picnic all of the employees who participated in more than four of the scheduled events, and only those employees were eligible for the raffle held at the end of the day. since only a small proportion of the employees were eligible for the raffle, most of the employees must have participated in fewer than four of the scheduled events.

which one of the following arguments exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most like that exhibited by the argument above?

(a) only third-and fourth-year students are allowed to keep cars on campus. since one quarter of the third-year students keep cars on campus and one half of the fourth-year students keep cars on campus, it must be that fewer third-year students than fourth-year students keep cars on campus.

(b) only those violin students who attended extra rehearsal sessions were eligible for selection as solists. since two of the violin students were selected as soloists, those two must have been the only violin students who attended the extra sessions

(c) the only students honored at a special banquet were the band members who made the dean s list last semester. since most the band members were honored, most of the band members must have made the dean s list.

(d) all of the members of the service club who volunteered at the hospital last summer were biology majors. since ten of the club members are biology majors, those ten members must have volunteered at the hospital last summer

(e) all of the swim team members who had decreased their racing times during the season were given awards that no other members were given. since fewer than half the team members were given such awards, the racing times of more than half the team members must have increased during the season.

篇2：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION3

section iii

time—35 minutes

26 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question.however, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible,superfluous, or incompatible with the passage after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. francis: pailure to become properly registered to vote prevents one-third of the voting-age citizens of lagonia from voting. if local election boards made the excessively cumbersome registration process easier. more people would register and vote

sharon: the high number of citizens not registered to vote has persisted despite many attempts to make registering easier. surveys show that most of these citizens believe that their votes would not make a difference. until that belief is changed, simplifying the registration process will not increase the percentage of citizens registering to vote

the main issue in dispute between francis and sharon is

(a) whether changing the voter registration process would be cumbersome

(b) why so many citizens do not register to vote

(d) whether local election boards have simplified the registration process

(e) why the public lacks confidence in the effects of voting

2. advertisement anyone who thinks moisturizers are not important for beautiful skin should consider what happens to the earth, the skin of the word, in times of drought. without regular infusions of moisture the ground becomes lined and cracked and its lush loveliness fades away. thus your skin, too, should be protected from the protection provided by regular infusions of dewyfresh the drought-defying moisturizer.

the dewyfresh advertisement exhibits which one of the following errors of reasoning?

(a) it treats something that is necessary for bringing about a state of affairs as something that is sufficient to bring about that state of affairs

(b) it treats the fact that two things regularly occur together as proof that there is a single thing that is the cause of them both

(d) it relies on the ambiguity of the term “infusion.” which can designate either a process or the product of that process

(e) it relies on an analogy between two things that are insufficiently alike in the respects in which they would have to be alike for the conclusion to be supported.

questions 3-4

m: the greek alphabet must have been invented by some individual who knew the phoenician writing system and who wanted to have some way of recording homeric epies and thereby preserving expressions of a highly developed traditin of oral poetry.

p: your hypothesis is laughable! what would have been the point of such a person s writing homeric epices down? surely a person who knew them well enough to write them down would not need to read them, and no one else could read them, according to your hypothesis.

3. which one of the following is an argumentative strategy that p uses in responding to m?

(a) attacking m s understanding of the literary value of oral poetry

(b) disagreeing with m s thesis without attempting to refute it

(d) attempting to undermine m s hypothesis by making it appear absurd

(e) providing an alternative interpretation of evidence put forward by m

4. p s argument is vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(a) it fails to demonstrate that the phoenician alphabet alone could have provided the basis for the greek alphabet

(b) it incorrectly assumes that the first text ever written in greek was a homeric poem

(d) it attempts to demonstrate the truth of a hypothesis merely by showing that it is possible.

(e) it overlooks the possibility that person who invented the greek alphabet did so with the intention of teaching it to others.

5. bacteria from food can survive for several days on the surface of plastic cutting boards, but bacteria can penetrate wooden cutting boards almost immediately, leaving the surface free of contamination. therefore, wooden cutting boards, unlike plastic cutting boards, need not be washed in order to prevent their conta-minating food that is cut on them; wiping them off to remove food debris is sufficient.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) washing plastic cutting boards does not remove all bacteria from the surface

(b) prevention of bacterial contamination is the only respect in which wooden cutting boards are superior to plastic cutting boards.

(c) food that is not already contaminated with bacteria can be contaminated only by being cut on contaminated cutting boards.

(d) bacteria that penetrate into wooden cutting boards do not reemerge on the surface after the cutting boards have been used

(e) washing wooden cutting boards kills bacteria below the surface of the cutting boards.

6. asthmagon was long considered the most effective of the drugs known as beta-2 agonists, designed to alleviate asthma attacks. however. studies conducted in rhiago between 1981 and 1987 revealed that nearly one out of every five of the asthma patients under observation who took asthmagon suffered serious side effects after taking the drug. citing this statistic. some docotors argue that asthmagon should be banned as an anti-asthma drug.

which one of the following, if true, most weakens the case for the proposed ban of asthmagon?

(a) in rhiago, where asthmagon had been the most widely prescribed of the beta-2 agonists, the number of asthma deaths increased between 1981 and 1987.

(b) many of the patients under observation to whom asthmagon was administered had not previously taken a beta-2 agonist

(d) among the patients observed, only those who had very high cholesterol counts suffered side effects after taking asthmagon

(e) asthmagon increases the severity of asthma attacks in some people because the drug can cause damage to heart tissues

7. in response to requests made by the dairy industry the government is considering whether to approve the synthetic hormone bst for use in dairy cows bst increases milk production but also leads to recurring udder inflammation decreased fertility,and symptoms of stress in cows who receive the hormone all of these problems can be kept under control with constant veterinary care but such levels of veterinary help would cost big farms far less per cow than they would small farms

if the statements above are true which one of the following clams is most strongly supported by them?

(a) the government is unlikely to approve the synthetic hormone bst for use in cows

(b) the proportion of cows that suffer from udder infiammation, decreased fertility, and symptoms of stress is currently greater on big dairy farms than on small ones

(d) the milk from cows who receive bst will not be safe for people to drink

(e) owners of big farms stand to gain more from government approval of bst than do owners of small farms

8. jones is selling a house to smith the contract between the two specifies that for up to a year after ownership is transferred. jones will be responsible for repairing any “major structural defects.” defined as defects in the roof or roff-supporting components of the house that might be found jones is not responsible for any other repairs the house has a truss roof which means that the only walls that support the roof are the exterior walls.

it can be properly concluded from the information above that

(a) jones did not know of any defects in the roof or roof-supporting components of the house at the time the contract was written

(b) although other components of the house may contain defects the roof and roof-supporting components of the house are currently free from such defects

(c) the contract does not oblige jones to repair any defects in the house s nonexterior walls after ownership of the house has been transferred

(d) smith will be obliged to repair all structural defects in the house within a year after ownership is transferred except those for which jones is responsible

(e) in the past jones has had to make repairs to some of the house s exterior walls

9. the play mankind must have been written between 1431 and 1471. it cannot have been written before 1431 for in that year the rose noble, a coin mentioned in the play, was first circulated. the play cannot have been written after 1471 since in that year king henry vi died, and he is mentioned as a living monarch in the play s dedication

the argument would be most seriously weakened if which one of the following were discovered?

(a) the royal theatre company includes the play on a list of those performed in 1480

(b) another coin mentioned in the play was first minted in 1422

(d) although henry vi was deposed in 1461, he was briefly restored to the throne in 1470

(e) in a letter written in early 1428 a merchant told of having seen the design for a much-discussed new coin calle dthe “rose noble”

10. all material bodies are divisible into parts and everything divisible is imperfec. it follows that all material bodies are imperfect it likewise follows that the spirit is not a material body

the final conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) everything divisible is a material body

(b) nothing imperfect is indivisible

(d) the spirit is perfect

(e) the spirit is either indivisible or imperfect

11. special kinds of cotton that grow fibers of green or brown have been around since the 1930s but only recently became commercially feasible when a long-fibered variety that can be spun by machine was finally bred since the cotton need not be dyed processing plants avoid the expense of dyeing and the ecological hazards of getting rid of icftover dye and by-products

which one fo the following can be properly inferred from the passage?

(a) it is ecologically safer to process long-fibered cotton than short-fibered cotton

(b) green and brown cottons that cna the spun only by hand are not commercially viable

(d) short-fibered regular cottons are economically competitive with synthetic fabries

(e) garments made of green and brown cottons are less expensive than garments made of regular cotton

12. people in the tourist industry know that excessive development of seaside areas by the industry damages the environment. such development also hurts the tourist industry by making these areas unattractive to tourists a fact of which people in the tourist industry are well aware people in the tourist industry would never knowingly do anything to damage the industry. therefore, they would never knowingly damage the seaside environment and people who are concerned about damage to the seaside people who are concerned about damage to the seaside environment thus have nothing to fear from the tourist industry

the reasoning in the arguments is most vulnerable to

(a) no support is provided for the claim that excessive development hurts the tourist industry

(b) that something is not the cause of a problem is used as evidence that it never coexists with that problem

(c) the argument shifts from applving a characteristie to a few membets of a group to applying the character istie to all members of that group

(d) the possibility that the tourist industry would unintentionally harm the environment is ignored

(e) the argument establishes that a certain state of affairs is likely and then treats that as evidence that the state of affairs is inveitable

13. health officials claim that because the foods and beverages mentioned or consumed on many television programs are extremely low in nutritional value watching television has a bad influence on the dietary habits of television viewers.

the claim by health officials depends on the presupposition that

(a) the eagint and drinking habits of people on television programs are designed to mirror the eating and drinking habits of television viewers

(b) seeing some foods and beverages being consumed on or hearing them mentioned on television programs mereases the likelihood that viewers will consume similar kinds of foods and beverages.

(c) the food and beverage industry finances television programs so that the foods and beverages that have recently appeared on the market can be advertised on those programs

(d) television viewers are only interested in the people on television programs who have the same eating and drinking habits as they do

(e) the eating and drinking habits of people on television programs proclde health officerals with acctuate predictions about the foods and beverages that will become popular among television viewers

14. in an effort to boost sales during the summer months, which are typically the best for soft-drink sales foamy soda lowered its prices. in spite of this, however, the sales of foamy soda dropped during the summer months.

each of the following, if true, contributes to reconciling the apparent discrepancy indicated above except:

(a) the soft-drink industry as a whole experienced depressed sales during the summer months

(b) foamy soda s competitors lowered their prices even more drastically during the summer months

(d) a strike at foamy soda s main plant forced production cutbacks that resulted in many stores not receiving their normal shipments during the summer months

(e) the weather during the summer months was unseasonably cool, decreasing the demand for soft drinks

15. dr. z.many of the characterizations of my work offered by dr.q are imprecise and such characterizations do not provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of my work

which one of the following can be properly inferred from dr. z s statement?

(a) some or dr q s characterizations of dr. z s work provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of dr. z s work

(b) all of dr q s characterizations of dr. z s work that are not imprecise provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of dr. z s work

(c) all fo the characterizations of dr. z s work by dr. q that do not provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of dr z s work are imprecise

(d) if the characterization of someone s work is precise, then it provides a sound basis for criticizing that work

(e) at least one of dr q s characterizations of dr. z s work fails to provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of that work.

16. k, a research scientist, was accused of having falsified laboratory data. although the original data in question have disappeared, data from k s more recent experiments have been examined and clearly none of them were falsified. therefore, the accusation should be dismissed.

which one of the following contains questionable reasoning that is most similar to that in the argument above?

(a) l, an accountant, was charged with having embezzled funds from a client. the charge should be ignored, however, because although the records that might reveal this embezzlement have been destroyed, records of l s current clients show clearly that there has never been any embezzlement from them.

(b) m, a factory supervisor, was accused of failing to enforce safety standards. this accusation should be discussed because although the identity of the accuser was not revealed, a survey of factory personnel revealed that some violations of the standards have occurred.

(c) n, a social scientist, was charged with plagiarism. the charge is without foundation because although strong similarities between n s book and the work of another scholar have been discovered, the other scholar s work was written after n s work was published.

(d) o, an auto mechanic has been accused of selling stolen auto parts the accusation seems to be justified since although no evidence links o directly to these sales, the pattern of distribution of the auto parts points to o as the source.

(e) p, a politician, has been accused of failing to protect the public interest. from at least some points of view, however, the accusation will undoubtedly be considered false, because there is clearly disagreement about where the public interest lies.

questions 17-18

the widespread staff reductions in a certain region s economy are said to be causing people who still have their jobs to cut back on new purchases as though they, too, had become economically distressed. clearly, however, actual spending by such people is undiminished, because there has been no unusual increase in the amount of money held by those people in savings accounts.

17. the argument in the passage proceeds by doing which one of the following?

(a) concluding that since an expected consequence of a supposed development did not take place

(b) concluding that since only one of the two predictable consequences of a certain kind of behavior is observed to occur this observed occurrence cannot, in the current situation, be a consequence of such behavior

(c) arguing that since people s economic behavior is guided by economic self- interest only misinformation or error will cause people to engage in economic behavior that harms them economically

(d) arguing that since two alternative developments exhaust all the plausible possibilities one of those developments occurred and the other did not

(e) concluding that since the evidence concerning a supposed change is ambiguous, it is most likely that no change is actually taking place.

18. which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(a) if people in the region who continue to be employed have debts, they are not now paying them off at an accelerated rate

(b) people in the region who continue to be employed and who have relatives who have lost their jobs commonly assist those relatives financially

(c) if people in the region who have lost jobs get new jobs, the new jobs generally pay less well than the ones they lost .

(d) people in the region who continue to be employeda are pessimistic about their prospects for increasing their incomes

(e) there exist no statistics about sales of goods in the region as a whole

19. every student who walks to school goes home for lunch. it follows that some students who have part-time jobs do not walk to school. the conclusion of the argument follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) some students who do not have part-time jobs go home for lunch

(b) every student who goes home for lunch has a part-time job.

(d) some students who do not go home for lunch have part-time jobs.

(e) every student who goes home for lunch walks to school.

20. when the pinecrest animal shelter, a charitable organization, was in danger of closing because it could not pay for important repairs, its directors appealed to the townspeople to donate money that would be earmarked to pay for those repairs. since more funds were ultimately donated than were used for the repairs the directors plan to donate the surplus funds to other animal shelters. but before doing so, the directors should obtain permission from those who made the donations

which one of the following priciples, if valid, most helps to justify the position advocated aboved above and yet places the least restriction on the allocation of funds by directors of charitable organizations?

(a) the directors of charitable organizations cannot allocate publicly solicited funds to any purposes for which the directors had not specifically carmarked the funds in advance

(b) people who solicit charitable donations from the public for a specific cause should spend the funds only on that cause or, if that becomes impossible, should dispose of the funds according to the express wishes of the donors.

(c) directors of charitable organizations who solicit money from the public must return all the money is received than can practicably be used for the purposes specified in the appeal.

(d) donors of money to charitable organizations cannot delegate to the directors of those organizations the responsibility of allocating the funds received to various purposes consonant with the purposes of the organization as the directors of the organization see fit.

(e) people who contribute money to charitalbe organizations should be considered to be placing their trust in the directors of those organizations to use the money wisely according to whatever circumstance might arise.

21. the amount of electricity consumed in millville on any day in august is directly proportional to peak humidity on that day since the average peak humidity this august was three points higher than the average peak humidity last ausgust, it follows that more energy was consumed in millville this august than last august

which one of the following arguments has a pattern of reasoning most similar to the one in the argument above?

(a) the amount of art supplies used in any of the aesthetic institute s 25 classes is directly proportional to the number of students in that class. since in these classes the institute enrolled 20 percent more students overall last year than in the previous year mort art supplies were used in the institute s classes last year than in the provious year.

(b) the number of courses in painting offered by the aesthetic institute in any term is directly proportional to the number of students enrolled in the institute in that term. but the institute offers the same number of courses in sculpture each term. hence, the institute usually offers more courses in painting than in seulpture each term. hence, the institute usually offers more courses in painting than in sculpture.

(c) the number of new students enrolled at the aesthetic institute in any given year is directly proportional to the amount of advertising the institute has done in the previous year. hence, if the institute seeks to increase its student body it must increase the amount it spends on advertising

(d) the fees paid by a student at the aesthetic institute are didirectly proportional to the number of classes in which that student enrolls. since the number of students at the aesthetic institute is increasing, it follows that the institute is collecting a greater amount in fees paid by students than it used to

(e) the number of instructors employed by the aesthetic institute in any term is directly proportional to the number of classes offered in that term and also directly proportional to the number of students enrolled at the institute thus, the number of classes offered by the institute in any term is directly proportional to the number of students enrolled in that term.

22. letter to the editor: after baerton s factory closed, there was a sharp increase in the number of claims field for job-related injury compensation by the factory s former employees, hence there is reason to believe that most of those who filed for compensation after the factory closed were just out to gain benefits they did not deserve, and filed only to help them weather their job loss.

each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above except:

(a) workers cannot file for compensation for many job-related injuries, such as hearings loss from factory noise, until they have left the job.

(b) in the years before the factory closed, the factory s managers dismissed several employees who had filed injury claims.

(d) workers who incur partial disabilities due to injuries on the job often donot file for compensation because they would have to stop working to receive compensation but cannot afford to live on that compensation alone.

(e) workers who are aware that they will soon be laid off from a job often become depressed, making them more prone to job-related injuries.

23. historians of north american architecture who have studied early nineteenth-century houses with wooden floors have observed that the boards used on the floors of bigger houses were generally much narrower than those used on the floors of smaller houses. these historians have argued that, since the people for whom the bigger houses were built were generally richer than the people for whom the smaller houses were probably once a status symbol, designed to proclaim the owner s wealth.

which one of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the historians argument?

