非谓语动词总结
“biyoo”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了18篇非谓语动词总结，以下是小编精心整理后的非谓语动词总结，供大家阅读参考。
篇1：非谓语动词总结
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。
(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)
(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
(3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。
动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使
篇2：非谓语动词总结
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:
1、动词不定式:to do
2、动词的ing : doing
3、动词的'过去分词:done
二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)
不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
四、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格+doing)
五、非谓语动词的做题步骤
1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法:分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.
学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如:
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 B
b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:
It’s no good / use doing sth.
It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
如:
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. (主表语要用同一种形式)
2、分词作表语
记住:一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。
现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。
常用动词:surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊)类似动词有:excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失望)，move (感动)，
如:The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。
如:He seemed (to be ) very happy.
篇3：非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定
式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态\语态 主动被动
一般式 to doto be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态\语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动名词
1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱prevent阻止
fancy 想象 finish 完成imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续risk 冒险
suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
举例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to为介词）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为“值得”。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“…… 值得……”
be worth doing sth. “……某事值得被做”
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“……值得……”
be worthy to be done “某事值得被做”
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事”
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。
动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3 不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
8 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to习惯于， be used to习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
10 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
非谓语动词（二）
14 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to dotry doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
动名词与不定式区别实例：
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊词精讲
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking..我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt.
12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别
1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
I remember telling her that last night. (“告
诉”发生在“记得”之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
came back. (“记得”发生在“告诉”之前)
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表
示的动作“给带口信”之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
giving the message last night. (-ING分词
表示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表
示的动作“忘记”之前)
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］
Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］
He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］
He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”；另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
［A］ get used to
［B］ get to
［C］ get over
［D］ get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
8. be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
［A］ battling both people and objects
［B］ both people and objects were battled
［C］ he was battling both people and objects
［D］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
［A］ She is noted primarily
［B］ Noted primarily
［C］ Primarily is noted
［D］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于“出生”的意义，而后者用于“负担”，“负荷”，“承担”和“传送”之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示“悬挂”，后者表示“吊死，绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示“受折磨”之意。
来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves (落叶)，a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例题解析
1) A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)
2) A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)
3) D错。 改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。
4) A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)
5) C错。 改为to be interviewed(将要发生的动作)。
6) C错。改为to kill(不定或未来动作)。
7) D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)
8) A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)
9) A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)
10) A为正确答案。
11) A为正确答案。
12) B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词“noted”引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。
13) B为正确答案。
14) B为正确答案。-ED分词“considered”的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。
15) A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如：“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“开水”，意即“正在开着的水”，而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”，但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling，“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。
16) B错。改用“writing”，“writing paper”意为“写字的纸，信纸”，-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimming pool”(游泳池) ，“sleeping car”(卧铺) 。“written”含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。
17) C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincing link”，“convincing”含有主动的意味，即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质，而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man (使人惊讶的人) ，a surprised man (被惊吓了的人)
篇4：非谓语动词知识点总结
非谓语动词知识点总结
I.概述
1.基本形式的变化：
不定式：
时态主动态被动态
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have builtto have been built
John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主动态)
He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)
He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)
He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)
This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态)
v-ing形式
时态主动态被 动 态
一般式doingbeing done
完成式having donehaving been done
注意：不及物动词没有被动式
动名词
I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) (= I am sure that he will come in time)
He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被动态) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)
I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主动态)
(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)
He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)
现在分词
He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)
Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)
Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)
All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)
2.所做成分
项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语
动词的ing形式现在分词 △ △△△
动名词△△△ △
不定式 △△△△△△
过去分词 △ △△△
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。
II.基本知识
1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分
①作主语。
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
To make money is not the only purpose of our life.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的
在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。
It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
②作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通过了考试。
He promised to be here at nine.他答应9点钟到这儿。
I didn’t expect to see you here.我没有料到在这儿见到你。
在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。
He considered it better to leave now.他认为最好现在就离开。
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。
③作定语(常置于名词之后)。
由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词
代词的的宾语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,
intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.他总是最后一个离开办公室。
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
④作状语
I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)
He tried only to fail. (结果没有成功)
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：
able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit,frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
⑤作独立副词成分。
To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
⑥与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。
The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。
注意：
①在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider,understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
He didn’t know what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我没有决定是否到日本去。
②不定式的复合结构
由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。
It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave, careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good, honest,kind,nice,rash, right,rude, stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong, wise等。
It’s kind of you to say so.
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
③不带to 的动词不定式
▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have, hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。
The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老师常常让我把作文重写。
将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
▲在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but,do nothing but等。
I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建议。
▲在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。
We have no choice but to wait.我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
▲在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to
Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?为什么不把那些书送回去?
2.动名词在句中充当的成分
①作主语
Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 请求帮助有时是必要的。
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多对你的健康不利。
Teaching offers something besides money and power.
②作补语、表语
Seeing is believing.
We call such an act cheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。
③作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语
建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to
忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop
放弃延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss
坚持欣赏(想)要(实)践(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish
注意原谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to
考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help
允许习惯不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind
值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagine
The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒险游过河
His wife doesn#39;t allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room
他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。
All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。
I#39;m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn#39;t feel like eating anything.不想吃任何东西
另在want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。
My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
⑤作定语
它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。
The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教学方法
⑥作同位语
His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
注意：
①动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格 +动名词构成，在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
②动名词的某些固定结构
▲It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
▲It is + useless+doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
▲There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)
▲make a point of + doing “认为…是必要的”
Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
▲be on the point of + doing “濒临，将要…”
He was on the point of leaving.
▲on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
▲go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)
He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
▲动名词短语常用在以下结构中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth
have trouble (in) + doing sth
have fun (in) + doing sth/
have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sth
▲feel like + 名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看电影吗?
I don#39;t feel like reading tonight.今晚我不想读书。
3.分词在句中充当的成分
①作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)
China is a developing socialist country.发展中的.社会主义国家
The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend.
(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义;而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。
②作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
The story is boring.
I found him reading a novel. 在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包围着 (过去分词作宾语补足语)
③作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因, 条件,结果,伴随情况。
Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.(时间)
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.(原因)
Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(原因)
If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.(条件)
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.(条件)
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.(结果)
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(伴随)
注意：分词的特殊结构
①独立主格
有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。
That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.
