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脚手架结构支撑架的构造和设计

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脚手架结构支撑架的构造和设计

篇1：脚手架结构支撑架的构造和设计

采用脚手架杆配件搭设模板支撑架是常用的施工方法之一，此类模板支撑架（主要是梁板模板支撑架）承受的荷载作用既不同于，又显著大于相应的脚手架，必须加强构造和按脚手架结构进行设计和计算，以满足施工要求和确保使用安全。

本节主要介绍采用脚手架杆配件搭设的、按脚手架结构计算的模板支撑架。

5-3-1脚手架结构模板支撑架的类别和一般构造

5-3-1-1脚手架结构模板支撑架的类别和构造要求

1．类别

用脚手架材料可以搭设各类模板支撑架，包括梁模、板模、梁板模和箱基模等，并大量用于梁板模板的支架中。在板模和梁板模支架中，支撑高度＞4.0m者，称为“高支撑架”，有早拆要求及其装置者，称为“早撑模板体系支撑架”。

扣件式、碗扣式和门式钢管脚手架材料均可用于构造模板支撑架，并各具特点。按其构造情况可作以下分类：

（1）按构造类型划分

1）支柱式支撑架（支柱承载的构架）；

2）片（排架）式支撑架（由一排有水平拉杆联结的支柱形成的构架）；

3）双排支撑架（两排立杆形成的支撑架）；

4）空间框架式支撑架（多排或满堂设置的空间构架），

（2）按杆系结构体系划分

1）几何不可变杆系结构支撑架（杆件长细比符合桁架规定、竖平面斜杆设置不小于均占两个方向构架框格的1/2的构架）；

2）非几何不可变杆系结构支撑架（符合脚手架构架规定，但有竖平面斜杆设置的框格低于其总数1/2的构架）。

（3）按支柱类型划分

1）单立杆支撑架；

2）双立杆支撑架；

3）格构柱群支撑架（由格构柱群体形成的支撑架）；

4）混合支柱支撑架（混用单立杆、双立杆、格构柱的支撑架）。

（4）按水平构架情况划分

1）水平构造层不设或少量设置斜杆或剪力撑的支撑架；

2）有1或数道水平加强层设置的支撑架，又可分为：

a．板式水平加强层（每道仅为单层设置，斜杆设置≥1/3水平框格）；

b．桁架式水平加强层（每道为双层，并有竖向斜杆设置）。

此外，单双排支撑架还有设附墙拉结（或斜撑）与不设之分，后者的支撑高度不宜大于4m。支撑架的所受荷载一般为竖向荷载，但箱基模板（墙板模板）支撑架则同时受竖向和水平荷载作用。

2．设置要求

支撑架的设置应满足可靠承受模板荷载、确保沉降、变形、位移均符合规定、绝对避免出现坍塌和垮架的要求，并应特别注意确保以下三点：

篇2：板柱-剪力墙结构中板有哪些构造设计？

板柱-剪力墙结构中板有哪些构造设计？

1 抗震设计时，应在柱上板带中设置构造暗梁，暗梁宽度取柱宽及两侧各1.5倍板厚之和，暗梁支座上部钢筋截面积不宜小于柱上板带负弯矩钢筋截面积的50%，并应全跨拉通，暗梁下部钢筋应不小于上部钢筋的1/2，暗梁箍筋的布置，当计算不需要时，直径不应小于8mm，间距不大于3h0/4，肢距不大于2h0；当计算需要时应按计算确定，且直径不应小于10mm，间距不宜大于h0/2，肢距不宜大于1.5 h0。

2 设置柱托板时，非抗震设计时托板底部宜布置构造钢筋；抗震设计时托板底部钢筋应按计算确定，并应满足抗震锚固要求。计算柱上板带的支座钢筋时，可考虑托板厚度的有利影响；

3 无梁楼板允许开局部洞口，但应验算满足承载力及刚度要求。当未作专门分析时，在板的不同部位开单个洞的大小应符合上图的要求。若在同一部位开多个洞时，则在同一截面上各个洞宽之和不应大于该部位单个洞的允许宽度。所有洞边均应设置补强钢筋。

注：洞1：a≤ac/4且a≤t/2,b≤bc/4且b≤t/2；

洞2：a≤A2/4且b≤B1/4；

洞3：a≤A2/4且b≤B2/4

其中，a为洞口短边尺寸，b为洞口长边尺寸，ac为相应洞口短边方向的柱宽，bc为相应洞口长边方向的柱宽，t为板厚

篇3：结构抗震设计一般原则之抗震构造有哪些措施？

，

所用材料等级不低于规范要求的最低等级，从而有效减小材料的脆性，计算中还应严格控制梁的相对受压区高度。砌体结构应按规范要求设置圈梁、构造柱等，有效约束砌体，提高砌体的延性和整体性。非结构构件比如框架填充墙两端应与柱有效拉结，附属构件女儿墙、雨篷、挑檐等除保证自身整体性能外，还应与主体结构有可靠连接和锚固。