(a) more original floorboards have survived from big early nineteenth-century houses than from small early nineteenth-century houses than from small early nineteenth-century houses.

(b) in the early nineteenth century, a piece of narrow floorboard was not significantly less expensive than a piece of wide floorboard of the same length.

(d) some early nineteenth-century houses had wied floorboards near the walls of each room and narrower floorboards in the center, where the floors were usually carpeted.

(e) many of the biggest early nineteenth-century houses but very few small houses from that period had some floors that were made of materials that were considerably more expensive than wood, such as marble.

24. ethicist: a society is just when, and only when, first each person has an equal right to basic liberties, and second, inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth are not tolerated unles these inequalities are to everyone s advantage and are attached to jobs open to everyone.

which one of the following judgments most closely conforms to the principle described above?

(a) society s guarantees everyone equal right to basic liberties, while allowing inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth that are to the advantage of everyone. further, the jobs to which these inequalities are attached are open to most people, thus, society s is just.

(b) society s gives everyone an equal right to basic liberties, but at the expense of creating inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth. thus, society s is not just.

(c) society s allows inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth, although everyone benefits and these inequalities are attached to jobs that are open to everyone. thus, society s is just.

(d) society s distributes income and wealth to everyone equally, but at the expense of creating inequalities in the right to basic liberties. thus, society s is not just.

(e) society s gives everyone an equal right to basic liberties, and although there is an inequality in the distribution of income and wealth, the jobs, to which these inequalities are attached are open to all. thus, society s is just.

25. economist: in order to decied what to do about protecting the ozone layer, we must determine the monetary amount of the economic resources that we would willingly expend to protect it. such a determination amounts to a calculation of the monetary value of the ozone layer.

environmentalists argue that the ozone layer does not have a calculable monetary value. however, we would not willingly expend an amount equal to all of the world s economic resources to protect tha ozone layer so the ozone layer is demonstrably worth less than that amount. thus, the ozone layer has a calculable monetary value.

the reasoning in the economist s argument is flawed in that the argument

(a) uses evidence that the monetary value of a particular natural resource is less than a certain amount in order to establish that the monetary value of any natural resource is less than that amount

(b) presupposes that the ozone layer should not be protected and then argues to that claim as a conclusion

(d) gives no reason for thinking that merely establishing an upper limit on a certain monetary value would allow the calculation of that monetary value

(e) does not directly address the argument of the environmentalists.

26. columnist on the arts: my elected government representatives were within their rights to vote to support the arts with tax dollars. while funded by the government. however, some artists have produced works of art that are morally or aesthetically offensive to many taxpayers. nonetheless. my conclusion is that no taxpayers have been treated unjustly whose tax dollars are used to fund some particular work of art that they may find abominable.

which one of the following principles, if valid, most supports the columnist s argument?

(a) taxpayers should be allowed to decide whether a portion of their tax dollars is to be used to fund the arts.

(b) the funding of a particular activity is warranted if it is funded by elected representatives who legitimately fund that activity in general.

(c) elected representatives are within their rights to fund any activity that is supported by a majority of their constituents.

(d) those who resent taxation to subsidize offensive art should ovte against their incumbent government representatives.

(e) since taxpayers are free to leave their country if they disapprove of their representatives decisions they have no right to complain about arts funding.

篇3：LSAT考试全真试题五SECTION3

section iii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the equestions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. if a country s manufacturing capacity is fully utilized, three can be no industrial growth without new capital investment. any reduction in interest rates produces new capital investment

which one of the following can be properly concluded from the statements above?

(a) interest rates might in exceptional cases be reduced without there being any subsequent investment of new capital.

(b) a reduction in interest rates might cause a precondition for industrial growth to be met.

(d) new capital investment that takes place while interest rates are rising cannot lead to industrial growth.

(e) manufacturing capacity newly created by capital investment needs to be fully utilized if it is to lead to industrial growth.

2. a certain type of insect trap uses a scented lure to attract rose beetles into a plastic bag from which it is difficult for them to escape. if several of these traps are installed in a backyard garden, the number of rose beetles in the garden will be greatly reduced. if only one trap is installed, however, the number of rose beetles in the garden will actually increase

which one of the following, if true most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?

(a) the scent of a single trap s lure usually cannot be detected throughout a backyard garden by rose beetles

(b) several traps are better able to catch a large number of rose beetles than is one trap alone, since any rose beetles that evade one trap are likely to encounter another trap if there are several traps in the garden.

(c) when there are several traps in a garden, they each capture fewer rose beetles than any single trap would if it were the only trap in the garden

(d) the presence of any traps in a backyard garden will attract more rose beetles than one trap can catch, but several traps will not attract significantly more rose beetles to a garden than one trap will.

(e) when there is only one trap in the garden, the plastic bag quickly becomes filled to capacity, allowing some rose beeties to escape

3. the current move to patent computer programs is a move in the wrong direction and should be stopped. the patent system was originally designed solely to protect small-time inventors from exploitation. not to give large corporations control over a methodology. any computer program is merely the implementation of a methodology.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) computer programs should be developed not only be large corporations but by small-time inventors as well.

(b) implementing a methodology always requires less creative effort than does true invention

(c) the issue of whether or not to patent computer programs presents the patent system with problems that have never before arisen

(d) large corporations should not hold patents for implementations of methodologies

(e) small-time inventors who support the move to patent computer programs act contrary to their own best interests

questions 4-5

walter: for the economically privileged in a society to tolerate an injustice perpetrated against one of society s disadvantaged is not just morally wrong but also shortsighted: a system that inflicts an injustice on a disadvantaged person today can equally well inflict that same injustice on a well-to-do person tomorrow

larissa: in our society the wealthy as well as the well-educated can protect themselves against all sorts of injustices suffered by the less well-off allowing such injustices to persist is bad policy not because it places everyone at equal risk of injustice but because it is a potent source of social unrest.

4. larissa responds to walter by doing which one of the following?

(a) giving reason to doubt the truth of walter s conclusion

(b) drawing implausible consequences from walter s assumptions

(d) providing an alternative reason for accepting the truth of walter s conclusion

(e) charging walter with stopping short of recognizing the full implications of his position

5. walter and larissa are logically committed by what they say to disagreeing about which one of the following?

(a) whether the poor and the rich are part of the same social fabric

(b) whether the most successful members of a society are that society s least tolerant people

(d) whether those who have the most advantages in a society are morally obligated to correct that society s injustices

(e) whether the economically privileged members of a society are less exposed to certain sorts of injustices than are the economically disadvantaged

6. three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. the concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. in explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. market analysts predict that the decision of three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents

which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts?

(a) most smaller manufacturers of laundry detergents will consider it too expensive to retool factories for the production of the smaller detergent packages.

(b) many consumers will be skeptical initially that the recommended small amount of concentrated detergent will clean laundry as effectively as the larger amount of the old-style detergent did

(c) some analysts believe that consumers will have to pay a greater cost per load of laundry to use the new concentrated detergent than they did to use the old-style detergent

(d) major supermarkets have announced that they will not charge the detergent manufacturers less to display their detergents even though the detergents will take up less shelf space

(e) comsumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard waste

questions 7-8

political advocate: campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. one reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. asecond reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions. thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the publie but of individual large contilbutors

gitle: this argument is problematie the more the caps constrain contributions the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors

7. the critie objects that the advocate s argument is flawed because

(a) any resourceful large contributor can circumvent caps on individual contributions by sending in smaller amounts under various names

(b) one of the projected results cited in support of the proposal made is entailed by the other and therefore does not constitute mdependent support of the proposal

(d) it overlooks the possibility that lareg contributors will stop contributing if they cannot contribute at will

(e) it overlooks the possibility that incumbents with a few extremely generous contributors will be hit harder by caps than incumbents with many moderately genetous contributors.

8. which one of the following prickples if established provides a basis for the advocate s argument

(a) if complete reliance on private funding of some activity keeps the public from enjoying a benefit that could be provided if public funds were used such public funds should be provided

(b) if election campaigns are to be fended from public funds terms of office for elected officials should be lengthened.

(c) if in an election campaign large contributions flow primarily to one candidate public funds should be used to support the campaigns of that candiate s rivals

(d) if public funding of some activity produces a benefit to the public but also inevitably a special benefit for specific individuals, the activity should not be fully funded publicly but in part by the individuals deriving the special benefit.

(e) if a person would not have run for office in the absence of public campaign subsidies this person should not be eligible for any such subsidies.

9. novice bird-watcher 1 don t know much about animal track s but i do know that birds typically have four toes and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward since this track was made by an animal with four toes of which three point forward and one points backward we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird

the argument is flawed because it

(a) relies on the vagueness of the term “track”

(b) does not define birds as animals with for toes

(d) does not establish that only a bird could have made the track

(e) depends on evidence about an individual bird rather than about birds in general

10. psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer, the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past however, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states therefore these survey results do not justify the psychologists claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder

the author criticizes the psychologists claim by

(a) offering an alternative explanation of the variation in the occurrence of psychological problems across seasons

(b) questioning whether any seasonal variation in the occurrence of psychological problems could properly be labeled a disorder

(d) questioning an assumption chat the author attributes to the psychologists

(e) demonstrating that fewer people actually suffer from seasonal affective disorder than psychologists had previously thought

11. unless the residents of glan hills band together, the proposal to rezone that city will be approved. if it is the city will be able to build the water and sewer systems that developers need in order to construct apartment houses there. these buildings would attract new residents. and the increased population would probably result in overerowded schools and would certainly result in roads so congested that new roads would be built. neither new roads nor additional schools could be built without substantial tax increases for the residents of glen hills, utimately this growth might even destroy the rural atmosphere that makes glen hills so attractive

which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?

(a) if the citizens of glen hills band together. developers will not build apartment houses

(b) if developers build apartment houses in glen hills, there will be substantial tax increases for the residents of glen hills

(d) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills, the taxes of the residents of glen hills will not increase substantially

(e) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills. the schools of glen hills will not be overerowded and roads will not be congested

12. one year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack one year later the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent clearly what was said in the advertisements had an effect although a small one on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes

which one of the folloiwng, if true, most helps to strengthen argument?

(a) residents of the locality have not increased their use of other tobacco products such as snuff and chewing tobacco since the campaign went into effect

(b) a substantial number of cigarette smokers in the locality who did not quit smoking during the campaign now smoke less than they did before it began

(c) admissions to the local hospital for chronic respiratory ailments were down by 15 percent one year after the campaign began

(d) merchants in the locality responded to the local tax by reducing the price at which they sold cigarettes by 20 cents per pack

(e) smokers in the locality had incomes that on average were 25 percent lower than those of nonsmokers

13. no projects that involve historical restorations were granted building permits this month. since some of the current projects of the firm of stein and sapin are historical restorations,at least some of stein and sapin s projects were not granted building permits this month.

the pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

(a) none of the doctors working at city hospital were trained abroad so. although some hospitals require doctors trained abroad to pass an extra qualifying exam, until now, at least, this has not been an issue for city hospital

(b) none of the news reports from the economic summit meeting have been encouraging since some other recent economic reports have showed positive trends, however at least some of the economic news is encouraging at this time.

(c) none of the new members of the orchestra have completed their paperwork since only those people who have completed their paperwork can be paid this week at least some of the new members of the orchestra are likely to be paid late

(d) several films directed by hannah barker were released this season, but none of the films released this season were enthusiastically reviewed therefore at least some of hannah barker s films have on received enthusiastic reviews

(e) some of the city s most beautiful parks are not larger than few acres and some of the parks only a few acres in size are among the city s oldest therefore, some of city s most beautiful parks are also its oldest parks

14. many artists claim that art crities find it is easier to write about art that they dislike than to write about art that they like. whether or not this hypothesis is correct, most art criticism is devoted to art works that fail to satisfy the critic. hence it follows that most art criticism is devoted to works other than the greatest works of art.

the conclusion above is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) no art critie enjoys writing about art works that he or she dislikes intensely

(b) all art crities find it difficult to discover art works that truly satisfy them

(c) a work of art that receives extensive critical attention can thereby become more widely known than it otherwise would have been

(d) the greatest works of art are never recognized as such until long after the time of their creation

(e) the greatest works of art are works that inevitably satisfy all crities.

15. babies who can hear and have hearing parents who expose them to speech begin to babble at a certain age as a precursor to speaking. in the same way, deaf babies with deaf parents who communicate with them and with each other by signing begin to babble in signs at the same age. that is, they make repetitive hand gestures that constitute, within the language systme of signs, the analogue of repeated syllables in speech.

the information above, if accurate, can best be used as evidence against which one of the following hypotheses?

(a) names of persons or things are the simplest words in a language, since babies use them before using the names of actions or processes

(b) the development of language competency in babies depends primarily on the physical maturation of the vocal tract a process that requires speech- oriented vocal activity

(d) in babbling babies are unaware that the sound or gesture combinations they use can be employed in a purposive way.

(e) the making of hand gestures by hearing babies who have hearing parents should be interpreted as a part of their developing language.

16. each of the elements of girelli s recently completed design for a university library is copied from a different one of several historic libraries. the design includes various features from classical greek, islamic, mogul, and romanesque structures. since no one element in the design is original, it follows that the design of the library cannot be considered original.

which one of the following is a reasoning error made in the argument?

(a) assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the whole itself.

(b) generalizing illegitimately from a few instances of a certain kind to all instances of that kind.

(d) presupposing that alternatives that can be true separately cannot be true together

(e) deriving a factual conclusion from evidence derived from reports of aesthetic preferences.

questions 17-18

although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre had a commercial resurgence in north america. during the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers

17. which one of the following, if true undermines the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) publishers often select a manuscript on the basis of whether they think that the published book will receive favorable reviews by book reviewers

(b) few readers of fantasy fiction read book reviews and even fewer select books to purchase on the basis of those reviews

(d) although the increase in the percentage of fantasy books sold has been substantial, publishers estimate that sales could increase even further.

(e) many of the book reviews of new fantasy-fiction novels also mention great fantasy novels of the past

18. which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) many experts report that on average the reading level of book buyers has declined over the past 20 years

(b) because life during the past 20 years has become complex and difficult, many readers have come to prefer the happy endings that fantasy fiction often provides

(d) because few readers of mystery novels were buying fantasy fiction 10 years ago the major publishers of fantasy fiction created an advertising campaign directed specifically at those readers.

(e) after fantasy fiction began to be favorably reviewed by respected crities 20 years ago, book buyers began to regard fantasy books as suitable reading for adults.

19. of all the houses in the city s historic district, the house that once belonged to the tyler family is the most famous by far since the historic district is the most famous district in the city. the tyler house must be the city s most famous house.

the flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in which one of the following?

(a) of all the peaks in the coastal mountain range, mount williams is the tallest. since the tallest peaks in the entire region are in the coastal mountain range, mount williams must be the region s tallest peak

(b) tobacco smoking is the behavior most likely to cause lung cancer in people. since more tobacco is smoked in greene county than anywhere else in the world, there must be more lung cancer in greene county than anywhere else in the world

(c) susan coleman is the oldest of the three children in her family since the three coleman children are each older than any of the other children who live in their building. susan coleman must be the oldest child now living in the building

(d) of all the fish stores in the harbors area. miller s fish market has the most exotic selection of fish since there are many more fish stores in the harbor area than anywhere else in the city. miller s fish market must have the most exotic selection of fish in the city.

(e) of all the flowers grown in the university s botanical garden, the oakland roses are the most beautiful. since the university s botanical garden is the most beautiful garden in the regio, the oakland roses grown in the garden must be the most beautiful flowers grown in the entire region

20. morton: in order to succeed in today s society one must have a college degree. skepties have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. this success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful

morten s argument is flawed because it

(a) assumes what it sets out to conclude

(b) mistakes a correlation for a cause

(d) fails to consider the status of alleged counterexamples

(e) bases its conclusion on the supposition that most people believe in that conclusion

21. even the earliest known species of land animats, known from fossils dating from the late silurian period 400 million years age show highly evolved adaptations to life on land. since neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic environment.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) known fossils of early land animals include fossils of animals that lived relatively soon after the first emergence of land animals

(b) fossils from the late silurian period represent only a small number of the animal species that were alive at that time

(d) no present-day species of aquatic animal is descended from a species of animal that once lived on land

(e) all anmals alive in the late silurian period lived either exclusively on land or exclusively in the water.

22. on saturday melvin suggested that jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. jerome refused claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit by taking off withoud notice. it is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for jerome s unwillingness to go with melvin to the mountains since he makes the same excuse every time melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where melvin proposes to go

the reasoning is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(a) it attmepts to forestall an attack on melvin s behavior by focusing attention on the behavior of jerome.

(b) it fails to establish that melvin could no more afford to take an unscheduled vacation trip to the mountains than could jerome

(d) it assumes that if jerome s professed reason is not his only reason then it cannot be a real reason for jerome at all

(e) it does not examine the possibility that jerome s behavior is adequately explained by the reason the gives for it.

23. arnold: i was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which i had a confirmed reservation. because the airline had overbooked the flight. since i was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, i missed an important business meeting. even though the flight on which i had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

jamie : the airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway

a principle that, if established, justifies jamie s response to arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(a) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the airling overbooked the original flight

(b) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other than the original flight s being canceled due to bad weather

(c) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airling not overbooked the original flight.

(d) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were that the original flight is canceled due to bad weather

(e) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight

24. ditrama is a federatin made up of three autonomus regions. korva. mitro, and guadar, under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federa revenues equal to the share of the total population of ditrama residing in that region as shown by a yearly populatin survey last year the percentage of federal revenues korva received for its share deereased somewhat even though the population surve on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that korva s population had increased

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year s revenue-sharing in dirama was based?