②“with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构
常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
③某些固定结构
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。
Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.从他的衣着判断
Frankly speaking, I dont like him at all.坦率地说
④catch+宾语+doing
I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他们偷我的苹果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she#39;ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。
注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
Considering his age, he is tall.考虑了他的年龄。
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.关于他的演讲。
篇5：深入领悟非谓语动词
深入领悟非谓语动词
作者 谭立励
非谓语动词在英语里是一项重要的语言表现形式，它与汉语动词的使用方法习惯很不一样,是不少中国学生容易混淆出错的知识能力要点。
非谓语动词有四个特出的特点：
一，它不能当谓语，因此在同一句子中一定还会另有谓语动词。象“I running in the morning every day.“”he named Liping.“ 就是没有谓语动词的错误的句子。
二，非谓语动词和谓语动词都表示动作，但两者的性质，地位不同。这是中国学生最不容易理解的地方。对句子往深层次分析，我们就应该领悟到这一点：与谓语动词的动作对比，非谓语动词的地位是次要的，从属性质的：（1）此动作有时已不是具体的动作，而是概括抽象的一件事，相当于一个名词了；（2）此动作有时即使是具体的动作，但却是从属性的，次要的动作：比如表示原因，条件，时间，目的，临时性的不稳定的伴随动作状态等。在汉语中，不使用连词也可以在一个句子中连用用几个动词；但在英语中，一个句子只能用一个谓语动词，除了用and 连接的两动词外，其它的两个动词一定要分清主次，从属等内在逻辑关系。表示原因，条件，目的，时间，临时性的不稳定的伴随动作等动词必须用非谓语或从句来表示。句子的重心应用作主句谓语动词，句子的次要，伴随，补充的说明部分必须用非谓语或有连词引导的从句。下面列举一些例句对比说明：
1.”为了健康，他天天喝牛奶。“”为了健康“是目的，是次要动作，“喝牛奶”才是唯一的谓语动词；To be more healthy, he drinks milk every day.
2.”喝牛奶对他有好处，他爱喝牛奶“这两处的“喝牛奶”明显地不是具体的”喝“,而是概括抽象的一件事。“喝牛奶”在此处就近似地相当于名词“牛奶”.应用”Drinking milk“动名词来表示。
3，“我喝牛奶肚子痛。”“喝牛奶”在此处虽然是具体动作，但它和”肚子痛“有内在逻辑关系，它表示的是原因，是从属地位，“肚子痛”才是主要的谓语动词。可以用”Having drunk some milk, I have some trouble with my stomach.“来表示。
也可以用从句“Since I have drunk some milk,I have some trouble with my stomach.” 4，“喝牛奶，人健康”，“喝牛奶”与“健康”有逻辑联系，它显然是条件，可以用“Drinking milk every day, one will get more healthy”来表示。
5，“我喝牛奶呛着了。”“喝牛奶”和“呛着”也有逻辑联系，它表示时间，可以用“Drinking milk, I choked.“来表示。
6，“他坐在那里喝牛奶.”“坐”是稳定的长背景动作，应做谓语动词，而“喝牛奶”却是变动不稳定的的伴随动作，是补充说明，可用非谓语动词：“He sat there,drinking some milk.”
综上所述，同是“喝牛奶”，但各句子中“喝牛奶”的动作含义和句子地位各不相同。此“喝牛奶”非彼“喝牛奶”。
除了可以当状语，非谓语动词还可以当定语和补语。例如：
7，“The girl standing there was crying.”standing 就是the girl 的定语。
8，“I found him running in the street.” running 就是 found 的宾补。
非谓语动词还可以当表语。当表语的现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，表示特征，状态或人的情绪，情感；当表语的动名词相当于名词，表示一件事情或现象。例如：
9，The book is tiring , while the film is exciting.
10.The excited audiences were moved at the exciting play.
11.Her job is raising pigs ,she finds that living is working.
三，非谓语动词前不需要形式主语和连词。 1，除了独立主格结构外，非谓语动词都没有形式主语出现在它的前面，如出现了多余的主语那反而是错的句子。但主语不出现不等于没有主谓关系。非谓语动词肯定与主句的主语存在着隐含的逻辑主谓关系，如找不出这种关系那一般都是错误的句子。如“从山上看下去，我们的城市很美丽。”主句的主语“城市”不会“看”，不存在逻辑主谓关系，只存在动宾关系。因此不能用“Seeing“,而只能用”Seen from the mountain , ...“ 被动的形式来表示。或用独立主格：“Anybody seeing it from the mountain ,the city looks very beautiful.”又比如“听到这个消息，她的眼泪流出来了。”“眼泪”不会“听”，不存在逻辑主谓关系，因此不能象中文一样直译：Hearing the news,her tears came along her check.应该说：Hearing the news ,she had tears coming along her check.
2，非谓语动词不需要because,as,if,when,while 等连词，但它却已经含有连词的意思。象 Because not having prepared my lesson,I can't answer the question.就是错的，应删去Because。
反之，如不用非谓语而用从句，那表示原因，条件，时间，伴随，目的的从句前又必须有连词。而中文却是可以省连词的，如上文的“喝牛奶肚子痛”“喝牛奶，人健康。”“喝牛奶呛着了”都可以加用连词也可以不用连词。因此中国学生往往把表示原因，条件，时间，伴随的从句不用连词，不用句号，却要与主句并列在一起，出现“少连词混淆主次”的错误，如：I am poor, I can't buy the house. “I am poor”显然与后面的句子有逻辑因果关系，应加连词Since或变成“Being poor,I can't buy the the house.
有时中国学生又会犯两个分句都用连词的错误，如：“因为我病了，所以今天我不能上学”译成：Because I am ill, so I can't go to school today.在英语中有连词的句子都是次要，从属地位的从句，如两个分句象中文一样都用连词，那就没有表示句子主要意思的主句了。这便是“多连词导致无主句”错误。同理，如非谓语动词短语后的句子用连词，也等于犯了“无主句”的错误。
四,非谓语动词具有谓语动词的有宾语，有状语等特征。
1，及物的非谓语动词后要带宾语，是双宾动词还要带两个宾语，象上面的句子如用“Anybody seeing from the mountain, ........”就是不好的句子，因为及物非谓语动词seeing没有带宾语。
2，不及物的非谓语动词后当然不会有宾语。
3，过去分词后不能出现宾语，因主句的主语就是它的逻辑宾语。象“Heated the water ,it will turn into stream.”就是错的，the water 应删去。
当然，带双宾的非谓语动词后还需带一个宾语：“Told the students many times, the importance is paid attention to.“
以上知识能力要点都是要靠理解，领悟，不是靠死记硬背的。下面让我们做一点练习来加深理解。注意两动作的主次逻辑关系，注意“无形式主语”“无连词”“不能多用连词 ”等非谓语动词特点。
篇6：复习--非谓语动词
I. 分词的归纳与总结
A. –ing结构做定语后置
Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
Who were those people waiting outside?
The road joining two villages is very narrow.
I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.
There were some children swimming in the river.
B. 以-ing or –ed 结尾的形容词做表语
Jane is bored because her job is boring.
Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored.
以-ing结尾的形容词表达事物给人的感觉，以–ed 结尾的形容词表达人对事物的感觉。又如：
Julia thinks politics is very interesting.
The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.
We were shocked when we heard the news.
Everybody was surprised that he passed the exam.
C. 动词或介词+ing做宾语
a）在下列词后的动词要用-ing形式
enjoy, stop, finish, consider, avoid, practise, suggest, mind, risk, keep, appreciate, admit, miss, delay, etc.
I enjoy dancing.
Would you mind closing the window?
Amy suggested going to the cinema.
Don’t keep interrupting me while I am speaking.
b）介词(in, for, about, before, …)+ing
What are the advantages of having a car?
How about playing tennis tomorrow?
I bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday.
Before going out, I phoned Sarah.
