适用于高二或高三各期 (人教版高考复习英语下册教学论文)
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篇1：适用于高二或高三各期 (人教版高考复习英语下册教学论文)
适用于高二或高三各期
“must”表推测的反意疑问句最佳掌握法
“must”表推测的反意疑问句是高考考点之一，一般资料把它概括为三种情形：对当前状况的推测，对过去情况的推测和对现在完成情况的推测。学生对后两种情况往往难以界定。现介绍一种最简洁并确保万无一失的方法，即先将该句变成表达事实的句子，再形成反意疑问，便可得出正确形式。请看以下各例：
1. She must be in the office.
事实：She is in the office.
反意疑问: isn’t she?
2. He must go by bus.
事实：He goes by bus.
反意疑问: doesn’t he?
3. You must have seen the film last week.
事实：You saw the film last week.
反意疑问: don’t you?
4. They must have been here yesterday.
They were here yesterday.
反意疑问: weren’t they?
5. He must have waited here for a long time.
事实：He has waited here for a long time.
反意疑问: hasn’t he?
6. You must have been to the USA.
You have been to the USA.
反意疑问: haven’t you?
是不是很简单？检测一下吧。
1. Look, the road is wet. It must have rained last night, ________?
2. You must be a teacher, _______?
3. They must have finished the work, __________?
4. Why isn’t he here? He must have missed the train, ________?
5. Her eyes are red. She must have cried, _________?
Keys: 1. didn’t it 2. aren’t you 3. haven’t they 4. didn’t he 5. didn’t she
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇2：高考重点语法项目复习讲义 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
20高考重点语法项目复习讲义
--南充白塔中学新校区高三英语备课组 唐浩
第一部分：名词
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。例如：
可数名词
a.个体名词 man , woman , desk , pencil
b.集体名词 class , family , police , army
不可数名词
a.物质名词 meat , rice , cotton , iron
b.抽象名词 life ,help, happiness , sadness
掌握名词应当主要从数的概念、名词的格和名词的作用上加以考虑，其次考虑它的句法功能。
一.名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,它随语意变化而变化.例如:
I have a ruler . ( ruler 为单数名词)
I have five rulers . ( rulers 为复数名词 )
名词复数有以下几种变化形式:
1) 在名词后直接加 s 如: desk--desks , bag --bags
2) 在以 s, sh , ch , x 结尾并且发〔s 〕〔〕〔t 〕的名词后面加es 如:
bench--benches , box--boxes , brush--brushes
3）以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，应当变y为i，然后加es , 如: study --studies , baby-- babies
4) 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，一般加s ， 如：roof--roofs , belief--beliefs
但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词，需变f 或 fe为 v ,然后加 es . 这些词有：thief ,knife, wife, leaf ,wolf ,half 如：half -- halves , leaf--leaves
5) 以 o 结尾的名词， 一般直接加s , 如：photo---photos , radio --radios
但有特殊情况,中学阶段有以下几个词，需 要加 es . 这些词有：potato , tomato , negro ,hero 如：hero--heroes , negro--negroes
6) 有些名词需要改变词中的元音字母，如：man-men , woman- women , foot--feet , tooth--teeth ,goose--geese , mouse--mice ,child--children ,
7) 单复数相同的名词：deer , fish , sheep , Chinese, Japanese
二.名词的格
名词分为主格、宾格和所有格。主格和宾格与原形一致，这里主要研究所有格，所有格有词尾变化，变化如下：1）单数名词 后加“'s” 如：boy---boy's , teacher ---teacher's
2) 复数名词后加 “ ' ” 如：boys --boys' , teachers--teachers'
3) 特殊形式复数的名词需加 “'s ” 如： children ---children's , men--men's
所有格用于以下几种情况：
1) 名词是表示有生命的东西, 如 : Mary's room ( 玛丽的房间），children's toys (孩子们的玩物）
2）名词是表示时间和距离的，如：today's paper (今天的报纸），ten minutes' walk(十分钟的路）
3）专有名词 如：China's capital (中国的首都），Beijing's weather (北京的天气）
4） 介词of 可以表示所有格，它一般用于无生命意义的名词 ， 例如：the title of the film (电影的名字)，the gate of the school ( 学校的门口)
三. 名词的功能
名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语和定语。例句如下：
1. These ideas may seem strange to you .
这些想法似乎对我很奇怪。ideas 作主语
2. Both of them are doctors .
他们两个都是医生。 doctors 作表语
3. We love our great motherland .
我们热爱我们伟大的祖国。motherland 作宾语
4.We elected him monitor of our class .
我们选他当我们班的班长。monitor 作补足语
5. This is Mr Black , our department manager.
这是布莱克先生，我们部门的经理。manager 作同位语； department 作 定语
四、名词作定语
1）在现代英语中，无论是口语还是书面语，名词作定语都使用得相当普遍。名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，常表示时间、地点、功能、性别、科目 、材料等。如：
an evening paper 晚报， afternoon tea 下午茶， school life 学校生活，
Tianjin Railway Station天津火车站， a wine glass 酒杯， a shoe store 鞋店
maths teacher数学老师 sun glasses 太阳镜 a train ticket 火车票，
food industry 食品工业， an iron bridge 铁桥， a woman astronaut 女宇航员，
2）注意有些名词可以用其相应的形容词形式作定语，用来表示被修饰名词的特点或属性，要区别二者意思的不同。如：
a gold watch 金表（指手表是含金的）
a golden watch 金色的表（指表是金色的，但不一定含金）
the history teacher 历史老师
the historic May 4th Movement 具有历史意义的五四运动
3）在英语中有些词既可作名词，也可作形容词。我们可以把他们看作是名词作定语，也可以认为是形容词作定语，但意思不同。如：
an English (n.) teacher 一个英语教师
an English (adj.) teacher 一个英国教师
遇到这种情况，我们只能在一定的语境中，通过上下文，才能判断其词类，准确把握其含义
五、名词习语
某些名词可以与其他单词构成固定搭配，要注意积累有关习语，因为对名词习语的考查也是考点之一。如：do shopping 购物 ，make room 腾地方 ， make sense 有意义， make fun of 取笑， out of sight 看不见， all of a sudden 突然， 等等。
六、高考对名词的考查
近年来在高考试题中，常将名词置于具体的语境中，着重考查名词在情景交际中的运用。这是高考对语法知识考查的特点。如：
I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ________.
A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest
联系上下文的语境，该题应当选择 C。因为前句的“我会尽快调查此事”为后句的“要有点耐心”提供了具体的语言情景。
在高考题中，这种“语法，词语知识，加情景交际”的考查特点体现了英语知识灵活运用的原则，这要求我们在复习中，不仅要牢固掌握中学阶段所学的基础英语知识，还要在实践中努力提高在特定语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力。
第二部分：冠 词
（一）考纲要求
考纲规定，冠词考查基本用法，包括定冠词与不定冠词，不定冠词a与an的区别；不用冠词的情况；习语中的冠词；特指与泛指等。
（二）命题导向
冠词规则的灵活运用是高考命题的一个热点，几乎每年高考题的单项选择或完形填空都有涉及冠词的题目，不定冠词和定冠词的一些特殊用法，习惯用法及不用冠词的情况是高考重点考查的知识点。
（三）基本用法
当代语法把冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种。冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物。
1、定冠词的基本用法：
① 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths
⑩ 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.
⑾ 发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
⑿ 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
⒀ 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
2、不定冠词的基本用法：
① 泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）
⑤ 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）
⑥ 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
⑦ 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a hand to her mother. （a hand译“帮手”）
⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
3、不用冠词的情况：
① 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）
② 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
③ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.
⑤ 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?
⑥ 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?
⑦ 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）; from morning till night（从早到晚）等。第三部分：形容词、副词
比较级和最高级及其使用
形容词的比较级和最高级
说 明 例 词
一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowest cleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful, most important
副词的比较级和最高级
1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。
几个特殊的形容词和副词
原级 比较级 最高级
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
比较级和最高级的常用句型
名称 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ]+名词+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比较级+ than Health is more important than wealth.
超越 the +比较级+of the two 两者中较… 的一个 He is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no +比较级+than 和…一样不 He is no richer than I. 他和我一样不富有。
用于否定 最…不过 His work couldn't be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+比较级 （越…，越…） The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围 （…之中最…） Of all things in the world, people are the precious.
比较级结构的修饰语
1．用于原级之前：
almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
John is almost as tall as you.
The river is three times as long as that one.
We have a third as many students as we had last term.
2．用于比较级前
many, a few (用于“more +可数名词”前)
It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
3．用于形容词和最高级前
the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
This hat is by far the largest in the world.
Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .
位置与功能
高考重点要求
1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
3．注意多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
此项语法内容从1991年到达间共出现55次，可见其重要。
形容词作用与位置
1．定语。
在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。
“县官行令杀国才。”这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观 （描绘） 形（大小、形状等） 龄 （年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）
an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella
做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed , cold and hungry.
4.做宾补。
N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
well, ill ，faint
③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
④复合形容词的形式问题。
an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man
副词的位置
1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.
2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之后。
He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.
3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）
He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）
第四部分：动词归类复习
一、连系动词类
①变化类: become get turn grow make come go fall
②感官类: look sound feel taste smell
③显得类: seem appear look
④状态类: keep stay remain lie sit stand (prove turn out)
二、使役、感官动词类: see look at watch notice observe let make have/get hear listen to feel
提示：吾（五）看三室（使）两厅（听）一感觉
三、主动表被动: sell wash burn cook cut drive dress play last open write start run read act draw
提示：说明主语的特点、性质、状态
四、只接动名词做宾语的词/词组: consider suggest/advise look forward to excuse/pardon admit put off/delay/postpone fancy avoid miss keep/keep on practice deny finish enjoy/appreciate forbid imagine risk can’t help mind allow/permit escape
提示： 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
① “to”作介词 get down to devote… to lead to be/get/become used to
go back to object to adapt to owe … to
② 带有介词in succeed(in) spend/waste time(in) be busy(in)
have a good/hard time(in) have difficulty/trouble(in)
③ give up dislike feel like insist on can’t stand understand
④“值得”be worth=deserve be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done
⑤ It is no use/good It is of little use/good It is useless
五、只接不定式作宾语的词/词组: decide/determine learn want expect/hope/wish refuse manage care pretend offer promise choose plan agree ask/beg help
提示：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
此外：seem attempt fail happen afford strive（努力）
make up one’s mind to be determined to would/should like/love to
make great efforts to
六、接动名词、不定式意义不同的词：forget remember regret go on mean stop try can’t help (can’t help but do = can’t but do = can’t choose but do = do nothing/have nothing to do but do = have no choice but to do sth = have to do sth.)
七、不带不定式作复合宾语: hope agree suggest demand imagine
八、宾语不同、语态不同、但意义相同: “需要” need require want
九、接宾语和宾补、形式不同:allow permit forbid advise consider
十、接虚拟语气的词: insist order command advise suggest propose recommend demand ask require request
提示：一坚持，二命令，四建议，四要求
第五部分：动词词义辨析
动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。
（一）易混动词
1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：
中 文 原 形 过 去 式 过去分词 现在分词 说 明
放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词
躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词
说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词
2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。
3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。
4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）
5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。
6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。
7、bear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。
8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.
9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。
10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。
11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。
12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。
13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。
14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。
15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。
16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。
17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.
18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.
19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.
20、begin与start
begin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。
21、allow 与permit
allow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.
22、find与found
find找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
23、speak, say, talk 与tell
英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldn’t tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said …。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。
24、excuse me 与sorry
excuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。
25、care for 与care to do
care for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。
26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);
27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。
28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with …
29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to …
30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in …
（二）动词短语
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：
1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。
(I)动词+副词(不及物)
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。
(2)动词+副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。
(3)动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She's got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4)动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hear from收到…的来信，hear of听说。 ②look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。
(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 ②put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。
(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。
(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。②break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。
第六部分：高考时态、语态复习
直接考查时态、语态知识的试题主要体现在单项选择和改错两个题型中，而且几乎每年都会考到，因此必须将时态、语态问题作为复习的重点内容，务求达到深刻理解，熟练运用。近年来高考命题的特点是，在特定的语言环境中考查对时态、语态的理解。试题的意图往往隐蔽、迂回，迷惑项的设计技巧很高，容易干扰考生的思维。如果没有对时态概念的深刻理解，没有对语言应用环境的综合分析，便会对试题感到困惑。下面就相关知识进行一下全面总结：
一、时态
英语动词用不同的时态表示不同时间所发生的动作，动词通过不同形式的变化表示不同的时态。英语动词的时态总共有十六种。现以动词work为例，列表如下：
时 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 work
works
过去 worked
had worked had been working
将来 shall
work
will shall
be
working
will shall
have worked
will shall
have been
working
will
过去将来 should
be
working
would should
have
worked
would should
have been
working
would
常用10种时态：
1、一般现在时
1）表示经常发生的动作、习惯性行为，表示现状、特征或真理、永恒的客观事实。
My neighbor does outdoor exercises every morning.
My uncle is a mechanic. He fixes cars.
Do they know each other? Yes, they do./No, they don’t.
2) 在复合句中，当描述将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时。
When she arrives, I’ll let you know.
I’ll stay back in case he needs my help.
在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
3）表示已安排、计划妥当的，十分确定的将来的动作或状态，用一般现在时替代将来时，但仅限于go, come，leave, arrive, start, begin, return等少数动词。
The train from Harbin arrives at 5:30 this afternoon.
2、一般过去时
1) 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：…three days ago, the other day, last year等等。
She regretted telling Jane about her own affairs.
Doctor Chen married very late.
2) 在复合句中，当描述过去将来的事情时，条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去将来时。
She would give me a gift when she came again.
3、一般将来时
表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出将来的时间。
若表示“打算、准备、计划、即将”可以用be going to 替代shall、will；若表示预定的或安排好要做的事或表示命令、要求等，可以用be + 不定式。
When are you going to answer him?
The meeting is to be held next Monday.
4、过去将来时
表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作。常常有过去的动作陪衬。
He said he would not come home that day.
5、现在完成时
表示到说话时刻为止已经做或尚未做过的动作。常用already, yet, so far, by now, since two days ago, for a few days 等词语作状语。
注：give, see, come, arrive, leave，begin, start, finish, join, become, borrow, lend, die, end 等点时间动词可以用于完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时的 since和for 短语连用，因为点时间动词不能延续，而在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的for短语连用，因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。
Mike has come for a year.( 〤)
Mike has been here for a year( √)
Mike hasn’t come for a year.（√）
6、过去完成时
表示截止到过去某一时刻或在过去的动作之前已经做或尚未做的动作。
By (=up to )last weekend we hadn’t got any information.
When he appeared, we had waited for 30 minutes.
7、现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。
What are you digging for, for gold?
The manager is studying the contract.
有时用现在进行时替代一般将来时表示不久将要发生的动作，主要用于 come, go, leave, arrive, start 等动词。
The train is leaving in 5 minutes.
8、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间内正在进行的动作。句中经常有过去的点时间或过去动作陪衬。
At 9：00 last night I was watching football on TV.
They were having a discussion the whole morning yesterday.
He went towards the fire, which was still smoking.
9、现在完成进行时
表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在还在进行的动作。
You have been working for hours. You should stop to have a rest.(=…stop for a rest.)
10、过去完成进行时
表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间还在进行的动作。
When the secretary come in and interrupted us, we had been talking for an hour.
【时态主要考点】
1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别。
上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。
①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。
In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.
②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况：a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。
----Would you go to see the film with me this evening?
----Sorry, I have seen it before.
b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since, so far 一类时间状语。
I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)
③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
2. 进行时态的两种概念
现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。
①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。
1）Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
2）I’m getting on well with my English.
过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。
I was doing my homework this time yesterday.
Mother was cooking when I came home.
②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。
He is writing a new novel these days.
The workers were building a bridge last year.
3. 将来时的五种动词形式
1.will(shall)+动词原形。
1）Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.
2）The light is on . I will turn it off . ( 表临时性的决定)
2.be going to + 动词原形，用以表示“打算做某事”或“已经有迹象将要发生的情况。
1）I’m going to cut this tree down.
2）It is going to rain. (有迹象表明将要下雨，可翻译成“ 可能” )
3.be to +动词原形，用以表示按照计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止, 必要性。
1）The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.
2) If you are to be expected by others , you should expect others first .
4.will be doing，在当代英语中用以表示纯粹的将来。
Who will be taking over her job?
Everybody else will be wearing jewellery.
5.用进行时的动词形式表示将来的概念。这种用法通常仅限于瞬间动词，因为瞬间动词不可能有“进行”的概念，所以不会产生歧义。
How many of you are making the trip?
Is anybody seeing you off?
6. 用一般现在时态表示按时刻表等的安排即将发生的动作。
You needn’t be in a hurry .The train leaves at six.
二、语态
语态指主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式用被动语态。
1 被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are+ 过去分词
人们利用电能运转机器。
People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn't.
2.一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+过去分词
下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won't.
4.过去将来时 should/would +be+过去分词
他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。
He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren't.
5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+过去分词
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't .
6.过去进行时 was/were +being+过去分词
当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn't.
7.现在完成时 have/has +been+过去分词
他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.
8.过去完成时 had +been+过去分词
到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn't.
9.将来完成时will have +been+过去分词
The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won't.
10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+过去分词
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：
1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn't.
2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +过去分词”和“be to be+过去分词”。如：
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
This question is to be answered by Mr. Smith.
3.被动语态除常用“be+过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
他已被检查过了。 不能说：He had been being examined. （×）
而应说：He has been examined.
当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。
不能说：He will be being examined when we get there.（×）
而应说：He will be examined when we get there.