(a) of the three regions korva had the smallest number of residents

(b) the population of korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous years

(c) the populations of mitro and guadar each increased by a percentage that exceeded the percentage by which the population of korva mcreased.

(d) of the three regions. korva s numerical inerease in population was the smallest

(e) korva s population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of at least one of the other two autonomous regions.

25. by examining fossilized beetles a research team has produced the most detailed description yet of temperatures in britain over the past 22,000 years fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. whey individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determin the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period

the procedure of the researchers assumes which one of the following?

(a) beetles can tolerate warm weather better than cold weather

(b) fossils of different species found in the same place belonged to different periods

(d) the highest actuai summer temperature at a place and period equaled the average of the highest temperatures that could have been tolerated by each of the beetle species found there and dated to that period

(e) the temperature tolerances of the beetle species did not change significantly during the 22,000-year period

篇4：LSAT考试全真试题一SECTION3

section ⅲ

time-35 minutes

26 questions

directions: each passage in this section if followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question, however, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

the fairness of the judicial process depends on the objective presentation of facts to an impartial jury made up of one's peers. present the facts, and you have a fair trial

(5)however, fact-finding, especially for interpersonal disagreements, is not so straightforward and is often contaminated by variables that reach beyond the legal domain.

(10)a trial is an attempt to transport jurors to the time and place of the disputed event, to recreate the disputed event, or at least to explain that event with maximum accuracy. a trial falls short of this goal, however.

(15)because it presents selected witnesses who recite selected portions of their respective memories concerning selected observations of the disputed event. these multiple selections are referred to as the abstraction process.

(20)limitations in both perception and memory are responsible for the fact that the remembered event contains only a fraction of the detail present during the actual event, and the delay between observation and

(25)recitation causes witnesses' memories to lose even more of the original perceptions. during the course of a trial, a witness's recitation of the now-abstracted events may reflect selected disclosure based on his or her

(30)attitudes and motivations surrounding that testimony. furthermore, the incidents reported are dependent on the lines of inquiry established by the attorneys involved. accordingly, the recited data are a

(35)fraction of the remembered data, which are a fraction of the observed data, which are a fraction of the total data for the event. after the event that led to the trial has been abstracted by participants in the trial, jurors

(40)are expected to resolve factual issues. some of the jurors' conclusions are based on facts that were directly recited; others are found inferentially. here another abstraction process takes place. discussions during deliberations.

(45)add to the collective pool of recalled evidentiary perceptions; nonetheless, the jurors' abstraction processes further reduce the number of characteristics traceable to the number of characteristics traceable to the original event.

(50)complication can arise from false abstractions at each stage. studies have shown that witnesses recall having perceived incidents that are known to be absent from a given event. conversely, jurors can remember

(55)hearing evidence that is unaccounted for in court transcripts.explanations for these phenomena range from blas through prior conditioning or observer expectation to taully reportage of the event based on the event based on the

(60)constraints of alnguage. aberrant abstractions in perception or deliberate, but reliability is nevertheiess diluted. finally, deliberate untruthfulness has always

(65)been recognized as a risk of testimoniat evidence. such intentionally false inaccuracies produced by the abstraction process.

1. in this passage, the author's main purpose is to

(a) discuss a process that jeopardizes the famness of jury trials

(b) analyze a methodology that safeguards the individual's right to fair trial

(d) defend the trial-by-jury process, despite its limitations

(e) point out the unavoidable abuses that have crept into the judicral process

2.the author considers all of the following obstacies to a fair trial exceft

(a) selective perceptions

(b) faulty communications

(d) intentional falsifications

(e) too few abstractions

3.the author would most likely agree that the abstraction process occurs in the judicial process primarily because

(a) some jurors' conclusions are based on facts rather than on inferences

(b) remembered events depend upon an undividual's emotions

(d) it is difficult to distinguish between deliberate faisenood and unintentional selected disclosure

(e) witnesses often dispute on eanother's recoliections of events

4.it can be inferred that the author believes the ability of juries to resolve factual issues is

(a) lmited by any individual juror's tendency to draw inferences from the facts presented during the trial

(b) overwhelmed by the collective pool of recalled evidentiary perceptions

(d) dependent upon the jury's ability to understand the influence of the abstraction process on testimony

(e) subject to the same limitations of perception and memory that affect witnesses

5.with which one of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

(a) if deliberate untruthfulness were all the courts had to contend with, jury trials would be fairer than they are today.

(b) lack of moral standards is more of an impediment to a fair trial than human frailty.

(c) the bulk of the inaccuracies produced by the abstraction process are innocently presented and rarely have any serious consequences.

(d) if the inaccuracies resulting from the abstraction process persist, the present trial-by-jury system is likely to become a thing of the past.

(e) once intentional falsification of evidence is eliminated from trials, ensuring an accurate presentation of facts will easily follow.

6.the author's attitude toward the abstraction process that occurs when witnesses testify in a trial can best be described as

(a) confident that witnesses can be conditioned to overcome many limitations of memory

(b) concerned that it may undermine witnesses ability to accurately describe the original event in dispute

(d) indifferent toward the effect the abstraction process has on testimony

(e) suspicious of witnesses' efforts to describe remembered events truthfully

7.given the information in the passage, the actual event that is disputed in a jury trial is most like

(a) a group of job applicants that is narrowed down to a few finalists

(b) a subject that is photographed from varjed and increasingly distant vantage points

(d) a puzzle that is unsystematically assembled through trial and error

(e) a lie that is compounded by additional lies in order to be maintained

a medical article once pointed with great alarm to an increase in cancer among milk drinkers. cancer, it seems, was becoming increasingly frequent in new england,

(5) minnesota, wisconsin, and switzerland, where a lot of milk is produced and consumed, while remaining rare in ceylon, where milk is scarce. for further evidence it was pointed out that cancer was less frequent in some

(10)states of the southern united states where less milk was consumed. also, it was pointed out, milk-drinking english women get some kinds of cancer eighteen times as frequently as japanese women who seldom drink milk

(15)a little digging might uncover quite a number of ways to account for these figures but one factor is enough by itself to show them up. cancer is predominantly a disease that strikes in middle life or after. switzerland

(20)and the states of the united states mentioned first are alike in having populations with relatively long spans of life. english women at the time the study was made were living an average of twelve years longer than

(25)japanese women.professor helen m. walker has worked out an amusing illustration of the folly in assuming there must be cause and effect whenever two things vary together. in investigating the

(30)relationship between age and some physical characteristics of women, begin by measuring the angle of the feet in walking. you will find that the angle tends to be greater among older women. you might first consider whether

(35)this indicates that women grow older because they toe out, and you can see immediately that this is ridiculous. so it appears that age increases the angle between the feet, and most women must come to toe out more

(40)as they grow older.

any such conclusion is probably false and certainly unwarranted. you could only reach it legitimately by studying the same women-or possibly equivalent groups-over a period of

(45)time. that would eliminate the factor responsible here, which is that the older women grew up at a time when a young lady was taught to toe out in walking, while the members of the younger group were

(50)learning posture in a day when that was discouraged.

when you find somebody-usually an interested party-making a fuss about a correlation, look first of all to see if it is not (55) one of this type, produced by the stream of events, the trend of the times. in our time it is easy to show a positive correlation between any pair of things like these: number of students in college, number of inmates

(60)in mental institutions, consumption of cigarettes, incidence of heart disease, use of x-ray machines, production of false teeth, salaries of california school teachers, profits of nevada gambling halls. to call some one

(65)of these the cause of some other is manifestly silly. but it is done every day.

8.the author's conclusion about the relationship between age and the ways women walk indicates he believes that

(a) toeing out is associated with aging

(b) toeing out is fashionable with the younger generation

(d) studying equivalent groups proves that toeing out increases with age

(e) studying the same women over a period of time proves that toeing out increases with age.

9.the author describes the posited relationship between toeing out and age (lines 29-40) in order to

(a) illustrate a folly

(b) show how social attitudes toward posture change

(d) illustrate a medical problem

(e) offer a method to determine a woman's age from her footprints.

10. given the author's statements in the passage, his advice for evaluating statistics that show a high positive correlation between two conditions could include all the following statements except

(a) look for an explanation in the stream of events

(b) consider some trend of the times as the possible cause of both conditions

(d) determine which of the two conditions is the cause and which is the effect

(e) decide whether the conclusions have been readched legitimately and the appropriate groupings have been made.

11. assume that there is a high statistical correiation between college attendanceand individual earnings. given this, the author would most probably agree with which one of the following statements about the cause-effect relationship between college attendance and income?

(a) someone's potential earnings may be affected by other variables, like wealth or intelligence, that are also associated with college attendance.

(b) someone who attends graduate school will be rich.

(d) someone who attends college will earn more money than someone who does not attend college.

(e) some who attends college will earn more money only because she does attend college.

12. according to the author professor walker beheves that

(a) women who toe out age more rapidly than women who do not

(b) most woment toe out as they grow older because age increases the angle between the feet.

(d) toeing out is the reason why women grow old

(e) a causal relationship must exist whenever two things vary together

13. the author would reject all the following statements about cause-effect relationships as explanations for the statistics that show an increase in cancer rates except that the

(a) ceylongese drink more milk than the english

(b) swiss produce and consume large quantities of dairy products

(d) people of wisconsin have relatively high life expectancies

(e) people who live in some states of the southern united states have relatively high life expectancies

14. how would the author be most likely to explain the correlation between the “ salaries of california school teachers [and the] profits of nevada gambling halls” (lines 63-64)?

(a) there is a positive correlation that is probably due to california teachers' working in las vegas on weekends to increase both their salaries and increase both their salaries and nevada's gambling profits.

(b) there is a positive correlation that is probably linked to general economic trends, put no direct causal relationship exists.

(c) there is a negative correlation that is probably linked to general economic trends, but no direct causal relationship exists.

(d) there is a negative correlation because the element that controls las vegas gambling probably has agents in the calitornia school system.

(e) the author would deny the existence of any correlation whatsoever.

in most developed countries, men have higher salaries, on average, than women. much of the salary differential results from the tendency of women to be in lower-paying

(5) occupations. the question of whether this occupational employment pattern can be attributed to sex discrimination is a complex one. in fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the

(10)exception. successful athletes commonly earn more than nobel prize-winning academics; gifted artists often cannot earn enough to survive, while mediocre investment bankers prosper. given such differences ,the question

(15)naturally arises: talent and ability being equal why does anyone-man or woman-enter a low-paying occupation? one obvious answer is personal choice. an individual may prefer, for example, to teach math at a modest

(20)salary rather than to become a more highly paid electrical engineer.some people argue that personal choice also explains sex-related wage differentials, according to this explanation, many women.

(25)because they place a high priority on parenting and performing household services, choose certain careers in which they are free to enter and leave the work force with minimum penalty. they may choose to

(30)acquire skills, such as typing and salesclerking, that do not depreciate rapidly with temporary absences from the work force. they may avoid occupational specialties that require extensive training periods, long and

(35)unpredictable hours, and willingness to relocate, all of which make speclalzation in domestic activities problematic. by choosing to in vest less in developong their career potential and to expend less effort outside

(40)the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the from of lower salaries. but women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paving occupartions to

(45)hugher-paying ones.

an alternative explanation for sex-related wage differentials is that women do not voluntarlly choose lower-paying occupations but are forced into them by employers and

(50)social prejudices. according to proponents of this view, employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. more generally, subtle society-wide prejudices may induce

(55)women to avoid certain occupations in favor of others that are considered more suitable. indeed, the “choice” of women to specialize in parenting and performing household services may itself result from these subtle

(60)prejudices. whether the discrimination is by employers in a particular occupation or by society as a whole is irrelevant; the effect will be the same. further, if such discrimination does occur, women exchuded from certain

(65)occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women

15. which one of the following is the best little for the passage?

(a) wage differentials between men and women

(b) women in low-paying occupations: do they have a choice?

(d) the role of social prejudice in women's careers.

(e) home vs. office: how does the modern woman choose?

16. in stating that “successful athletes commonly earn more than nobel prize-winning academics” (lines 10-11), the author's primary purpose is to

(a) demonstrate that education has little to do with making money

(b) suggest that people with talent and ability should not enter low-paying occupations

(d) imply that a person can be successful and still not make much money

(e) give an example of how certain occupations are better paid than others. tegardiess of inherent: worth or talent required

17. which one of the following cases is least likely to involve sex descrimination, as it is described in the passage?

(a) an employer hires a man rather than an equally qualified woman.

(b) a woman chooses to enter a high-paying occupation that uses her talent and ability.

(d) a woman chooses a low-paying job that allows her to devote more time to her family.

(e) a woman chooses to avoid the pressure of being in an occupation not considered “suitable” for women

18. proponents of the “alternative explanation” (line 46) argue that

(a) employers have difficulty persuading quallried women to enter relatively high-paying occupations

(b) women choose undemanding jobs because they wish to keep their career options open

(d) salanes in female-dominated occupations will decrease as more women are forced into those occupations by their exclusion from others

(e) women's choice of occupation is irrelevant since they have always made less money than men and are likely to continue to do so

19. which one of the following statements is the best completion of the last paragraph of the passage?

(a) wage differentials will become more exaggerated and economic parity between men and women less and less possible.

(b) finally, women will be automatically placed in the same salary range as unskilled laborers.

(d) in the last analysis, women may need to ask themselves if they can really afford to allow sex discrimination to continue.

(e) unless society changes its views, women may never escape the confines of the few occupations designated “for women only”

20. the author's attitude toward sex discrmination as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as differentials can best be characterized as

(a) critical of society's acceptance of discrimination

(b) skeptical that discrimination is a factor

(d) neutral with respect to its validity

(e) frustrated by the intractability of the problem

the starting point for any analysis of insurance classification is an obvious but fundamental fact insurance is only one of a number of ways of satisfying the demand for

(5) protection against risk with few exceptions, insurance need not be purchased; people can forgo it if insurance is too expensive indeed, as the price of coverage rises, the amount purchased and the number of people.

(10)purchasing will decline. instead of buying insurance, people will self-insure by accumulating saving to serve as a cushion in the event of loss, self-protect by spending more on loss protection, or simply use the

(15)money not spent on insurance to purchase other goods and services an insurer must compete against these alternatives., even in the absence of competition from other insurers.one method of competing for protection

(20)dollars is to classify potential purchasers into groups according to their probability of loss and the potential magnitude of losses if they occur. different risk classes may then be charged different premiums, depending on

(25)this expected loss. were it not for the need to compete for protection dollars, an insurer could simply charge each individual an insurer could simply charge each individual a premium based on the average expected loss of all its insureds (plus a margin for profit and

(30)expenses), without incurring classification costs. in constructing risk classes, the insurer's goal is to calculate the expected loss of each insured, and to place insureds, with similar expected losses into the same.

(35)class, in order to charge each the same rate. an insurer can capture protection dollars by classifying because, through classification, it can offer low-risk individuals lower prices. classification, however, involves two costs.

(40)first, the process of classification is costly. insurers must gather data and perform statistical operations on it; marketing may also be more costly when prices are not uniform. second, classification necessarily

(45)rauses premiums for poor risks, who purchase less coverage as a result. in the aggregate, classification is thus worthwhile to an insurer only when the gains produced from extra sales and fewer pry-outs outweigh

(50)classificaton costs plus the costs of lost sales. even in the absence of competition from other insurers, an insurer who engages in at least some classification is likely to capture more protection dollars than it loses.

(55) when there is not only competition for available protection dollars, but competition among insurers for premium dollars, the value of risk classification to insurers becomes even clearer. the more refined (and accurate) an

(60)insurer's risk classifications, the more capable it is of “skimming” good risks away from insurers whose classifications are less refined. if other insurers do not respond, either by refining their own classifications or

(65)by raising prices and catering mainly to high risks, their “book” of risks will contain a higher mixture of poor risks who are still being charged premiums calculated for average risks these insurers will attract

(70)additional poor risks, and this resulting adverse selection will further disadvantage their competitive positions.

21. which one of the following best identifies the main topic of the passage?

(a) reduction of competition in the insurance business

(b) classification of potential insurance purchasers

(d) insurance protection and premiums

(e) methods of insurance classifying

22. the passage mentions all of the following as possible or certain costs of classifying except the cost of

(a) collecting facts

(b) conducting statistical analyses

(d) a decrease in purchases by poor risks

(e) larger, albeit fewer, claims

23. which one of the following is closest to the author's expressed position on competition in the insurance business?

(a) it has a significant influence on most aspects of the insurance industry.

(b) it is a relevant factor, but it has little practical consequence.

(d) it provides a strong incentive for insurers to classify potential customers.

(e) it is influential in insurance marketing practices.

24. the passage suggests that if all insurers classified risk, who among the following would be adversely affected?

(a) all insurance purchasers

(b) insurance purchasers who would be classified as poor risks

(d) insurers who had a high proportion of good risks in their “book” of risks

(e) insurers with the most refined risk classifications

25. given the discussion in the first paragraph, what is the distinction, if any, between “insurance” and “self-protection”?

(a) there is very little or no distinction between the two terms.

(b) insurance is a kind of self-protection.

(d) insurance and self-protection are two of several alternative means to a specific end

(e) insurance and self-protection are the only two alternative means to a specific end.

26. which one of the following is most closely analogous to the process of classification in insurance, as it is described in the passage?

(a) devising a profile of successful employees and hiring on the basis of the profile

(b) investigating the fuel efficiency of a make of automobile and deciding whether or not to buy on that basis

(d) making price comparisons on potential major purchases and then seeking discounts from competing dealers

(e) comparing prices for numerous minor nims and the selecting one store for future purchases.