篇4：GRE作文结构构造方法

GRE作文结构构造方法

GRE考试写作部分如何能让你的作文眼前一亮呢?在新GRE写作时其实不需要多么华丽的单词，只要把文章的结构把握好，才是制胜的关键。

首先要明确的一点是，新GRE写作是学术性写作，不是博文、日记、杂谈。因此，文章逻辑结构的严密和完整就成为了判分的关键。这种逻辑结构又分为段内逻辑结构和段落间逻辑结构。童鞋们要注意的是，英文写作模式和中文写作模式的根本区别在于，英文是演绎式的，而中文是归纳式的。也就是说，英文段落首先必须有主题句，然后再对该主题进行说理、分析、例证等演绎;而中文恰恰相反，先进行分析、论证，最后再总结。所以，在新GRE作文中，一个段落的打造要遵循三点：一是明确的主题句;二是足够充分的说理和支持;三是很高的集中度——一个段落只讨论一个主题，不要多主题。只要做到以上三点，那么一个段落的逻辑结构就基本成功了。

如果说段落内部的逻辑结构是拿分的基本点，那么段落间的逻辑结构就是拿高分的关键。绝大多数童鞋由于平时没有受过训练，或者由于考试时间紧张，通常并不注意段落之间的逻辑衔接。在新GRE作文判分的要求中，有一点叫做“sustainment of discussion”，即讨论的持续性，指得就是文章各个段落之间要有明显的逻辑连接，体现的方式很简单，就是多使用过渡性单词、短语和句子。

一句简单的 “As discussed above,… “ 或者 “Before I draw my conclusion, I want first ….” 可能就会让你的分数提升一个档次，因为GRE阅卷过程中的电子阅卷器(e-rater)在判分时会计算你试卷当中所有逻辑连接词的个数。

GRE issue写作优秀实例：政治领袖

题目：

Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.

不同于伟大的思想家和艺术家，最杰出的政治领袖通常都必须为了妥协而屈从于大众的意见并且放弃原则。

正文：

With the respect of history, today’s democratic structure of politic roots deeply in ancient Greek philosophers’ advocation for the respect of public and individual beings,their admiration of the egalitarian, and the eagerness for justice as well as the electoral system specially devised to surpvise those in power. The Renaissance taking place in Europe and the democratic Revolution booted up by Napoleon in France both have produced great thinkers who demand the restriction of the politicians’ power and authority, labeling the end of an era in which politicians could lay their hands on almost every objects of demand. Driven by this trend, the contemporary politicians ostensibly deprived of certain freedom enjoyed by most artists and scientists could no longer behave in the way they would like to. These people, taking the responsibility of the democratic government, are restrained from several aspects. These restriction mainly comes from the public’s desire and different groups’ attitudes.

Although being neglected sometimes, the artists and the scientists still adhere to their own responsibilities, appear undisturbed and display astonishing indifference to the public. Such right is deserved as to artists and scientists, since their insightful thoughts and complicated feeling about life far go beyond what normal people may achieve.Frustrated and deterred by these maestros, publics turn to the other extreme—ignoring these great thinkers and even cursing them as heretics that destroy the current harmony. Again, scientists and artists enjoy the freedom to obliterate the influence laid on them by the mundane world since their interests are just focused on the exploration of the purity of the truth and reciprocating the perfect memory of the past or wonderful visions about future, rather than caring for the public’s benefits.

During such process, they just jump out of the world and objectively describe it, any scorns or restrictions are treated as part of the object they are proceeding, and this is just the hits of their successes. Sometimes, certain behavior that even force the community members away from communicating with these elites are taken as pride in that artists and scientists could employ their free time to continue their interest.

On the other hand, never would the politician own such comparatively broad freedom. As for a politician, the key to success in politics is to gain and maintain political power.Such power comes from certain identification of the public morality with the politician’s private one and the balance of different groups’ benefits and demands. Consequently,the politician’s attitudes, behavior and even the life style are tightly restricted for fear that any diversion from public’s taste may conduce to losing authority which is a real tragedy for a politician. To be an effective political leader excludes the opportunity that a politician may taste the freedom of the same merits as that enjoyed by artists and scientists, the freedom characterd by consciously seperating oneself from commentary and neglecting the demands made by majority. The successful leadership could be achieved by submerging oneself into the public and being sufficiently prepared for sacrificing some freedom for the majority’s benefits.