What did you do after leaving school?
c）动词+介词的词组+ing
I am thinking of buying a house.
Do you feel like going out for dinner tonight?
I am used to driving on the left because I’ve lived in Britain for a long time.
Are you looking forward to seeing Ann again?
I prefer driving to travelling by train.
这类的词组有give up, put off, carry on, succeed in, dream of, insist on 等
D. 动词-ing形式做宾语补足语
I saw him walking along the street at night yesterday.
I could hear it raining.
I found Sue in my room reading a letter.
类似的词还有：feel, listen to, look at, notice, watch, observe, etc
E. –ing 从句做状语
Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (=while he was playing)
A man ran out of the house shouting. (=he ran out of the house and he was shouting)
Having finished her work, she went home. (=after she had finished her work, she went home)
Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (=because I felt tired, I went to bed early)
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the cinema. (=because I had already seen it twice, I …)
II. 不定式的基本结构
A. 结构 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing --------
完成式 to have done to have been done
B. 例句
（1）The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. （定语）
（2）They decided to finish the job on time. （宾语）
（3）I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. （宾补）
（4）He was the best man to do the job. （宾补）
（5）They went there to visit their teacher. (状语)
（6）My question is how to find out some useful information. （疑问词引导）
附： 动词搭配表
I. v. + to do
1.wish to do 2.hope to do
3.promise to do 4.decide to do
5.refuse to do 6.agree to do
7.expect to do 8.manage to do
9.fail to do 10.prefer to do
11.plan to do 12.want to do
13.ought to do 14.have to do
15.used to do/be use to do 16.seem to do
17.would like to do 18.in order to do
19.so as to do 20.set out to do
21.make up one's mind to do 22.take trouble to do
23.It takes sb. some time to do 24.be going to do
25.be about to do 26.happen to do
27.pretend to do/to have done/to be doing
28.be thought/believed /said /reported to do
29.have no choice but to do
II. v. +adj. + to do
1. be willing to do 2. be likely to do
3. be able to do 4. too ... to do
5. be glad to do 6. be determined to do
7. be ready to do 8. be sure to do
9. be pleased to do 10. be afraid to do
11. be surprised to do 12. be eager to do
13. be anxious to do
14. It is important/necessary...for sb. to do
15. be...enough(for sb.) to do 16.be the first/last to do
17. be careful not to do/take care not to do
III. v.+ sb. + to do
1. help sb. to do 2. order sb. to do
3. tell sb. to do 4. wish sb. to do
5. want sb. to do 6. force sb. to do
7. get sb. to do 8. drive sb. to do
9. forbid sb. to do 10. cause sb. to do
11. allow sb. to do 12. permit sb. to do
13. persuade sb. to do 14. advise sb. to do
15. invite sb. to do 16. prefer sb. to do
17. require sb. to do 18. call on sb. to do
19. It cost sb. some money to do 20. think/consider sb. to be
IV. v.+ sb. / sth.+ do/ doing / done
1. see 2. hear 3. notice 4. watch 5. listen to 6. look at
7. feel 8. have 9. observe
e.g. I saw him come in. He was seen to come in.
him working
the problem settled
V. v. + do
1.can, may, must, should, need, will, dare
2.please do 3. had better do 4. would rather do...(than do)
5.why (not) do 6.let/make/have sb. do
7.have nothing to do but do
There is nothing to do but do They could do nothing but do
VI. v.+ doing
1.enjoy doing 2.risk doing
3.avoid doing 4.keep doing
5.practise doing
6.suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb.(should) do
7.miss doing 8. finish doing
9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing
11.resist doing 12. consider doing
13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do
14. imagine doing 15. keep on doing
16. go on doing 17. insist on doing
18. be busy doing 19. set about doing
20. give up doing 21. feel like doing
22. can't help doing
23. spend/save/waste/kill/time (in) doing
24. It is no use/good doing
25. prefer doing to doing
26. look forward to doing
27. succeed in doing
28. be afraid of doing
29. have trouble/difficulty (in) doing
30 There is trouble / difficulty (in) doing
31. prevent / keep /stop sb. from doing
32. thank you for doing
33. praise sb. for doing
34. punish sb. for doing
35. excuse sb. for doing / sb.'s doing
36. apologize for doing
37. be (well) worth doing / be worthy of being done / be worthy to be done
38. want / need / require doing
e.g. The boy wanted to wash his handkerchief./ The boy wanted washing.
I need to buy a new pair of trousers. / The trousers need mending.
39. do some reading/washing/cleaning/shopping/cooking/more speaking
40. go swimming/dancing/shopping/skating/boating/sightseeing/skiing
VII. v.+ to do / doing
A. 意义差别不大
begin/start e.g. When shall we start working/to work?
Suddenly it started to rain.
Now he began to realize/know his mistakes.
B.接doing表示一般情况,接to do表示具体
1. like/love e.g. I like swimming. But I don't like to swim this afternoon.
2. hate e.g. I hate getting up early. I hate to get up at this time.
3. prefer e.g. He prefers doing to talking.
I'd prefer to go by bike rather than walk this time.
C. 接doing表示已完成的动作,接to do表示未做的动作
1. remember e.g. Remember to close the window before you leave.
I remember being taken to the Great Wall when I was young.
2.forget e.g. Don't forget to lock the door.
I'll never forget meeting him for the first time.
D.意义有差别
1. try e.g. He tried to escape but he was caught.
He try unlocking the door with another key.
2. stop e.g. Stop talking, please. Let's stop to work.
3. regret e.g. I regret to say/tell you/inform you that you failed in the test.
How I regret telling him the news.
4.mean e.g. I'm sorry if I have hurt your feeling. But I didn't mean to.
The incident probably means war/fighting between the two nations.
5. go on
e.g. After he had finished his homework, he went on to write a letter.
Having been put into prison, he went on writing songs.
6. be afraid to do/of doing
e.g. I’m afraid to go out at night.
Most people are afraid of snakes.
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes when learning a foreign language.
【模拟试题】
1. ____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET96, 23)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lost
2. The patient was warned __________oily food after the operation. (NMET 96)
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
3. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776B.C., did not include women players until 1912. (NMET97)
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
4. I would love _______to the party last night but I have to work extra hours to finish a report.(NMET 97)
A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. (NMET98,23)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
6. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” (NMET99,25)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
7. Robert is said __________abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. (NMET 99)
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________it more difficult.(NMET 99)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
9. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job. (NMET春北京 00)
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
10. __________late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (NMET01)
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep
11. Tony was very unhappy for ___________to the party. (上海，40)
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
12. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _________the next year. (NMET2000, 22)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
13. I really appreciate ________to relax with you on this nice island.
A. to have had time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time
14. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears __________everything. ( 上海)
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
15. ____________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. ( 上海)
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
16. ---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
---The key ________the problem is to meet the demand _________by the customers.