2 被动语态的应用
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
This book has been translated into many languages.这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。
2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。
A new railway will be built in our hometown.我们家乡将建一条新铁路。
3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。
注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。
3 主动形式表被动意义
在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。
1.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write, blame , ride :
等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily, badly或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。
注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。
The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。
The clothes aren’t well washed. 这些衣服没好好洗。
2.一些固定句型表示被动含义
a. be worth doing sth
The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。
b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。
I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。
c. need/want/require doing = need /want/require to be done
The room needs cleaning.= The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。
d.下列不定式用主动形式：
There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。
I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。
The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。
I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。
This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。
注：有些不及物动词容易被误用被动语态，如take place, belong to, consist of, prove等。
Taiwan belongs to China. 台湾属于中国。
Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years. 过去中国发生了巨大变化。
The UK consists of Great Britain and North Ireland. 英国包括大不列颠和北爱尔兰。
This plan proved unpractical. 这计划证明是不切合实际的。
第七部分：非谓语动词考点一网打尽
非谓语动词是历年各地高考命题必考的语法项目，也是中学阶段最难掌握的一个语法知识。纵观历年高考中对非谓语动词的命题，可以归纳出以下的考查热点，希望能帮助同学们很好地复习并攻破这个难关。
考点一：非谓语动词否定形式的考查
动词不定式的否定形式通常是在动词不定式前加not或never。 动词ing形式的一般式的否定形式通常是在分词前加not或never；完成式中如果是never，则在having后加never，其余情况还是在having前加not。
【考例】
（1）The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET）
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
（2）______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. （广东）
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(3) Victor apologized for __________ to inform me of the change in the plan. （2004上海春）
A. his being not able B. him not to be able
C. his not being able D. him to be not able
考点二： 非谓语动词时态和语态的考查
1. 动词不定式有一般式、完成式、进行式；动词ing形式有一般式、完成式、完成进行式；过去分词只由一种形式。
【考例】
（4）- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ( 江苏卷)
- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
2. 动词不定式和动词ing形式的被动形式有一般式的被动形式和完成式的被动形式。
【考例】
（5）As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting___________.（2006湖南）
A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using
（6）After he became conscious，he remembered________ and________ on the head with s rod.（2006江西卷）
A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit
C. attacking；be hit D. having been attacked；hit
(7) It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness______ . （2006江西卷）
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
考点三：非谓语动词逻辑主语的考查
非谓语动词中的动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作状语，一般情况下，要和句子主语保持一致，即它们之间存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
【考例】
（8）Faced with a bill for ＄ 10,000,________. （2006陕西卷）
A. John has taken an extra job
B. the boss has given john an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken
D. an extra job has been given to John
（9）Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.（2004上海）
A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
（10）In order to improve English, . (上海)
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes
B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself
C. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny
D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny’s father
考点四：动词不定式和动词-ing作主语或表语的考查
表示具体的或某一次动作或将来的动作用动词不定式；表示一般的或泛指的或习惯性的动作用动词-ing。有时候为了保持句子平衡，也可以用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词-ing、动词不定式后置。
【考例】
（11）It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _________ the answers ready will be of great help. （北京）
A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having
（12）I think you’ll grow ________ him when you know him better. （2005江西）
A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking
（13）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET）
A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen
考点五：动词-ing和动词不定式作宾语的考查
1. 能跟动词-ing或动词-ing的复合结构作宾语动词或动词短语有：
admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, dislike, enjoy, escape, deny, consider, mind, finish, permit, imagine, risk, prevent, suggest, lead to, look forward to , put off, keep on, give up, insist on 等。
【考例】
（14）- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ( 2006江苏卷)
- My goodness! I can’t imagine _________ that old.
A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
（15）The parents suggested ___ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip. ( 2006上海春招)
A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept
2. 只跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有：
ask, attempt, afford, agree, choose, expect, determine, manage, pretend, plan, desire, hope, decide, want, intend, refuse, would like, make up one’s mind等。
【考例】
（16）I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _______ talking while she works. （2006北京卷）
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work ; to stop
（17）I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
3. 疑问词+动词不定式作宾语
【考例】
（18）I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job. （NMET）
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
（19） Mother didn’t know _______ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. (2002NMET)
A. who B. when C. how D. what
4. 动词-ing和动词不定式作宾语意义截然不同的考查
在下列几组动词及动词短语后跟动词-ing和动词不定式意义截然不同：
remember to do(记得去做)，remember doing（记得做过）, forget to do（忘记去做）forget doing（忘记做过），regret to do（遗憾地做），regret doing（后悔做了）, try to do(设法去做)，try doing（试做）, mean to do（打算做），mean doing （意味着）， go on to do（继续做另一件事），go on doing（继续做同一件事），can’t help doing（禁不住），can’t help do（不能帮忙做）
【考例】
（20）If you think that treating a woman well means always_______ her permission for things, think again. （2006湖南）
A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting
（21）When asked by the police, he said that he remembered __________ at the party, but not _______（2005北京）
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive, to leave
C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
5. to是介词,后用动词-ing作宾语的几个动词短语
to是介词的短语很多，常见的有look forward to(盼望), devote to（致力于）, be/get used to（习惯于）, lead to（导致），引起, get down to（静下心来做）, pay attention to（注意）, refer to（谈到）, turn to（转向）, object to（反对）, belong to（属于）等等。
【考例】
（22）Isn't it time you got down to________ the papers? （2006重庆卷）
A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking
（23）The discovery of new evidence led to______. （2003上海）
A. the thief having caughtB. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
6. 要接动词-ing的含有介词的几个句型的考查
介词后一般跟动词-ing作宾语，但有时候介词可以省略，这类句型有：
prevent/stop/keep sb. from doing（阻止……做……）; spend/waste time(money) (in)doing（在做……方面花/浪费时间）; How/What about doing（做……怎样？）; have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing(在做……方面有困难); have a hard time doing（做某事困难）; There is no point (in)doing（做……没有意义）， be busy doing（忙于做……）等
【考例】
（24）Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time________ the exam. （2004福建）
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
（25）According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _________ TV. （2004上海）
A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch
考点六：非谓语动词作主语补足语和宾语补足语的考查
1. 在be said, be reported, be believed, be supposed, be thought等后常用动词不定式作主语补足语。
【考例】
（26）AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. （2006湖北卷）
A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been
2. 通常跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：
ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, order, advise, force, cause, allow, forbid, warn, remind, permit, would like/love , prefer等等。
【考例】
（27）My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. （2004北京）
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
3. 感官动词hear, listen to, see, watch, notice , observe, look at等和使役动词let, have, make后可以跟省to的动词不定式作宾补，在被动语态中用带to的不定式作主语补足语。
【考例】
（28）While watching television, __________. （2005全国卷三）
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
（29）If anyone happens to drop in while I am out,________ him or her leave a message. （2005福建）
A. have B. get C. ask D. tell
4. 感官动词后跟分词和动词不定式作宾补的区别
如果感官动词后的宾语和分词之间是主谓关系或表示正在进行的动作或动作的一个片断，则用现在分词；是主动关系又表示全过程时，则用省to的动词不定式；如是被动关系，且动作已经完成，则用过去分词。
(30) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year. （NMET2000）
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
(31) The missing boys were last seen __________ near the river. (NMET1994)
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
5. 可以用分词但不用动词不定式作宾补的几个动词
keep（让），find（发现）, catch（碰见）等几个动词后常跟现在分词或过去分词作宾补，不跟动词不定式作宾补。
【考例】
（32）A cook will be immediately if he is found _______ in the kitchen. (NMET2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
（33）He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. （2004北京春）
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
6. 可用现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式作宾补的几个动词：
leave, want, get，可跟现在分词和过去分词以及带to的动词不定式作宾补；have后可跟现在分词、过去分词和省to的动词不定式作宾补。
【考例】
（34）Don’t leave the water _______ while you brush your teeth. (2004天津)
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
（35）You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _________often enough. （2005天津）
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
考点七：非谓语动词作状语的用法比较
1. 动词不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
动词不定式表结果状语、往往表示出乎意料的，令人不快的结果，不定式所表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词后，其前常有only, 也可用于一些固定句型，如：too…to…, enough to…等；现在分词表示结果状语，几乎和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，表示的是一种必然的结果。
【考例】
（36）He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. （2006陕西卷）
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
（37）Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. （2005山东）
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
2. 只用动词不定式作状语的几种情况
在作表语的形容词后或作宾补的形容词后作原因状语；在句首、句中作目的状语只能用动词不定式，也可和in order, so as 连用，但so as to do 一般不放到句首。
【考例】
（38）You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
（39）All these gifts must be mailed immediately _______ in time for Christmas. （2005辽宁）
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
(40) this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. （2006广东卷）
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
3. 不用动词不定式作状语的几种情况
虽然非谓语动词都可以在句中作状语，但它们之间也存在很多区别。有的情况，如：表示时间、伴随、让步、方式、原因状语时，只能用分词而不用动词不定式作状语。
【考例】
（41）Don't sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with this table. （2006湖北卷）
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
（42）______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. （2006福建卷）
A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed
（43）__________ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （2005湖北）
A. Being separated B. Having separated
C. Having been separated D. To be separated
4. 连词+ 现在分词/过去分词作状语的考查
有时候为了使分词表达的含义更为准确，常在分词前加上一个相关的连词，如when, while, unless, if, though等等。
【考例】
（44）When_______ help, one often says “ Thank you. ” or “ It ’ s kind of you. ” （2005福建）
A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered
(45) When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. ( 2006浙江卷)
A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
5. 形容化的分词（短语）作状语
英语中有些形容词化的过去分词（短语），常省略be动词，在句中作状语。常见的有：be lost in, be faced with, be located in, be dressed in, be tired of等等。
【考例】
(46) __________in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （2005湖南）
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
(47) _____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国Ⅰ)
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
(48) ______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. ( 2006四川卷)
A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
考点八：非谓语动词作定语的考查
1. 动词不定式作定语，常位于所修饰的名词、代词后，表示将来要发生的动作。如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后还应跟上相对应的介词。当动词不定式和所修饰的名词、代词是动宾关系，又和句子主语是主谓关系时，常用其主动形式。
【考例】
（49）The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in . ( 2006四川卷)
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
(50) Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one . (2006安徽卷)
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
2. 现在分词和过去分词作定语
现在分词的一般式作定语，表示主动、正在进行的动作，过去分词作定语，表示被动或完成的动作。（注：现在分词的完成式不作定语。）
【考例】
（51）The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket__________ the desert.（2006湖南）
A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover
（52）There have been several new events ________ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. （2006北京卷）
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
考点九：非谓语动词特殊形式的考查
1、动词-ing的复合结构的考查
动词-ing复合结构常由名词所有格、名词普通格、形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格+动词-ing构成，在句中可以作主语、宾语。作主语时只能用名词所有格或形容性物主代词+动词-ing结构。
【考例】
（53）It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration. （2006陕西卷）
A. accept B. accepting
C. to accept D. accepted
（54）______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.（2003上海春）
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attendedD. The president's attending
（55）I really can't understand ______ her like that. （2005安徽）
A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
2. 非谓语动词的独立主格结构的考查
非谓语动词作状语，一般情况下要和句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，但有时候非谓语动词也可以带有自己的逻辑主语，可以与句子主语不一致，构成“with +宾语+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词”的复合结构，with可以省略。
【考例】
（56）I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _________.（2005北京）
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
（57）I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_________ in a year. （2005湖南）
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
3. 非谓语动词作评注性状语的考查
英语中，有的非谓语动词作状语，它们和句子主语之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，只是在句中起评注性的说明作用,如： generally speaking, judging from/by, to tell the truth, considering, given 等等。
【考例】
（58）_________, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. （2005全国卷三）
A. General speaking B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
第八部分：情态动词用法归纳
一．shall和will的用法
1、shall 用在第一、三人称，will 用于第二人称表示“征求意见”。
Shall I go now?
Shall we invite her, too?
Will you help me with the work?
Shall the reporters wait outside or what?
2、shall表示依据规定有义务去做。
Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the bus is moving.
3、shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的许诺、威胁、警告、命令等。
You shall have an answer by tomorrow.
If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas.
If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party.
4、would 可以表示过去的习惯（would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在）
He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here.
The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon.
When we were children, we would go skating every winter.
5、will可以表示“愿意”，而非将来:
I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。
Go where you will. 到你愿意去的地方。
We’re going on a climbing trip. Come if you will.
6、will可以表示倾向、习惯（总是会，老是等意思）
Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning.
Oil and water will not mix.
This machine won’t work.
二、can/could 的用法
1、表示具备某种能力。
The nine-year old boy can swim across the river.
Can you swim across the river?
We couldn’t get the truck to start.
2、表示“征询对方意见”和“允许”（could 语气委婉）。回答不用 could.
Can /could I smoke here? Yes, you can. No, you cannot.
Could you tell me where John is?
3、表示“可能性”。（否定句疑问句常见,肯定句也可以）
Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。
That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother.
三．may/might 的用法
1、表示“征询对方意见”和“允许”。
May I turn on the TV?
Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.
No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not.
You may go home now.
2、表示可能性，“也许”。常用于肯定句。
You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。
He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。
They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。
四．must的用法
1、表示“必须”。
Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders.
2、表示推测，只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could：
There must be a mistake.
Can/Could there be a mistake
There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake.
He must be over sixty now.
They must be watching the news now.
They can’t/couldn’t be watching the news now.
3、注意must 的回答：
Must the ladies wear dresses?
yes, they must. No, they don’t have to. / they needn’t.
Can/May I come in? No, you can’t / mustn’t.
4．表示禁止。
Children mustn’t go across the street alone.
五．表示“推测”的表达法总结
（1）表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。
（2）对已经过去的情况的推测，用“情态动词＋have+ done”结构：
① must have done 过去一定已经…（只用于肯定句中）
② can’t / couldn’t have done 过去不可能--- （表示否定）
③ may/might have done 可能已经----
④ needn’t have done 本来不必做---
⑤ could have done那时本来可以…（在肯定句中，不可用can)
⑥ should have done 本来应该做---（实际未做）
⑦ shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have done 本不应该做-----（实际做了）
例如：
He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。
The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。
He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。
She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。
We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion.
You should have come here ten minutes earlier.
She should / ought to have gone there alone.
六、need的用法
1、作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。
You needn’t try to explain. Need we stay here this evening?
2、Need 作为实意动词可用在所有句型中。
She needs to come tomorrow.
You don’t need any help from others. Do they need this?
七、dare的用法
1．做情态动词，通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中。
Dare he swim across the river?
He dare not come to see me.
How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼！
2．做实意动词：
Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗？
He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。
八．should/ought to的用法
两者大多数情况下可以互换。
1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。如：
You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.
This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.
2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。
This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。
If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，John现在马上就应该到了。
3、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：
What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了？－我怎么知道？
It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。
Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你？
第九部分：倒 装 句
1. 倒装句的定义
英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。
2. 倒装句的构成
a) 完全倒装
将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：
Now comes the chance. 机会来了。
b) 部分倒装
只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：
Has he come? 他来了吗？
3. 倒装的原因
a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：
Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗？
b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：
Long live peace! 和平万岁！
Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。
c）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：
Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。
Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。
4. 倒装句的基本用法
a) 构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外）：
When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?
b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中:
Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。
Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了！
c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:
Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。
Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。
d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如little, few, seldom, scarcely, hardly, never, rarely, not, no, none, nothing, 等）放在句首时:
Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。
Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。
Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。
Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。
e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:
He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。
He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.
他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。
f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首:
Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .
他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。
So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小，他几乎看不见。
5. 其他
1. 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中，如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语不可倒装。例如：
There he comes. 他来了。
Away they hurried. 他们急忙走开了。
2. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，例如：
He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。
如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：
His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。
“He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。”
3. 某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如：
No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn't like to read it．
不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。
However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.
篇3：语法复习主谓一致 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习专题主谓一致
一、考点聚焦
1、语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 The number of students in our school_________1,700.
Mary and Kelly________ alike.
2、意义上一致
（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。
The crowd ______ runing for their lives.
单数形式代表复数内容的词有people、police、cattle等。
（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
The news is very exciting.
形复意单的单词有new、works（工厂）、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physics、poli-tics、economics等。
3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词or、either … or、neither … nor、not only … but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
Eg.Either you or I________ mad.
4、应注意的若干问题
（1）名词作主语。
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。 My family_________going out for a trip.
The whole family _________ watching TV.
这类词常有audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等。
Population和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattle、oxen只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。
A sheep ________over there. Some sheep________over there.
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。 My uncle’s________not for from here.
常见的省略名词有the baker’s 、the barbar’s、the Zhang’s等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：
Richardson’s_________a lot of old goods to sell.
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。
Thirty years ________ passed. Five minutes _______enough to finish the task.
⑥不定代词each、every、no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Each boy and each girl in my class ________a dictionary.
⑦如果主语有more than one … 或many a … 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，它的谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student _____ seen the play.
Many a boy________ bought that kind of toy.
但是，“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of、a pair of、a series of等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 A pair of shoes ________ on the desk.
⑨this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语动词；短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人），但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数，all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：
This kind of men _______dangerous. Men of theis kind/sort ________dangerous.
⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all、such、these、those修饰时，谓语用复数。
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，反之用单数。
All of my students work hard. All of the oil _______gone.
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
Between the two windows __________an oil painting.(hang)
（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。
①用and或both … and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。
Truth and honesty ________the best policy.
To love and to be loved _______the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early _______a good habit.
A knife and fork_________ on the table.
②当主语后面跟有as well as、as much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、except、besides、including、in addition to等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则”。
③以or、either … or、neigher … nor、not only … but also等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则”。
（3）代词作主语。
①名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。 Ours (Our Party) ________a great Party.
Your shoes ________ white, mine (= my shoes)_______ black.
②such、the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Such ________our plan. Such _________ his last words.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。 Who lives next door? It________Xiao Liu.
Who lives next door? It __________Wang and Li.
⑤不定代词any、either、neither、none、all、some、more等作主语时，要注意下列情况：
（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.
（B）其后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。
Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.
（4）分数、量词作主语。
①“分数或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：
Lots of damage_________caused by flood.
A number of students ________ gone to the countryside.
A large quantity of people _________needed here.
Quantities of food (nuts) ________ still on the table.
②a great deal of、a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
③表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
One and a half apples________ left on the table.(be)
④half of、(a)part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数。
(5)名词化的形容词作主语。
如果主语由“the + 形容词（或分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如the unknown、the beautiful等。
（6）从句作主语。
①由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。
What we need _________more money.
What we need__________ more people/teachers.
②在“one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如one前有the only则用单数形式。
This________one of the most interesting stories that ______been told by my father.
She_________the only one of the girls who_________late for class today.
（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；There be句型中be的单复数取决于be后的第一个词的数。
There ______a book, two pens on the desk.
There ______two pens, a book on the desk.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1.-Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _________to go to university.