篇5：LSAT考试考试全真试题三

关于LSAT考试考试全真试题三

LSAT考试考试全真试题三 SECTION 1

SECTION 1

Time-35 minutes

24 Questions

Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may be useful to araw a rough diagram. Choose the resoonse that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

Questions 1-6

Seven students-fourth-year students Kim and Lee; third-year students Pat and Robin: and second-year students Sandy, Tety and Val-and only those seven, are being assigned a rooms of equal size in a dormitory. Each room assigned must have either one or two or three students assigned to it and will accordingly be called either a single or a double or a triple. The seven students are assigned to moms in accordence with the following conditions:

Lio fourth-year student can be assigned to a triple.

No second-year student can be assigned to a single.

Lee and Pobin must not share the same room

Kim and Pat must share the same room.

1. Which one of the following is a combination of rooms to which the seven students could be assigned?

(A) two triples and one single

(B) one triple and four singles

(D) two doubles and three singles

(E) one double and five singles

2. It the room assigned to Robin is a single, which one of the following could be true?

(A) There is exactly one double that has a second-year student assigned to it.

(B) Lee is assigned to a stngle.

(D) Lixactly three of the rooms assigned to the students are singles

(E) Exactly two of the rooms assigned to the students are doubles.

3. Which one of the following must be true?

(A) Lee is assigned to a single

(B) Pat sharts a double with another student

(D) Two of the second-year students share a double with each other

(E) Neither of the third-year students is assigned to a single

4. If Robin is assigred to a triple, which one of the following must be true?

(A) Lee is assigned to a single

(B) Two second-year students share a double with each other

(D) Two of the rooms assigned to the students are singles.

(E) Three of the rooms assigned to the students are singles

5. If Terry and Val assigned to different doubles from each other, other, then it must be true of the students rooms that exactly

(A) one is a single

(B) two are singles

(D) one is a triple

(E) two are triples

6. Which one of the following could be true?

(A) The two fourth-year students are assigned to singles.

(B) The two fourth-year students share a double with cach other.

(D) Lee shares a room with a third-year student

(E) Pat shares a triple with two other students

Questions 7-11

A worker will colored light bulbs into a billboard equipped with exactly three light sockets, which are labled lights 1, 2, and 3. The worker has three green bulbs, three purple bulbs, and three yellow bulbs. Seiection of bulbs for the sockets is governed by the following conditions:

Whenever light 1 is purple, light 2 must be yellow.

Whenever light 2 is purple, light 1 must be green.

Whenever light 3 is either purple or yellow, light 2 must be purple.

7. Which one of the following could be an accurate list of the colors of light bulbs selected for lights 1, 2 and 3, respectively?

(A) green, green, yellow

(B) purple, green, green

(D) yellow, purple, green

(E) yellow, yellow, yellow

8. If light 1 is yellow, then any of the following can be true, EXCEPT:

(A) Light 2 is green.

(B) Light 2 is purple

(D) Light 3 is purple

(E) Light 3 is yellow

9. There is exactly one possible color sequence of the three lights if which one of the following is true?

(A) Light 1 is purple.

(B) Light 2 is purple.

(D) Light 3 is purple.

(E) Light 3 is yellow

10. If no green bulbs are selected, there are exactly how many possible different color sequences of the three lights?

(A) one

(B) two

(D) four

(E) five

11. If no two lights are assigned light bulbs that are the same color as each other, then which one of the following could be true?

(A) Light I is green, and light 2 is purple.

(B) Light I is green, and light 2 is yellow.

(D) Light I is yellow, and light 2 is green.

Questions 12-17

An attorney is scheduling interviews with witnesses for a given week. Monday through Saturday. Two full consecutive days of the week must be reserved for interviewing hostile withesses. In addition, nonhostile witnesses Q, R, U, X, Y, and Z will each be interviewed exactly once for a full morning or afternoon. The only witnesses who will be interviewed simultaneously with each other are Q and R. The following conditions apply.

X must be interviewed on Thursday morning

Q must be interviewed at some time before X.

U must be interviewed at some time before R

Z must be interviewed at some time after X and at some time after Y.

12. Which one of the following is a sequence, from first to last, in which the nonhostile witnesses could be interviewed?

(A) Q with R, U, X, Y, Z

(B) Q, U, R, X, with Y, Z

(D) U, Y, Q, with R, X, Z

(E) X, Q, with U, Z, R, Y

13, Which one of the following is acceptable as a complete schedule of witnesses for Tuesday morning. Tuesday afternoon, and Wednesday morning,respectively?

(A) Q, R, none

(B) R, none, Y

(D) U, Y, none

(E) Y, Z, none

14.If Y is interviewed at some time after X, which one of the following must be a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses?

(A) Monday

(B) Tuesday

(D) Friday

(E) Saturday

15. If R is interviewed at some time after Y which one of the following must be a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses?

(A) Monday

(B) Tuesday

(D) Thursday

(E) Friday

16. If on Wednesday afternoon and on Monday the attomey conducts no interviews, which one of the following be true?

(A) Q is interviewed on the same day as U

(B) R is interviewed on the same day as Y

(D) Y is interviewed on the same day as Wednesday

(E) Z is interviewed on the same day as Friday

17. If Z is interviewed on Saturday morning which one of the following can be true?

(A) Wednesday is a day reserved for interiewing hostile witnesses.

(B) Friday is a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses.

(D) U is interviewed on Tuesday

(E) Y is interviewed at some time before Thursday

Questions 18-24

During a four-week period, cach of seven previously unadvertised products-G, H, J, K, L, M, and O-will be advertised. A different pair of these products will be advertised each week. Exactly one of the products will be a member of two of these four pairs. The following constraints must be observed:

J is not advertised during a given week unless H is advertised during the immediately precceding week.

The product that is advertised during two of the weeks is advertised during week 4 but is not advertised during week 3

G is not advertised during a given week unless either J or else O is also advertised that week.

K is advertised during one of the first two weeks

O is one of the products advertised during week 3

18. Which one of the following could be the schedule of advertisernents?

(A) week 1: G, J; week 2: K, L; week 3: O, M; week 4: H, L

(B) week 1: H, K; week 2: J, G; week 3: O, L; week 4: M, K

(D) week 1: H, L; week 2: J, M; week 3: O, G; week 4: K, L

(E) week 1: K, M; week 2: H, J; week 3: O, G; week 4: L, M

19. Which one of the following is a pair of products that CANNOT be advertised during the same week as each other?

(A) H and k

(B) H and M

(D) K and L

(E) L and M

20. Which one of the following must be advertised during week 2?

(A) G

(B) J

(D) L

(E) M

21. Which one of the following CANNOT be the product that is advertised during two of the weeks?

(A) G

(B) H

(D) L

(E) M

22. If L is the product that is advertised during two of the weeks, which one of the following is a product that must be advertised during one of the weeks in which L is advertised

(A) G

(B) H

(D) K

(E) M

23. Which one of the following is a product that could be advertised in any of the four weeks?

(A) H

(B) J

(D) L

(E) O

24. Which one of the following is a pair of products that could be advertised during the same week as each other

(A) G and H

(B) H and J

(D) K and O

(E) K and O

(F) M and O

篇6：LSAT考试全真题二SECTION3

section ⅲ

time-35 minutes

26 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet

1.the painted spiders spins webs that are much stickier than the webs spun by the other species of spiders that share the same habitat. stickler webs are more efficient at trapping insects that fly into them. spiders prey on insects by trapping them in their webs therefore. if can be concluded that the painted spider is a more successful predator than its competitors

which one of the following if true most seriously weakens the argument?

(a) not all of the species of insects living in the painted spider's habitat are flying insects

(b) butterflies and moths which can shed scales are especially unlikely to be trapped by spider webs that are not very sticky

(d) stickier webs reflect more light and so are more visible to insects than are less-sticky webs.

(e) the webs spun by the painted spider are no larger than the webs spun by the other species of spiders in the same habitat

2.despite the best efforts of astronomers, no one has yet succeeded in exchanging messages with intelligent life on other planets or in other solar systems. in fact, no one has even managed to prove that any kind of extraterrestrial life exists. thus, there is clearly no intelligent life anywhere but on earth.

the argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument

(a) fails to consider that there might be extraterrestrial forms of intelligence that are not living beings

(b) confuses an absence of evidence for a nypothesis with the existence of evidence against the hypothesis

(d) makes an inference that relies on the vagueness of the term “life”

(e) relies on a weak analogy rather than on evidence to draw a conclusion

questions 3-4

bart: a mathematical problem that defied solution for hundreds of years has finally yielded to a supercomputer. the process by which the supercomputer derived the result is so complex. however, that no one can fully comprehend it. consequently, the result is unacceptable.

anne: in scientific research if the results of a test can be replicated in other tests, the results are acceptable even though the way they were derived might not be fully understood. therefore, if a mathematical result derived by a supercomputer can be reproduced by other supercomputers following the same procedure it is acceptable

3. bart's argument requires which one of the following assumptions?

(a) the mathematical result in question is unacceptable because it was derived with the use of a supercomputer

(b) for the mathematical result in question to be someone who can fully comprehend the process by which it was derived.

(d) making the mathematical result in question less complex would guarantee its acceptablility.

(e) the supercomputer cannot derive an acceptable solution to the mathematical problem in question.

4.the exchange between bart and anne most strongly supports the view that they disagree as to

(a) whether a scientific result that has not been replicated can properly be accepted

(b) whether the result that a supercomputer derives for a mathematical problem must be replicated on another supercomputer before it can be accepted

(d) the level of complexity of the process to which bart refers in his statements

(e) the relative complexity of mathematical preblems as compared to scientific problems

5.it is commonly held among marketing experts that in a nonexpanding market a company's best strategy is to go after a bigger share of the market and that the best way to do this is to run comparative advertisements that emphasize weaknesses in the products of rivals. in the stagnant market for food oil, soybean-oil and palm-oil producers did wage a two-year battle with comparative advertisements about the deleterious effect on health of each other's products. these campaigns, however had little effiect on respective market shares; rather they stopped many people from buying any edible oils at all.

the statements above most strongly support the conclusion that comparative advertisements

(a) increase a company's market share in all cases in which that company's products are clearly superior to the products of rivals

(b) should not be used in a market that is expanding or likely to expand

(d) carry the risk of causing a contraction of the market at which they are aimed

(e) yield no long-term gains unless consumers can easily verify the claims made

6.recent unexpectedly heavy rainfalls in the metropolitan area have filled the reservoirs and streams; water rationing, therefore, will not be necessary this summer.

which one of the following, if true most undermines the author's prediction?

(a) water rationing was fmposed in the city in three of the last five years.

(b) a small part of the city's water supply is obtained from deep underground water systems that are not reached by rainwater

(c) the water company's capacity to pump water to customers has not kept up with the increased demand created by population growth in the metropolitan area.

(d) the long-range weather forecast predicts lower-than-average temperatures for this summer.

(e) in most years the city receives less total precipitation in the summer than if receives in any other season.

7.john: in 80 percent of car accidents the driver at fault was within five miles of home, so people evidently drive less safely near home than they do on long trips.

judy: but people do 80 percent of their driving within five miles of home.how is judy's response related to john's argument?

(a) it shows that the evidence that john presents by itself is not enough to prove his claim.

(b) it restates the evidence that john presents in different terms.

(d) it calls into question john's assumption that whenever people drive more than five miles from home they are going on a long trip.

(e) it suggests that john's conclusion is merely a restatement of his argument's premise.

8.reasonable people adapt themselves to the world: unreasonable people persist in trying to adapt the world to themselves. therefore, all progress depends on unreasonable people.

if all of the statements in the passage above are true which one of the following statements must also be true?

(a) reasonable people and unreasonable people are incompatible.

(b) if there are only reasonable people there cannot be progress.

(d) some unreasonable people are unable to bring about progress.

(e) unreasonable people are more persistent than reasonable people.

9.theater critic: the theater is in a dismal state.

audiences are and revenue is down. without the audience and the revenue the talented and creative people who are the lifeblood of the theater are abandoning it. no wonder standards are deteriorating.

producer: it's not true that the theater is in decline.

don't you realize that your comments constitute a self-fulfilling prophecy? by publishing these opinions, you yourself are discouraging new audiences from emerging and new talent from joining the theater.

which one of the following is a questionable technique employed by the produce in responding to the critic?

(a) focusing on the effects of the critie's evaluation rather than on its content

(b) accusing the critic of relying solely on opinion unsupported by factual evidence

(d) relying on emphasis rather than on argument

(e) invoking authority in order to intimidate the critic

10. michelangelo's sixteenth-century sistine chapel paintings are currently being restored. a goal of the restorers is to uncover michelangelo's original work, and so additions made to michelangelo's paintings by later artists are being removed. however, the restorers have decided to make one exception: to leave intact additions that were painted by da volterra.

which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the restorers' decision with the goal stated in the passage?

(a) the restorers believe that da volterra stripped away all previous layers of paint before he painted his own additions to the sistine chapel.

(b) because da volterra used a type of pigment that is especially sensitive to light, the additions to the sistine chapel that ad volterra painted have relatively muted colors.

(d) michelangelo is famous primarily for his sculptures and only secondarily for his paintings, whereas da volterra is known exclusively for his paintings.

(e) da volterra's work is considered by certain art historians to be just as valuable as the work of additions to michelangelo's work.

11. a controversial program rewards prison inmates who behave particularly well in prison by giving them the chance to receive free cosmetic plastic surgery performed by medical students. the program is obviously morally questionable, both in its assumptions about what inmates might want and in its use of the prison population to train future surgeons. putting these moral issues aside however the surgery clearly has a powerful rehabilitative effect as is shown by the fact that, among recipients of the surgery the proportion who are convicted of new crimes committed after release is only half that for the prison population as a whole.

a flaw in the reasoning of the passage is that it

(a) allows moral issues to be a consideration in presenting evidence about matters of fact

(b) dismisses moral considerations on the grounds that only matters of fact are relevant

(d) asserts that the rehabilitation of criminals is not a moral issue

(e) relles on evidence drawn from a sample that there is reason to belleve is unrepresentative

12. the retina scanner a machine that scans the web of tiny blood vessels in the retina, stores information about the pattern formed by the blood vessels. this information allows it to recognize any pattern it has previously scanned. no two eyes have identical patterns of blood vessels in the retina. a retina scanner can therefore be used successfully to determine for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that person before.

the reasoning in the argument depends upon assuming that

(a) diseases of the human eye do not alter the pattern of blood vessels in the retina in ways that would make the pattern unrecognizable to the retina scanner

(b) no person has a different pattern of blood vessels in the retina of the left eye than in the retina of the right eye

(d) the number of blood vessels in the human retrna is invariant although the patterns they form differ from person to person

(e) there is no person whose retinas have been seanned by two or more different retina scanners

13. there are just two ways a moon could have been formed from the planet around which it travels: either part of the planet's outer shell spun off into orbit around the planet or else a large object, such as a come or meteoroid struck the planet so violently that it dislodged a mass of material form inside the planet earth's moon consists primarily of materlals different from those of the earth's outer shell.

if the statements above are true which one of the following if also true would most help to justify drawing the conclusion that earth's moon was not formed from a piece of the earth?

(a) the moons of some planets in earth's solar system were not formed primarily from the planets' outer shells.

(b) earth's moon consists primarily of elements that differ from those inside the earth.

(d) the craters on the surface of earth's moon show that it has been struck by many thousands of large meteoroids.

(e) comets and large meteoroids normally move at very high speeds.

14. cafieine can kill or inhibit the growth of the larvae of several species of insects. one recent experiment showed that tobacco hornworm larvae die when they ingest a preparation that consists in part of finely powdered tea leaves which contain caffeine. this result is evidence for the hypothesis that the presence of non-negligible quantities of caffeine in various parts of many diverse species of plants is not accidental but evolved as a defense for those plants.

the argument assumes that

(a) caffeine-producing plants are an important raw material in the many facture of commercial insecticides

(b) caffeine is stored in leaves and other parts of cafieine-producing plants in concentrations roughly equal to the caffeine concentration of the preparation fed to the tobacco hornworm larvae

(c) caffeine-producing plants grow wherver insect larvae pose a major threat to indigenous plants or once posed a major threat to the ancestors of those plants

(d) the tobacco plant is among the plant species that produce caffeine for their own defense

(e) caffeine-producing plants or their ancestors have at some time been subject to being ted upon by creatures sensitive to caffeine

15. the only plants in the garden were tulips but they were tall tulips so the only plants in the garden were tall plants

which one of the following exhibits faulty reasoning most similar to the faulty reasoning in the argument above?

(a) the only dogs in the show were poodles and they were all black poodles. so all the dogs in the show were black.

(b) all the buildings on the block were tall. the only buildings on the block were office buildings and residential towers. so all the office buildings on the block were tall buildings

(c) all the primates in the zoo were gorillas. the only gorillas in the zoo were small gorillas. thus the only primates in the zoo were small primates

(d) the only fruit in the kitchen was pears but the pears were not ripe.thus none of the fruit in the kitchen was ripe

(e) all the grand pianos here are large. all the grand pianos here are heavy thus everything large is heavy

16. scientific research will be properly channeled whenever those who decide which research to fund give due weight to the scientific merits of all proposed resaearch. but when government agencies control these funding decisions, political considerations play a major role in determining which research will be funded, and whenever political considerations play such a role the inevitable result is that scientific research is not properly channeled.

which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?

(a) there is no proper role for political considerations to play in determining who will decide which scientifie research to fund.

(b) it is inevitable that considerations of scientific merit will be neglected in decisions regarding the funding of scientific research.