(NMET2002 北京)
A. to solving, making B. to solving, made
C. to solve, making D. to solve, made
17. The research is so designed that once _________nothing can be done to change it.
(NMET2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
18. Generally speaking, ________according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
( 上海)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
19. The teacher asked us ________so much noise. (NMET2003 北京)
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
20. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________in the kitchen. (NMET2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
21. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain __________as the plane was making a landing. (春季上海)
A. at B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
22. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents___________. (NMET2004 重庆)
A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry
23. ____________the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
(NMET2004广东)
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed
D. Having not completed
24. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________the exam. (NMET2004 福建)
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
25. The flowers _________sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.
(2004 上海)
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
26. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when __________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET2004全国)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
27. He looked around and caught a man ________his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting
28. This company was the first ________portable radios as well as cassette tapes recorders in the world. (春上海)
A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced
29. ___________with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. (NMET2005 春季北京)
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
30. The storm left, ____________a lot of damage to this area. (NMET2005全国)
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
【试题答案】
1-5 CCCDC 6-10 DABCA 11-15 DCBDC 16-20 BDBDB
21-25 CACDB 26-30CDBCD
篇7：非谓语动词知识点
高考英语知识点归纳：非谓语动词用主动表被动
(1)不定式to blame,to let用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义
(2)某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义
①这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。
②有时形容词后跟有名词，在名词后用作定语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
③有少数用于类似结构的形容词(如fit,ready,free等)，其中的不定式用主动式和被动式均可。
(3)不定式用于某些动词(如have,have got,get,want,need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义
(4)不定式用于某些双宾动词(如give,show,buy,lend,get等)的直接宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是直接宾语前的间接宾语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义
(5)不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义差不多
(6)be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动
(7)在need,want,require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义
①以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义
②它们后接名词时也可表示被动意义
高三英语复习方法
一、抓课本、重基础、强化词句的积累
英语基础知识的复习要以课本为纲，按照知识之间的内在联系，将它们进行分类整理。在这个过程中，要注意以新带旧，使初中和高中所学的知识形成系统，总结出规律性，这样才能融会贯通，也才能把知识转化为能力。
学生应以高三课本为主要教材，在老师的带领下，深入挖掘教材中的语言知识，巩固语言基础，对课本中反复出现的语言知识进行科学归类和巧妙整理，找出其中的规律、抓住线索。复习知识是为了运用知识，而网络化的知识更便于运用，更有利于学科能力的培养。只有经过对所学的教材进行层层挖掘才有希望把知识形成网络。这对其实现知识的迁移有重要的影响，有利于其实际运用能力的提高，并在应考中运用自如。
二、抓语篇学习、重阅读能力
从近几年的高考试题来看，死记硬背，强化训练，沉湎于“题海战术”是难以出好成绩的。将中心和重心放在单项选择上是不合时宜的。因此，要根据自己的实际情况，制定出切实可行的复习计划。做到按部就班，有条不紊，循序渐进。其中，语篇学习最应引起学生的足够重视。
高三课本中文章题材广、内容新颖，知识覆盖面宽。因此，学生应充分利用高三课本中的阅读材料，从文章的内容、文章的结构、作者的观点、态度及相关的背景知识巧妙设置问题，不断提高自己的阅读能力，开拓知识视野。同时，文章的新颖内容还可以提高学生对英语的学习兴趣。
三、精选习题，有效训练
笔者建议学生应有针对性地加强运用练习。期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆通过结合高考考点进行针对性训练，在很短的时间内复习完所有的语言知识，提高复习效率，以便有充裕的时间进行听力、完形填空、阅读等专项能力训练和模拟训练，避免在复习课本知识和培养能力之间顾此失彼。在此基础上，通过科学系统的训练，提高英语交际能力，从而收到事半功倍的效果。
篇8：初中英语非谓语动词
初中英语非谓语动词
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
公共场所的英文标识
在一些公共场所的时候，我们会看到一些用英文标注的指示表示，如果在一些特殊情况下不知道还是比较尴尬的!下面是小编为您收集整理的公共场所的英文标识，供大家参考!
1、BusinessHours营业时间
2、OfficeHours办公时间
3、Entrance入口
4、Exit出口
5、Push推
6、Pull拉
7、Shut此路不通
8、On打开(放)
9、Off关
10、Open营业
11、Pause暂停
12、Stop关闭
13、Closed下班
14、Menu菜单
15、Fragile易碎
16、ThisSideUp此面向上
17、Introductions说明
18、OneStreet单行道
19、KeepRight/Left靠左/右
20、BusesOnly只准公共汽车通过
21、WetPaint油漆未干
22、Danger危险
23、LostandFound失物招领处
24、GiveWay快车先行
25、SafetyFirst安全第一
26、FillingStation加油站
27、NoSmoking禁止吸烟
28、NoPhotos请勿拍照
29、NoVisitors游人止步
30、NoEntry禁止入内
31、NoAdmittance闲人免进
32、NoHonking禁止鸣喇叭
33、Parting停车处
34、TollFree免费通行
35、F.F.快进
36、Rew.倒带
37、EMS(邮政)特快专递
38、InsertHere此处插入
39、OpenHere此处开启
40、SplitHere此处撕开
41、MechanicalHelp车辆修理
42、“AA”Film十四岁以下禁看电影
43、DoNotPass禁止超车
44、NoUTurn禁止掉头
45、UTurnOk可以U形转弯
46、NoCyclingintheSchool校内禁止骑车
47、SOS紧急求救信号
48、HandsWanted招聘
49、StaffOnly本处职工专用
50、NoLitter勿乱扔杂物
51、HandsOff请勿用手摸
52、KeepSilence保持安静
53、OnSale削价出售
54、NoBills不准张贴
55、NotforSale恕不出售
56、Pub酒店
57、Cafe咖啡馆、小餐馆
58、Bar酒巴
59、Laundry洗衣店
60、TravelAgency旅行社
61、InShade置于阴凉处
62、KeepinDarkPlace避光保存
63、Poison有毒/毒品
64、GuardagainstDamp防潮
65、BewareofPickpocket谨防扒手
66、ComplaintBox意见箱
67、ForUseOnlyinCaseofFire灭火专用
68、Bakery面包店
69、KeepDry保持干燥
70、Information问讯处
71、NoPassing禁止通行
72、NoAngling不准垂钓
73、ShootingProhibited禁止打猎
74、SeatbyNumber对号入座
75、ProtectPublicPropety爱护公共财物
76、TicketOffice(or：BookingOffice)售票处
77、VisitorsPleaseRegister来宾登记
78、WipeYourShoesAndBoots请擦去鞋上的泥土
79、Men“s/Gentlemen/GentsRoom男厕所
80、Women“s/Ladies/Ladies”Room女厕所
81、Occupied(厕所)有人
82、Vacant(厕所)无人
83、CommitNoNuisance禁止小便
84、Net(Weight)净重
85、MAN：2503生产日期：3月25日
86、EXP：25032002失效期：203月25日
87、AdmissionFree免费入场
88、BikePark(ing)自行车存车处
89、ChildrenandWomenFirst妇女、儿童优先
90、SaveFood节约粮食
91、SaveEnergy节约能源
92、HandlewithCare小心轻放
93、DogsNotAllowed禁止携犬入内
94、KeepAwayFromFire切勿近火
95、ReducedSpeedNow减速行驶
96、RoadUp.Detour马路施工，请绕行
97、KeepTopSideUp请勿倒立
98、TakeCareNottoLeaveThingsBehind当心不要丢失东西
99、PleaseReturntheBackAfterUse用毕放回架上
100、LuggageDepository行李存放处
篇9：初中英语非谓语动词
1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。
2.动词不定式：to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化)
○1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○3 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)
○4 用法：
A. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .
B. 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C. 作宾语：
a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 动词+疑问词+to do I don't know where to put the bike .
c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D. 作补语：
a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E. 作状语：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F.作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 动词不定式to 的省略：
A. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。
3.动名词：动词原形+ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。
○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的`动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .
○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
A. 作主语：
a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .
b. No + 动名词表示”禁止“。No smoking, No parking .
B. 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .
C. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等)
E. 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?
4.分词：动词原形+ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)
现在分词
○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状
态之前就发生)
○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
A. 作表语。The result is surprising .
B. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)
C. 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.
过去分词
○1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。
○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。
○3 用法：
A. 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B. 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C. 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
篇10：非谓语动词练习题
一、非谓语动词与谓语动词
1．相同点：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的'变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、不同点：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语，中小学英语《非谓语动词》。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1．不定式的形式：
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
篇11：非谓语动词练习题
( )1. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock.
A. to have rested B. resting
C. to rest D. rest
( )2. Do you know the boy _______ under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying
( )3. Youd better ______ your bike _____ at once. It is Monday tomorrow, you know.
A. to have, mend B. have, mended
C. have, to mend D. to have, mended
( )4. --- Look! The lights in the classroom are still on.
--- Oh, I forgot _______.
A. turning them off B. turn them off
C. to turn them off D. having turned them off
( )5. Cant you read? the officer said _______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. point angrily
( )6. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
( )7. The policeman warned the young man _______ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
( )8. --- Whats the language _______ in New Zealand?
--- English.
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
篇12：非谓语动词的用法总结
非谓语动词有四种形式：不定式，动名词，分词：现在分词，过去分词。
1.不定式（todo）：做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
2.动名词（doing）：做主语、宾语、表语、定语。
3.现在分词（doing）：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
4.过去分词（done）：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
篇13：非谓语动词复习要点
一． 非谓语动词功能比较表
主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语
动名词 V V V X V X
不定式 V V V V V V
现在分词 X V X V V V
过去分词 X V X V V V
二． 非谓语动词的否定式、复合结构
1、谓语动词的否定式为：not+非谓语动词（not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分not +过去分词）
2.不定式的复合结构为：of/for+to do注：若其前的形容词为情感形容词当nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介词宜用of；若其前的形容词为hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等非情感形容词时，介词宜用for。动名词的复合结构为：形容词性物主代词sb/sb’s+doing(若该结构不位于句首作主语也可用“名词或宾语+doing”来表示。例如：
His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
不定式时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
分词 时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doingbeing done
完成式 having done having been done
二、非谓语动词用法比较
（一）作主语比较：
1、位于句首常用动名词作主语。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.
2、It作形式主语时，非情感形容词或名词作表语时常用不定式作真正主语；若useless, nouse, no good作表语时，常用动名词短语作真正主语。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.
3、不定式短语或动名词短语用语俚语、成语中作主语时，要遵循上下文的一致性原则。例如：To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.
To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.
(二)作表语比较：
1． 动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答What的问题。例如：
-What is his job? -His job is teaching.
2． 不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，常表示将来的动作。例如：
When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.
3.分词作表语时，说明主语的状态，回答How的问题。现在分词作表语表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；过去分词作标语，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一个已经发生了的动作。例如：The news is exciting. We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.
(三)作宾语比较：
1、只跟不定式作宾语的及物动词：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,
2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟动名词作宾语。
3.后跟动名词作宾语的动词词组：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to admit to, prefer…to, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, be busy look forward to (to为介词), no good, no use, It's worth…, can't help, It's no use /good, be capable of, be proud of, think of / about, hold off, put off, keep on, insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, good at, take up, give up, burst out, prevent … from… 等。
4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth 2).mean to do sth/doing
3).try to do sth/doing sth.4).go on to do sth/doing sth.
5).stop to do sth/doing sth6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth
5.need,require,want等动词表示“需要”时，后跟不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
（四）作宾补比较：
1、ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.
2、let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth
be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.
3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb /sth. doing
4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done
5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth
6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)
7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked
8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.
9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done
10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done
11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.
(五)作状语比较
1、不定式在句中只能作条件或结果状语（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容词或副词连用。）
2、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语系句子的主语。如果逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的主谓关系，须用现在分词作状语；若逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的动宾关系，须用过去分词。分词在句中可作条件、时间、方式、伴随、让步、（自然而然的）结果、原因、比较等状语。
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
3、如果句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，则不能用分词作状语，而用独立主格结构（主语+分词；主语+介词短语；with+宾语+介词短语）试比较：
Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)
4、分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
5、逻辑主语问：分词作状语的逻辑主语是句子的主语；分词作定语的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词；分词作宾补的逻辑主语是其宾语。
（六）作定语比较
1、动名词作前置定语，说明所修饰的名词的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）
2、不定式作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的动作的未来性，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
A plan/law/way to do sth.
3、单个分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的状态。表示正在进行或主动的动作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用现在分词；表示已经发生或被动的动作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用过去分词作定语。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有过去分词，而没有现在分词。
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written (=which is written )
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A.speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
试比较：
The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.
The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现
(86)26. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
(86)27. Only one of these books is__________.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. wroth of reading D. worth reading
(86)28. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. breakD. breaking
(86)29. I can't imagine_____ that with them.
A. doB. to do C. being done D. doing
(87) 30. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
(87)31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _____.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
(87)32. Though he had often made his little sister_____, today he was made_____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
(87)33. They would not allow him_____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
(88)34. She didn't remember_____ him before.
A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met
(88)35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
(89)36. Do you know the boy_____ under the big tree?
A. layB. lain C. layingD. lying
(89)37. Go on_____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
(89)38.There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
(89)39. ”What do you think of the book?“”Oh, excellent. It's worth_____ a second time.“
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
(89)40. She pretended_____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(89)41. ”Good morning. Can I help you?“”I'd like to have this package_____, madam.“
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
(89)42. _____ your coat at once. We must hurry.
A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on
(90)43. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
(90)44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
(90)45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
(90)46. Last summer I took a course on___________.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
(91)47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
(91)48. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
(91)49. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sailB. to sailC. sailing D. to have sailed
(91)50. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot_____
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(91)51. John was made_____ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
(92)52. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(92)53. --I usually go there by train. --Why not_____ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(92)54. I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(92)55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. howD. where
(92)56._____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receivingB. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
(93)57, ”Can't you read?“ Mary said_____ to the notice,
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C .angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
(93)58.How about the two of us_____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
(93)59. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
(93) 60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
(94)61. --I must apologize for_____ ahead of time. --That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
(94)62, The missing boys were last seen_____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(94)63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
(94)64. The first textbooks_____for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
65.--You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: --Well, now I regret_____ that.