-So do I .(上海 ) A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped
解析：答案为B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one、the other、another以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除A。选项C是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项D。
2.The number of people invited _________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.（NMET ）
A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were
解析：答案为C。本题考查the number of和a number of 的区别。“the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是number,“a number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心词是of后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇4：语法复习：句子成分+常用句式 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习：句子成分+常用句式
一、句子成分
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
练习一
1、用符号划出下列短文各句中的句子成分：
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
2、给下列文字加上标点符号。
During a bullfight a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring the crowd began to shout but the drunk didn't realized the danger the bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap the bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk the crowd suddenly grew quiet the drunk however seemed quite sure of himself when the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass the crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed by this time however three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
The answer: During a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. The crowd began to shout, but the drunk didn't realize the danger. The bull was busy with the matador (斗牛士) at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was wearing a red cap. The bull forgot all about the matador and rushed to the drunk. The crowd suddenly grew quiet. The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the bull got close him he stepped aside to let it pass. The crowd burst into cheers and the drunk bowed. By this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk outside. even the bull seemed to fell sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically(同情地) until the drunk was out of the way before once more drew its attention to the matador.
二、常用句式
按句子的用途可分四种：
1） 陈述句（肯定、否定）
否定句型
一般否定句：（改为否定句）
He dares to tell the truth. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth.
He used to live in a quiet village. He used not to live in a quiet village.(He didn’t use to)
He has two brothers. He doesn’t have two brothers./He has not two brothers.
He has two pieces of bread for breakfast. He doesn’t have two pieces of bread for breakfast.
He has to copy other’s idea. He doesn’t have to copy others’ idea.
半否定句
We hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little Spanish. I saw few people.
特指否定
I don’t think/believe/guess/suppose/imagine you are right.
部分否定
All the answers are not right
All is not gold that glitters
I don't know all of them.
I can't see everybody/everything.
Both of them are not right.
2) 疑问句型
反意疑问句及回答
He is a teacher, isn't he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
It isn’t that cheap, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t
You must have told lies yesterday at the court, didn’t you?
否定疑问句及回答
Haven’t the police found the murderer? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t
3).祈使句：
祈使句的反意疑问句及回答Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class; You, clean the kitchen today. Will you?
4）感叹句：
The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）How brightly the moon is shining!
按句子的结构可分三种
（一） 简单句
I、主语+谓语：
It is raining now.
We've worked for 5 hours.
The meeting lasted half an hour.
Time flies.
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.
1. 让我们立即行动起来. (act)
Let’s act at once/ immediately
2. 乌云低沉沉的,天下着大雪.(hang,)
Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.
3. 恰好他身边有钱. (happen)
He happened to have some money with him.
4. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容. (appear)
Gradually a smile appeared on her face.
5. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校. (hurry)
I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.
6. 他满面笑容. (smile)
He is smiling all over his face. OR: He wears a smile on his face.
7. 我英文学得不错. (do)
I did well in English.
II.主语+系动词+表语：
常见的系动词有： be, look, feel, prove, sound, taste, smell, seems, appear, stay, keep, go, come, get, turn, become, remain等。
1. 从自行车上掉下来, 他受了伤. (get)
He fell of his bike and got hurt.
2. 他提的意见证明是正确的. (prove)
His advice proved (to be) right.
3. 商店开到八点. (stay)
The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
4. 机器出了毛病. (go)
The machine went wrong.
5. 这些努力似乎全都白费了. (seem)
All these efforts seem in vain
6. 这话听起来有道理. (sound)
These words sound reasonable.
7. 房里一会儿就挤满了人. (become)
The room soon became crowded.
III、主语+谓语+宾语： 可分为以下几种情况：
⑴ 主语+谓语+宾语
⑵ 主语+谓语+宾语(人+物)
间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来）， give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等。
⑶ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
1. 祝一路平安.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
2. 你让我等了三个钟头。
You keep me waiting for three hours.
3. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。
He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.
4. 给我几分钟考虑一下。
Give me a few minutes to think.
5. 我去开门。
I’ll go and answer the door.
IV. “There be” 的句型（即 there be +主语+地点/时间状语），其中be 动词可以有各种时态变化，可替代的词有：used to be, seems to be, happen to be, live, stand, lie, sit, come, seem, exist.
There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
There came a shout for “help”.
There must have been a village here.
1. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化. (be)
Recently there have been great changes in this village.
2. 恰好河上有座桥. (happen)
There happens to be a bridge over the river.
3. 过去这条河上有座桥. (used to)
There used to be a river over the river.
4. 他的回答应该没有什么可怀疑的。（should）
There should be nothing doubtful.
5．山顶上有一个塔. (stand)
There stands a tower on top of the hill.
6．十字路口处站着一个警察. (stand)
There stands a policeman at the crossing.
（二） 并列句
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
（三） 复合句
综合填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. and B. but C. so D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or B. so C. for D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
31. Excuse me for breaking in,_____ I have some good news for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
32. The Parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
33. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday, _______?
A. had you B. hadn't you C. did you D. didn't you
34. ______ some of this juice--perhaps you'll like it.
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
35. One more week, _________ we will accomplish the task.
A. or B. so that C. and D. if
36. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _____?
A. didn't they B. don't they C. mustn't they D. haven't they
37. Be sure to write to us,______?
A. will you B. aren't you C. can you D. mustn't you
38. ______from Beijing to London!
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
39. Don’t smoke in the meeting-room, ________?
A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you
40. Bill’s aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising TV is illegal, ______?
A. isn’t it B. is it C. isn’t he D. is he
41. There are eight tips in Dr Roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ______ to bed early unless you think it is necessary.
A. doesn’t go B. not to go C. not going D. don’t go
42. ________ straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it.
A. Go B. Going C. If you go D. When going
1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
31-35 CBDBC 36-40 D ADBA 41-42DA
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇5：高三语法复习： 状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三语法复习：
状语从句
1.时间状语从句。
引导时间状语从句的有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…等。
（1） When, while和 as
When既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用与主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重动作的持续性和对比性。如：While I was sitting there, he told me an interesting story．as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。并常用来表示两种发展变化中的情况。
When they came home, I was cooking dinner.
She watched TV while (she was) eating.
As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
(2) 时间状语从句还有几个特殊的引导词。
如：every time, each time, next time, the day, the year, the minute, the moment 和副词immediately, directly, instantly等.
a.Every time I saw him, I would like to listen to his songs.
b.I came to the house the moment he was about to leave.
c.I recognized her the minute I saw her.
d. He left Europe the year World War II broke out.
e. My sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.
f. The machine will start instantly you press the button.
(3) since 和 before 的用法异同。
It is/ has been + some time+ since+ sb did sth.
It was / is / will be + some time+ before sb did/ do sth
It is just a week since we arrived here.
It’s a long time since I met you last.
How long is it since you were in Ningbo ?
It was years before I came back from abroad. It will be five years before we meet again.
It wasn’t long before he came back..
since 其后的动词不同,起算的时间也不同.
since + 瞬间动词过去式 (从该动作发生时算起)
since + 持续性动词的过去式 ( 从该动作结束时算起)
He worked very hard since he entered the factory.
We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory.
(从我不在厂工作以来……)
She has never been to visit me since I was ill. (病愈以来)
(4)till& until意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用until；在强调结构或与not连用时多用until。例如：Nothing can be done till/ until the boss returns.
I waited for him until he came back.
He didn’t go to bed until he had finished the work.
Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
(5) no sooner…than, hardly…when和scarcely… before相当于as soon as之意, 其引导的从句中谓语动词要用 had done。当 hardly, scarcely和 no sooner置于句首时,语气较强, 主句的谓语要部分倒装. 例如:
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.
No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.
2. 地点状语从句由where或 wherever引导，在主句前，后均可．
where 表特指，wherever表泛指
I found the books where I left them.
Make a mark where you have any questions.
Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
(1) 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。如：
Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
Wherever there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.
(2) where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。Where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词,而在定语从句中 where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。 如：
Go back where you came from
Go back to the village where you came from.
Bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy.
Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.
3. 原因状语从句because, since, as, for,
because表直接的原因,语气最强.
since “既然”:一般放在句首,表已知的原因,全句重在交代结果,语气比because弱.
as 放在句首或句末,说明因果关系,语气较弱,重点在主句,译作“由于”for表间接原因，用来补述内容．放在主句后.语气最弱.
Since (As) it was raining, you ‘d better take a taxi.
Because he is ill, he is absent today.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
As he is from the south, he is unaccustomed to the dry weather in Beijing.
在强调句型中,引导从句只能用because, 不能用 since或as.
It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.
4. 条件状语从句
引导词: if, unless, so/ as long as用一般现在时表示一般将来时
In case anything important happens, please call me up.
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
if only(要是…就好了; 但愿) 常表示愿望或一未实现的条件,尤用于感叹句.
If only he arrives in time!
If only I had met him earlier!
If only it would stop raining!
on condition(that)=provided (that) =providing (that) ( 假若; 倘使)
supposing (that) =if
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.
I’ll go providing my wages are paid.
Supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?
*在条件状语从句中,如果条件状语从句的主语同主句主语一致或是无人称代词, 从句的谓语动词或助动词 be, 可将从句的主语和动词 be一起省略.
If (it is) necessary, I’ll go with him.
If (it is) important, I’ll write this article.
目的和结果状语从句
目的:so that… in order that… ( 情态动词)
结果: so that, so/ such… thatHe studied even harder so that he might catch up with the top students in a possible short period.
He studied even harder so that he caught up with the other students.
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.There are so many people in the room that we could’t get in.
方式状语从句
方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as, just as, as if, as though 等引导。
注意:
1) as 表行为方式
2) as if 引导的从句表示与事实相反或不可能实现时,从句用虚拟语气。
比较状语从句
引导词: than, as… as,
the more… the more…He didn’t do as much as he had
promised.
Now we can produce much more
steel than Japan.
The higher you stand, The farther you will see.
注意被比较的内容应一致
The weather here is hotter than that( = the weather) in your hometown.The girls in your class are more active than those in our class.
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇6：南京高二英语专项训练 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
2南京高二英语专项训练
005-10-30
非谓语动词
基础过关题
1.Mike didn’t start ____ the importance of a foreign language till he graduated from school.
A. knowing B. to know C. know D. to have know
2.------- Why was a special meeting called ?
------_____ a new chairman.
A. To elect B. Electing C. Our electing D. Elected
3.----- Why did Bob sweep?
------He couldn’t bear _____ like that before the whole class.
A. making fun of B. being made fun of C. to be laugh at D. being made fun
4.At the shopping center ,he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy ; leave B. to be bought ; left C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave
5.The students are forbidden , unless they have special passes ,_____ after 11 pm.
A. to stay out B. from staying out C. staying out D. not to stay out
6.The policeman put down the phone ,____ with a smile on his face.
A. satisfied B. satisfying C. to be satisfied D. having satisfied
7._____ , your composition is full of mistakes.
A. Writing carelessly B. Written carelessly
C. Having written carelessly D. Being written carelessly
8.She made a candle , ____ us light .
A. give B. gave C. to give D. given
9.------What do you suppose made her worried ?
----- _____ a gold ring.
A. Lose B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
10.I know it’s not important , but I can’t help _____ about it.
A. to think B. and think C. thinking D. being thought
11.The food _____ at the moment is for the dinner party .
A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked
12. A kind old gentleman offered ____ my bags to the taxi stand .
A. his help carried B. carrying C. me to carry D. to help to carry
13. I could feel the wind ____ on my face from an open window .
A. to blow B. blowing C. to be blowing D. brown
14. ------What terrible weather ! I simply can’t get the car ____.
----- Why not try ____ the engine with some hot water.
A. started ; filling B. start ; filling C. started ; to fill D. to start ; fill
15. Nearly every great building in Beijing was built _____ south.
A. to face B. facing C. to have played D. being facing
16. As I am away for at least a year , I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then _____ me how everyone is getting along.
A. hearing ; tell B. to hear ; tell C. hearing ; telling D. to hear ; to tell
17. Such _____ the case , I couldn’t help but _____ him.
A. being ; support B. is ; to support C. has been ; supporting D. be ; supported
18.At the shopping center ,he didn’t know what ____ and ____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy ; leave B. to be bought ; left C. to buy ; left D. was to buy ; leave
19. In some parts of London, missing a bus means_________ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
20. When_______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
21.In order to make our city green, _________.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
22.The teacher asked us ____ so much noise.
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
23. ______time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
24.Mr. Smith, ______of the ______speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring ; bored C. tired ; bored D. tiring; boring
25.They're not very good, but we like______.
A. anyway to play basketball with them B. to play basketball with them anyway
C. to play with them basketball anyway D. with them to play basketball anyway
26.He sent me an e-mail, ________to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
27.One learns a language by making mistakes and _________them.
A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct
28. Prices of daily goods _________through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
29. You will find the word “psychology” _____ under “P” in the dictionary.
A. have listed B. list C. listed D. listing
30.Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his mother that he was wrong.
A. admitting B. admits C. admit D. to admit
能力提高题
1.- What do you think made Mary so upset? (上海)
-______her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
2.The computer center, _____last year, is very popular among the students. (NMET 1997)
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
3. Finding her car stolen, _________.（. 上海）
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman
4 He hurried to the hospital ____ his breakfast ____.（NEPCS. 江苏初赛卷）
A. left… unfinished B. leaving… unfinished C. leaving…unfinishing D. left… unfinishing
5.______ mud on his trousers brushes off easily.
A. Drying B. Having dried C. Being dry D. Dried
6. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster ______if a mirror was broken.
A. was certain of striking B. was certain of having struck
C. was certain to be struck D. was certain to strike
7.Though ______money, his parents managed to send him to university. (.上海.33)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases________ only to people, with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known . C. to be known D. known
9. He had no money _____ a birthday present for her children.
A. to buy with B. buying C. bought D .with which to buy
10. A doctor can expect ____ at any hour of the day or night .
A. calling B. to call C. being called D. to be called
11. With his son _____ , the old man felt _______.
A. to be disappointed/disappointed B. disappointing/disappointed
C. being disappointed/disappointed D. to disappoint/disappointed
12. It was ______ computer games that cost the boy a lot of the time that he ought to have spent on his lessens.
A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played
13.And there , almost_____ in the big chair , sat her little brother , who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost
14. _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
15. From the dates ____ on the gold coins, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago .
A. marking B. marked C. to be marked D. having been marked
16. The students expected there _____ more reviewing classes before the final exams.
A. is B. to be C. being D. have been
17.____ all over the hill and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds.
A. To grow B. Growing C. Grown D. Grow
18. You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had _____ her children .
A. brought up B. to bring up C. bringing up D. to have brought up
19. ------ Where should I send my form ?
------ The Personnel office is the place _____ .
A. for sending it B. to send it to C. to send D. to send it
20. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _______in making the earth a better place to live. 【.上海春招，38】
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
21. Tony was very unhappy for _______to the party. 【2000.上海.40】
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
22. ]______ the airport, I found Mary ______ to meet me.
A. On reaching, waiting for B. On arriving at, waiting
C. Getting, to be waiting D. Arriving in, to wait
23.The weather is ________ cold.
A. freezing B. frozen C. freeze D. froze
24.________ what he was asked to, he decided to stay behind.
A. Having not finished B. Not finished C. Not having finished D. Not finishing
25.How fine ______ hands like a man.
A. your B. it is to have C. you have D. are you
26.The mother heard her son shouting and ______ out as quickly as possible.
A. go B. went C. going D. gone
27.Robert is said ____ abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in .
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studied
28. ____ some of this juice- perhaps you’ll like it. ( NMET2000 年)北京、安徽春招)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Having tried
29. There are five pairs ____ , but I’m at a loss which to buy. ( NMET99上海高考)
A. to be chosen B. to chose from C. to choose D. for choosing
30. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key________ the problem is to meet the demand_______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C to solve; making D. to solve; made
高考冲刺题
1.Which do you enjoy ____ your weekends, fishing or watching TV?
A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend
2.____ Sunday , the students are at home.
A. Being B. To be C. It is D. It being
3. All the things ____ , his proposal is of greater value than yours.
A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. consider
4. He hurried to the station ,____ the 9:30 train had already left .
A. to find B. found C. only to find D. only finding
5. _____ time and labor ,cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.
A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved
6. The story ____ by the writer is very _____ with many middle school students in China.
A. . /… popular B. written… welcome C. writing… agreed D. wrote… pleased
7. Can you imagine a little boy ____ a stranger _____ into the house and _____ a box away?
A. notice… enter… steal B. watching… come… taking
C. found…going…get D. seeing… steal… carry
8.____ what he had done, he hung his head and said nothing.
A. To be asked B. When asked C. Having asked D. When asking
9. ____he said _____to hurt you.
A. That , didn’t mean B. Which, meant C. What, didn’t mean D. As, meant
10.He made another window ____ more air.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. be getting
11. I was much disappointed to see the watch I had had ______stopped again.
A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired
12.There is something wrong with the machine. Can you get it _____?
A. gone B. to go C. going D. to be going
13. His house was damaged by a ________ tree on a stormy night.
A. fallen B. falling C. to fall D. fell
14.The teacher forbids______ during the examination.
A. talking B. to talk C. us to talk D. A or C
15.At his appearance on the stage again, they had _______ feelings of ______ and joy.
A. mixing, surprising B. mixture, surprised C. mixed, surprise D. mix, surprise
16. She dislikes _______ in public.
A. to be made fun of B. being made fun C. being made fun of D. to be made fun
17. We must________ pollution ________ more happily.
A. prevent, from living B. stop, living C. prevent, to live D. keep, living
18.The girl spent as much time as she ______ her lessons.
A. could going B. could go over C. went over D. goes over
19.He stood on the roof for a while and then ______ down.
A. jumping B. to jump C. jumped D. was jumping
20. I was cycling in the street when I heard an old woman _____ out a _____ cry and then saw her bleeding badly.
A. give, frightening B. give, frightened C. to give, frightening D. to give, frightened
21.She looked forward to his coming back as much as he himself ______ her.