(c) giving political considerations a major role in determining which scientific research to fund is incompatible with giving proper weight to the scientific merits of proposed research.

(d) when scientific research is not properly channeled governments tend to step in and take control of the process of choosing which research to fund

(e) if a government does not control investment in basic scientific research political consideration will inevitably be neglected in deciding which research to fund

17. a new sllencing device for domestic appliances operates by producing sound waves that cancel out the sound waves produced by the appliance. the device unlike conventional silencers actively eliminates the noise the appliance makes and for that reason vacuum cleaners designed to incorporate the new device will operate with much lower electricity consumption than conventional vacuum cleaners

which one of the following if true most helps to explain why the new silencing device will make lower electricity consumption possible

(a) designers of vacuum cleaner motors typically nave to compromise the motors' efficiency in order to reduce noise production

(b) the device runson electricity drawn from the appliance's main power supply

(d) governmental standards for such domestic appliances as vacuum cleaners allow higher electricity consumption when vacuum cleaners are quieter

(e) the need to incorporate silencers in conventional vacuum cleaners makes them neavier and less mobile than they might otherwise be

18. because dinosaurs were reptiles, scientists once assumed that, like all reptilles alive today, dinosaurs were cold-blooded. the recent discovery of dinosaur fossils in the northern arctic however has led a number of researchers to conclude that at least some dinosaurs might have been warm-blooded. these researchers point out that only warm-blooded animals could have withstood the frigid temperatures that are characteristic of arctic winters, whereas cold-blooded animals would have frozen to death in the extreme cold

which one of the following if true weakens the researchers' argument?

(a) today's reptiles are generally confined to regions of temperate or even tropical climates

(b) the fossils show the arcuc dinosaurs to have been substantially smaller than other known species of dinosaurs.

(c) the arctic dinosaur fossils were found alongside fossils of plants known for their abiliry to witnstand extremely cold temperatures.

(d) the number of fossils found together inchcates herds of dinosaurs so large that they would need to migrate to find a continual food supply

(e) experts on prehistoric climatic conditions believe that winter temperatures in the prehistoric northern arctic were not significantly different from what they are today.

question 19-20

maria: calling any state totalitarian is misleading it implies total state control of all aspects of life. the real world contains no political entity exercising literally total control over even one such aspect. this is because any system of control is inefficient, and, therefore, its degree of control is partial.

james: a one-party state that has tried to exercise control over most aspects of a society and that has broadly speaking managed to do so is totalitarian. such a system's practical inefficiencies do not limit the aptness of the term, which does not describe a state's actual degree of control as much as it describes the nature of a state's ambitions.

19. which one of the following most accurately expresses marla's man conclusion?

(a) no state can be called totalitarian without inviting a mistaken belief

(b) to be totalitarian a state must totally control society

(d) no existing state currently has even one aspect of society under total control

(e) systems of control are inevitably inefficient

20. james responds to maria's argument by

(a) pointing out a logical inconsistency between two statements she makes in support of her argument

(b) offering an alternative explanation for political conditions she mentions

(d) disputing the conditions under which a key term of her argument can be appropriately applied

(e) demonstrating that her own premises lead to a conclusion different from hers

21. the similarity between ichthyosaurs and fish is an example of convergence, a process by which different classes of organisms adapt to the same environment by independently developing one or more similar external body features. i chthyosaurs were marine reptiles and thus do not belong to the same class of organisms as fish. however, ichthyosaurs adapted to their marine environment by converging on external body features similar to those of fish. most strikingly, ichthydsaurs, like fish, had fins.

if the statements above are true, which one of the following is an inference that can be properly drawn on the basis of them?

(a) the members of a single class of organisms that inhabit the same environment must be identical in all their external body features

(b) the members of a single class of organisms must exhibit one or more similar external body features that differentiate that class from all other classes of organisms.

(c) it is only as a result of adaptation to similar environments that one class of organisms develops external body features similar to those of another class of organisms.

(d) an organism does not necessarily belong to a class simply because the organism has one or more external body features similar to those of members of that class

(e) whenever two classes of organisms share the same environment members of one class will differ from members of the other class in several external body features.

22. further evidence bearing on jamison's activities must have come to light. on the basis of previously available evidence alone, it would have been impossible to prove that jamison was a party to the fraud, and jamison's active involvement in the fraud has now been definitively established.

the pattern of reasoning exhibited in the argument above most closely parallels that exhibited in which one of the following?

(a) smith must not have purchased his house within the last year. he is listed as the owner of that house on the old list of property owners and anyone on the old list could not have purchased his or her property within the last year.

(b) turner must not have taken her usual train to nantes today. had she done so she could not have been in nates until this afternoon but she was seen having cofiee in nantes at 11 o'clock this morning.

(c) nofris must have lied when she said that she had not a authorized the investigation. there is no doubt that she did authorize it and authorizing an investigation is not something anyone is likely to have forgotten

(d) waugh must have knon that last night's class was canceled waugh was in she library yesterday and it would have been impossible for anyone in the library not to have seen the cancellation notices.

(e) laforte must deeply resented being passed over for promotion. he maintains otherwise, but only someone who felt badly treated would have made the kind of remark laforte made at yesterday's meeting

23. reporting on a civil war a journalist encountered evidence that refugees were starving because the govern,ent would not permit food shipments to a rebel-held area. government censors deleted all mention of the government's role in the starvation from the journalist's report which had not implicated either nature or the rebels in the starvation. the journalist concluded that it was ethically permissible to file the censored report because the journalist's news agency would precede it with the notice “cleared by government censors”

which one of the following ethical criteria if valid would serve to support the yournalist's conclusion whilc placing the least constraint on the flow of reported information?

(a) it is ethical in general to report known facts but unethical to do so while omitting other known facts if the omitted facts would substanually alter an impression of a person or instiution that would be congruent with the reported facts.

(b) in a situation of conflict, it is ethical to report known facts and unethical to fail to report known facts that would tend to exonerate party to the conflict

(c) in a situation of censorship, it is unethical make any report if the government represented by the censor deletes from the report material unfavorable to that government

(d) it is ethical in general to report known facts but unethical to make a report in a situation of censorship if relevant facts have been deleted by the censor unless the recipient of the report is warned that censorship existed

(e) although it is ethical in general to report known facts it is unethical to make a report from which a censor has deleted relevant facts unless the recipient of the report is warned that there was censorship and the reported facts do not by themselves give a misleading impression.

24. a birth is more like to be difficult when the mother is over the age of 40 than when she is younger. regardless of the mother's age, a person whose birth was difficult is more likely to be ambidextrous than is a person whose birth was not difficult. since other causes of ambidexterity are not related to the mother's age, there must be more ambidextrous people who were born to women over 40 than there are ambidextrous people who were born to younger women.

the argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(a) it assumes what it sets out to establish

(b) it overlooks the possibility that fewer children are born to women over 40 than to women under 40

(d) it does not state how old a child must be before its handedness can be determined

(e) it neglects to explain how difficulties during birth can result in a child's ambioexterity

questions 25-26

the government has no right to tax earnings from labor. taxation of this kind requires the laborer to devote a certain percentage of hours worked to earning money for the government. thus, such taxation forces the laborer to work, in part, for another's purpose. since involuntary servitude can be defined as forced work for another's purpose, just as-involuntary servitude is pernicious, so is taxing earnings from labor.

25. the argument uses which one of the following argumentative techniques?

(a) deriving a general principle about the rights of individuals from a judgment concerning the obligations of governments

(b) inferring what will be time case merely from a description of what once was the case

(d) siting the authority of an economic theory in order to justify a moral principle

(e) presupposing the inevitability of a hierarchical class system in order to oppose a given economic practice

26. which one of the following is a error of reasoning committed by the argument?

(a) it ignores a difference in how the idea of forced work for another's purpose applies to the two cases.

(b) it does not take into account the fact that labor is taxed at different rates depending on income.

(d) it ignores the fact that the government also taxes income from investment

(e) it treats definitions as if they were matters of subjective opinion rather than objective facts about language.

篇7：LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION2

section ii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions. more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the questions. you should not make assumptions that are by blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. when politicians resort to personal atacks many editortalists criticize thest attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. eeveryone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. political commentators, however, cannot be. political commentators should be engaged in sustained and senous debate about ideas and policies. in such a context personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

which of the following most accurately states the main point of the argument?

(a) dersonal attacks on opponets serve a usuful purpose for politicians.

(b) political commentators should not resort to personal attacks on their opponents.

(d) the purpose of serious debate about ideas and policies is to counteract the effect of personal attacks by politicians.

(e) voters should be concerned about the personal attacks politicians make on each other.

2. throughout the popoya islands community pressure is exerted on people who win the national lottery to share their good fortune with their neighbors. when people living in rural areas win the lottery they invariably throw elaborate neighborhood feasts, often wiping, out all of their lottery winmmings. however, in the cities, lottery winners frequently use their winnings for their own personal investment rather than sharing their good fortune with their neighbors.

which one of the following true, contributes most to an explanation of the difference between the behavior of lottery winners in rural areas and those in cities?

(a) twice as many popoyans live in rural areas as live in the city.

(b) popoyan city dwellers tend to buy several lottery tickets at a time, but they buy tickets less frequently than do rural dwellers.

(c) lottery winners in rural areas are notified of winning by public posting of lists of winners, but notification in the city is by private mail.

(d) families in rural areas in the popoyas may contain twelve or foruteen people, but city families average six or seven.

(e) twice as many lottery tickets are sold in rural areas as are sold in the city.

3. a new medication for migraine seems effective, but there is concern that the medication might exacerbate heart disease. if patiens with heart disease take the medication under careful medical supervision. however, harmful side effects can definitely be averted. the concern about those side effects is thus unfounded.

the argument depends on which one of the following assumptions?

(a) the new medication actually is effective when taken by patients with heart disease.

(b) no migraine sufferers with heart disease will take the new medication except under careful medical supervision.

(d) the new medication has various other side effects, but none as serious as that of exacerbating heart disease.

(e) the new medication will displace all migrame medicztions currently being used.

4. the highest-ranking detectives in the city s police department are also the most adept at solving crimes. yet in each of the past ten years. the average success rate for the city s highest-ranking detectives in solving crimnal cases has been no higher than the average success rate for its lowest-ranking detectives.

which one of the follwing, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox?

(a) the detectives who have the highest success rate in solving criminal cases are those who have worked as detectives the longest.

(b) it generally takes at least ten years for a detective to rise from the lowest to the highest ranks of the city s detective force.

(c) those detectives in the police department who are the most adept at solving criminal cases are also those most likely to remain in the police department.

(d) the police department generally gives the criminal cases that it expects to be the easiest to solve to its lowest-ranking detectives.

(e) none of the lowest-ranking detectivesin the police department had experiecne in solving critninal cases prior to joining the police deparment.

5. imgation runoff from neighboring farms may well have increased the concentration of phosphorus in the local swamp above previous levels, but the claim that the increase in phosphorus is harming the swamp s native aquatie wildlife is false: the phospborus concentration in the swamp is actually less than that found in certain kinds of bottled water that some people drink every day.

the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it

(a) makes exaggerations in formulating the claim against which it argues

(b) bases its conclusion on two contradictiry claims

(d) concedes the very point that it argues against

(e) makes a generalization that is unwarranted because the sources of the data on which it is based have not been specified.

6. copyright laws protect the rights of writers to profits earned from their writings. whereas patent laws protec: inventors rights to profits earned from their inventions in jawade, when computer-software writers demanded that their rights to profit be protected, the courts determined that information written for a machine does not fit into either the copyright or the patent category. clearly, therefore, the profit rights of computer-software writers remain unprotected in jawade.

which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) computer-software writers are not an influential enough group in jawade for the government to consider modifying existing copyright laws in order to protect this group s profit rights.

(b) no laws exist, other than copyright laws and patent laws, that would protect the profit rights of computer-software writers in jawade.

(d) computer software is more similar to writings covered by copyright laws than it is to inventions covered by patent laws.

(e) copyright laws and patent laws in jawade have not been modified since their original adoption.

7. brownlea s post office must be replaced with a larger one. the present one cannot be expanded. land near the present location in the center of town is more expensive than land on the outskirts of town. since the cost of acquiring a site is a significant part of the total construction cost, the post office clearly could be built more cheaply on the outskirts of town.

which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument s stated conclusion?

(a) the new post office will have to be built in accordance with a demanding new citywide building code.

(b) if the new post office is built on the outskirts of town, it will require a parking lot, but if sited near the present post office it will not.

(c) if the new post office is built on the outskirts of town, current city bus routes will have to be expanded to provide access.

(d) if the new post office is built on the outskirts of town, residents will make decreased use of post office boxes, with the result that mail carriers will have to deliver more mail to homes.

(e) if the new post office is built near the center of town, disruptions to city traffic would have to be minimized by taking such steps as doing some construction work in stages at night and on weekends.

8. in the past, the railroads in ostronia were run as regional monopelies and opeerated with little regard for what customers wanted. in recent years, with improvements to the ostronian national highway network the railroad companies have faced heavy competition from longdistance trucking companies. but because of government subsidies that have permitted ostronian railroad companies to operate even while incuring substantial losses, the companies continie to disregard customers needs and desires.

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

(a) if the government of ostronia ceases to subsidize railroad companies. few of those companies will continue to operate.

(b) few companies in ostronia that have received subsidies from the government have taken the needs and desires of their customers into account.

(c) without government subsidies, railroad companies in ostronia would have to increase the prices they charge their customers.

(d) the transportation system in ostronia is no more efficient today than it was in the past.

(e) in recent years, some companies in ostronia that have had little regard for the desires of their customers have nonetheless survived.

9. although damon had ample time carlier in the month to complete the paper he is scheduled to present at a professional conference tomorrow morning he repeatedly put off doing it. damon could still get the paper ready in time, but only if he works on it all evening without interruption. however, his seven-year-old daughter s tap-dance recital takes place this evening and damon had promised both to attend and to take his daughter and her friends out for ice cream afterward. thus, because of his procrastination. damon will be forced to choose between his professional and his farmily responsibilities.

the argument proceeds by

(a) providing evidence that one event will occur in order to establish that an altemative event cannot occur

(b) showing that two situations are similar in order to justify the claim that someone with certain responsibilities in the first situation has similar responsibilities in the second situation

(c) invoking sympathy for someone who finds himself in a dilemma in order to excuse that person s failure to meet all of his responsibilities

(d) making clear the extent to which someone s actions resulted in harm to others in order to support the claim that those actions were irresponsible

(e) demonstrating that two situations cannot both occur by showing that something necessary for one of those situations is incompatible with something necessary for the other situation

10. the increase in the price of jet fuel is due to a sharp decrease over the past year in the supply of jet fuel available relative to demand. nonetheless, the amount of jet fuel available for sale is larger today than it was last year.

if the statements above are true, which one of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of them?

(a) the demand for jet fuel has increased over the past year.

(b) the fuel efficiency of jet engines has increased over the past year.

(d) the cost of refining petroleum for jet fuel has increased over the past year.

(e) the supply of petroleum available for jet fuel ha decreased over the past year.

questions 11-12

nan government subsidies have been proposed in cariana to encourage farmers in rochelle, the country s principal agricultural region, to implement certain new farming techniques unless these techniques are implemented erosion of productive topsoil cannot be controlled unfortunately farmers cannot afford to shoulder the entire cost of the new techniques, which are more expensive than those currently used therefore, without subsidies agricultural output in rochelle will inevitably decline

betty but erosion in rochelle is caused by recurring floods, which will end next year once cariana completes the hydroelectric dam it is building across the region s major river therefore, rochelle s total agricultural output will stabilize at its present level even without subsidres.

11. which one of the following is an assumption on which betty s argument depends?

(a) building a dam across rochelle s major river will not reduce any recurrent flooding that occurs in regions of cariana other than rochelle.

(b) the new farming techniques that must be implemented to control soil erosion in rochelle are not well suited to other regions of cariana

(c) the current yearly output, if any from rochelle s land that will be permanently under water once the dam is completed will at least be matched by additional yearly output from rochelle s remaining land

(d) the cost to the government of cariana to operate the hydroelectric dam will not be greater than the projected cost of subsidizing the farmers of rochelle in the implementation of the new farming techniques

(e) the government of cariana has sufficient financial resources both to subsidize its farmers implementation of new farming techniques and to operate a hydroelectric dam.

12. betty uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering alan s argument?

(a) showing that one premise in alan s argument is inconsistent with another premise in his argument

(b) making additional claims that, if correct undermine a premise in alan s argument

(d) presenting evidence indicating that the policy alan argues in favor of would have damaging consequences that outweigh its positive consequences.

(e) pointing out that alan s argument mistakenly identifies something as the cause of a trend when it is really an effect of that trend

13. astronomers have long thought that the irregularity in the orbit of the planet neptune was adequately explained by the gravitational pull exerted on neptune by the planet pluto the most recent observations of pluto, however indicate that this planet is much too small to exert the amount of gravitational pull on neptune that astronomers once thought it did

if the statements above are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?

(a) neptune is somewhat larger than scientists once believed it to be

(b) the orbit of neptune is considerably more irregular than scientists once thought it was

(d) the gravitational pull of pluto is not the sole cause of neptune s irregular orbit

(e) further observations of pluto will eventually show it to be even smaller than it is now thought to be

questions 14-15

in most corporations the salaries of executives are set by a group from the corporation s board of directors. since the board s primary mission is to safeguard the economic health of the corporation rather than to make its executives rich, this way of setting executives salaries is expected to prevent excessively large salaries but , clearly this expectation is based on poor reasoning after all, most members of a corporation s board are themselves executives of some corporation and can expect to benefit from setting generous benchmarks for executives salaries.