It is always funny to imagine what will happen to a special politician who could share a scientist or an artist’s freedom. When this politician is bored at the legitimate meeting that is being broadcast by media agencies, he escape to have a chess with his child.Subsequently, critics begin to accumulate the dissatisfaction of the public to attack this leader’s lacking responsibility of the public affairs. Moreover, he may again utilize the freedom to isolate himself from the public pressure by flying out to have a summer holiday. Then, only one thing can be assured, our special politician is deprived of the right to initiate his power which is a symbol of the end of his political life.

The development of technology and recognition of our society require both politicians and insightful thinkers. However, the democratic system of our contemporary world fixes two distinct sets of freedom that could enjoyed by them. While we agree that artists and scientists enjoy the comparatively broad one, we can not expect the political leaders to have opportunity to taste it.

GRE issue写作优秀实例：新创意

题目：

Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals.When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.

真正有创意的想法并非来自于群体而是来自于个人。当群体试图创新的时候，它的成员之间会被迫相互妥协，结果就是新想法趋于弱化而更接近于传统。大部分新想法都是来自于独立工作的个人。

正文：

I agree with the speaker on that truly innovative ideas arise from individuals.Nevertheless, it is unfair to claim unilaterally that the groups tend to weaken creative ideas without thinking of their positive effects on the ideas; it is equally important for groups to examine, modify, or even reject the ideas.

First of all, truly innovative ideas are destined to arise from individuals in that inter-personal thinking process is so far impossible. This is to say, when we sit still and have a cluster of phenomena, theories, statistics and so forth of a certain issue in our mind, we are thinking it over yet with no assistance at all. After all it is impossible for one to intrude into other's mind. Following this principle, innovative ideas spark off during the process of meditation, and they are the produced by one's own effort. It is equally possible, however, for people to be inspired by each other, yet this is by no means assistance in thinking. Clues, hints, inspirations are to remind people of things ignored or taken for granted, but have nothing to do with the process of thinking, that is, to sort out the whole vision and draw conclusion. In one word, innovative ideas arise from meditation, which is solely limited within one body, one brain. Therefore innovative ideas are always the product of individual's work.

Nevertheless, it does not suggest that innovative ideas then have nothing to do with group work, and actually it is just the opposite. When a novel thought is brought up, it is of great importance to fully evaluate its validity, feasibility, and consequences if carried out. This point need no further illustration if we think of a father who resolutely stops his 6-year-old son from playing matches. The kid might have intended to try something new, driven by an innovative idea, yet the whole house might have caught fire also since the boy is incapable of dealing with accidents. This is the same case in academic fields. In a chemistry lab for example, a novel route design of synthesizing a new compound is never carried out without further evaluation. Practical conditions such as equipments, reagents, and economic efficiency, namely yield per cost, are always taken into consideration and sometimes restrict the application of those ideas.

This is to say, innovation is usually good but not always practicable. This claim is fully demonstrated in the political field. Governors of all levels must take holistic views of the situation and make balanced decision in order to avoid mistakes; innovative ideas alone cannot justify their practicability and goodwill to others. For instance, when we look back, the development of plastic industry has resulted in great loss in the global ecosystem. Thus we see the disastrous consequences of carrying out such innovative yet premature ideas.

Hence, it is necessary for the groups to assess, remedy, and conclude the value and use of innovative ideas. All innovative ideas should be brought to discussions. With the clash of skeptical attitude of others to the advocating behavior of the thinker, fallacies made in a haste can be easily found and eliminated, which rectifies, sometimes supplements the idea. I don't agree with the speaker on his/her judgment of group work as compromising, weakening and conventionalizing innovation. Group work promotes those justified and useful innovative ideas and rejects those invalid, sometimes dangerous ones, as we see the case between father and son, in a chemistry lab, in all nations around the world. Only after the group censorship can the innovative ideas be carried out and benefit people, and this is the time when its innovativeness is fully appreciated.

In conclusion, I concede that most original ideas arise from individuals, yet I believe the group effort on these ideas should never be downplayed. It is the group that judge,reject or develop these ideas; this process is equally important with the innovative thinking.