A. to see B. to seeing C. saw D. seeing
22. Friendship is like money: easier made than ________. (2003 .上海春招, 35)
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
23._______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president's attending
24.Unless________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
25. The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
26.Generally speaking, ____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
27An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ____ clear warnings before firing any shots. (2003.上海,43)
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
28. ____the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
29. As we joined the big crow I get _____ from my friend.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
30. How about the two of us _______ a walk down the garden.
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
Keys. 基础过关题1-5 BABCA 6-10 ABCCC 11-15 DDBAB 16-20 CACAA
21-25 DDDAB 26-30 BBBCC
能力提高题 1-5 CDDBD 6-10 DCDDD 11-15 BBDCB 16-20 BBCBB
21-25 DBACB 26-30 BABBB
高考冲刺题 1-5 BABCA 6-10 ABCCC 11-15 DDBAB 16-20 CACAA
21-25 DDDAB 26-30 BBBCC
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇7：高考常见词组辨析 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高考常见词组辨析专题
1. must和have to
这两个词均表示“必须”，must常偏重主观意志，而have to偏重客观需要。must一般只用于一般现在时和将来时态，而have to则有更多的时态。例如：
We must get up at six o’clock every day. 我们每天必须六点钟起床。
It is no time, we have to get up in a hurry. 没有时间了，我们必须快点起床。
We must follow the Party forever. 我们必须永远跟着党走。
He said he would have to go with her the next day. 他说他第二天得和她一道去。
2．almost 和nearly
这两个词意思均为“几乎”、“差不多”。但从程度的角度上说almost更接近些，感情色彩也更浓。在与表示否定意义的词never、nobody、no one、nothing、nowhere、none连用时，要用almost，不能用nearly。但可以说not nearly，而不能说not almost。例如：
It’s nearly time . 时间快到了。
It’s almost time. 时间马上就到了。
Almost nobody knew the accident that happened in the street yesterday.
几乎没有人知道昨天发生在街上的那起交通事故。
3 . the number of 和 a number of
the number of 意为“……数目”，用单数谓语动词。a number of 意为“许多的”、“一些”，用复数谓语动词。例如：
A number of students visited the factory last month. 上个月许多学生参观了那个工厂。
The number of the students of our school is more than three thousand. 我校学生的人数是三千多。
4. go to sleep 和 go to bed
go to sleep 意为“入睡”，指睡着了，表示状态。go to bed 意为“去睡觉”，指上床去睡觉，表示动作。例如：
We usually go to bed at eleven. 我们通常十一点上床睡觉。
I found that he had gone to sleep. 我发现他已经睡着了。
5. receive 与 accept
receive（vt.）意为“接受”，没有主观色彩，指收到了送来的东西。accept（vt.）意为“接受”，指乐意接受，强调主观愿望。例如：
She received a gift from him, but she refused to accept it.
她收到了他的礼物，但她拒绝接受。
I received a letter from America yesterday. 昨天，我收到了一封来自美国的信。
I accepted the advice of his. 我接受了他的建议。
6. at the end of 和 in the end
at the end of 意为“在……的末尾”、“在……的末端”。in the end意为“最后”、“最终”是finally和at last的同义词。例如：
After ten months, he finished his work in the end. 十个月以后，他最终完成了工作。
There is a shop at the end of the street. 在街的尽头有一家商店。
7 well和good
两词均译为“好”。当两词都为形容词时，good常用作定语。如用作表语时，后面常与介词for连用。well为形容词时， 多用作表语，指身体好。也可用作定语。例如：
Spring is a good season. 春天是个好季节。
Milk is good for children. 牛奶对儿童有益。
When I saw him, he looked well. 我见到他时，他显得很健康。
He is not a well man. 他不是一个健康的人。
well还为副词，而good的副词也是well。例如：
He finished his homework well. 他的家庭作业完成得很好。
8. sleep和asleep
sleep(v.) 动词“睡觉”。asleep(adj.)形容词“睡着的”、“沉睡的”，只用作表语，表示某人睡着了。也常置于名词后，作补语。例如：
The baby sleeps well. 这个婴儿睡得很熟。
Mother is asleep in the next room. 妈妈在隔壁房里睡着了。
asleep也常与fall连用。例如：
he has fallen asleep. 他已经睡熟了。
9. have been to 和 has gone to
have been to… “曾到过……”指曾到过某地，说话时人已经回来。have gone to “到……去了”指已到某地去了，说话时，人已不在这里了。例如：
I have been to Japan. 我曾到过日本。
You can’t see him. He has gone to Tianjin. 你见不到他了， 他已经去天津了。
10. sometimes、sometime和some time
sometimes（adv.）意为“有时”、“不时”是频度副词，用作状语。sometime（adv.）意为“某时”、“日后”，副词，用作状语。some time意为“一些时候”，副词短语，用作状语（也可用作名词性短语）。例如：
I have been waiting for you for some time. 我已等了你一些时候了。
I’ll come to see you sometime next week. 下周，我会来看你的 。
Sometimes I get up late, sometimes I get up early. 我有时起得早，有时起得晚。
11. in the corner 、on the corner 和at the corner
三个词均为“在……角”。in the corner 为“在……角里”；on the corner为“在……角上”“在……拐角上”； at the corner为“在……角边”。下图可表示三个词的区别：
in the corneron the corner (on)at the corner
例如：The bank is on (at) the corner. 银行就在拐角上。
In the corner of the office stands a desk, on the corner of which lies a bag.
在办公室的角落有一张桌子，在桌角上放着一个口袋。
corner作“拐角”解，与之搭配的介词，美国英语多用on，英国英语通常用at；corner作角(即180o以内的角)解时与之搭配的介词用in，在……内部的“角”，习惯上用in the corner of….
例如：误：The girl sat at the corner in the classroom
正：The girl sat in the corner in the classroom.
那个女孩子坐在教室的角落里。
训练1、Don’t sit the corner of the table.
A. on B. in C. to D. at (A)
2. The boy sat _____ the corner of the room.
A. at B. in C. on D. to (B)
3. People came _____ the four corners of the earth.
A. in B. at C. from D. on (C)
4.The house stands ____ the corner.
A. from B. to C. in D. on (D)
典型错误例析
1. 承蒙相助，不胜感激。
误：That’s very kind to you to help me.
正：That’s very kind of you to help me.
析：在得到对方帮助、善待时， 你要表示自己的感激之情，常用 That(It) is very kind of you (to do sth.)。而be kind to 意为“（某人）对（某人）好”。
2．我想尽可能早点见到他。
误：I would like seeing him as soon as possible.
正：I would like to see him as soon as possible.
析：would like =’d like, 用来表示“想要、希望、愿意“，后跟动词不定式，不跟动名词。
3．我对他的汉语有些担忧。
误：I’m worried for his Chinese.
正：I’m worried about his Chinese.
析：“对……担忧”应用 be worried about 。
4．两个月太长了。
误：Two months are quite a long time.
正：Two months is quite a long time.
析：表示重量、时间、长度、价值等的名词作主语，尽管是复数形式，但仍作为一个整体看待，动词一般用单数形式。如：
Ten dollars is enough. 十美元够了。
5．全家人打算在那儿呆两个月。
误：The whole family are going there for two months.
正：The whole family is going there for two months.
析：在这里family指整个家庭，所以动词用单数形式。试比较：My family are very well. 我全家都很健康。（这里指家庭成员，动词用复数）
6．我看见他们正在踢足球。
误：I saw them play football.
正：I saw them playing football.
析：在see、hear、watch等动词后，既可接不带to 的动词不定式，又可带现在分词作宾语补足语，但它们所表示的意义不同。用不定式时说明动作发生了，即动作的全部过程结束了。用现在分词表示动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束。
7．我对科学感兴趣。
误：I’m interesting in science.
正：I’m interested in science.
析：interesting “令人感兴趣的”，可用作标语，其主语是物，也可以用作定语，修饰人或物。interested“感兴趣的”，常用于be(become) interested的结构，主语是人。
8．她没乘车去，而是步行的。
误：She went there on foot instead by bus.
正：She went there on foot instead of by bus.
正：She didn’t go there by bus. She went there on foot instead.
析：instead“代替”，表示前面的事情没有做，而是做了后面的事，一般位于句首或句尾，但不能位于句中，且不能接并列成分。instead所在的那个句子一般是肯定形式，前面的那个句子一般是否定形式。而instead of具有否定意义，后可接一个并列成分。
9．那个男孩有那么多奇怪的问题。
误：The boy had such many strange questions.
正：The boy had so many strange questions.
析：表示“这样（那样）多”，可用so many（用于复数可数名词）或so much（用不可数名词）。它们是固定搭配，so 不能用such代替。
10．请让他把音量调小点儿。
误：Ask him to turn off it, please.
正：Ask him to turn it down, please.
析：表示通过使用开关或调节器，将电器或类似用品（收音机、电视机等）的声音、亮度等调低、关小，用turn down, 其中down是副词，若是代词作宾语时，则要把代词放在turn和down之间。
11．下周我将乘飞机去上海。
误：I’ll fly to Shanghai by air next week.
正：I’ll fly to Shanghai next week.
正：I’ll get to Shanghai by air(plane) next week.
析：fly to some place =go to some place by air(plane), 它不能再与by air 连用，以免重复。
12．我每周看一次电影。
误：I go to the cinema once every week.
正：I go to the cinema once a week.
析：表示在一段时间内出现一定的次数，用“次数+一段时间”这一结构。如 twice a week(month、year) 每周（月、年）两次。
13．包里装满了书。
误：The bag is full with books.
正：The bag is full of books.
正：The bag is filled with books.
析：be full of =be filled with, 意为“某容器装满了某物”，其主语多为容器。
14．我们每个人都有一本词典。
误：Each we have a dictionary.
正：We have a dictionary each.
正：Each of us has a dictionary.
析：each可用作同位语，放在主语、助动词、连系动词之后或句末，谓语动词用复数形式。each of 可和人称代词的宾格连用，谓语用单数形式。
15．手术持续了五个小时。
误：The operation kept five hours.
正：The operation lasted for five hours.
析：动词last可用来表示某事物持续存在下去，也可用于下列情况：某物的数量达到在需要的一段时间内够用，即可说那样东西持续（多长时间）。而keep为“保存、保持”之意，与题意不符。
16．你知道他们的飞机什么时候离开北京吗？
误：Do you know what time does their plane leave Beijing?
正：Do you know what time their plane leaves Beijing?
析：宾语从句不论其原来结构如何，都使用陈述句语序，即：不颠倒主谓语，也不另加助动词。
17．昆明的天气比兰州的好。
误：The weather of Kunming is better than Lanzhou.
正：The weather of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou.
析：在比较句型中，比较的内容应前后一致。本句是拿“昆明的天气”与“兰州的天气”比较，而不是与“兰州”这个地名相比较。
18．他告诉我们太阳是圆的。
误：He told us that the sun was round.
正：He told us that the sun is round.
析：在含宾语从句的复合句中，主句是一般过去时，从句可根据需要选用过去的某种时态,但从句若陈述的真理性、普遍性的事情等时，则常用一般现在时。
19．没有消息就是好消息。
误：No news are good news.
正：No news is good news.
析：news尽管看上去是复数形式，但常用作不可数名词，后面的谓语动词要用单数形式。
20．那台电视机现在立在我们起居室的角落里。
误：That TV set is now standing at the corner of our sitting room.
正：That TV set is now standing in the corner of our sitting room.
析：“在室内角落处”应说in the corner; 而at(on) the corner (of)表示“在（街、墙）的拐角处”。
21． 他正在忙着做家务。
误：He is busy to do his housework.
正：He is busy doing his housework.
正：He is busy with his housework.
析：be busy doing 表示“忙于做……”，doing不能改为to do; be busy with 也表示“忙于做……”，但后面只能接名词，不能接动词的“-ing”形式。
22．我不得不告诉你这件事，对吗？
误：I had tell you about it, hadn’t I?
正：I had to tell you about it, didn’t I
析：have to 意为“不得不”，其疑问句式的构成不能用have，而要根据不同的人称和世态，选用助动词do 、does 或did。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇8：新目标八年级英语上册语法复习(人教版高二英语下册教学论文)
新目标八年级英语上册语法复习
1) leave的用法
1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如：
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的？
2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如：
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京？
2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：
How should I know? 我怎么知道？
Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？
should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如：
We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。
例如：
You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.
如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如：
We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
3) What...? 与 Which...?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问
职业。如：
What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？
该句相当于：
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...? 是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...? 是特指，
所指的事物有范围的限制。如：
What color do you like best?（所有颜色）你最喜爱什么颜色？
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow?
你最喜爱哪一种颜色？ （有特定的范围）
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如：
Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国？
4) 频度副词的位置
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些： always（总是，一直）
usually（通常）
often（常常，经常）
sometimes（有时候）
never（从不）
2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如：
David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学经常迟到。
b.放在行为动词前。如：
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。如：
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I ride a bike.
有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
3.never放在句首时，主语、谓语动词要倒装。如：
Never have I been there.我从没到过那儿。
5) every day 与 everyday
1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。如：
We go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day.
我决定每天读英语。
2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.
她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么？
6) 什么是助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的
动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，
例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here?
你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do忘记要去做某事(未做)；forget doing忘记做过某事(已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，
因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而
自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
2.remember to do记得去做某事(未做)；
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8) It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如：
easy, hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，
如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
9) 对两个句子的提问
新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作
法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如：
句子：The boy in blue has three pens.
提问：1. Who has three pens?
2. Which boy has three pens?
3. What does the boy in blue have?
4. How many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。再如：
句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.
提问：1. Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
2. Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
3. What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
4. With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?
5. What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?
6. When does he usually go to the park with his friends?
10) so、such与不定冠词的使用
1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如：
He is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如：
It is such a nice day.
That was such an interesting story.
11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况
1.在进行时态中。如：
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。如：
There is a boy swimming in the river.
3.在have fun/problems结构中。如：
We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
4.在介词后面。如：
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball？
5.在以下结构中：
enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事
finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
go on doing sth 继续做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth
看到/听到/观看某人做某事
try doing sth 试图做某事
need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
miss doing sth 错过做某事practice doing sth 练习做某 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth
禁不住做某事
12) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如：
he,she, it，my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）
3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。如：
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。
如：
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。
I 名词复数的规则变化
1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如：
pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers
desk---desks tree---trees
2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。如：
class---classes dish---dishes
watch---watches box---boxes
3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词，词尾加-es。如：
potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes
Negro---Negroes hero---heroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。如：
family---families dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities country---countries
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。如：
half---halves leaf---leaves
thief---thieves knife---knives
self---selves wife---wives
life---lives wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves loaf---loaves
但是：
scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs
serf---serfs gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
II 名词复数的不规则变化
1.将-oo改为--ee。如：
foot---feet tooth---teeth
2.将-man改为-men。如：
man---men woman---women
policeman---policemen postman---postmen
3.添加词尾。如：
child---children
4.单复数同形。如：
sheep---sheep deer---deer
fish---fish people---people
5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。
即“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。如：
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
American---Americans Australian---Australians
Canadian---Canadians Korean---Koreans
Russian---Russians Indian---Indians
6.其它。如：
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让
hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割
get→getting 取、得到
sit→sitting 坐
forget→forgetting 忘记
put→putting 放
set→setting 设置
babysit→babysitting
临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物
trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止
drop→dropping 放弃3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游
swim→swimming 游泳
run→running 跑步
dig→digging 挖、掘
begin→beginning 开始
prefer→preferring 宁愿
plan→planning 计划
15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any。如：
There are some birds in the tree.→There aren't any birds in the tree.
但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。如：
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。如：
I have a knife and a ruler.→I don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如：
They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）→They don't have many friends.
There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）
→There isn't much orange in the bottle.
4.already变为yet。如：
I have been there already.→I haven't been there yet.
16) in与after
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。如：
He will leave for Beijing in a week. 一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。如：
He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京。
不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。如：
We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
I'll visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll visit him twice in a week. 一周内我会去拜访他两次。
17) 不定冠词a与an的使用
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is a “b” in the word “book”. 单词book中有个字母b。
类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。
She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。
2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：
There is an “i” in the word “onion”. 单词onion中有个字母i。
类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。
Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗？
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a.如：
a useful book
a universe
a one-letter word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an honest person
18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”？
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：
1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如：
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。
2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如：
The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。
The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。
3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。如：
Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。
dress 也可作不及物动词，表示衣着的习惯。如：
The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。
4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如：
John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。
The man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别:
1. a little 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。如：
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。
还可以接形容词。如：
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。如：
There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”，后接形容词。如：
It's a bit cold. 有点冷。
a bit of 后接不可数名词。如：
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。
4. a little和a few表肯定意义，little和few表否定意义；如：
There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。
There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。
Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有
点儿”。
20) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。如：
Do you like the color? 你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。如：
She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）
like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。如：
Would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶吗？
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如：They all like me to sing/singing English songs.
他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。
2、like 作介词，可译成“像......”。如：
She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。
It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。
3、区分以下句子：
A. What does he look like? 他长相如何？(指一个人的外貌特征)
B. What is he like? 他人怎么样？ (指人的性格特点)
C. The boy like Peter is over there. (句指外貌相似)
D. A boy like Peter can't do it. (指性格相似)
21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如：
The students stop to listen to their teacher.
学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如：
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”
和 go on doing sth “继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。如：
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.
他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。
They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。
22) tell, speak, say 与 talk
1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”，指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲
述一件事。如：
He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.
他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。
Father always tells interesting stories to us.
爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。
tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如：
He told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。
tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如：
David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。
2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”，后面主要接语言。如：
He can speak English and a little Chinese.
他能讲英语和一点汉语。
speak to 意为“和.....讲话、谈话”。如：
Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗？
speak of 意为“提到、说起”。如：
The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。
3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”，如果只有一方对另一方说话时，一般用 talk to；
如果双方或多方交谈，多用 with。如：
Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。
He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。
talk about 意为“谈论......”。如：
They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。
have a talk with 意为“与......交谈”。如：
Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗？
4. say 意为“说”。如：
Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗？
say to 意为“对......说”。如：
He said to his students that they would have a test.
他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。
It is said that... 意为“据说”。如：
It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.
据说他能呆在水里很长时间。
23) Excuse me! 与 I'm sorry!
1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了！对不起！”，一般是为了与陌生人搭话，或者要打断对方所说（做）的事。如：
Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood?
请问，附近有旅馆吗？
Excuse me, could I say something? 打搅一下，我能说一些吗？
2. I'm sorry! 意为“对不起！”，表示道歉。如：
I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again.
对不起，张先生。我不会这么做了。
24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at
in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词（组）连用。
1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如：
in the morning 在上午 in May, 在五月
in a week 在一周之内（后）
It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days.
现在是星期天，我能在两天后完成。（星期二）
Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。
2. on 主要指在具体的一天。如：
on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在“五一”节
on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午
He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004.
他于204月26日到达北京。
3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如：
at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午
I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。
It's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。
25) Other及其用法
Other 及其相近的词（组），如 others, the other, the others, another,
any other 等，一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题，平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法：
1、other 指其余的人或物，所有格是 other's，复数形式是 others;the other
指“两个人或物中的另一个”，其复数形式是 the others;others相当于“other + 名词”，所以不能充当定语，修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分，但不是全部的，即 some...others （一些...其余的人...）;the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部，即some...the others.