14. the point made by the author is that the most common way of setting executives salaries might not keep those salaries in bounds because

(a) most corporals exectives, thanks to their generous salaries, are not financially dependent on money earned as board members

(b) most corporals executives might be less generous in setting their own salaries than the board members actually setting them are

(c) many board members might let their self-interest as executives interfere with properly discharging their role as board members in setting executives salaries

(d) many board members who set executives salaries unreasonably high do so because they happen to be on the board of a corporation of which they expect later to become executives

(e) many board members are remunerated generously and wish to protect this source of income by pleasing the executives to whom they owe their appointments on the board

15. which one of the following practices is vulnerable to a line of criticism most parallel to that used in the argument in the passage?

(a) in medical malpractice suits giving physicrans not directly involved in a suit a major role in determining the damages due to successful plaintiffs

(b) in a legislature, allowing the legislators to increase their own salaries only if at least two-thirds of them vote in favor of an increase

(d) in a sports competition decided by judges scores selecting the judges from among people retured from that sport after successful careers

(e) in a business organization distributing a group bonus among the members of a task force on the basis of a confidential evaluation by each member of the contribution made by each of the others.

16. consumer advocate one advertisement that is deceptive, and thus morally wrong, states that gram for gram, the refined sugar used in out chocolate pies is no more fattening than the sugars found in fruits and vegetables“ this is like trying to persuade someone that chocolate pies are not fattening by saying that, calorie for calorie they are no more fattening than celery true but it would take a whole shopping cart full of celery to equal a chocolate pie s worth of calories

a dvertiser this advertisement cannot be called deceptive. it is, after all true

which one of the following principles, if established would do most to support the consumer advocate s position against the advertiser s response?

(a) it is morally wrong to seek to persuade by use of deceptive statements

(b) a true statement should be regarded as deceptive only if the person making the statement believes it to be false, and thus intends the people reading or hearing it to acquire a false belief.

(c) to make statements that impart only a small proportion of the information in one s possession should not necessarily be regarded as deceptive

(d) it is morally wrong to make a true statement in a manner that will deceive hearers or readers of the statement into believing that it is false

(e) a true statement should be regarded as deceptive if it is made with the expectation that people hearing or reading the statement will draw a false conclusion from it.

17. members of the amazonian akabe people commonly take an early-morning drink of a tea made from the leaves of a forest plant. although they greatly enjoy this drink, at dawn they drink it only in small amounts. anthropologists hypothesize that since this tea is extraordinarily high in caffeine, the explanation for the akabe s not drinking more of it at dawn is that high caffeine intake would destroy the surefootedness that their daily tasks require.

which one of the following, if true, most seriously calls the anthropologists explanation into question?

(a) the drink is full of nutrients otherwise absent from the akabe diet

(b) the akabe also drink the tea in the evening, after their day s work is done.

(d) akabe children are introduced to the tea in only a very weak form.

(e) when celebrating, the akabe drink the tea in large quantities.

18. all of the cargo ships of the blue star liner are over 100 meters long, and all of its passenger ships are under 100 meters long. most of the ships of the blue star line were built before 1980. all of the passenger and cargo ships of the gold star line were built after 1980, and all are under 100 meters long. the dockside facilities of port tropica, which is open only to ships of these two lines, can accommodate only those ships that are less than 100 meters long. the s.s. coral is a cargo ship that is currently docked at port tropica

if the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true on the basis of them?

(a) the s.s.coral was built after 1980.

(b) the s.s.coral belongs to the blue star line.

(d) port tropica is not served by ships of the blue start line.

(e) all of the ships of the blue star line are older than any of the ships of the gold star line.

19. spectroscopic analysis has revealed the existence of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on the surface of pluto. such ices have a tendency to vaporize, producing an atmosphere. since the proportion of any gas in such an atmosphere depends directly on how readily the corresponding ice vaporizes, astronomers have concluded that the components of pluto s atmosphere are nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, in order of decreasing abundance.

the astronomers argumetn relies on which one of the following assumptions?

(a) there is no more frozen nitrogen on the surface of pluto than there is either frozen carbon monoxide or methane.

(b) until space probes reach pluto, direct analysis of the atmosphere is impossible.

(c) there is no frozen substance on the surface of pluto that vaporizes more readily than methane but less readily than carbon monoxide.

(d) nitrogen is found in the atmosphere of a planet only if nitrogen ice is found on the surface of that planet.

(e) a mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane is characteristic of the substances from which the solar system formed.

20. ann will either take a leave of absence from technocomp and return in a year or else she will quit her job there; but she would not do either one unless she were offerend a one-year teaching fellowship at a prestigious university. technocomp will allow her to take a leave of absence if it does not find out that she has been offered the fellowship, but not otherwise, therefore, ann will quit her job at tedhnocomp only if technocomp finds out she has been oftered the fellowship.

which one of the following, if assumed, allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn?

(a) technocomp will find out about ann being offered the fellowship only if someone informs on her.

(b) the reason ann wants the fellowship is so she can quit her job at technocomp.

(c) technocomp does not allow any of its employees to take a leave of absence in order to work for one of its competitors.

(d) ann will take a leave of absence if technocomp allows her to take a leave of absence.

(e) ann would be offered the fellowship only if she quit her job at technocomp.

21. if a mechanical aerator is installed in a fish pool, the water in the pool can be properly aerated. so, since john s fish pool does not have a mechanical aerator, it must be that his pool is not properly aerated. without properly aerated water, fish cannot thrive. therefore, any fish in john s fish pool will not thrive.

which one of the following arguments contains an error of reasoning that is also contained in the argument above?

(a) if alum is added to pickle brine, brine can replace the water in the pickles. therefore, since paula does not add alum to her pickle brine, the water in the pickles cannot be replaced by brine. unless their water is replaced with brine, pickles will not stay crisp. thus, paula s pickles will not stay crisp.

(b) if pectin is added to jam, the jam will gel. without a setting agent such as pectin, jam will not ge. so in order to make his jam gel. harry should add a setting agent such as pectin to the jam.

(c) if stored potatoes are not exposed to ethylene the potatoes will not sprout. beets do not release ethylene. therefore, if sara stores her potatoes together with beets, the potatoes will not sprout.

(d) if a carrot patch is covered with mulch in the fall. the carrots can be left in the ground until spring without a mulch cover, carrots stored in the ground can suffer frost damage. thus, since kevin covers his carrot patch with mulch in the fall, the carrots can safely be left in the ground.

(e) if tomatoes are not stored in a dark place, their seeds sometimes sprout. sprouted seeds can make tomatoes inedible. therefore, since maria does not store her tomatoes in a dark place some of maria s tomatoes could be inedible.

questions 22-23

antinuclear activist: the closing of the nuclear power plant is a victory for the antinuclear cause. it also represents a belated acknowledgment by the power industry that they cannot operate such plants safely.

nuclear power plant manager : it represents no such thing. the availability of cheap power from nonnuclear sources. together with the cost of mandated safety inspections and safety repairs, made continued operation uneconomic. thus it was not safety considerations but economic considerations taht dictated the plant s closing.

22. the reasoning in the manager s argument is flawed because the argument

(a) fails to acknowledge that the power industry might now believe nuclear power plants to be unsafe even though this plant was not closed for safety reasons

(b) overlooks the possibility that the soruces from which cheap power is available might themselves be subject to safety concerns

(c) mistakes the issue of what the closure of the plant represents to the publie for the issue of what the managers reason for the closure were

(d) takes as one of its premises a view about the power industry s attitude toward nuclear safety that contradicts the activist s view

(e) counts as purely economic considerations some expenses that arise as a result of the need to take safety precautions

23. which one of the following if true, most strongly supports the activist s claim of victory?

(a) the plant had reached the age at which its operating license expired.

(b) the mandate for inspections and repairs mentioned by the manager was recently enacted as a result of pressure from antinuclear groups.

(d) per unit of electricity produced the plant had the highest operating costs of any nuclear power plant.

(e) the plant that closed had been able to provide backup power to an electrical network when parts of the network became overloaded.

questions 24-25

statistician changes in the sun s luminosity correlate exceedingly well with average land temperatures on earth. clerly—and contrary to accepted opinion among meteorologists—the sun s lumionsity essentially controls land temperatures on earth.

meteorologist: i disagree any professional meteorologist will tell you that in a system as complicated as that giving rise to the climate, no significant aspect can be controlled by a single variable

24. the rejection by the meteorologist of the statistician s conclusion employs which one of the following techniques of argumentation?

(a) supporting a conclusion about a specific case by invoking a relevant generalization

(b) producint a single counterexample that establishes that a generalization is false as state

(d) rejecting a conclusion because it is a proposition that cannot be experimentally tested

(e) pointing out that potentially unfavorable evident has been systematically neglected

25. the reasoning in the meteorologist s counterargument questionable because that argument

(a) rejects a partial explanation, not because it is incorrect but only because it is not complete

(b) fails to distinguish phenomena that exist independently of a particular system from phenomena that exist only as part of the system.

(c) calls into question the existence of a correlation when the only real issue is that of how to interpret the correlation

(d) dismisses a hypothesis on the grounds that is fail to deal with anymatters of scientific significant

(e) appeals to the authoritativeness of an opinion without evaluating the merit of a putative counterexample

篇8：LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION4

section iv

time—35 minutes

27 questions

directions: each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. for some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corn conding space on your answer sheet.

musicoiogists concerned with the ”london pianoforte school,“ the group of composers, pedagogues, pianists, publishers, and builders who contributed to the development of the piano in london

(5) at the turn of the nineteenth century have long encountered a formidable obstacle in the general unavailability of music of this ”school“ in modern scholarly editions, indeed, much of this repertory has more or less vanished from our historical

(10) consciousness. granted, the sonatas and gradus ad parnassum of muzio clementi and the nocturnes of john field have remained farniliar enough (though more often than not in editions lacking scholarly rigor), but the work of other leading representatives, like

(15) johann baptist cramer and jan ladislav dussek, has eluded serious attempts at revival.

nicholas temperley s ambitious new anthology decisively overcomes this deficiency. what underscores the intrinsic value of temperley s editions

(20) is that the anthology reproduces nearly all of the original music in facsimile. making available this cross section of english musical life—some 800 works by 49 composers—should encourage new critical perspectives about how piano music evolved in

(25) england, an issue of considerable relevance to our understanding of how piano music developed on the european continent, and of how, finally, the instrument was transformed from the fortepiano to what we know today as the piano.

(30) to be sure, the london pianoforte school itself calls for review. ”school“ may well be too strong a word for what was arguably a group unified not so much by stylistic principles or aesthetic creed as by the geographical circumstance that they worked at

(35) various times in london and produced pianos and piano music for english pianos and english markets. indeed, temperley concedes that their ”variety may be so great as to cast doubt on the notion of a school. “

the notion of a school was first propounded by

(40) alexander ringer, who argued that laws of artistic survival forced the young, progressive beethoven to turn outside austria for creative models, and that he found inspiration in a group of pianists connected with clementi in london. ringer s proposed london

(45) pianoforte school did suggest a circumscribed and fairly unified group—for want of a better term, a school—of musicians whose influence was felt primarily in the decades just before and after 1800. after all, beethoven did respond to the advances of the

(50) broadwood piano—its reinforced frame, extended compass, triple strining, and pedsals, for example—and it is reasonable to suppose that london pianists who composed music for such an instrument during the critical phase of its development exercised no small

(55) degree of influence on continental musicians. nevertheless, perhaps the most sensible approach to this issue is to define the school by the period (c, 1766-1873) during which it flourished, as temperley has done in the anthology.

1. which one of the following most accurately states the author s main point?

(a) temperley has recently called into question the designation of a group of composers. pedagogues, pianists, publishers, and builders as the london pianoforte school

(b) temperley s anthology of the music of the london pianoforte school contributes significantly to an understanding of an influential period in the history of music.

(d) primary sources for musical manuserrpts provide the most reliable basis for musicological research.

(e) the development of the modern piano in england influenced composers and other musicians throughout europe.

2. it can be inferred that which one of the following is true of the piano music of the london pianoforte school?

(a) the nocturnes of john field typify the london pianoforte school style.

(b) the gradus ad parnassum of muzio clementi is the best-known work of these composers.

(d) prior to temperley s edition, no attempts to issue new editions of this music had been made.

(e) in modern times much of the music of this school has been little known even to musicians.

3. the author mentions the sonatas of muzio clementi and the nocturnes of john field as examples of which one of the following?

(a) works by composers of the london pianoforte school that have been preserved in rigorous scholarly editions

(b) works that are no longer remembered by most people

(d) works by composers of the london pianoforte school that are relatively wellknown

(e) works by composers of the london pianoforte school that have been revived by temperley in his anthology

4. which one of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine a portion of ringer s argument as the argument is described in the passage?

(a) musicians in austria composed innovative music for the broadwood piano as soon as the instrument became available.

(b) clementi and his followers produced most of their compositions between 1790 and 1810.

(d) the pianist-composers of the london pianoforte school shared many of the same stylistic principles.

(e) most composers of the london pianoforte school were born on the continent and were drawn to london by the work of clementi and his followers.

5. it can be inferred that the author uses the word ”advances“ (line 49) to refer to

(a) enticements offered musicians by instrument manufacturers

(b) improvements in the structure of a particular instrument

(d) stylistic elaborations made possible by changes in a particular instrument

(e) changes in musicians opinions about a particular instrument

6. it can be inferred from the passage as a whole that the author s purpose in the third paragraph is primarily to

(a) cast doubt on the usefulness of temperley s study of the london pianoforte school

(b) introduce a discussion of the coherency of the london pianoforte school

(d) emphasize the complex nature of the musicological elements shared by members of the london pianoforte school.

(e) identify the unique contributions made to music by the london pianoforte school

7. the author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(a) explaining the influence of the development of the pianoforte on the music of beethoven

(b) describing tempetley s view of the contrast between the development of piano music in england and the development of plano music elsewhere in europe

(c) presenting temperley s evaluation of the impact of changes in piano construction on styles and forms of music composed in the era of the london pianoforte school

(d) considering an altermnative theory to that proposed by ringer concerning the london pianoforte school

(e) discussing the contribution of temperley s anthology to what is known of the history of the london pianoforte school

8. it can be inferred that temperley s anthology treats the london pianoforte school as

(a) a group of pianist-composers who shared certain stylistic principles and arustic creeds

(b) a group of people who contributed to the development of piano music between 1766 and 1873

(d) a series of compositions for the pianoforte published in the decades just before and just after 1800

(e) a series of compositions that had a significant influence on the music of the continent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

what is ”law“? by what processes do judges arrive at opinions. those documents that justify their belief that the ”law“ dictates a conclusion one way or the other? these are among the oldest questions in

(5) jurisprudence, debate about which has traditionally been dominated by representatives of two schools of thought: proponents of natural law, who see law as intertwined with a moral order independent of society s rules and mores, and legal positivists, who see law

(10) solely as embodying the commands of a society s ruling authority

since the early 1970s, these familiar questions have received some new and surprising answers in the legal academy. this novelty is in part a consequence of the

(15) increasing influence there of academic disciplines and intellectual traditions previously unconnected with the study of law. perhaps the most influential have been the answers given by the law and economics school. according to these legal economists, law consists and

(20) ought to consist of those rules that maximize a society s material wealth and that abet the efficient operation of markets designed to generate wealth. more controversial have been the various answers provided by members of the critical legal studies movement

(25) according to whom law is one among several cultural mechanisms by which holders of power seek to legitimate their domination. drawing on related arguments developed in anthropology, sociology, and history, the critical legal scholars contend that law is an

(30) expression of power, but not, as held by the positivists, the power of the legitimate sovereign government. rather, it is an expression of the power of elites who may have no legitimate authority, but who are intent on preserving the privileges of their race, class, or gender.

(35) in the mid-1970s, james boyd white began to articulate yet another interdiseiplinary response to the traditional questions, and in so doing spawned what is now known as the law and literature movement white has insisted that law, particularly as it is

(40) interpreted in judicial opinions, should be understood as an essentially literary activity. judicial opinions should be read and evaluated not primarily as political acts or as atte mpts to maximize society s wealth through efficient rules, but rather as artistic

(45) performances. and like all such performances, white argues, each judicial opinion attempts in its own way to promote a particular political or ethical value.

in the recent justice as translation, white argues that opinion-writing should be regarded as an act of

(50) ”translation,“ and judges as ”translators.“ as such, judges find themselves mediating between the authoritative legal text and the pressing legal problem that demands resolution. a judge must essentially ”re-constitute“ that text by fashioning a new one, which

(55) is faithful to the old text but also responsive to and informed by the conditions, constraints, and aspirations of the world in which the new legal problem has arisen.

9. which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(a) within the last few decades, a number of novel approaches to jurisprudence have defined the nature of the law in diverse ways.

(b) within the last few decades, changes in society and in the number and type of cases brought to court have necessitated new methods of interpreting the law.

(c) of the many interdisciplinary approaches to jurisprudence that have surfaced in the last tow decades, the law and literature movement is the most intellectually coherent.

(d) the law and literature movement, first articulated by james boyd white in the mid-1970s, represents a synthesis of the many theories of jurisprudence inspired by the social sciences

(e) such traditional legal scholars as legal positivists and natural lawyers are increasingly on the defensive against attacks from younger, more progressive theorists.

10. according to the passage, judicial opinions have been described as each of the following except:

(a) political statements

(b) arcane statements

(d) artistic performances

(e) acts of translation

11. which one of the following statements is most compatible with the principles of the critical legal studies movement as that movement is described in the passage?