A. to doB. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(95)66. Paul doesn't have to be made_____. He always works hard.
A. learnB. to learn C. learned D. learning
(95)67. We agreed_____ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(96)68. The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating
(96)69. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. LosingB. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
(97)70. I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to goB. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(97) 71. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
(97)72. -- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?-- I______, but I had an unexpected, visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
(97)73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. couldD. was able to
(98)74. _____ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave
(98)75. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. payB. paying C. paidD. to pay
(98)76. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. madeD. to make
(99)77. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
(99)78. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. DO not make
(99)79. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door___ ”Sorry to miss you; will call later.“
A. readB. reads C. to read D. reading
80. I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
(2000)81. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
()82. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
()83. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002)84. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002上海)85. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
(2002上海)86. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_____ if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of strikingB. was sure of having struck
B. C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
(2002上海)87. Though______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lackedB. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
(02上)88. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
(2002上海)89. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
(2002春招)90. Prices of daily goods______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
(2002上海春招)91. In some parts of London, missing a bus means______ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. waitD. to be waiting
(2002上海春招)92. When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
(2002北京)93--How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
(2002广东)94. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to seeB. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002广东)95. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002广东)96. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. beginsB. having begun C. beginning D. begun
(全国)97. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
(2003全国)98. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
(2003上海)99. The discovery of new evidence led to______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(2003上海)100. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
(2003上海)101. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
(2003上海)102. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need______.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving
(2003北京春招)103. --Why did you go back to the shop? --I left my friend______ there.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(2003北京春招)104. The manager,______ his factory's products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. knownC. to know D. being known
(2003北京春招)105. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeingB. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
106. Don't be discouraged. ______ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. TakingB. To take C. Take D. Taken
(2003上海春招)107. Friendship is like money: easier made than ____.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
(2003上海春招)108. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attendedD. The president's attending
(2003上海春招)109. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invitedB. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
(2003上海春招)110. Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
(广东) 111.________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004天津) 112.Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. runB. running C. being run D. to run
(2004浙江) 113.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
(04全国III) 114.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
(04全国II) 115. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
(04全国II) 116.”We can't go out in this weather,“ said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
(04全国IV) 117.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
(04全国IV) 118.Alice returned from the manager's office, ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tellD. telling
(04辽宁) 119.I don't know whether you happen ________ , but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(04江苏) 120.The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
(04北京)121.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(04福建)122.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
(04辽宁)123.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
(04上海)124.The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
(04上海) 125.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(04上海) 126.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
(04上海)127.Having been attacked by terrorists, ________ .
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
(04全国III)128.Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现KEYS:
1. CBBDA 6.ACDCB 11. A/D CBAB 16. ABCCB 21. DABCA 26. BDBDA
3l. CA AAA 36. DABCA 41. DCAAC 46. ADBCC 51. AADCB 56. CACDC
61. BACDC/D 66. BCCCB 71.CCDDC 76.AABDB 81.CABCA 86.DCDCB
91.AABBC 96.DDDCB 101. AAAAD 106.CADAB 111C B B C B
116 A C D DD121. C. D. B. C B 126 A. B D
篇14：聚焦非谓语动词考点
作者：籍万杰
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词,从历届高考试题来看,不定式和分词是考查的重点。下面结合高考试题,对非谓语动词的作用及其区别分别加以说明。
一、考查非谓语动词作主语
能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。两者的区别是:表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式;表示比较抽象的一般的行为倾向时,多用动名词。动名词作主语时通常位于句首;不定式作主语则常置于句末,用it作形式主语放在句首。
[原题再现]
In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案:D
二、考查非谓语动词作宾语
不定式和动名词可作介词或动词的宾语,具体用法详见本报第2期和第6期。
[原题再现]
①Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able
B. him not to be able
C. his not being able
D. him to be not able
②We agree ________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting
C. to meet D. to have met
答案:① C ② C
三、考查非谓语动词作补语
能作宾语补足语和主语补足语的非谓语动词有不定式、现在分词、过去分词,用哪种非谓语动词形式往往取决于前面动词的句型和不同的非谓语动词所表示的意义。
现在分词和过去分词作补足语的用法和区别详见本报第3期、第5期和第6期。下面笔者着重讲一下不定式作补足语的情况。
1. 能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask,tell,force,get,allow,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,intend,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,request,order, warn,cause等,表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有”主动“的意义),而且不定式的动作多发生在句子谓语动词动作之后(具有”将来“的意义)。
[原题再现]
My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
答案:D
2. 使役动词、感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。常见的使役动词有make,let,have等;感官动词有see,hear,watch,observe,notice,feel以及look at,listen to等。
[原题再现]
Paul doesn't have to be made ________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B
3. 现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作正在发生。
[原题再现]
Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
答案:B
四、考查非谓语动词作定语
不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语。
1. 不定式作定语多和被修饰的名词具有”动宾关系“,即被修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物动词,就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。
[原题再现]
There are five pairs ________, but I'm at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
答案:B
2. 现在分词作定语多和被修饰的名词具有”主谓关系“,即现在分词用主动式时,被修饰的名词正在执行其动作;现在分词用被动式时,被修饰的名词正在承受其动作;过去分词作定语与其所修饰的名词有”动宾关系“,表示一个被动或完成的动作。
[原题再现]
①The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
②Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
答案:① A ② C
五、考查非谓语动词作状语
能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。不定式短语放在句首多作目的状语,在句末多作原因状语、结果状语。现在分词短语放在句首多作原因、条件、时间等状语,在句末多作方式、伴随状语,也可作结果状语。过去分词短语放在句首多表示时间、条件、原因等,放在句末表示对前面的情况起补充说明作用,同时与句子主语具有被动关系。
[原题再现]
①________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
③ ________ by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
④ ”We can't go out in this weather,“said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
答案:① C ② B ③ B ④ A
六、考查非谓语动词作表语
不定式、动名词和分词都可作表语,具体用法详见本报第3期、第5期和第6期。
[原题再现]
Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ________ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
答案:A
七、考查非谓语动词的特殊结构与句式
非谓语动词除了上述几种用法外,还可以用在以下几种特殊结构与句式中。
1. ”疑问词 + 不定式“结构
[原题再现]
It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.
A. it what to do with
B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it
D. to do what with it
答案:C
2. with复合结构
[原题再现]
①With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
②It was a pity that the great writer died ________ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
答案:① C ② B
篇15：非谓语动词作定语
【高考走向】
非谓语动词，即不定式、-ing分词和 -ed分词作定语的用法较灵活,是高考重点考查内容之一。
高考对非谓语动词作定语的考查主要包括以下几个方面的内容：
1．不定式作定语；
2．-ing分词作定语；
3．-ed分词作定语。
【典型例题】
1．(北京, 单项填空)The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
正确答案：B 根据题干判断，句中需要一个既作定语又表状态的非谓语动词，所以选B。
2．（NMET97，单项填空）The Olympic Games,______in 776 B.C., did not include women
players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be first playing
正确答案：C 此题考查分词作非限制性定语的用法，有被动意义，动作已完成，所以选C。
3．（NMET94，单项填空）The first text books _______ for teaching English as a
foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
正确答案：D 此题考查分词的限制性定语用法，其他与例2类似，所以选D。
【知识点拨】
1．不定式作定语
① 不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名
词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示
该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.