2、another泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由 an 和 other 合
并构成，所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词，比如：another pencil.
3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”，后面要用名词的单数形式。
26) look 短语
常见的look短语有以下这些：
1.look at 朝......看 (look at=have a look at)
Please look at the map of China.请看中国地图。
2.look for 寻找
The old man is looking for his dog. 老人在寻找他的狗。
3.look like 看起来像
Nancy looks like her mother. 南希看起来像她母亲。
4.look the same 看上去一样
Li Ping and Li Jing look the same. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。
5.look up 查找
Please look up the word in the dictionary.请在词典中查找这个单词。
6.look over 仔细检查
The doctor looked over Mary carefully. 医生仔细检查了玛丽。
7.look after 照顾，照看
You must look after your old father. 你必须照顾你的老父亲。
8.look around 到处寻找、查看
We looked around, but we found nothing strange.
我们四处查看，但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。
27) too，also与either
1.too用于肯定句和疑问句，一般放在句尾，其前常加逗号。如：
We are in the same school, too. 我们也在相同的学校。
Do you play soccer every day, too? 你也每天踢足球吗？
2.also用于肯定句和疑问句，一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如：
Sandra is also a Korean student. Sandra 也是一个韩国学生。
3.either用于否定句，一般放在句末。如：
They don't know the answer, either. 她们也不知道答案。
4.as well as也有“也”的意思。如：
We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.
He is a happy boy as well.
28) hard与hardly
1.hard既可作形容词，也可作副词。如：
It's a hard (adj.) question. (=difficult) 这是一个难的问题。
The boy studies very hard (adv.). 那男孩学习非常努力。
句子结构：It's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。如：
It's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难。
注意区分：hard work 困难的工作
work hard 努力工作
3. hardly是频度副词，表示否定的意思。（=almost not）通常用在形容词、
副词和动词之前。如：
I can hardly see it. 我几乎看不到它。
29) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times
记忆：sometimes(有时)some times(好几次)sometime(某一次)some time(一段)
口诀：分开是一段，相连为某时。分开s是倍次，相连s为有时
1.sometime是时间副词，指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间（某时候或任何时候），不指一段时间。如：
We'll go to Beijing sometime next month.
我们下个月某一时候会去北京。
2.sometimes是频度副词，指“有时”、“不时”的意思（=at times）。如：Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning.
有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。
3.some time是名词词组，指一段时间（一些时间或若干时间）。如：
It took him some time to finish the book.她花了一些时间去完成作业。
4.some times指“几次”。如：
He met the woman some times last month. 上个月他见过那妇女几次。
30) exercise的一些用法
1.作不及物动词，译为“运动，锻炼”。如：
David exercises every morning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。
2.作及物动词，译为“训练”。如：
Swimming exercises the whole body. 游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。
3.作名词，译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。如：
It's good to do eye exercises every day.
每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。
Please do more exercise from now on. 从今以后请多做运动吧。
I have lots of homework to do tonight. 今晚我有很多的作业要做。
4.注意：exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词，复数形式为exercises；
泛指运动时是不可数名词。
31) maybe与may be
1.maybe是副词，译为“也许、可能”，相当于“perhaps”。如：
Maybe he can answer the question. 也许他能回答那个问题。
He maybe is from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
2.may be中的may为情态动词，译为“可能是......”。如：
He may be from the USA, too. 他可能也来自美国。
She may be our English teacher. 她可能是我们的英语老师。
32) same与different
1.same指“相同的”，前面通常要有一个定冠词the，但是如果same前面已
经有this，those等词，就不能再与the连用了。如：
We are in the same class. 我们在同一个班级。
结构：the same as 与......一样 如：
His mark is the same as mine. 他的分数和我的分数一样。
2.different译为“不同的”，其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如：
We are in different classes. 我们在不同的班级。
结构：be different from 与......不同 如：
This sweater is different from that one. 这件毛衣与那一件不同。
different的名词形式为difference, 复数形式为differences。
33) 动词want的用法
1. want sth. 想要某物
They want some help. 他们需要一些帮助。
2. want sb. to do sth. 想要某人去做某事
My father wants me to help him on the farm.我父亲要我在农场上帮他。
3. want to do sth. 想要做某事
I want to study English in England. 我想要在英国学习英语。
4.want doing 需要...
Your sweater wants washing. 你的运动衣该洗了。
34) be good(bad) for、be good at的相关用法
1.be good for 对......有益
Doing morning exercises is good for your health.
做早操对你们的建康有益。
2.be good at 擅长于......
Li Ping is good at basketball. 李平擅长于篮球。
= Li Ping is good at playing basketball. 李平擅长于打篮球。
be good at = do well in 如：
I'm good at math. = I do well in math. 我擅长于数学。
3.be good to 对......好
Parents are always good to their children.
父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。
35) how many与how much
1.how many表示“多少”，对数量提问，后面接可数名词的复数形式。如：
There are four people in my family.
---How many people are in your family? 你家里有几个人？
We have seven classes every day.
---How many classes do you have every day? 你们每天上几节课？
2.how much也是表示“多少”，但它对不可数名词进行提问。如：
There is some milk in the bottle.
---How much milk is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少牛奶？
3.how much还可以对价格提问，表示“多少钱”的意思。如：
The yellow T-shirt is only 35 yuan.
---How much is the yellow T-shirt? 那件黄色的T恤衫多少钱？
36) with的几个用法
1.with表“和、同、与”。如：
Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗？
2.with表“用、以、被”。如：
Don't write with the red pen. 不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。
3.with表“随着”。如：
Climate varies with the time of the year.气候随着时令的不同而不同。
4.with表“带有、有......的”。如：
The girl with long hair is my classmate. 长头发的女孩是我的同学。
5.with表“因为、由于”。如：
They were angry with hard work. 他们因为艰难的工作而生气。
6.一些with结构： play with 与......一起玩
be angry with 对......生气
talk with 与......交谈
get on well with与......相处融洽
37) a lot of(lots of)与many,much
1.a lot of意为“许多、大量”,相当于lots of.它既可以修饰可数名词，又
可以修饰不可数名词。如：
I have a lot of friends in China. 我在中国有很多朋友。
The old man has lots of money. 那位老人有很多的钱。
2.many意为“许多”.它用来修饰可数名词。如：
Do you have many beautiful skirts? 你有很多漂亮的裙子吗？
3.much意为“大量”.它用来修饰不可数名词。如：
There is much water in the lake. 湖里有大量的水。
4.a lot of（=lots of）用在肯定句中，而many，much不受限制。如果将一个含有a lot of（=lots of）的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句，要将它们
改为many或much。如：
We can see a lot of birds in the tree.
---We can't see many birds in the tree. 我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。
He wants lots of soda.
---Does he want much soda? 他需要许多汽水吗？
38) help用法举例
help既可以作名词，也可以作动词。
1.help作名词，意为“帮助”。如：
He needs some help. 他需要一些帮助。
2.help作动词，也是“帮助”的意思。如：
Can you help me? 你能帮帮我吗？
3.help的结构：
help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
=help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事
如：They want to help the boy carry the heavy box.
=They want to help the boy with the heavy box.
他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。
39) well的用法
well可以作副词，也可以作形容词。
1.well作副词，意为“（某事干得）好”。如：
The boy draws very well. 男孩画得很好。
2.well作形容词，意为“健康、安好”。如：
I'm not feeling well. 我觉得不舒服。
40) ago与before
ago与before都表示“......以前”，但用法有所区别。
1.ago意为“以前”，表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子
中。如：He took a photo a week ago. 他一周前照了一张相片。
2.before作为副词时表示：
a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中。如：
The boy had already seen the comedy before.
那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。
b.笼统的“以前”，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中，一般单独使
用，而ago不可以单独使用。如：
He's read this novel before. 他以前读过这部小说。
41) need的用法
1.need作实义动词，意为“需要”。如：
Do you need to stay at home? 你要呆在家里吗？
2.need作情态动词，一般用于对must的否定回答。如：
---Must he leave now? 他必须离开吗？
---No, he needn't. 不，他不必。
3.区分：
a.need作实义动词。
He needs to go.
He doesn't need to go.
Does he need to go?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn't.
b.need作情态动词，一般不用于肯定句。
He needn't go.
Need he go?
Yes, he need./No, he needn't.
42) decide的几种句式
1.decide to do sth 决定去做某事
They decide to fly kite on weekend. 他们决定在周末去放风筝。
2.decide on doing sth 决定做某事
They decide on flying kites. 他们决定放风筝。
3.decide on sth 就某事决定......
Betty decided on the red skirt. 贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。
4. decide的名词形式为decision，
结构：make a decision，意为“做决定”。如：
He has made a decision. 他已经做一个决定了。
43) too many,too much与much too
1.too many意为“太多”，用于修饰可数名词的复数。如：
There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。
2.too much意为“太多”，用于修饰不可数名词。如：
We have too much work to do. 我们有太多的工作要做。
3.much too表示“太”，用来修饰形容词或副词。如：
The box is much too heavy, so I can't carry it.
箱子太重了，所以我搬不动它。
44) can的用法
1.表示能力。如：
We can carry the heavy box. 我们可以搬得动箱子。
Who can sing an English song? 谁会唱英文歌？
2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如：
Can it be true? 这会是真的吗？
You can't be serious? 你不会当真吧？
3.表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。如：
Can I smoke here? 我可以在这儿吸烟吗？
Can I go with him? 我可以跟他一起去吗？
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇9：语法复习六：状语从句 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习六：状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
e.g. Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
7. Where there is water, there is life.
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.
9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.
10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.
12. I will find her wherever she may be.
13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.
14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
15. We must do everything as he tells us.
16. India is much bigger than Japan.
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.
2. He began to work __________ he got there.
3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.
4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.
5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.
6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.
7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.
8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.
9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.
10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.
11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.
12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.
13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.
14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.
15. He was angrier __________ ever before.
16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.
17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.
18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.
三、选择填空：
1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back.
A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although
2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.
A. if B. unless C. for D. since
3. We will work ____ we are needed.
A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever
4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.
A. so that B. if C. when D. although
5._____ you go, don't forget your people.
A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever
6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.
A. since B. for C. when D. as
7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.
A. because B. however C. when D. since
8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.
A. When B. Because C. Though D. As
9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.
A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of
10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.
A. as B. when C. since D. for
11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.
A. though B. although C. as if D. when
12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.
A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When
13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.
A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though
14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as
15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
A. since B. until C. because D. though
16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.
A. even if B. as though C. because D. until
17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.
A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they
18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.
A. since B. so that C. for D. because
19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.
A. unless B. as C. if D. until
20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where
21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.
A. and B. but C. as D. unless
22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.
A. until B. unless C. when D. before
23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.
A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even
24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.
A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where
26. What's the matter _____ they still haven't answered the telegram?
A. when B. that C. though D. however
27. Bring it nearer _____ I may see it better.
A. although B. even though C. so that D. since
28. You may arrive in Beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train.
A. that B. though C. unless D. if
29. Helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed.
A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though
30. More people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today.
A. than B. when C. while D. as
31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.
A. Much B. However C. As D. Although
32. Poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go.
A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever
33. The child was __ immediately after supper.
A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bed
C. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed
34. The history of nursing __ the history of man.
A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as
35. _____ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York.
A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although
36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.
A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of
37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died.
A. than B. as C. while D. when
38. _____ David goes, he is welcome.
A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever
39. The house stood _____ there had been a rock.
A. which B. at which C. when D. where
40. Small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.
A. because B. so C. if D. as
41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
42. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____.
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
43. John plays football _____, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
44. Although he is considered a great writer,
A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read
C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read
45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
46.-What was the party like?
-Wonderful. It' s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. when C. before D. since
47. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then
48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
49. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
50._____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he B. However he is late
C. However is he late D. However late he is
51. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting.
A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished
52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.
A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However
53. It was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself.
A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work
参考答案
语法复习六：状语从句
一、
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things. 让步
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.比较
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.方式
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.结果
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.条件
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.时间
7. Where there is water, there is life.地点
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的
9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.原因
10. Even if (though) I fail, I’ll never lose heart.让步
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.时间
12. I will find her wherever she may be. 让步
13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.原因
14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.结果
15. We must do everything as he tells us.方式
16. India is much bigger than Japan.比较
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.让步
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.条件
二、1. when; 2. as soon as; 3. as; 4. though; 5. Whwerever; 6. because; 7. Since; 8. whenever; 9. Since; 10. because; 11. so that; 12. though; 13. as; 14. that; 15. than; 16. Even if; 17. that; 18. as
三、1~5 CADAC 6~10 ABCBA 11~15 DDCAB 16~20 DABAD 21~25 CABBA
26~30 BCCBD 31~35 BACDD 36~40 ADCDD 41~45 CCBAD 46~50 DBCBD
51~53 CDD
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篇10：语法复习十六：数 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十六：数 词
高考重点要求：
1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。
2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。
数词在各个题项中，单选、阅读、听力、写作中发挥着很强的作用，往往用以说明事实的精确性和可信性。数词是由两大部分构成的即基数词和序数词，而其他数字表示法如分数，小数等均由这两大部分的不同组合而构成。
（一）基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~12 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve
13~19 以teen为结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
20~90 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
21~99 十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-” twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine
101~999 百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five（美语中常将and省略）
千以上 6275-six thousand two hundred and seventy-five；1200-twelve hundred
（二）序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：
范 围 特 点 实 例
1~19 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, 其余，如：four - forth, six - sixth, nineteen - nineteenth
20,30~90 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth
21以后多位数 最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st - twenty-first, 110th - one hundred and tenth
（三）数词的用法：
1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表
示例 英语表示法
．6．30 June 30,2001 30June,2001 30thJune, 2001
7：25 seven twenty-five twenty-five past even
12:54 twelve fifty four six to one
9:15 nine fifteen a quarter past nine
2:30 two thirty half past two
21:50 twenty-one fifty 9:50p.m.
第21 twenty-first
第123 one hundred and twenty-third
a half
two and two-fifths
20% 20 per cent 20 percent
第七路公共汽车 Bus Number Seven
第201房间 Room 201
人民路153号 153 Renmin Road
4+8 =12 Four plus eight is twelve
11-7=4 Eleven minus seven is four.
6×5=30 Six times five is thirty.
20÷5=4 twenty divided by five is four.
A＞B A is more than B.
A＜B A is less than B.
A≈B A is approximately (近似地, 大约)equals to B.
A≠B A is not equal to B.
2.约数表示法列表
含义 英语表达 例句
大于某数 more than He has lived here for more than twenty years.
over she is over fifty.
or more There're thirty people or more in the meeting-room.
小于某数 less than I have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.
under Children under seven are not allowed to enter.
below He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.
or less The coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.
大约（某数） nearly She is nearly fifty now.
almost Its almost three o'clock.
up to Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.
or He spent four or five days writing the article.
or so The distance is twenty miles or so.
about I visited that village about three years ago.
some Their team has some four or five players.
more or less The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.
around/round Let's make it round/around eight o'clock.
3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表
被修饰名词的数 英语表达 汉译
修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多
scores of 许多
many, a good(great) many, many a (饰单数可数名词) 许多、大量
hundreds of 数以百计
thousands of ,thousands upon thousands of 成千上万
millions of 数百万
billions of 亿万
修饰不可数名词 much , a great (good)deal of ,
a large amount of ,large amounts of 许多、大量
修饰可数名词或不可数名词 a lot of /lots of ,plenty of, a large quantity of ,
large quantities of 许多、大量
练习、数 词
1. Two __died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people
C. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoples
2. He was only in__ at the time.
A. his 20's B. the 20's C. his twenties D. the twenties
3. The two great men wrote those letters in__ .
A. 1870's B. 1879s C. the 1870's D. the 1870
4. I wonder if I can ask him__ time.
A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth
5. He came out__ in the track events.
A. first B. one C. the first D. the one
6. It was in 1939 that __broke out.
A. World War Second B. the World War Second C. Second World War D. World War II
7. You'll have to spend __writing your report here.
A. one day or two days B. one day or two C. a day or two D. two days or one
8. He cut the cake__ .
A. in halves B. in half C. into halves D. into half
9. The earth is nearly__ the moon.
A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of
10. Either you or the headmaster __the prizes for these gifted students at the meeting.
A. is handing in B. are to hand out C. are handing in D. is to hand out
11. __of the population here are peasants.
A. 20 percents B. 20 percent C. the 20 percent D. the 20 percents
12. It's about__ , the thickness of a human hair.
A. two-fifteenth B. two-fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens
13. The price of such material was reduced__ .
A. by 18 percent B. to 18 percent C. at 18 percent D. for 18 percent
14. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth__ water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
15. They sold __boxes of such sweets last week.
A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of
16. It took me __ days to finish drawing a beautiful horse.
A. a half dozen B. half a dozen C. haft dozens D. half dozen
17.__people were sent there to help fight against the flood.
A. Three scores of B. Three score of C. Three score D. Three scores
18. Don't leave you work,__ .
A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half
19. Nobody can do two things well __ .
A. at one time B. at once C. one time D. once
20. He has__ books in his study.
A. several thousands B. some thousands of C. some thousands D. some thousand of
21. On National day__ people take part in all kinds of celebration.
A. hundreds of millions of B. millions of hundred of
C. hundreds millions of D. millions hundreds of
22. He has lived at__ for 30 years.
A. No. 101 Heping Street B. 101 Heping Street C. Heping Street 101 D. Heping street No. 101
23. You can find him in__ .
A. Room 201 B.201 Room C. the Room 20 D. the 201 Room
24. It's__ walk from here to my school.
A. two - hours B. two hours C. two - hour D. a two - hour
25. It was in__ when he was already in ___ that he went to Yan'an.
A. the 1940s, the 40s B. the 1940s, his forties C. 1940's, his forties D. the 1940's, his 40s
26. He went to the market and bought __eggs and some meat.
A. three dozen of B. three dozen C. three dozens D. three dozens of
27.Shortly after the accident two ___police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of (MET92 29)
28.Mr Smith ___me to buy several __eggs for the dinner.
A. asked, dozen B. suggested, dozens of C. had, dozen D. persuaded, dozens of ('94上海)
29.____of the land in that district ___covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths , is D. Two fifths, are (上海)
30.Two ___died of cold last winter.
A. hundreds old people B. hundred old people
C. hundred old peoples D. hundred old peoples ('88MET.15)
31.It is not rare in ___that people in ____fifties are going to university for further education.
A.90s,the B. the 90s, / C.90s, their D. the 90s, their ('99上海 6)
32.-Have you seen many sheep in the distance ? -Yes, ___.