篇5：异形柱结构有哪些构造做法？

异形柱结构有哪些构造做法？

1、异形柱截面各肢肢高与肢厚之比不应大于4，且肢厚不应小于200mm，肢高不应小于500mm，

2、框架梁截面高度Hb可按（1/10~1/15）L b确定（Lb为计算跨度）,且不应小于 400mm.梁的截面宽度Bb不宜小于1/4Hb及200mm，

3、异形柱的混凝土强度等级不小于C25和不大于C50，这是由于异形柱截面尺寸薄，混凝土强度等级小于C25的话可能达不到其与钢筋之间保证粘结的要求。强度等级为C50以上的异形柱构件及结构科学研究相对较少，还不足以行成编制规程条文的基础，所以这次规程未列入。

4、异形柱截面上受力纵筋的位置如下图所示。试验和模拟计算表明这些位置上的纵筋均发挥大的作用，特别是当轴压较大时处于各肢内折角处的纵筋的作用不容忽视，一定要作为受力筋处理。

篇6：力化学作用与构造煤结构

力化学作用与构造煤结构

本文应用力化学理论和煤结构分析方法,研究了煤的力化学作用类型、力化学能量来源及煤结构演化的影响因素.探讨了构造煤形成的`力化学作用及其物理-化学动态机制,认为地质构造水平挤压应力是煤力化学作用的重要能量来源,煤体在挤压剪切作用下发生变形、破坏而形成构造煤,另一方面,力化学作用使煤分子结构发生缩聚、降解、芳构、异构和重排等化学变化.指出构造煤是力化学作用的产物,力化学缩聚和降解是构造煤演化的有效作用,构造煤是研究力化学作用机制的良好载体.

作者：张小兵张子敏张玉贵 Zhang Xiaobing Zhang Zimin Zhang Yugui 作者单位：河南理工大学瓦斯地质研究所,河南,焦作,454003 刊名：中国煤炭地质英文刊名：COAL GEOLOGY OF CHINA 年，卷(期)： 21(2) 分类号：P618.11 TD713.1 关键词：力化学构造煤缩聚降解

篇7：砌体结构圈梁有哪些构造要求？

砌体结构圈梁有哪些构造要求？

1 圈梁宜连续地设在同一水平面上，并形成封闭状；当圈梁被门窗洞口截断时，应在洞口上部增设相同截面的附加圈梁，附加圈梁与圈梁的搭接长度不应小于其中到中垂直间距的二倍，且不得小于1m；

2 纵横墙交接处的圈梁应有可靠的连接，

刚弹性和弹性方案房屋，圈梁应与屋架、大梁等构件可靠连接；

3 钢筋混凝土圈梁的宽度宜与墙厚相同，当墙厚h≥240mm时，其宽度不宜小于2h/3。圈梁高度不应小于120mm。纵向钢筋不应少于4φ10，绑扎接头的搭接长度按受拉钢筋考虑，箍筋间距不应大于300mm；

4 圈梁兼作过梁时，过梁部分的钢筋应按计算用量另行增配。

篇8：幂群的结构与构造

幂群的结构与构造

简单介绍了幂群的`性质,重点探讨了幂群的结构,在幂群的构造方面做了较为深入的研究.

作者：王开宝祝令江姚炳学王莉 WANG Kai-bao ZHU Ling-jiang YAO Bing-xue WANG Li 作者单位：聊城大学东昌学院,数学科学学院,聊城,252059 刊名：科学技术与工程 ISTIC英文刊名：SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING 年，卷(期)： 8(12) 分类号：O152 关键词：幂群正规幂群一致幂群拟商群

篇9：1A411037砌体结构静力计算原理和主要构造要求

1a411037 砌体结构静力计算原理和主要构造要求

(1)静力计算的原理

砌体墙、柱静力计算的支承条件和基本计算方法是根据房屋的空间工作性能确定的。房屋的空间工作性能与下列因素有关：屋盖或楼盖类别、横墙间距。《砌体结构设计规范》(gb 50003-2001)对砌体房屋静力计算方案和受压构件的计算高度的规定见表1a411037-1和表1a411037-2。

砌体结构房屋的静力计算方案表la411037-1

墙体作为受压构件的验算分三个方面：1)稳定性，通过高厚比验算；2)墙体极限状态承载力验算；3)受压构件在梁、柱等承压部位处的局部受压承载力验算。1)、2)都与如何确定砌体结构受压构件的计算简图有关。不同的静力计算方案(刚性、刚弹性或弹性方案)以及结构层数(单层或多层)决定其计算简图。下面以常见的多层房屋刚性方案为例，说明在竖向荷载作用下的墙体验算要点。

(4)砌体局部受压承载力计算

当砌体局部受压时，由于受周围非受荷砌体对其的约束作用，其局部抗压强度有所提高。当受到均匀的局部压力时，砌体截面的局部受压承载力按下式计算：

(5)砌体房屋结构的主要构造

砌体结构的构造是确保房屋结构整体性和结构安全的可靠措施。墙体的构造措施主要包括三个方面，即伸缩缝、沉降缝和圈梁。

砌体房屋伸缩缝的最大间距(m) 表1a411037-4

例题：影响允许高厚比的主要因素有：（）。

a、砂浆强度

b、构件类型

c、砌体种类

d、支承约束条件

e、砌块强度

答案：a、b、c、d