② 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.
例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.
We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.)
③ 不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语,
则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。
例如：I have a lot of things to do today. ( I ... do ... things)
Have you got anything to say at the meeting? ( you... say ... anything)
Here is a letter to be taken to Mr. Li.
在there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。
比较：There is nothing to do at present.(=We have nothing to do at present.)
There is nothing to be done at present.(= We can do nothing at present.)
2．-ing分词作定语
① 单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后
置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。
例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping )
a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping )
the boy standing there ( = the boy who is standing there )
The girl singing is my classmate.
② -ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正
在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。
例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher?
Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk
yesterday?
The man shaking ( = who is now shaking ) hands with Mr. Li visited our
class yesterday.
比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.
正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.
3．-ed分词作定语
-ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作,
-ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。
例如：a developed/developing country
He is a student loved by all the teachers.
The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.
4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.
The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world.
【知识过关】
1. The computer center,______last year, is very popular among the students. in the
school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
2. Most of the artists _______ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite
C. being invited D. had been invited
3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following
C. to be followed D. being followed
4. Do you know the boy_______ under the big tree?
A. layB. lainC. laying D. lying
5. Are you going to attend the meeting _______ tomorrow?
A. to be held B. being held C. will be held D. held
6. I like most of the books _______ in this _______ house.
A. publishing, publishing B. published, published
C. published, publishing D. publishing, published
7. This is one of the questions _______ at the meeting now.
A. to discuss B. to be discussed
C. being discussed D. discussed
8. Would you please give me a piece of paper _______?
A. to write B. to write on C. to write with D. to be written
正确答案：1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B
篇16：非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语
【高考走向】
非谓语动词作状语的用法较灵活，很多同学觉得较难掌握，但在高考中却是屡见不鲜的考点。高考对
非谓语动词作状语的考查多与对动词其他形式的考查同时进行，主要包括以下几个方面的内容：
1．不定式作状语；
2．-ing分词作状语；
3．-ed分词作状语。
【典型例题】
1．(NMET98, 单项填空)European football is played in 80 countries, _______ it the most
popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
正确答案：A 此题考查-ing分词作结果状语的用法，所以选A。
2．（NMET96，单项填空）_______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
正确答案：C 此题考查-ed分词短语作原因状语的用法 be lost in thought是一个短语，意为”陷入沉
思“，所以选C。
3．（MET90，单项填空）Tom kept quiet about the accident _______ lose his job.
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
正确答案：B 此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选B。
【知识点拨】
1．不定式作状语
① 不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。
例如：We eat to live, but we don't live to eat. (目的)
What has he said to make you so happy? (结果)
She burst into tears to hear the bad news. (原因)
注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用，构成so as (not) to do和in order (not)
to do 结构，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。
例如：To get there in time, we got up very early.
= In order to get there in time, we got up very early.
= We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time.
② 不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。
例如：I'm sorry to hear that.
Be careful not to catch cold .
The man is easy to get along with.
I don't think the man hard to get along with.
③ 不定式常与too或enough连用，在句中作状语。
例如：The boy is too young to go to school/ to be sent to school.
= The boy is not old enough to go to school/ to be sent to school.
④ 不定式有时用于so...as to do sth.结构中作状语。
例如：Will you be so kind as to help me with the work?
⑤ 有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有to tell you the
truth, to be honest, to be franc, to be fair, 等。
例如：To tell you the truth, I don't like the film.
2．-ing分词和-ed分词作状语
① -ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑
上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。
例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing.
Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old.
② -ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语, 其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑
上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。
例如:Being so poor in those days, they couldn't send the boy to school.(原因)
Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因)
Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (时间)
Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful. (时间)
3．-ing分词有时可作结果状语。
例如：Her husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children.
We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time.
4．-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。
例如：Given more time, we could have done it much better.
5．如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。
例如：I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
Having never/Not having met the man before, I couldn't recognize him at first.
Having finished my homework, I went to play football.
【知识过关】
1. She set out soon after dark _______ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
2. ”Can't you read?" Mary said _______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
3. _______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receivingB. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
4. She is upstairs _______ letters.
A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing
5. The secretary worked late into the night, _______ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. preparedD. was preparing
正确答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B
篇17：非谓语动词用法讲义
第一部分: 非谓语动词用法详解
一、不定式的用法
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing /
完成进行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4) 不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6) 疑问词+动词不定式：
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用。
注意: why与不带to的不定式连用，其它的词应与带to的不定式连用。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (SBⅢ P32)
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (SBⅢ P1)
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
Why do that? = Why did you do that? 你为什么要那么做？
Why not do it yourself? = Why don’t you do it yourself? 你为什么不自己做呢？
介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。
7) 不定式的被动式：
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如：
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的语法作用
1) 不定式作主语：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2) 不定式作表语：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作宾语：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4) 不定式作补语：
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
注意：get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：
I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？
注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
5) 不定式作定语：
不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：
①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.
下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
⑤如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话，不定式动词是不及 物动词，则须加适当的介词。如：
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足够的椅子给客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他们住在一座大房子里。
I want to buy a pen to write with. 我想买一支笔写字用。
Please give me a knife to cat with. 请给我一把切东西的刀。
There is nothing for you to worry about. 没有什么可让你担心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。
6) 不定式作状语：
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
3. 不定式的复合结构
1) 不定式复合结构的构成
不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。
但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用
不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.
货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：
That’s for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。
I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。
4. 不定式结构的疑难问题
1. 不定式不带to的规则：
前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
① 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告诉他。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如：
Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？
Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？
③在had better（还是……最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would rather…than（宁可……而不……）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would sooner…than（宁可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如：
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
④作介词but，except，besides等的宾语不定式，前面有实义动词to do，不定式符号to可省略。
I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep．
Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning．
They did nothing but watch TV last night．
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.
昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如：
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。
⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。
2. 动词不定式的省略问题：
上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：
①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+动词原形结构时：
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗？
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时：
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗？
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时：
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗？
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表语结构时：
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意，但我现在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow?
明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
---I’ll be glad to. 我很乐意。
3. 不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别： 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况：
①不定式所修饰的名词或代词与不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗？
②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。
Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
④在There be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
注意下面两个句子的含义：
There is a lot of work to be done. （强调有许多事情必须做。）
There is nothing to be done. （强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：
句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.