A. thousand of them B. two thousands of them
C. two thousand of them D. two thousand them
语法复习十六：数 词
1．B
2. C 表示“几十”的数字的复数与所有格代词一起来用以表示人的年龄，本句为“二十多岁”。
3．C 定冠词“the”和数的复数形式在一起表示年代。
4．D 序数词前面加不定冠词表示“又一次”(已经四次了)
5．A 这里“first”有人说起副词作用，可以看成表语，也可以看做一种“取得第一名”的习惯用法。
6．D 序数词和名词共同构成的专有名词还可以是thc Second World War的形式。
7．C 只有C项为正确的表达方式，或者也可以写成“one or two days”．再如：one hour and a half或one and a half hours．
8．B “in half”表示“分成一样大小的两半”。也可以说“cut…in two”
9．B 再如twice the height(depth，width，weight，etc．)of
10．D either…or…连接主语用就近原则。be to hand out the prizes意为“要颁发奖品”。
11．答案为B。百分比作修饰语，前面不加冠词且不能加复数。
12．答案为B。分数做定语，分子用基数词，分母为序数词，当分子大于1时，分母用复数，本题中，其它表达方式均不正确。
13．答案为A。表增加或减少的数量的百分比，用by+百分数表示。
14．答案为A。不可数的名词的百分比用单数；可数名词的百分比则用复数。C项时态不对，另如：90 percent of the population here are peasents．这个句子中population的意思是people．
15．答案为A。“dozen”与数词或many，several等词连用时复数一般不加s，故B、C两项不选。此外，dozen与数词连用做定语，一般也不加of．当然也有例外：Place them in dozens on the table．dozens表数量很多。Two dozen of these are wanted．dozen后面有of因为有限定词these，the等。Dozens of people were here．dozens of也表示“很多”。
16．答案为B。“半打”的表达方式一定要用“hall a dozen”。
17．答案为B。score做定语修饰名词用a(three)score of，而不用复数形式；常用“scores of”为其复数形式，意为“大量”，但有：three score and ten，a score or more
18．答案为B。“hall”起副词作用，修饰过去分词“done”，因为这个过去分词表状态，故“half”应在“done”前。再如：well done，well known，不用a half修饰done，故不选C、B两项。
19．B意为“同时”，不是“立刻”。
20．B
2l．A 如：tens of thousands of(小数在前，大数在后)thousands and thonsands of(两数一样大)。
22．B 居住的门牌号用介词at+号数+街道名“。
23．A
24．答案为D。”walk“作为名词，常与不定冠词连用。注意：在表数量的合成词中，名词部分为单数，如：a two-year-old boy．
25．答案为B。”在20世纪40年代“，必须有定冠词”the“．此外，年代后要加's或s。”他已经40多岁了“要用in his forties。
26．答案为B。dozen与数词或多或少several, many连用时，复数不加s。dozens of表示数量很多，在修饰有these，the等词限定的名词时，可用dozen of的形式。如：three dozen of these eggs.
27.C 28.A 29.C 30.B 31.D 32.C
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篇11：高三英语复习与训练十六一--虚拟语气 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
高三英语复习与训练十六一--虚拟语气
16. 虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。
2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：
句 型 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
祈使句
情态动词一般现在时
例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句
1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。
a. 与现在事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
一般过去时（be用were） should（would）等 +动词原形
例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。
含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.
b. 与过去事实相反的假设
条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词
例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形
例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
16.3 混合条件句
有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。
16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。
Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用”were“，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。
16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should
1）在主语从句中的应用
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
It is 可用的词有三类 that （should）do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2）在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：
I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
注意：如suggest, insist不表示”建议“ 或”坚持要某人做某事时“，即它们用于其本意”暗示、表明“、”坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.
（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.
（对） I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。
16.6 wish的用法
1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
主句 从句
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were） 现在时 过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形
例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。
I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。
16.7 比较if only与only if
only if表示”只有“；if only则表示”如果……就好了“。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
16.8 It is （high） time that
It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：
It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
16.9 need ”不必做“和”本不必做“
didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为”本不必“，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, ”不可能已经“。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
16.10 虚拟语气练习
1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a.will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
b.would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a.you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c.you will have met John d. you would have met John
3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a.to be further reduced b. was further reduced
b.be further reduced d. should further reduced
15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
a. isn’t going b. weren’t going c. will not going d. could have gone
17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.
a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone
18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.
a. that you won’t speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn’t speak
19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent
20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil
21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning
22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.
a.is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed
c.be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed
23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?
a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made
24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.
a.be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told
25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.
a.If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help
c.Should they offer to help us d. But for their help
26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.
a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got
27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was
28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.
a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand
29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a.whether they are future physicists and chemists
b.they are future physicists of chemists
c.they should be future physicists of chemists
d.be they future physicists or chemists
30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.
a. I’ll get b. I’ll have got c. I’d have got d. I’d get
31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.
a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited
32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given
33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.
a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat
34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”
“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”
a.did b. have c. would d. had
35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus station.
a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met
36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.
a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled
37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.
a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d . will have died
38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.
a.Was he leaving b. If he is leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leaves
39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.
a.could be not solved b. could not be solved
b.could not have been solved d. could not have solved
40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.
a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like
41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. go wrong c. went wrong d. would go wrong
42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. But for
43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.
a. might have gone b. ought have gone c. could have gone d. should be gone
44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.
a. fails b. may fail c. should fail d. would fail
45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.
a. can see b. saw c. had seen d. might see
46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.
a. had happened b. will happen c. might happen d. may be happened
47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.
a. hadn’t run b. shouldn’t run c. didn’t run d. haven’t run
48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.
a. would get b. got c. might have got d. should get
49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.
a. Had it been b. Had it not been c. It had not been d. It not had been
50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.
a. would never be b. could have been c. would never have been d. didn’t have
51.If only I ______ there.
a. have not been b. would not been c. will not be d. had not been
52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.
a. had b. has c. had had d. has had
53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
a. was b. were c. had been d. went
54.It is time we ______ up our results.
a. sum b. summed c. will sum d. would sum
55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.
a. never had felt tired b. had never felt tired c. never felt tired d . was tired never
56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.
a. have read b. should have read c. am reading d. had read
57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.
a.will happen b. happens c. should happen d. happened
58.If she could sew,______.
a.she make a dress b. she would have made a shirt
c.she will make a shirt d. she would had made a coat
59.“Did you notice John was not at work today?”
“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”
a.I’d be b. I wasn’t c. I’d been d. weren’t
60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”
“I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”
a.would explain b. will explain c. explain d. would have explained
61.“Your performance was very good.”
“I could have done better if I ______ more time.”
a. have had b. had c. had had d. will have had
62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”
“______.”
a.No, but I wish she wouldn’t b. No, but I wish she had
b.Yes, I wish she drank d. yes, I wish she could
63.I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.
a. will leave b. may leave c. leave d. leaves
64.The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.
a. would be discussed b. will be discussed c. be discussed d. may be discussed
65.______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.
a.If he went b. Were he gone c. should he had gone d. Had he gone
66.______ the work, he would do it some other way.
a. Was he going b. If he does c. Were he to do d. If he is doing
67._____,I hardly think I would have recognized him.
a.Should his name not be mentioned b. Had someone not mentioned his name
c.If someone did not mention his name d. If someone had mentioned his name
68.I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.
a. not going b. not to go c. not go d. that I won’t go
69.At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.
a. remains b. remain c. remained d. would remain
70.The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
a. it being b. be it c. was it d. it was
22.14虚拟语气练习答案
1 D 19 A 37 B 55 B
2 D 20 A 38 C 56 D
3 C 21 B 39 C 57 C
4 B 22 C 40 B 58 B
5 B 23 B 41 B 59 C
6 C 24 A 42 D 60 A
7 D 25 D 43 C 61 C
8 C 26 C 44 C 62 B
9 C 27 A 45 D 63 C
10 A 28 B 46 C 64 C
11 C 29 D 47 A 65 D
12 C 30 C 48 C 66 C
13 C 31 B 49 B 67 B
14 C 32 C 50 C 68 C
15 A 33 A 51 D 69 B
16 B 34 D 52 B 70 B
17 D 35 D 53 C 71
18 D 36 A 54 B 72
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇12：语法复习十四：代 词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十四：代 词
It 的用法
1．作人称代词
John likes playing Pingpong．/ He always does it in the afternoon．(指代上下文提到的事物)；/ It's time we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer．/ It's very quiet at the moment．(可指时间、天气、环境等)
2．引导词
A．作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。
It's important for us to learn a second language．/ It's no use talking to him．/ It's known to all that the earth goes round the sun．
B．作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。
We feel it our duty to help others．/ He made it clear that he would leave the city．
C．强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分＋that (或who)…
注意: 在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为when 或where，而应用that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。
It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar．(that引起强调句)
It was Shanghai where I bought the guitar．(where引起定从)
It was twelve o'clock when we arrived there．(when引起时间状语从句）
It was at twelve o'clock that we arrived there．（that 引起强调句）
3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。
NMET，23．
---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have __________?
A．it B．that C．one D．this
NMET，25．
The Parkers bought a new house but _________will need a lot of work before they can move in．
A．they B．it C．one D．which
one 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而it指代上文提过的同一事物。
不定代词
不定代词种类较多，用法各异，在使用中一定要注意区别。
1、both，either ，neither 都表两者范围，在句中作主语、宾语、定语 ，both可用作同位语。 both 意为”两者都“，either 表”两者中任一个“，neither表”两者都不“。
2、any，none ，all 表三者或三者以上范围，any 表任何一个、一些(不可数或复数概念，用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中)；none 表三者或三者以上中的哪一个都不；表示不可数物中的一点儿也没有；all 整个的；所有的(三者或三者以上)；所有的(不可数)。
e.g.This book is a good seller，so you can buy it at any shop in Beijing．/ None of us are/is perfect．/ All of the village was flooded．
3、no one，nobody，none，nothing：no one，nobody表没有人，nothing 指没有什么事物，none 兼指人和物。none 着眼于数量概念。”特指的人或物一个也没有，一点儿也没有“。
----How many people are there in the hall ? ----None．
----who wants to go with him ? ----No one(Nobody)．
----What can you see in the bottle ? ----Nothing．
----Is there any water in it ? ----None．
4、another，the other，the other+复数名词(或the others)，other (或other +复数名词)：another 表三者或三者以上范畴中的任一；与数词连用，表”再有“；the other 表两者中的另外那个，特指；the other+复数名词(或the others)，另外那些，表示其余所有的人或物，用于特指；others (或other+复数名词)另一些，表余下人或物中的另一些，泛指。
---I don't like this，show me another one．(NMET 2000，16)
If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay_______$15．
A．another B．other C．more D．Each (A)
人称、物主、反身、指示代词
高考重点要求
1．掌握人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词的基本用法。2．重点掌握不定代词的指代含义及数的情况，能通过语境准确选取答案。3．掌握it的基本用法。
一．人称代词
1）分清主格和宾格形式。
eg：---I love you more than her，child ．/ ---You mean more than ___love her or more than she loves____? A． you；me B．I；you C．you；you D．I；me
2)注意约定俗成的用法。
---Who is it ? ---It's me ． ---I'd like to have a rest ． ---Me，too．
3）使用we 和you 泛指一般人
4)使用she代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等
China is a great country．She has a long history．
5)并列主语或宾语中顺序是：you，he(she) and I； we，you and they
二．物主代词：名词性物主代词――在句中做主语、宾语、表语、补足语，构成双重所有格：a friend of mine 。形容词性物主代词――只能起定语作用。
三．反身代词
1) 在句中作宾语、表语和同位语；2)单复数的确定；3)在一些语境中的特殊含义。
e.g. I'm not quite myself today．我今天不大舒服。/ Make yourself at home．不要拘礼；请随便吧。 / Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。/ Have you enjoyed yourself today? 你今天玩得愉快吗？
四．指示代词
（一）this，that，these those
1．在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2．this(these)一般指时间和空间上较近的人或物，而that (those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。e.g. This is a novel and that is a magazine．
3．this(these)一般指后面要讲到的事物，而that(those)常指前面讲到的事物。e.g. What he told me is this：he wanted to go to Beijing．/ He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．
4．that，those 常用来指代前面提到过的某个名词。e.g. The oil output in was higher than that of 1995．( that 代替oil output) / The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
（二）such
such引起倒装句，谓语数取决于后面主语的数：e.g Such is my answer．/ Such are our people．
做定语，注意和so 的区别，尤其是在so …that， such…that 句型中。e.g. I have never seen such beautiful flowers．(复数名词前，so 不可) / I have never seen such a great film．(也可为so great a film) / We have such beautiful weather today that we should go out for an outing．(不可数词前，不可用so) / There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．(在数量概念的many，much，little，few 之前，不可用such )
练习（一）、代 词
一、强化训练：
1. New English-Chinese Dictionary has been republished several times,_____ more up to date than the last edition.
A. any B. everyone C. either D. each
2. After paying 1,000 dollars_____ ,you'll all become full members of our club.
A. each B. all C. every D. both
3._____ was her cruelty that we all hated her.
A. It B. What C. That D. Such
4. Mary has been ill in bed for a week. I wonder if she is _____ better now.
A. much B. some C. any D. very
5. -Which of these two ties will you take? -I don't like these. Do you have any_____ ?
A. one B. other C. ones D. others
6. I' d rather ride a bike as bike riding has _____ of the trouble of taking buses.
A. much B. all C. neither D. none
7. I need some blue ink today but there is _____ at hand.
A. not B. nothing C. a little D. none
8. I found the very watch of mine _____ I had left _____ .
A. where, it B. that, it C. which, one D. where, one
9. I haven't got time to get the tickets. Who's going to ____?
A. do so B. do it C. buy it D. do them
10. -Jack certainly has a high opinion of Susan. It can't be better than _____of him.
A. hers B. she C. that D. her
11. -Shall we introduce ____ fire-fighting equipment from abroad? -Go ahead, if necessary.
A. other B. a few more C. another D. some other
12. -How about the price of these refrigerators? -They are equal in price to, if not cheaper than,_____ at the other stores.
A. others B. it C. that D. the ones
13. -I dislike _____ when others laugh at me in public or speak ill of me behind. -So do I.
A. them B. those C. it D. that
14. -Which do you prefer, classical music or pop music? -_____. I prefer folk music.
A. Either B. Both C. None D. Neither
15. Why don' t you trust and use old Tom? He is still as strong as _____ in the team.
A. nobody B. anybody else C. everybody D. somebody else
16. -Are the new methods taking any effect? -Yes,_____ articles are stolen from our supermarket.
A. few B. more C. some D. none
17. During the meeting a young man cried out suddenly and threw his notebook at the chairman,_____ brought the room to disorder.
A. it B. and which C. and that D. this
18. I've just seen no more than one copy of Gone with the Wind in the bookshop opposite. Tom, go and buy_____ back.
A. one B. any C. it D. some
19. -Do you have _____ at home now? -No, we still have to get scores of eggs and some vegetables.
A. nothing B. everything C. anything D. something
20. Nancy is expecting another baby and hopes _____ will be a boy.
A. he B. that C. it D. there
21. Surely it's _____ with the big nose you mean, not ____!
A. he, I B. him, me C. him, I D. he, me
22. The temperature can fall to –30℃. _____ is,30°C below freezing point.
A. Which B. It C. That D. This
23. -The exam was easy, wasn't it? -Yes, but I don' t think _____ could pass it.
A. somebody B. everybody C. anybody D. nobody
24. Cut the apple into halves so that the twins may each get _____ half.
A. every B. each C. another D. either
25. _____ of us can do everything, but all of us can do _____ .
A. None, something B. Some, everything C. Few, something D. Few, nothing
26. -May I help you with some gloves, sir? -Yes, I'd like to try those blue ____.
A. one B. ones C. pair D. two
27. Of all my friends _____ will be able to persuade Tom to change his mind. He is so firm upon it.
A. none B. nobody C. neither D. no one
28. -Is he content to accept our offered price?
-Yes. He cares more about the quality. Money is _____ to him.
A. everything B. anything C. nothing D. something
29. I have no idea which was better, so I took ____ of them.
A. both B. none C. all D. any
30. You mustn't always do _____ as he asks you to do. He may be wrong sometimes.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
31. I'm no painter, and to me, one painting is much like .
A. another B. the other C. others D. one
32. I didn't want either of ____ hats and asked the salesman to show me_____.
A. those, another B. two, the other C. all, the others D. both, others
33. The children were catching butterflies in the garden. Some caught a lot, and others caught _ at all.
A. nothing B. none C. no one D. neither
34. Thank you very much indeed. That' s _____ of you.
A. kindest B. most kind C. the kinder D. the most kind
35. Jack is a very likable fellow, but I've learned to take _____ he says with a grain of salt.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
36. -I love you more than her, child. -You mean more than ____ love her or more than she loves ____?
A. you, me B. I, you C. you, you D. I, me
练习（二）、代 词
二、高考题选：
1. Was it during the Second World War _____he died? (MET88)
A．that B. while C. in which D. then
2. Is _____necessary to take off our shoes when we enter the lab? (MET88H)
A．everyone B. this C. her D. it
3．Is _____possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship? (MET88)
A．now B. that C. it D. man
4．His Parents wouldn't let him marry anyone _____family was poor．(MET88)
A．of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose
5．_____leaves the room last ought to turn off the light． (MET88)
A．Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
6．_____writer is better known in China，Charcles Dickens or Mark Twain? (MET88)
A．Which B. What C. Either D. Whether
7．---Have you seen Tom and Mary? ---I haven' t seen _____of them．(MET88)
A．neither B. any C. either D. all
8．Is _____necessary to complete the design before National Day? (MET89)
A．this B. that C. it D. he
9．All _____is needed is a supply of oil．(MET89)
A．the thing B. that C. what D. which
10．His camera is more expensive than ______．(MET89)
A．hers B. her C. it D. its
11．I don't think _____possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(MET90)
A．this B. that C. its D. it
12．______of them knew about the plan because it was kept in a secret．(MET90)
A．Each B. Any C. No one D. None
13．He paid the boy ￥10 for washing ten windows，most of _____hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．(MET90)
A．these B. those C. that D. which
14．Kate and her sister went to holiday with a cousin of _____．(MET90)
A．their B. theirs C. her D. hers
15．I invited Tom and Ann to dinner，but _____of them came．(NMET91)
A．neither B. both C. either D. none
16．She heard a terrible noise，_____brought her heart into her mouth．(MET91)
A．it B. which C. this D. that
17．We couldn't eat in a restaurant because _____of us had _____money on us．(MET91)
A．all; no B. any; no C. none; any D. no one; any
18．These plants are watered _____．(NMET91)
A．each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days
19．Alice received an invitation from her boss，_____came as a surprise．(NMET91)
A．it B. that C. which D. he
20．Does _____matter if he can't finish the job on time?