(a) laws governing the succession of power at the death of a head of state represent a synthesis of legal precedents, specific situations, and the values of lawmakers

(b) laws allowing income tax deductions for charitable contributions, though ostensibly passed by lawmakers, were devised by and are perpetuated by the rich

(c) laws governing the tariffs placed on imported goods must favor the continuation of mutually beneficial trade arrangements, even at the expense of long-standing legal precedent.

(d) laws governing the treatment of the disadvantaged and powerless members of a given society are an accurate indication of that society s moral state.

(e) laws controlling the electoral processes of a representative democracy have been devised by lawmakers to ensure the continuation of that governmental system.

12. which one of the following does the passage mention as a similarity between the critical legal studies movement and the law and literature movement?

(a) both offer explanations of how elites maintain their hold on power.

(b) both are logical extensions of either natural law or legal positivism.

(d) both rely on disciplines not traditionally connected with the study of law.

(e) both see the practice of opinion-writing as a mediating activity.

13. which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about the academic study of jurisprudence before the 1970s?

(a) it was concerned primarily with codifying and maintaining the privileges of elites.

(b) it rejected theories that interpreted law as an expression of a group s power.

(d) it was concerned primarily with the study of law as an economic and moral agent.

(e) it was not concerned with such disciplines as anthropology and sociology.

14. proponents of the law and literature movement would most likely agree with which one of the following statements concerning the relationship between the law and judges written opinions?

(a) the once-stable relationship between law and opinion-writing has been undermined by new and radical theoretical developments

(b) only the most politically conservative of judges continue to base their opinions on natural law or on legal positivism.

(c) the occurrence of different legal situations requires a judge to adopt diverse theoretical approaches to opinion-writing.

(d) different judges will not necessarily write the same sorts of opinions when confronted with the same legal situation.

(e) judges who subseribe to divergent theories of jurisprudence will necessarily render divergent opinions.

15. which one of the following phrases best describes the meaning of ”re-constitute“ as that word is used in line 54 of the passage?

(a) categorize and rephrase

(b) investigate and summarize

(d) paraphrase and announce

(e) negotiate and synthesize

16. the primary purpose of the passage is to

(a) identify differing approaches

(b) discount a novel trend

(d) correct misinterpretations

(e) reconcile seeming inconsistencies

since the early 1920s, most petroleum geologists have favored a biogenic theory for the formation of oil. according to this theory, organic matter became buried in sediments, and subsequent conditions of temperature

(5) and pressure over time transformed it into oil.

since 1979 an opposing abiogenic theory about the origin of oil has been promulgated. according to this theory, what is now oil began as hydrocarbon compounds within the earth s mantle (the region

(10) between the core and the crust) during the formation of the earth. oil was created when gasses rich in methanc, the lightest of the hydrocarbons, rose from the mantle through fractures and fauhs in the crust, carrying a significant amount of heavier hydrocarbons with them.

(15) as the gases encountered intermittent drops in pressure, the heavier hydrocarbons condensed, forming oil, and were deposited in reservoirs throughout the crust, rock regions deformed by motions of the crustal plates provided the conduits and fracures necessary for the

(20) gases to rise through the crust.

opponents of the abiogenic theory charge that hydrocarbons could not exist in the mantle, because high lemperatures would destroy or break them down. advocates of the theory, however, point out that other

(25) types of carbon exist in the mantle: unoxidized carbon must exist there, because diamonds are formed within the mantle before being brought to the surface by eruptive processes. proponents of the abiogenic theory also point to recent experimental work that suggests

(30) that the higher pressures within the mantle tend to offset the higher temperatures, allowing hydrocarbons, like unoxidized carbon, to continue to exist in the mantle.

if the abiogenic theory is correct, vast undiscovered

(35) reservoirs of oil and gas—undiscovened because the biogenic model precludes their existence—may in actuality exist. one company owned by the swedish government has found the abiogenic theory so persuasive that it has started exploratory drilling for gas

(40) or oil in a granite formation called the siljan ring—not the best place to look for gas or oil if one belives they are derived from organic compounds, because granite forms from magma (molten rock) and contains no organic sediments. the ring was formed about 360

(45) million years ago when a large meteorite hit the 600-million-year-old granite that forms the base of the continental crust. the impact fractured the granite, and the swedes believe that if oil comes from the mantle, it could have risen with methane gas through this now

(50) permeable rock. fueling their optimism further is the fact that prior to the start of drilling, methane gas had been detected rising through the granite.

17. which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(a) although the new abiogenic theory about the origin of oil is derived from the conventional biogenic theory, it suggests new types of locations for oil drilling.

(b) the small number of drilling companies that have responded to the new abiogenic theory about the origin of oil reflects the minimal level of acceptance the theory has met with in the scientific community.

(c) although the new abiogenic theory about the origin of oil fails to explain several enigmas about oil reservoirs, it is superior to the conventional biogenic theory.

(d) although it has yet to receive either support or refutation by data gathered from a drilling project, the new abiogenic theory about the origin of oil offers a plausible alternative to the conventional biogenic theory.

(e) having answered objections about higher pressures in the earth s core, proponents of the new abiogenic theory have gained broad acceptance for their theory in the scientific community.

18. which one of the following best describes the function of the third paragraph?

(a) it presents a view opposed to a theory and points out an internal contradiction in that opposing view.

(b) it describes a criticism of a theory and provides countervailing evidence to the criticism.

(d) it explains an argument against a theory and shows it to be a valid criticism.

(e) it points out the correspondence between an argument against one theory and arguments against similar theories.

19. the passage suggests that the opponents of the abiogenic theory mentioned in the third paragraph would most probably agree with which one of the following statements?

(a) the formation of oil does not involve the condensation of hyarocarbons released from the earth s mantle.

(b) large oil reserves are often found in locations that contain small amounts of organic matter.

(c) the eruptive processes by which diamonds are brought to the earth s surface are similar to those that aid in the formation of oil.

(d) motions of the crustal plates often create the pressure necessary to transform organic matter into oil.

(e) the largest known oil reserves may have resulted from organic matter combining with heavier hydrocarbons carried by methane gas.

20. which one of the following is most analogous to the situation described in the final paragraph?

(a) a new theory about the annual cycles of breeding and migration of the monarch butterfly has led scientists to look for similar patterns in other butterfly species.

(b) a new theory about the stage at which a star collapses into a black hole has led astronomers to search for evidence of black holes in parts of the universe where they had not previously searched.

(c) a new theory about how the emission of sulfur dioxide during coal-burning can be reduced has led several companies to develop desulfurization systems.

(d) a new theory about photosynthesis has convinced a research team to explore in new ways the various functions of the cell membrane in plant cells.

(e) a new theory about the distribution of metals in rock formations has convinced a silver-mining company to keep different types of records of its operations.

21. according to the passage all of the following are true of the siljan ring except:

(a) it was formed from magma.

(b) it does not contain organic sediments.

(d) methane gas has been detected rising through it

(e) it was shaped from the granite that makes up the base of the continental crust.

most studies of recent southeast asian immigrants to the united states have focused on their adjustment to life in their adopted country and on the effects of leaving their homelands. james tollefson s alien

(5) winds examines the resettlement process from a different perspective by investigating the educational programs offered in immigrant processing centers. based on interviews transcripts from classes, essays by immigrants, personal visits to a teacher-training unit,

(10) and official government documents. tollefson relies on an impressive amount and variety of documentation in making his arguments about processing centers educational programs.

tollefson s main contention is that the emphasis

(15) placed on immediate employment and on teaching the values, attitudes, and behaviors that the training personnel think will help the immigrants adjust more easily to life in the united states in often counterproductive and demoralizing. because of

(20) concerns that the immigrants be self-supporting as soon as possible, they are trained almost exclusively for low-level jobs that do not require english proficiency. in this respect. tollefson claims. the processing centers suit the needs of employers more than they suit the

(25) long-term needs of the immigrant community. tolletson also detects a fundamental flaw in the attempts by program educators to instill in the immigrants the traditionally western principles of self-sufficiency and individual success. there efforts often

(30) have the effect of undermining the immigrants sense of community and, in doing so, sometimes isolate them from the moral support and even from business opportunities afforded by the immigrant community. the programs also encourage the immigrants to shed

(35) their cultural traditions and ethnic identity and adopt the lifestyles, beliefs, and characteristies of their adopted country if they wish to enter fully into the national life.

tollefson notes that the ideological nature of these

(40) educational programs has roots in the turn-of-the-century educational programs designed to assimilate european immigrants into united states society. tollefson provides a concise history of the assimilationist movement in immigrant education, in

(45) which european immigrants were encouraged to leave behind the ways of the old world and to adopt instead the principles and practices of the new world.

tollefson ably shows that the issues demanding real attention in the educational programs for southeast

(50) asian immigrants are not merely employment rates and government funding, but also the assumptions underpinning the educational values in the programs. he recommends many improvements for the programs, including giving the immigrants a stronger voice in

(55) determining their needs and how to meet them, redesigning the curricula, and emphasizing long-term language education and job training over immediate employment and the avoiding of public assistance, unfortunately, though, tollefson does not offer enough

(60) concreate solutions as to how these reforms could be carried out, despite his own descriptions of the complicated bureaucratic nature of the programs.

22. which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(a) tollefson s focus on the economic and cultural factors involved in adjusting to a new country offers a significant departure from most studies of southeast asian immigration.

(b) in his analysis of educational programs for southeast asian immigrants. tollefson fails to acknowledge many of the positive effects the programs have had on immigrants lives.

(c) tollefson convincingly blames the philosophy underlying immigrant educational programs for some of the adjustment problems afflicting southeast asian immigrants.

(d) tollefson s most significant contribution is his analysis of how southeast asian immigrants overcome the obstacles they encounter in immigrant educational programs.

(e) tollefson tractes a gradual yet significant change in the attitudes held by processing center educators toward southeast asian immigrants.

23. with which one of the following statements concerning the educational programs of the immigration centers would tollefson most probably agree?

(a) although the programs offer adequate job training, they offer inadequate english training.

(b) some of the programs attempts to improve the earning power of the immigrants cut them off from potential sources of income.

(c) inclusion of the history of immigration in the united states in the programs currcula facilitates adjustment for the immigrants.

(d) immigrants would benefit if instructors in the programs were better prepared to teach the curricula developed in the teacher-training courses.

(e) the programs curricula should be redesigned to include greater emphasis on the shared values. beliefs, and practices in the united states.

24. which one of the following best describes the opinion of the author of the passage with respect to tollefson s work?

(a) thorough but misguided

(b) innovative but incomplete

(d) illuminating but unappreciated

(e) well documented but unoriginal

25. the passage suggests that which one of the following is an assumption underlying the educational approach in immigrant processing centers?

(a) there is a set of values and behaviors that if adopted by immigrants, facilitate adjustment to united states society

(b) when recent immigrants are self-supporting rather than supported by public assistance, they tend to gain english proficiency more quickly

(d) long-term success for immigrants is best achieved by encouraging the immigrants to maintain a strong sense of community.

(e) the principles of self-sufficiency and individual success are central to southeast asian culture and ethnicity.

26. which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph of the passage?

(a) it provides the scholarly context for tollefson s study and a description of his methodology

(b) it compares tollefson s study to other works and presents the main argument of his study.

(d) it presents the accepted meory on tollefson s topic and the method by which tollefson challenges it

(e) it argues for the analytical and technical superiority of tollefson s study over other works on the topic

27. the author of the passage refers to tollefson s descriptions of the bureaucratic nature of the immigrant educational programs in the fourth paragraph most probably in order to

(a) criticize tollefson s decision to combine a description of the bureaucracies with suggestions for improvement.

(b) emphasize the author s disappointment in tollefson s overly general recommendations for improvements to the programs.

(d) support a contention that tollefson s recommendations for improvements do not focus on the real sources of the programs problems

(e) suggest a parallel between the complexity of the bureaucracies and the complexity of tollefson s arguments

篇9：LSAT考试全真试题三SECTION1

section 1

time-35 minutes

24 questions

directions: each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. in answering some of the questions, it may be useful to araw a rough diagram. choose the resoonse that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

questions 1-6

seven students-fourth-year students kim and lee; third-year students pat and robin: and second-year students sandy, tety and val-and only those seven, are being assigned a rooms of equal size in a dormitory. each room assigned must have either one or two or three students assigned to it and will accordingly be called either a single or a double or a triple. the seven students are assigned to moms in accordence with the following conditions:

lio fourth-year student can be assigned to a triple.

no second-year student can be assigned to a single.

lee and pobin must not share the same room

kim and pat must share the same room.

1. which one of the following is a combination of rooms to which the seven students could be assigned?

(a) two triples and one single

(b) one triple and four singles

(d) two doubles and three singles

(e) one double and five singles

2. it the room assigned to robin is a single, which one of the following could be true?

(a) there is exactly one double that has a second-year student assigned to it.

(b) lee is assigned to a stngle.

(d) lixactly three of the rooms assigned to the students are singles

(e) exactly two of the rooms assigned to the students are doubles.

3. which one of the following must be true?

(a) lee is assigned to a single

(b) pat sharts a double with another student

(d) two of the second-year students share a double with each other

(e) neither of the third-year students is assigned to a single

4. if robin is assigred to a triple, which one of the following must be true?

(a) lee is assigned to a single

(b) two second-year students share a double with each other

(d) two of the rooms assigned to the students are singles.

(e) three of the rooms assigned to the students are singles

5. if terry and val assigned to different doubles from each other, other, then it must be true of the students rooms that exactly

(a) one is a single

(b) two are singles

(d) one is a triple

(e) two are triples

6. which one of the following could be true?

(a) the two fourth-year students are assigned to singles.

(b) the two fourth-year students share a double with cach other.

(d) lee shares a room with a third-year student

(e) pat shares a triple with two other students

questions 7-11

a worker will insert colored light bulbs into a billboard equipped with exactly three light sockets, which are labled lights 1, 2, and 3. the worker has three green bulbs, three purple bulbs, and three yellow bulbs. seiection of bulbs for the sockets is governed by the following conditions:

whenever light 1 is purple, light 2 must be yellow.

whenever light 2 is purple, light 1 must be green.

whenever light 3 is either purple or yellow, light 2 must be purple.

7. which one of the following could be an accurate list of the colors of light bulbs selected for lights 1, 2 and 3, respectively?

(a) green, green, yellow

(b) purple, green, green

(d) yellow, purple, green

(e) yellow, yellow, yellow

8. if light 1 is yellow, then any of the following can be true, except:

(a) light 2 is green.

(b) light 2 is purple

(d) light 3 is purple

(e) light 3 is yellow

9. there is exactly one possible color sequence of the three lights if which one of the following is true?

(a) light 1 is purple.

(b) light 2 is purple.

(d) light 3 is purple.

(e) light 3 is yellow

10. if no green bulbs are selected, there are exactly how many possible different color sequences of the three lights?

(a) one

(b) two

(d) four

(e) five

11. if no two lights are assigned light bulbs that are the same color as each other, then which one of the following could be true?

(a) light i is green, and light 2 is purple.

(b) light i is green, and light 2 is yellow.

(d) light i is yellow, and light 2 is green.

(e) light i is yellow, and light 2 is purple.

questions 12-17

an attorney is scheduling interviews with witnesses for a given week. monday through saturday. two full consecutive days of the week must be reserved for interviewing hostile withesses. in addition, nonhostile witnesses q, r, u, x, y, and z will each be interviewed exactly once for a full morning or afternoon. the only witnesses who will be interviewed simultaneously with each other are q and r. the following conditions apply.

x must be interviewed on thursday morning

q must be interviewed at some time before x.

u must be interviewed at some time before r

z must be interviewed at some time after x and at some time after y.

12. which one of the following is a sequence, from first to last, in which the nonhostile witnesses could be interviewed?

(a) q with r, u, x, y, z

(b) q, u, r, x, with y, z

(d) u, y, q, with r, x, z

(e) x, q, with u, z, r, y

13, which one of the following is acceptable as a complete schedule of witnesses for tuesday morning. tuesday afternoon, and wednesday morning,respectively?

(a) q, r, none

(b) r, none, y

(d) u, y, none

(e) y, z, none

14.if y is interviewed at some time after x, which one of the following must be a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses?

(a) monday

(b) tuesday

(d) friday

(e) saturday

15. if r is interviewed at some time after y which one of the following must be a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses?

(a) monday

(b) tuesday

(d) thursday

(e) friday

16. if on wednesday afternoon and on monday the attomey conducts no interviews, which one of the following be true?

(a) q is interviewed on the same day as u

(b) r is interviewed on the same day as y

(d) y is interviewed on the same day as wednesday

(e) z is interviewed on the same day as friday

17. if z is interviewed on saturday morning which one of the following can be true?

(a) wednesday is a day reserved for interiewing hostile witnesses.

(b) friday is a day reserved for interviewing hostile witnesses.

(d) u is interviewed on tuesday

(e) y is interviewed at some time before thursday

questions 18-24

during a four-week period, cach of seven previously unadvertised products-g, h, j, k, l, m, and o-will be advertised. a different pair of these products will be advertised each week. exactly one of the products will be a member of two of these four pairs. the following constraints must be observed:

j is not advertised during a given week unless h is advertised during the immediately precceding week.

the product that is advertised during two of the weeks is advertised during week 4 but is not advertised during week 3

g is not advertised during a given week unless either j or else o is also advertised that week.

k is advertised during one of the first two weeks

o is one of the products advertised during week 3

18. which one of the following could be the schedule of advertisernents?

(a) week 1: g, j; week 2: k, l; week 3: o, m; week 4: h, l

(b) week 1: h, k; week 2: j, g; week 3: o, l; week 4: m, k

(d) week 1: h, l; week 2: j, m; week 3: o, g; week 4: k, l

(e) week 1: k, m; week 2: h, j; week 3: o, g; week 4: l, m

19. which one of the following is a pair of products that cannot be advertised during the same week as each other?