A．this B. that C. he D. it
21．Mr．Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____who had already taken them．(MET92)
A．the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
22．There're so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _____to buy． (MET92)
A．what B. which C. how D. where
23．Although he's wealthy，he spends _____ on clothes．(NME792)
A．little B. few C. a little D. a few
24．In the dark street，there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help．(MET92)
A．that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
25．_____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．(MET93)
A．What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
26．---Would you like some wine? ---Yes，just _____．(MET93)
A．little B．very little C．a little D．little bit
27．Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder，but _____didn't help．(MET93)
A．he B．which C．she D．it
28．---Is _____here? ---No，Bob and Tim have asked for leave．(MET93)
A．anybody B．somebody C．everybody D．nobody
29．---Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's? ---No，but it's almost the same as _____．(NMET94)
A．her B．yours C．them D．their
30．The weather turned out to be very good， _____was more than we could expect．(NMET94)
A．what B．which C．that D．it
31．_____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．(NMET95)
A．There B．This C．That D．It
32．They were very tired，but _____of them would stop to take a rest．(NMET95)
A．any B．some C．none D．neither
33．I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _____．(NMET95)
A．it B．those C．them D．one
34．---When shall we meet again? --Make it _____day you like; it's all the same to me．(NMET96)
A．one B．any C．another D．some
35．Tom felt that he knew everybody's business better than they knew it _____．(NMET96 )
A．themselves B．oneself C．itself D．himself
36．I agree with most of what you said，but I don't agree with _____．(NMET97)
A．everything B．anything C．something D．nothing
37．Sarah has read lots of stories by American writers，Now she would like to read_____stories by writers from _____ countries．(NMET97)
A．some; any B．other; some C．some; other D．other; other
38．It was about 600 years ago _____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．(NMET97)
A．that B．until C．before D．when
39．I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full．(NMET98)
A．it B．that C．these D．them
40．Dr．Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge．I can't remember _____．(NMET98)
A．where B．there C．which D．hat
41．Why do you want a new job _____you've got such a good one already? (NMET98)
A．that B．where C．which D．when
42．It was only when I reread his poems recently _____I began to appreciate their beauty．(NMET98)
A．until B．that C．then D．so
43．Few pleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day．(NMET99)
A．some B．any C．that D．those
44． If you want to change for a double--room you'll have to pay _____$15．(NMET2000 )
A．another B．other C．more D．each
45．---Why don't we take a little break? ---Didn't we just have _____? (NMET2000)
A．it B．that C．one D．this
46．It is the ability to do the job _____matters not where you come from or what you are．(NMET2000 )
A．one B．that C．what D．it
47．If this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be? (NMET2001)
A．what else B．who else C．which else's D．who else's
48．Many people have helped with canned food，however，the food bank needs _____for the poor．(2001春招)
A．more B．much C．many D．most
49．The Parkers bought a new house but _____will need a lot of work before they can move in．(NMET2001)
A．they B．it C．one D． which
50．---He was nearly drowned once.（春招）
---When was _____?
---_____was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that; it B. this; this C. this; it D. that; this
语法复习十四：代 词
一、强化训练：
1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C21. B 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. D 36. A
二、高考题选：
1．A 这是一个强调句式的一般疑问句。
2．D it是形式主语，to不定式是真正主语。
3．C 参看2题。
4．D family与先行词anyone之间是所属关系。
5．C 在主语从句中，whoever充当主语，指代人，相当于anyone who。而C项who也可引导名词性从句，但它具体指”是谁“。
6．A 特殊疑问句中的选择，用which。
7．C 前一句只提到两个人。neither，either，both仅用于表述两者的情况，而any，all表述多者的情况，且I haven't seen either of them相当于I have seen neither of them。
8．C 可参看2、3题。
9．B all是先行词，that 引导定语从句，且all that=what。
10．A His camera是句子的主语，也是信息词，应填名词性的物主代词hers，它相当于her camera。
11．D it是形式宾语，to master…是真正宾语。此句还可说成I don't think it is possible to…。可参看2、3、8题。
12．D A、B项不符合句意。C项no one后不接of短语。
13．D which是定语从句中的关系代词，指代上文的windows。A、B、C项不能引导定语从句，且填进去后，两个分句缺少连词。
14．B 可参看10题。
15．A 前文提到邀请两个人，两个人都没来，故用neither参看7题。
16．B which引导非限定性定语从句。which指代前面一句话。如果两个分句是由and连接，则A、C、D项也对。
17．C A项中的all放在否定句中，是部分否定，与上文we couldn't eat in a restaurant矛盾，B项不符语法，n项no one后不接of短语，且只指代人。
18．B every other day每隔一天，是习惯用法。
19．C which在非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话。可参看16题。
20．D 考生非常熟悉It doesn't matter这一句型，该题现在是一般疑问句，it是matter的主语，if引导条件状语从句。
21．A C、D项不能做定语从句的先行词来指代上文的the pupils，只能用the ones，因为它被限定性定语从句所修饰，表特指。该句的意思是：”张先生把教科书分给了所有的学生，那些已经拿走了的学生除外。“
22．B 原题中的so many kinds of tape-recorders暗示考生要买的是录音机，故排除A项。因为有这么多种类，因此不能决定买哪个。C、D项是连接副词，不能做buy的宾语。
23．A B、D项应排除，它们指代可数名词的复数。全句意为：”虽然他很富有，但很少花钱买衣服。“故C项不符句意。
24．D turn at sb．for help是惯用法，在定语从句中把to提前与whom构成介词十关系代词。
25．A 主语从句中缺少宾语，故what充当。
26．C 原题中的答语Yes暗示考生应选表示肯定意义的a little．A、B项表示否定意义。
27．D it指代前面一句话。因有but，故前后为并列句，不用关系代词(which)只用代词it。
28．C Is everybody here?”都到齐了吗“，Is anybody here?”这里有人吗?“B项some body可用在表示征求对方意见，并希望得到对方肯定回答的问句里。D项不符原题句意。
29．B 参看10、14题。
30．B 参看16、19题。
31．D it是形式主语，that从句是真正主语。如果fact前有the修饰，就可选B或C项，that引导同位语从句。
32．C but是关键词，表转折，该句意为”他们非常疲劳，但没有一个人愿意停下来休息一会儿。“
33．D one指代one of the glasses，且each一词是信息词。该句意思是：”我希望有足够的玻璃杯，以便每位客人有一个“。
34．B one day表示”某一天“，可用在一般过去时，当它用在将来时的句中时，可与some day互换。another day指另一天。原题中的It's all the same to me和you like是信息句，可暗示考生，只能选any day，即”你喜欢定在哪天都行，或随便哪一天都行。“
35．A themselves；是they的反身代词。
36．A 从上文”我同意你说的大部分，“可知，下文应填everything表示部分否定。B项填入后该句为全否定。C项不用在否定句中。D项填入后，该句成为肯定句。故B、C、D项是错误的。
37．C 从上文”Sarah已经读了许多美国作家写的故事“，可知，下文是”她现在想读一些由别的国家的作家写的故事“。A项中any用在肯定句中表示”任何一个“，与后面的countries不符。B、D项不符原句的逻辑。
38．A 这是一个强调句式。如果把It was…that去掉，该句子意思完整。不缺任何成份。
39．A 该题考查it作形式宾语的用法。四个选项均为代词，只有it作先行代词时，本身没有具体意义，而只是帮助把真正的宾语移到后部去。句中it的作用是代替它后面的宾语从句when people talk with their mouths full，故正确答案为A。
40．C 该题考查在省略的宾语从句中连接代词的用法。A、B项为副词，不可作及物动词remember的宾语，应先排除。指某一范围的”哪一个“需用连接代词which，前一个分句中的from either Oxford or Cambridge已限定了范围，故答案选C。
41．D 该题考查引导从句的关系联词的用法。that和which作为关系代词引导定语句必须在从句中充当某一成份；where作关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作状语，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，故应排除A、B、C。由题于中从句与主句所表示的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填表示因果关系的从属连词when，这时when=since；for，意为”由于“、”既然“，答案为D。
42．B 该句考查强调结构。”It+be+被强调部分+that从句“是it的强调句型，如果强调的是时间、地点、原因等状语，别后面接that引导的从句，而不能用when，where，because等词来引导，因此答案为B。再如：
It was when I was thirty--five that I got married and had a family．
It was when we got to the station that it began to rain．参看1题。
43．C 该题考查不定代词的替代用法。在进行比较时要用同类的事物相比，排除A、B。按照英语习惯用法，that可以代替一个单数名词或一个不可数名词，以避免重复前面提到过的名词。that前面没有任何修饰词，后面的介词主要是of。由空白后表示所属关系的语境可以确定此空应填that，代替pleasure，故答案选C。
44．A another在此足不定代词，意为”再…个“，pay to another $15。意为”再付15美元。more应放在$15之后。
45．C one不定代词指代上文的break。
46．B It is…that为强调结构。
47．D 根据句意，“不是你的，可能是另外谁的呢?”所以答案是D。
48．A 根据句意，“还再需要一些”，故选A。
49．B 代替the new house。
50．A。
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇13：语法系列复习一-----名词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题一-----名词
名词的分类
专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,
China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student,book
名 普 可数名词
词 通 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family,school,
group, people
名
词 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea
抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news
2．名词的复数
可数名词有单、复数形式，其复数的构成规则如下：
1） 绝大多数在词尾加s。如： book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
2）以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如：
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo
3）以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys
4） 以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves;
wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有：
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记：
man→men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注：
fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6）复合名词：
A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers,
four women doctors
B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：
lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人
C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：
grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人
7）以复数形式出现的名词：trousers,glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄，
findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks
烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯
8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：
take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候
2.名词的所有格
1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如：Tom’s bike,
Marx’s works
以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如：Engels’/Engels’s works
以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students’ homework,a workers’ night
school 一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s”。如：men’s clothes
男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2） 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom’s and Mike’s rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3） 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
如：the tailor’s 裁缝店，the barber’s理发店，go to the doctor’s上诊所，
at my uncles在我叔叔家
4） 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示 所有格。如：today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’ work,ten minutes′walk,China’s population,Shanghai’s industry
5） 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6） 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：
He is an old friend of my father’s. This is a picture of Mary’s.
考点分析
1． He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers
A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works
析：此题答案D。因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意，又可作可数名词表“作品”意，常用复数形式。根据题目意思，此处work应作可数名词用，于是又可排除A。
2.Many people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______
international trade today.
A.a; × B.the ; an C.the ;the D.×;the
析：knowledge 是抽象名词，一般不与不定冠词连用，但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用，这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如：a strong character 坚强的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪费时间；a pressure on sb.对某人的压力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识；Knowledge begins with practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。
由以上两点可确定答案为A。
3.Oh, John _____you gave us !
A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
析：正确答案为C。“a/an＋形容词＋抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如：
an advanced culture 一种先进文化；a great interest 极大的兴趣；do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wine’s glass D.glass of wine 析：根据broke一词及四个选项，可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式，只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多，这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例： woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air pollution
② 例：book store ,winter sleep ,country life ,college student ,South China
③例：milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
析：这是一个感叹句，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词，其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the spot to keep order .
A.dozens of B.dozens C.dozens’ of D.dozen
析： 正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词，且表示具体数目时，这些名词一般不用复数形式，但在下列短语中却加S，并与of连用:dozens of (许多的)，scores of (好几十的)，hundreds of (成百的)，thousands of (上千的)，millions of （数百万的）
7.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little ______.
A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest
析：由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”，可知下句是要对方不要着急，故答案应为C。这是由情景，语境确定答案题目。
8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _________.
A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice
析：答案为A。道理同第7题。
专题练习
1._________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is
2.We’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into________.
A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed
3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased in price.
A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy
4．That fellow is clever ; he has ___________.
A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains
5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A.shoes store B.shoe’s store C.shoe store D.shoes’ store
6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.
A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photos
C.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes
7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.
A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried
8.--Whose car is it ?
--It’s________.
A.Tom and Mary B.Tom’s and Mary’s
C.Tom’s and Mary D.Tom and Mary’s
9.There are 5____ in th fields.
A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle
C.head of cattles D.head of cattle
10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for .
A.is B.are C.has D.have
11.All but Jack __________ here just now .
A.is B.are C.was D.were
12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _________.
A.knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards
13.Carelessness is the usual __________ of fire.
A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason
14.The girl is quite ________to her mother now .
A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness
15._______is coming to give us a lecture .
A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert
C.Manager and expert D.Manager and an expert
16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of __________.
A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones
17.If you hurt her _________ ,you should apologize.
A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling
18.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.
A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncle’s
19.The shop will be closed during_________.
A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing
20.The________we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while.
A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow
21.My brother didn’t find army life to his __________.
A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour
22.Though they hadn’t met for long ,he recognized her ___________.
A.voice B.noise C.sound D.laughter
23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _______.
A.the high spirit B.high spirits
C.a high spirit D.high spirit
24.After _______ silence ,they began to write letters to each other .
A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss
25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a smaller__________.
A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set
26.That daughter of Jack’s is ______.
A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny
27._______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(93年上海高考题)
A.The Evenses’ B.The Evens’ C.The Evenses D.The Evens
28.He is one of the most successful_______ in the city.
A.newspaper’s writer B.newspaper writers
C.nesapapers’ writer D.newspaper writer
29.--Where is your brother?
--At_____.
A.Mr Green’s B.Greens C.the Mr Green’s D.the Greens
30.--Are you _______ ,Mr Black?
--Yes ,I speak______.
A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English
C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English
答 案
1－5 D B D D C 6－10 C D D D B
11－15 D C C A B 16－20 A A D A B
21－25 B A B B B 26－30 C C B A A
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇14：语法系列复习二-----代词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法系列复习专题二-----代词
代词的分类
1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）
2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves
themselves
3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those
4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which
5.相互代词:each other ,one another
6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither ,other ,another,
something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody
7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as
代词用法注意点
1.名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如：
This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Do
you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She lost some pencils of hers.
2.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如：
①(all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干：
The boy usually finishes his homework by himself.
②of oneself 自动地，自行地：
Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself.
③for oneself 替/为自己：You have to choose for yourself.
3.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指时间和
空间上较远的人或物。
进行比较时，that可代替不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复；those 可代替复数名词以
免重复。例如：
The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards are
much better than those you bought yesterday.
4.相互代词each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互”，后者侧重三者或三
者以上的“相互”，也可指两者之间的“相互”。
5.不定代词
①some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件句中。另外some可用于表示请求、
提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个”
例如：
If you have any ink ,please give me some.
Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.
②all 与none
all表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none用于表示对三个或
三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西”，可作主语和宾语。none
of…后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。none可以简略回答以How many或How much开头
的疑问句。
例如：
None of them have/has failed.
-- How many books are there on the desk ? -- None.
注意：no one (＝nobody)不同于none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语，不可跟of短语连用，
回答以who开头的问句，不能回答How many/much …开头的问句。
例如：
-- Who is in the room ? -- no one(＝Nobody).
--Is there any oil in the glass ? -- None.
③other ,another ,the other ,others ,the others
other表示“没有范围的，其他的”，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/…
another泛指很多中的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。
如：
I dont like this hat ,please show me another.
the other可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一个”，或另一方中的“全
部其他的”。
如：
I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only
two teachers in the office.Where are the other teachers ?
others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用。
例如：
Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls.
Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.
④one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可
数名词（指人或物），并有复数形式ones。
例如：
I have bought a new bike.My old one doesnt work./One must do ones duty.
注意：one ,that都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one可被前置或后置
定语修饰,that只能被后置定语修饰。
例如：
This book is the one that is needed by him.
My seat is next to that of our teacher.
代词考点分析
1.-- When shall we meet again ?
-- Make it _____ day you like;its all the same to me.(高考题)
A．one B．any C．some D．another
析： 此题答案为B。若选A，one day意“过去/将来的某一天”；若选C,some day意“有朝一日”、“将来某一天”、“迟早”；若选D，another day意“改日”、“又/另一天”；选B，any day意“随便哪一天”、“无论哪一天”，显然它适合此题。
2.Im reading a new book these days ,_____ in English.
A.it B.that C.one D.which
析： 排除A选项it的原因是因为it前或后都不可放定语；若选B项that,则因其不能替代同一事物，也可排除；至于D项which，因其是定语从句引导词，在此明显不合用。只有C项one一方面它可有前置或后置定语，另一方面它可以替代前面出现的名词a book,故是正确答案。
3.There were two boys who called and I gave an apple to _____.
A.every B.all C.either D.each
析： 由题干内容可知有两个孩子在叫喊，故all（指三者或三者以上）不可选；every表“两者中任意的一个”，在此不符合情景之需要。只有D,each(两者中的每一个)填入空白才合题干内容。
4.We dont know _____ of the visitors here;we only know some.
A.everyone B.every one C.anybody D.each one
析： 因为everyone ,everybody ,anybody等不定代词一般不带限定语（此处不能与of短语连用），故A、C选项可排除。若选D项，因not…each结构表全否定，与下句“we only know some”不合，故不能成立。只有选B时，not…every表半否定，与下句意相合。
5.Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _____.
(上海题)
A.the other B.some other C.others D.those other
析： 根据in some ways（在某些方面），可知空白处要选表达复数意义的词，据此可排除A、B；又因为没有those other这样的词语，故可排除D。根据some常与others相呼应使用规律，可定C为正确答案。
6.The question is too difficult and we found _____.
A.it not easy to answer it B.it was not easy for us to answer it
C.its not easy to answer D.it not easy to answer
析： 根据时态一致规律，we found后不可跟C选项；要表达“那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说The question is not easy to answer.要表达“我们发现那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时，应说We found the question (was)not easy to answer.据此可排除A、B选项；只有D才是唯一正确选项。
7.The hairdresser now cuts _____ mens and womens hair.
A.any B.each C.both D.either
析： 根据题干mens and womens hair ,可知应选与两者有关的代词，于是立即可排除A。由于each 和either不可直接修饰复数名词或复数名词所有格（应说each of …,either of…）,故又可排除B、D选项。只有both才能与其后的and构成both…and…结构。故正确答案是C。
8.--Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end ?
--If you keep still ,you can sit at _____end. (NMET)
A.neither B.each C.either D.any
析： 一条船只有两头，any是指三者或三者以上，在此不合用。neither是“两者都不”，填入空白处意思不对；each意“两者或三者，三者以上每个人都…”，若填入此题空白，不合语境，因为一个人不能同时坐船的两头。只有选either(两者之一)才合此题情景。
9.--Have you finished your report yet ?
--No ,Ill finish in _____ ten minutes. (NMET)
A.less B.more C.other D.another
析： less后可直接跟形容词、副词、名词，象ten minutes这样的“数词＋名词”短语则不可直接放于less之后，只能放于less than之后，因此A项可排除。“再过/再用十分钟”可以说in ten more minutes ,ten minutes more ,another ten minutes ,据此可排除B项。至于other一词，因它不能表达“再、又”意，故也可排除。因此D为正确答案。
10.Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia. (NMET)
A.any B.any other C.other D.another
析： 此题是加拿大与亚洲国家相比，无需other或another ,else这类词，故B、C、D应排除。因为any（任何）后可跟单数名词或复数名词，填入空白意思也合语境，所以A是正确答案。
代词专练
1.-- Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?
-- Ill borrow _____ ,for the different uses.
A.all B.both C.either D.neither
2._____ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.
A.Each B.Any C.No one D.None
3.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _____ of us had _____ money on us.
A.all ;no B.any ;no C.none ;any D.no one ;any
4.They were all very tired ,but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.
A.neither B.none C.some D.any
5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_____ will take you there.
A.both B.either C.all D.any
6.As we were asleep ,_____ of us heard the sound.
A.both B.none C.either D.any
7.-- Which of the five may I use ?
-- Oh ,____.
A.any one B.anyone C.anything D.nothing
8.--Are the two answers correct ?
--No ,_____ correct.
A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not
9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _____.
A.any B.some C.no D.anything
10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _____.
A.ones B.不填 C.the one D.the ones
11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell ____.
A.one B.the one C.that D.it
12.This film is not so good as _____ we saw last week.
A.that B.it C.the one D.one
13._____ of us must go there and help him out.
A.One or other B.One by one
C.One or the other D.One or another
14.We all felt _____ to be the highest praise.
A.it B.that C.that one D.the one
15.Havent you read _____ English storices ?Please tell us an interesting one.
A.any B.all C.either D.some
16.-- Would you like _____ dumplings ?
-- No,thanks.
A.some B.another C.any D.all
17.If there is _____ chance ,I will try another.
A.one B.any C.some D.all
18.-- Are _____ here to take the college entrance exam ?
-- Yes ,we _____.
A.all you ;are all B.you all ;all are
C.all of you ;are all D.you of all ;all are
19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _____ who had already
taken them.
A.one B.the ones C.some D.the others
20.-- Have you ever seen a snake alive ?
-- Yes ,Ive seen _____.
A.that B.so C.one D.it
21.-- Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is raining outside.
-- Yes ,but its _____.
A.small one B.small umbrella C.only a small one D.that one
22.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _____ didnt help.
A.this B.which C.any D.it
23.-- Have you got _____ red ink ?
-- Sorry ,I havent got _____.
A.some ;some B.any ;many C.some ;any D.any ;some
24.I prefer a street in a small town to _____ in such a large city as Shanghai.
A.that B.it C.this D.one
25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to
read _____ stories by writers from _____ countries.
A.some ;any B.other ;some C.some ;other D.other ;other
26.-- Is _____ here ?
-- No ,Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody
27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be
honest with _____ friends.
A.their B.her C.ones D.our
28.I borrowed some books _____ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the
lamp went out _____ itself and I had to sit in the dark _____ myself.
A.不填;for;by B.by;for;of C.for;of;by D.of;不填；by
29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _____ invented the
machine to pick cotton.
A.himself B.he himself C.he for himself D.he by himself
30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _____ of them
are not fit for it.
A.all of B.none of C.each of D.every one of
代词专练答案
1－5 B D C B B 6－10 B A C A B
11－15 D C A B D 16－20 A B B B C
21－25 C D C D C 26－30 C C C B A
责任编辑：李芳芳
篇15：语法复习十三：形容词和副词 (人教版高三英语下册教学论文)
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
比较级和最高级及其使用
形容词的比较级和最高级
说 明 例 词
一般情况 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest
单音节词和少数多音节的形容词，加词尾er ,est 以“辅音字母+y ”结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest
重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er ,est narrower,narrowest cleverer,clevest
多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful, most important
副词的比较级和最高级
1．大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most 来构成比较级和最高级。
2．少数单音节副词，加er,est 构成其比较级和最高级 。
几个特殊的形容词和副词
原级 比较级 最高级
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
比较级和最高级的常用句型
名称 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not as[so ]+名词+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比较级+ than Health is more important than wealth.
超越 the +比较级+of the two 两者中较… 的一个 He is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no +比较级+than 和…一样不 He is no richer than I. 他和我一样不富有。
用于否定 最…不过 His work couldn't be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。
程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越…) higher and higher more and more important
两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+比较级 （越…，越…） The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围 （…之中最…） Of all things in the world, people are the precious.
比较级结构的修饰语
1．用于原级之前：
almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
John is almost as tall as you.
The river is three times as long as that one.
We have a third as many students as we had last term.
2．用于比较级前
many, a few (用于“more +可数名词”前)
It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
3．用于形容词和最高级前
the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
This hat is by far the largest in the world.
Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .
位置与功能
高考重点要求
1．掌握形容词、副词比较级、最高级的常用句型及用法
2．掌握形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级修饰语及倍数的比较表达。
3．注意多外形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序。
4．分清常用同义与近义形容词在表达中的语义差别。
此项语法内容从1991年到达2001年间共出现45次（包括上海题），可见其重要。
形容词作用与位置
1．定语。
在名词前做定语，为最常见用法。请注意多个形容词（含其它起形容词作用的词）做前置定语的顺序。
“县官行令杀国才。”这一句就概述了形容词顺序问题。即：
限（冠词[物主代词、指示代词]数词等）观 （描绘） 形（大小、形状等） 龄 （年龄、新旧等）色（色彩）国（国籍、出处等）材（材料、功用等）
an interesting English film a heavy black Chinese silk umbrella
做后置定语。修饰由不定代词no ,any, some ，every和one,thing等构成的复合词或形容词短语。
2．表语。一定要注意系动词的出现情况。这是一个高考热点问题。
常见系动词有：be
变化系词： become, get ,turn, grow, go
保持系词： keep ,remain, stay
感观系词： look, smell , taste, feel, sound,appear , seem ,prove etc.
3.形容词作状语，表状况、原因、结果等。这也是应注意的一点。
He went to bed , cold and hungry.
4.做宾补。
N：①某些以a 开始的形容词只做表语，不做定语。
afraid, alike, alone, asleep ,awake，alive
②某些表身体健康状况的形容词只能做表语,不做定语
well, ill faint
③某些以-ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely, likely, deadly, orderly 等。
④复合形容词的形式问题。
an 800-meter-wide river an English-speaking country a middle-aged man
副词
位置
1）时间副词和地点副词一般放于句尾。如同时出现，则地点副词在前。
They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.
2)表频率的时间副词是高考的热点
always, seldom, often, never, rarely, usually 等，通常放于行为动词之前，be词、情态动词和助动词之 后。
He is always telling lies,so I will never believe him.
3)程度副词一般放在被修饰词之前（但 enough除外）
He is very young ,so he is not old enough to go to school.
N:有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly 结尾，但它们的含义是不同的。
closely-close nearly-near freely-free deeply-deep highly-high widely-wide 等。
以ly 结尾的词表较为抽象的含义，而与形容词同形的副词则表较为具体的概念。
He is highly praised for what he has done. (高度地)
He can see a bird is flying high in the sky.（飞得高，具有可见性）
练习、形容词和副词
高考题选：
1. John has three sisters. Mary is the ___ of the three. (MET88)
A. most cleverest B. more clever C. cleverest D. cleverer
2. The students are___ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. (MET88)
A. most B. almost C. mostly D. at most
3. She told us ___story that we all forgot about the time. (MET88)
A. such an interesting B. such interesting a
C. so an interesting D. a so interesting
4. It is impossible for so___ workers to do so work in a single day. (MET88)
A. few, much B. few, many C. little, much D. little, many
5. The horse is getting old and can't run ___ it did. (MET88)
A. as faster as B. so fast than C. so fast as D. as fast as
6. The story sounds___ . (MET89)
A. to be true B. as true C. being true D. true
7. I'd been expecting ___ letters the whole morning, but there weren't ___ for me. (MET89)
A. some; any B. many; a few C. some; one D. a few; none
8. This year they have produced ___ grain ___ they did last year. (MET89)
A. as less; as B. as few; as C. less; than D. fewer; than
9. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. (MET90)
A. as twice many B. as many twice
C. twice as many D. twice many as
10. The pianos in the other shop will be , but______ . (MET90)
A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better
C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
11. ---Can I help you?
---Well, I'm afraid the box is___ heavy for you, but thank you all the same. (MET90)
A. so B. much C. very D. too
12.---Excuse me, is this Mr. Brown's office?
---I'm sorry, but Mr. Brown ___ works here. He left about three weeks ago. (MET90)
A. not now B. no more C. not still D. no longer
13. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with ___ money and ___ people. (MET90)
A. less; less B. fewer; fewer C. less; fewer D. fewer; less
14. Oh, John. ___ you gave me! (MET90)
A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise
C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
15. ---How did you find your visit to museum?
---I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ___ than I expected. (MET91)
A. far more interesting B. even much interesting
C. so more interesting D. a lot much interesting
16. Canada is larger than ___ country in Asia. (NMET91)
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
17. Those oranges taste___ . (MET91)
A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well
18. The experiment was ___ easier than we had expected. (NMET91)
A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
19. ___ food you've cooked! (NMET91 )
A. How a nice B. What a nice
C. How nice D. What nice
20. Go and get your coat. It's ___ you left it. (MET92)
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
21. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes___ . (MET92)
A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening
22. ---Are you feeling ___?
---Yes, I' m fine now. (NMET92)
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
23. Which is___ country, Canada or Australia? (MET92)
A. a large B. larger C. a larger D. the larger
24. ---Will you give this message to Mr. White, please?
---Sorry, I can't. He ___. (MET92)
A. doesn't any more work here B. doesn't any longer here work
C. doesn't work any more here D. doesn't work here any longer
25. How can you finish the drawing? (MET92)
A. often B. soon C. long D. rapid
26. ___ terrible weather we've been having these days! (MET92)
A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
27. It takes a long time to go there by train. It's___ by road. (MET93)
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
28. ___ from Beijing to London! (MET93)
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
29. She doesn't speak___ her friends, but her written work is excellent. (MET93)
A. as well as B. as often as C. so much as D. as good as
30. ---Mum, I think I'm___ to get back to school.
---Not really, My dear. You'd better stay at home for another day or two. (NMET93)
A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough
31. ---If you don't like the red coat, take the blue one.
---OK, but do you have size___ in blue? This one's a bit tight for me. (NMET93)
A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger
32. John plays footbal___ , if not better than, Davi. (NMET94)
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
33. We all write___ ,even when there's net much to say. (NMET94)
A. now and then B. by and by C. step by step D. more or less
34. ---Do you remember ___ he came?
---Yes I do, he came by car. (NMET94)
A. how B. when C. that D. if
35. If there were no examinations, we should have ___at school. (NMET94)
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
36. ---Have you finished your report yet?
---No, I'll finish in___ ten minutes. (NMET95)
A. another B. other C. more D. less
37. ---I'd like ___ information about the management of your hotel, please.
---Well, you could have ___ word with the manager. He might be helpful. (NMET95)
A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D. an; a
38. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty,___ great it is. (NMET95)
A. what B. how C. however D. whatever
39. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ____. (NMET96)
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
40. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ___. (NMET96)
A. the better voice B. a good voice
C. the best voice D. a better voice
41. Tony is going camping with ___ boys. (NMET93)
A. little two other B. two little other
C. two other little D. little other two
42. ---How was your recent visit to Qingdao? (NMET95)
---It was great. We visited some friends, and spent ___the days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
43. Can you believe that in ___ a rich country there should be _ many poor people? (MET95)
A. such; such B. such; so C. so; so D. so; such
44. Wait till you are more___ .It's better to be sure than sorry. (NMET97)
A. inspired B. satisfied C. calm D. certain
45. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ___ known for his plays. (NMET98)
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
46.___ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (NMET2000 )
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
47. It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ___ if you don't speak the language. (NMET2000 )
A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
48. I am surprised that you should have been fooled by such a (an) ___ trick. (2001 春招)
A. ordinary B. easy C. smart D. simple
49. It is generally believed that teaching is___ it is a science. (NMET2001)
A. an art much as B. much an art as
C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
50.---I'm very ___with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
---Mm, it does have a ___smell. (2002春招)
A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased
C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
51.Boris has brains. In fact ,I doubt whether anyone in the class has ___IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
语法复习十三：形容词和副词
1．C．原题中的three sisters这一信息词语暗示考生要用最高级的形式。clever的最高级有两种：the most clever，the cleverest
2．C．mostly是副词，意思是：“主要地”，修饰整个句子。用most时应为most of the students；用almost通常说almost all+n.
3．A．such与so修饰名词时可这样使用。
so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数
so many/few十可数名词复数 so much/little+不可数名词
4．A．few修饰可数名词的复数；much修饰不可数名词。
5．D．A、C项是语法错误。as…as之间不能用比较级形式。B项也是语法错误，than前没有比较级，把than变成as就对了。实际上not as…as=not more than．
6．D．sound是“听起来”的意思。它是系动词，其后接形容词做表语。类似的系动词还有look seem taste smell fell．
7．A．some常用在肯定句中，而any常用在否定、疑问和条件句中。
8．C．grain是不可数名词。A项是语法错误，as…as之间用原级，B项few不修饰grain，D项也如此。
9．C．表示倍数的词与其他表示程度的副词修饰as…as结构时，应放在其前面。
10．C．该题考查了考生是否掌握形容词比较级的两种形式，该句可理解为：The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper，but not as good as those in this shop.
11．D．此处可理解为the box is too heavy for you to carry．
12．D．no longer强调时间；no more强调数量和次数。
13．C．better这一信息词可暗示考生用比较级形式，less修饰不可数名词，fewer修饰可数名词的复数。
14．C．what与how修饰名词引起的感叹句：
what+a/an+形容词十单数可数名词
what+形容词+可数名词复数
what +形容词+不可数名词
How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数
注意what的用法与sach相似，how与so相似。且give s B. a surprise是惯用法。
15．A．用来修饰比较级的副词有：a little，a bit；even still；far，by far；a lot，a great deal；much，any(用于否定、疑问)；rather．
16．A．用比较级表示最高级的意思，用than+any other+单数名词(包括主语在内)或用any+单数名词(比较范围不包括主语在内)。因加拿大不属亚洲。如，把Asia改为North America，则B正确。
17．A．taste是系动词，后接形容词做表语。B项well如果是形容词，表示“身体好”。但Things are well with me．属于特殊情况。参看6题。
18．C．参看15题。
19．D．参看14题。
20．B．where引导表语从句，且where在表语从句中做地点状语。
21．A．当open做宾补时，一般用它的形容词，不用它的现在分词。又如：with his eyes open/closed
22．B．any修饰比较级时，一般用于疑问句和否定句中。
23．D．表示两者中“最…”的意思，用the+比较级。此句可理解Canada is the larger of the two countries.
24．D．no more与no longer变成not…any more或not…any longer时any more和any longer要置于句尾，可参看12题。
25 B．how often表示频率，与题意不符。how long句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词，是“多久”的意思。D项rapid是形容词不能修饰动词。How soon的回答词用in+时间，因此，全句的意思是：“在多长时间之内(或以后)你能画完画?”且句中谓语是瞬间动词。
26．D．可参看14题。weather是不可数名词。
27．D．此处可理解为It's quicker to go by road than by train．
28．D．参看14题。
29．A．原题中的but与excellent两个信息词可暗示考生，且not as…as相当于not more than，因此，该句的意思是：“她讲的不如朋友的好，但她的笔头好。”
30．C．well是形容词“身体好”的意思。这是It's+adj+enoush to do sth句型。该句意思是：“我身体已好，可以返回学校了。”
31．B．形容词的比较级修饰可数名词的单数时，前面不要忘了加a，泛指比较…的-个。例如，This shirt is a little larger．Could you show me a smaller one?
32．B．是29题的创新。该句的意思是：“如果不比David好的话，那么会跟David踢的一样好。”if not better than为插入语。
33．A．从even when there's not much to say这一信息句可知。now and then相当于sometimes，occasionally和from time to time，B项by and by=soon，C项step by step=gradually，D项more or less=about，修饰名词，但也可修饰动词，作状语。
34．A．从答语中by car可知，how问的是方式。
35．D．have a good/happy time是惯用法，much修饰比较级。参看31题。
36．A．more与another在表示“再、又”时，用法不同，more置于数词后面，而another置于数词的前面。
37．A．information是不可数名词。have a word with sb．相当于speak/talk to/with sb．与…谈话。
38．C．however是连接副词，修饰形容词great并引导一个让步4状语从句，意思是：“无论困难有多大。”
39．D．“下大雨”应说 “rain hard/heavily”．
40．D．意为：“我从未听过比她还好的噪音。”用比较级表达最高级的概念。
41．C．要知道形容词排列作定语的顺序。
42．B．与41题考查的目的相同。
43．B．可参看3题。
44．D．从下文It's better to be sure than sorry．即“确信要比后悔好”可知，填入D项。A、B、C项不符合逻辑。
45．C．该题考查副词用法。四个选项均为副词的比较级或最高级，题干的两个并列分句中，已给出some short stories和his plays这一特定的语境，表示二者之间的比较需用副词的比较级。well known是一惯用词组，意为“出名的”、“众所周知的”，well的比较级为better，故答案为C。
46．C．形容词作后置定语。enough为副词，修饰形容词brave，放在其后。
47．D．意为“在国外通常是困难的，特别是你不会说外语”。
48．D．意为“我很吃惊你竟然被这么简单的一个诡计愚弄了。”此处，只有用D项才能准确表达这种语气。
49．D．“教学更像是一门科学。”第一个as为副词。
50．D。
51．B。
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