(a) h and k

(b) h and m

(d) k and l

(e) l and m

20. which one of the following must be advertised during week 2?

(a) g

(b) j

(d) l

(e) m

21. which one of the following cannot be the product that is advertised during two of the weeks?

(a) g

(b) h

(d) l

(e) m

22. if l is the product that is advertised during two of the weeks, which one of the following is a product that must be advertised during one of the weeks in which l is advertised

(a) g

(b) h

(d) k

(e) m

23. which one of the following is a product that could be advertised in any of the four weeks?

(a) h

(b) j

(d) l

(e) o

24. which one of the following is a pair of products that could be advertised during the same week as each other

(a) g and h

(b) h and j

(d) k and o

(e) k and o

(f) m and o

篇10：LSAT考试全真试题四SECTION2

section ii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should pot make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on you answer sheet.

1. press release a comprehensive review evaluating the medical studies done up to the present time has found no reason to think that drinking coffee in normal amounts harms the coffee-drinker s heart so coffee drinkers can relax and enjoy their beverage—it is safe to drink coffee

which one of the following points to a weakness in the reasoning in the press release s argument?

(a) the review was only an evaluation of studies and did not itself undertake to study patients.

(b) the health of the heart is not identical with the general health of the body

(d) other beverages besides coffee might contain stimulants that have some effect on the heart

(e) drinking unusually large amounts of coffee could be caused by stress that itself directly harms the heart

2. all people prefer colors that they can distinguish easily to colors that they have difficulty distinguishing. infants can easily distinguish bright colors but, unlike adults, have difficulty distinguishing subtle shades. a brightly colored toy for infants sells better than the same toy in subtle shades at the same price

which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?

(a) infants prefer bright primary colors to bright secondary colors

(b) color is the most important factor in determining which toys an infant will prefer to play with

(d) the sales of toys ofr infants reflect the preferences of infants in at least one respect

(e) toy makers study infants to determine what colors the infants can distinguish easily

3. a group of unusual meteorites was found in shergotty. india. their structure indicates that they originated on one of the geologically active planets. mercury, venus, or mars because of mercury s proximity to the sun any material dislodged from that planet s surface would have been captured by the sun, rather than falling to earth as meteorites, nor could venus be the source of the meteorites, because its gravity would have prevented dislodged material from escaping into space the meteorites, therefore, probably fell to earth after being dislodged from mars, perhaps as the result of a collision with a large object

the argument derives its conclusion by

(a) offering a counterexample to a theory

(b) eliminating competing alternative explanations

(d) questioning an assumption

(e) abstracting a general principle from specific data

4. because quitting smoking is very stressful and leads to weight gain, it is difficult to do. the key to quitting however, may be as simple as replacing an unhealthy activity with a healthy one in one study half of htose attempting to quit were assigned to a smoking-cessation program alone, and the other half were assigned to the same program plus fifteen weeks of aerobic exercise the one-month mark none in the first group had quit but 40 percent of those in the second group had not smoked

each of the following, if true, provides some support for the argument except:

(a) regular exercise prevents weight gain

(b) each group in the study included four hundred randomly selected participants

(d) aerobic exercise can stimulate the brain s production of endorphins. which reduce tension

(e) of those in the second group in the study 38 percent had not smoked at the one-year mark.

5. altogethe, the students in ms. tarnowski s milton elementary school class collected more aluminum cans than did the students in any of the school s other classes therefore, the milton student who collected the most aluminum cans was in ms tarnowski s class

which one of the following arguments contains flawed reasoning that is most paralled to that in the argument above?

(a) altogether, more trees were planted by the students in mr kelly s class than were planted by those in mr liang s class and mr jackson s class combined therefore. mr kelly s students planted more trees than mr jackson s students planted

(b) more than half of milton elementary school s students play in the band and more than half of the school s students sing in the choir therefore, every student at milton elementary school either plays in the band or sings in the choir

(c) mr rowe s milton elementary school class raised more money by selling candy bars than ms hunt s class raised by holding a raffle. therefore, the number of candy bars sold by mr rowe s class was greater than the number of raffle tickets sold by ms. hunt s class

(d) the total number of tickets to the school fair sold by the students in ms. ramirez s milton elementary school class was greater than the number sold by milton students from any other class. therefore, the milton student who sold the most tickets to the school fair was a student in ms rairez s class

(e) ms. ventura s milton elementary school class assembled more birdhouses than did any of the school s other classes. since ms ventura s class had fewer students than any other milton class, her students assembled more birdhouse on average than did the students in any other milton class

6. several excellent candidates have been proposed for the presidency of united wire and each candidate would bring to the job different and experience if the others are compared with jones however it will be apparent that none of them has her unique set of qualifications jones therefore is best qualified to be the new president of united wire

the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it

(a) uses flattery to win over those who hold an opposing position

(b) refutes a distorted version of an opposing position

(d) supports universal claim on the basis of a single example

(e) describes an individual in terms that appropriately refer only to the group as a whole

7. a neighborhood groupp plans to protest the closing of the neighborhood s only recreation center on the grounds that to do so would leave the neighborhood without local access to a recreation center ”our neighborhood already has the most residents per center of any neighborhood in the city“ complained one resident, ”and closing this center would make the situation unacceptable since access to recreational facilities is a necessity for this neighborhood“

each of the following if true weakens the resident s argument except

(a) a large number of the neighborhood s residents are unable to travel outside their locality to gain access to recreational facilities

(b) children, the main users of recreational facilities make up a disproportionately small segment of the neighborhood s population

(d) programs that are routinely filled at other recreation centers must be canceled at the ngighborhood s recreation center due to lack of interest

(e) as people become more involved in computers and computer games recreation centers are becoming increasingly less important

8. sociologist: the claim that there is a large number of violent crimes in our society is false, for this claim is based upon the large number of stories in newspapers about violent crimes. but since violent crimes are very rare occurrences, newspapers are likely to print stories about them.

the sociologist s argument is flawed because it

(a) presupposes that most newspaper stories are about violent crime

(b) presupposes the truth of the conclusion it is attempting to establish

(d) mistakes property of each member of a group taken as an individual for a property of the group taken as a whole

(e) uncritically draws an inference from what has been true in the past to what will be true in the future

9. historian anyone who thinks that the terrors of the ancient rgeime of q were exclusively the work of fanatics is overlooking a basic truth the regime was made up primarily of ordinary people enthusiasically seeking paradist. the regime executed many people in pursuit of its goal. but it later became clear that paradise as they defined it, is unrealizable so at least some of the ordinary people of q were in fact murdreers

which one of the following principles, if valid, provides the most support for the historian s argumentation?

(a) the pursuit of paradise does not justify murder

(b) the pursuit of paradise justifies fanaticism

(d) fanaticism in pursuit of paradise constitutes inhumanity

(e) enthusiasm in pursuit of what is eventually found to be unattainable constitutes fanaticism

10. economist: the economy seems to be heading out of recession. recent figures show that consumers are buying more durable goods than before indicating that they expect economic growth in the near future

that consumers are buying more durable goods than before figures in the economist s argument in which one of the following ways?

(a) it is the phenomenon that the argument seeks to explain

(b) its truth is required in order for the argument s conclusion to be true

(d) it is an inference drawn from the premise that consumers expect economic growth in the near future

(e) it is the primary evidence from which the argument s conclusion is drawn

11. not surprisingly, there are no professors under the age of eighteen and as is well known no one under eighteen can vote legally. finally some brilliant people are professors some are legal voters and some are under eighteen

if the statements above are true, then on the basis of them which one of the following must also be true?

(a) no professors are eighteen-year-olds

(b) all brilliant people are either professors legal voters or under eighteen

(d) some professors are neither legal voters not brilliant people

(e) some brilliant people are neither professors nor legal voters

12. for years scientists have been scanning the skies in the hope of finding life on other planets. but in spite of the ever-increasing sophistication of the equipment they employ, some of it costing hundreds of millions of dollars not the first shred of evidence of such life has been forthcoming and there is no reason to think that these scientists will be any more successful in the future no matter how much money is invested in the search the dream of finding extraterrestrial life is destined to remain a dream as science s experience up to this point should indicate

which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the argument?

(a) there is no reason to believe that life exists on other planets

(b) the equipment that scientists employ is not as sophisticated as it should be

(d) only if scientists had already found evidence of life on other planest would continued search be justified

(e) we should not spend money on sophisticated equipment to aid in the search for extraterrestrial life

13. carl s coffee emporium stocks only two decaffeinated coffees: french roast and mocha java yusef only serves decaffeinated coffee and the coffee he served after dineer last night was smooth and mellow have been french roast so if yusef still gets all his coffee from carl s what he served last night was mocha java

the argument above is most similar in its logical structure to which one of the following?

(a) samuel wants to take three friends to the beach his mother wons both a sedan and a convertible the convertible holds four people so although the sedan has a more powerful engine, if samuel borrows a vehicle from his mother he will borrow the convertible

(b) if anna wants to walk from her house to the office where she works she must either go through the park or take the overpass across the railroad tracks the park paths are muddy and anna does not like using the overpass so the never walks to work

(c) rose can either take a two-week vaction the trail she had planned to hike requires three weeks to complete but is closed by october so if rose takes a vacation it will not be the one she had planned

(d) werdix, inc has offered arno a choice between a job in sales and a job in research arno would like to work at werdix but he would never take a job in sales when another job is available so if he accepts on of these jobs it will be the one in research

(e) if teresa does not fire her assistant her staff will rebel and her department s efficiency will decline losing her assistant would also reduce its efficiency so if no alternative solution can be found theresa s department will become less efficient

14. steven the allowable blood alcohol level for drivers should be cut in half with this reduced limit, social drinkers will be deterred from drinking and driving, resulting in significantly increased highway safety

miguel: no lowering the current allowable blood alcohol level would have little effect on highway statey because it would not address the most important aspect of the drunken driving problem which is the danger to the public posed by heavy drinkers who often drive with a blood alcohol level of twice the current legal limit.

steven and miguel s statements provide the most support for that they would disagree about the truth of which one of the following statements?

(a) social drinkers who drink and drive pose a substantial threat to the public

(b) there is a direct correlation between a driver s blood alcohol level and the driver s ability to drive safely

(d) some drivers whose blood alcohol level is lower than the current legal limit pose a danger to the public

(e) a driver with a blood alcohol level slightly greater than half the current legal limit poses no danger to the public

questions 15-16

the authors of a recent article examined warnings of an impending wave of extinctions of animal species within the next 100 years. these authors say that no evidence exists to support the idea that the rate of extinction of animal species is now accelerating. they are wrong however consider only the data on fishes 40 species and subspecies of north american fishes have vanished in the twentieth century, 13 between 1900 and 1950, and 27 since 1950

15. which one of the following is the main point of the argument?

(a) there is evidence that the rate of extinction of animal species is accelerating

(b) the future rate of extinction of animal species cannot be determined from available evidence

(c) the rate of extinction of north american fishes is parallel to the rate of extinction of all animal species taken together

(d) forty species and subspecies of north american fishes have vanished in the twentieth century

(e) a substantial number of fish species are in danger of imminent extinction

16. the answer to which one of the following questions would contribute most to an evaluation of the argument?

(a) were the fish species and subspecies that became extinct unrepresenatative of animal species in general with regard to their pattern of extinction?

(b) how numerous were the populations in 1950 of the species and subspecies of north american fishes that have become extinct since 1950?

(c) did any of the species or subspecies of north american fishes that became extinct in the twentieth century originate in regions outside of north america?

(d) what proportion of north american fish species and subspecies whose populations were endangered in 1950 are now thriving?

(e) were any of the species or subspecies of north american fishes that became extinct in the twentiethe century commercially important?

17. after the second world war, the charter of the newly formed united nations established an eleven-member security council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. the charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. the reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world s major powes and should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant

the reasoning given for the structure of the security council assumes that

(a) it does not make sense to provide for democracy among nations when nations themselves are not all democracies

(b) no nation that was not among the major powers at the end of the second world war would become a major power

(c) nations would not eventually gravitate into large geographical bloes, each containing minor powers as well as at least one major power

(d) minor powers would not ally themselves with major powers to gain the prection of the veto exercised by major powers

(e) decisions reached by a majority of nations in response to threats to world peace would be biased in favor of one or more major powers

18. environmental scientist: it is true that over the past ten years, there has been a sixfold increase in government funding for the preservation of wetlands while the total area of wetlands needing such preservation has increased only twofold (although this area was already large ten years ago) even when inflation is taken into account, the amount of funding now is at least three times what it was ten years ago. nevertheless the current amount of government funding for the preservation of wetlands is inadequate and should be augmented

which one of the following, if true most helps to reconcile the environmental scientist s conclusion with the evidence cited above?

(a) the governmental agency responsible for administering wetland-preservation funds has been consistently mismanaged and run inefficiently over the past ten years

(b) over the past ten years, the salaries of scientists employed by the government to work on the preservation of wetlands have increased at a rate higher than the inflation rate

(c) research over the past ten years has enabled scientists today to identify wetlands in need of preservation well before the areas are at serious risk of destruction

(d) more people today scientists and nonscientists alike, are working to preserve all natural resources including wetlands

(e) unlike today funding for the preservation of wetlands was almost nonexistent ten years ago.

19. in australia the population that is of driving age has grown large over the last five years, but the annual number of traffic fatalities has declined. this leads to the conclusion that, overall, the driving-age population of australi consists of more skillful drivers now than five years ago.

each of the statements below, if true, weakens the argument except:

(a) three years ago, a mandatory seat-belt law went into effect throughout australia.

(b) five years ago. australia began a major road repair project

(d) the number of hospital emergency facilities in australia has doubled in the last five years

(e) in response to an increase in traffic fatalities. australia instituted a program of mandatory driver education five years ago.

20. anthropological studies indicate that distinct cultures differs in their moral codes. thus, as long as there are distinct cultures there are no values shared across cultures

each of the following, if true, would weaken the argument except”

(a) anthropologists rely on inadequate translation techniques to investigate the values of cultures that use languages different from the anthropologists languages.

(b) as a result of advancing technology and global communication we will someday all share the same sulture and the same values

(c) although specific moral values differ across cultures, more general moral principles, such as “friendship is good” are common to all cultures

(d) the anthropologists who have studied various cultures have been biased in favor of finding differences rather than similarities between distinct cultures

(e) what appear to be differences in values between distinct cultures are nothing more than differences in beliefs about how to live in accordance with shared values.

21. newspaper editor. law enforcenment experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions against gambling all share a common flaw no matter how diligent the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. ethical qualms notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective it should not be a law. that is why there should be no legal prohibition against gambling.

which one of the following if assumed. allows the argument s conclusion to be properly drawn?

(a) no effective law is unenforceable

(b) all enforceable laws are effective

(d) most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be effective

(e) most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be enforceable.

22. copernicus s astronomical system is superior to ptolemy s and was so at the time it was proposed, even though at that time all observational evidence was equally consistent with both theories. ptolemy believed that the stars revolved around the earth at great speeds. this struck copernicus as unlikely, he correctly thought that a simpler theory is that the earth rotates on its axis.

the argument most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?

(a) simplicity should be the sole deciding factor in choosing among competing scientific theories

(b) if one theory is likely to be true, and another competing theory is likely to be false, then the one likely to be true is the superior of the two.

(c) if all observational evidence is consistent with two competing theories, the one that is more intuitively true is the more practical theory to adopt.

(d) other things being equal the more complex of two competing theories is the inferior theory

(e) other things being equal, the simpler of two competing theories is the more scientifically important theory.

23. easayist the existence of a moral order in the universe—i.e..an order in which bad is always eventually punished and good rewarded—depends upon human souls being immortal. in some cultures this moral order is regarded as the result of a karma that controls how one is reincarnated, in others it results from the actions of a supreme being who metes out justice to people after their death. but however a moral order is represented if human souls are immortal then if follows that the bad will be punished

which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the essayist s reasoning?

(a) from the assertion that something is necessary to a moral order the argument concludes that that thing is sufficient for an element of the moral order to be realized

(b) the argument takes mere beliefs to be established facts

(c) from the claim that the immortality of human souls implies that there is a moral order in the universe the argument concludes that there being a moral order in the universe implies that human souls are immortal

(d) the argument treats two fundamentally different conceptions of a moral order as essentially the same

(e) the argument s conclusion is presupposed in the definition it gives of a moral order.

24. no mathematical proposition can be proven true by observation. it follows that it is impossible to know any mathematical proposition to be true

the conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) only propositions that can be proven true can be known to be true

(b) observation alone cannot be used to prove the truth of any proposition

(d) knowing a proposition to be true is impossible only if it cannot be prove true by observation

(e) knowing a proposition to be true requires proving it true by observation

25. the publisher of a best-selling self-help book had, in some promotional material, claimed that it showed readers how to become exceptionally successful. of course everyone knows that no book can deliver to the many what by definition, must remain limited to the few exceptional success. thus although it is clear that the publisher knowingly made a false claim. doing so should not be considered unethical in this case

which one of the following principles if valid most strongly supports the reasoning above?

(a) knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if it is reasonable for people to accept the claim as true

(b) knowingly making a false claim is unethical if those making it derive a gain at the expense of those acting as if the claim were true.

(c) knowingly making a false claim is unethical in only those cases in which those who accept the claim as true suffer a hardship greater than the gain they were anticipating

(d) knowingly making a false claim is unethical only if there is a possibility that someone will act as if the claim might be true

(e) knowingly making a false claim is unethical in at least those cases in which for someone else to discover that the claim is false that person must have acted as if the claim were true

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