我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket
这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。
5. 高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词：
能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要）, like（喜欢）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失败）, plan（计划）, refuse（拒绝）, ask（要求）,continue（继续），manage（设法）, try（尽力）, offer（提供）, start（开始）, begin（开始）, forget（忘记）, remember（记得）, promise（答应）, mean（打算）, pretend（假装）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（尝试，企图）, decide（决定）, learn（学会）, desire（渴望，请求）, agree（同意）, care（关心，喜欢）, choose（选择）, determine（下决心）, expect（期望）, afford（负担得起，买得起）等。
能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise（建议）, allow（允许）, ask, beg（乞求）, command（命令，指挥）, tell（告诉）, invite（邀请）, force（强迫）, oblige（强迫）, get（致使）, help（帮助）, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage（鼓励）, persuade（说服）, permit（允许，许可）, remind（使想起，提醒）, request（请求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause（引起）等。
6. 高中阶段常见的不定式短语：
高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会）, be about to do（即将做……）, used to do（过去常常……）, be glad to do（乐意做……）, would like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。
高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
–ing 形式
1. -ing分词的构成
–ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
–ing分词的否定形式是由not 加–ing分词构成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。
2. –ing分词的一般式和完成式：
–ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
3. -ing分词的被动式：
–ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是–ing分词动作的承受者。根据–ing分词动作发生的时间，–ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的–ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。
4. -ing分词的语法作用
–ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1)–ing分词（短语）作主语：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
在下面两种结构中，–ing分词也作主语。
①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中，通常用–ing分词。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2) –ing分词（短语）作表语：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
3) –ing分词作宾语：
①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。
②–ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
③–ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。
此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（对……负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？
另外，–ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。
4) –ing分词作定语：
①单个的–ing分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：
reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车
sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室
a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼
the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②–ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
5) -ing分词做状语：
–ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①–ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。
②–ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④–ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
⑤–ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
6) -ing分词作补语：
①–ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，–ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。
5. -ing分词的复合结构：
–ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了
6. 高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：
mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）等。
7. -ing分词的疑难问题
1) -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义：
①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people.
真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
②–ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
2) –ing分词作定语的两种不同含义：
①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事
working people= people who are working 劳动人民
3) 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：
admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为……熟悉）.
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from…（根据……来判断）, considering…（考虑到……）, talking of…（谈到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
过去分词(–ed分词)
1. 分词的定义
动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
2. 过去分词的语法作用：
过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语：
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。
3) 过去分词做状语：
过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
Given another chance, he will do better. 再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。
4) 过去分词作补足语：
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。
当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
3.过去分词的疑难问题
过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.
当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
第二部分: 非谓语动词疑难问题详解
一、非谓语动词各种形式所表表示的时间概念：
(1) 如用“(to) do”，表该动作是重复性的或将要做的，如：
I often see him draw. 我经常看见他画画。
He is said to come tomorrow. 据说他明天来。
(2) 如用“to be doing”，表该动作正在进行，如：
I am excited to be performing on the stage. 在舞台上表演我很激动。
He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in .
老师进来时他假装在看书。
(3) 如用“to be done”，强调该动作是被执行。
He was said to be sent to abroad. 据说他要被送出国。
(4) 如用“to have done”或“to have been done”，表该动作已完成，如：
I'm sorry to have kept you so long. 对不起让你久等了。
(5) 如用being done,则可表时三种意思。
A. 作主语，表被动
Being admitted to Beijing University is my dream.
被北京大学录取是我的梦想。
B. 作宾语(在少数动词或介词后) ，表被动。
Do you mind being left alone at home? 你介意单独一个人被留在家里吗?
I’m worried about being left alone at home. 我担心被单独一个人留在家里。
C. 作定语，表被动(正在被)
The building being built is a lab. 正在被建的大楼是实验大楼。
(6) having done 表示的时间在谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表主动，常用作
句子的状语。
Having finished his homework , he went out to play.
(7) having been done表示的时间在谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表被动，常用
作句子的状语。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. (SBⅢ P16)
二、几种非谓语动词用法比较：
一、句法功能比较
以动词make为例，把这四种非谓语动词在句中所作的成分总结如下：
make 主动语态 被动语态 句法功能
一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 宾 表 定 状 补
不定式 to write to be making to have made to be made to have been made √ √ √ √ √ √
–ing形式 making having made being made having been made √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 made √ √ √ √
由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。
如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。如：
The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.
即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children.
正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.
去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.
已经建了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而建的。
二、不定式和–ing形式作主语的区别
1、–ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的第一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。如：
Reading English novels is really great fun. 读英语小说真有趣。
To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.
今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。
2、动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而–ing形式作主语时较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主语。如：
It is hard to make him change his mind. 很难让他改变主意。
It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教谈话真有趣。
3、不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如：
It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 已经决定在我们学校建立一个足球俱乐部。
4、在口语中，用–ing形式作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。
5、疑问句中，一般多用–ing形式的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如：
Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 我们提供帮助对你们很重要吗？
6、在句型“There be no＋主语”中，习惯上常用–ing形式作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如：
There is no parking around here. 这周围不准停车。
There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.)
无法知道会发生什么。
7、不定式、–ing形式作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；–ing形式的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如：
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.
林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。
The students’ knowing English well helped them in learning French.
对英语了解很好的人学习法语会有很大帮助。
8、当表语是–ing形式时，主语要用–ing形式，当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如：
Saying is believing. 眼见为实。 To see is to believe.
三、不定式、–ing形式作表语的区别
1、表示一般的概念时，不定式与–ing形式可以互换。如：
What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 我最的就是看孩子玩耍。
2、表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式, 无抽象概念一般用–ing形式。如：
My wish is to become a famous pianist. 我的愿望就是成为一名著名的钢琴家。
4、过去分词作表语，强调状态，分词前可以加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by引起的短语，时态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，时态概念较强。如：
The shop is closed. 商店关门了。 (分词)
The door was closed by the wind. 门被风吹上了。 (被动)
6、–ing形式作表语与进行时态形式相同。–ing形式作表语说明主语的内容、性质、特征；而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。如：
My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.
我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (–ing形式)
I was teaching the children maths when you passed by.
你经过时我正教孩子数学。 （进行时态）
四、不定式、–ing形式作宾语的区别
1、可用不定式作宾语，但不可用–ing形式作宾语的动词和能接–ing形式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语的动词请参阅本章“不定式”部分和“–ing形式”部分。
2、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式及–ed分词皆可且意义相差较大的动词，将在下面专门讨论。
3、有些动词后可用“疑问词＋不定式”结构作复合宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句。使用这类结构时，不定式前不能再加引出的逻辑主语；不定式的动作在时间概念上必须后于前面的动词，否则就应用宾语从句。-ing形式无这种用法。能接这类复合宾语的常见动词有：know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。
Hearing the sad news, she didn’t know what to do. 听到这则悲伤的消息，她不知如何做。
I couldn’t decide whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能决定是在这里再干一年还是换一个工作。
4、当不定式、-ing形式作宾语，后面还有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动名词放在补足语之后。如：
He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner.
被邀来参加晚宴我感觉是一种荣耀。
I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 帮助有困难的人是一种责任。
5、-ing形式常作介词宾语，而不定式作but, except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词＋不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。如：
I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼着与你见面。
I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance.
我没法只好在家里又呆了一年，等着机会的到来。
We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team. 我们正讨论该选谁。
6、当谓语动词是进行时态、主语是物而不是人或后接感觉性动词时，动词start, begin后多用不定式作宾语。如：
I am starting to work on my essay next week. 我下周开始专攻我的论文。
The rain began to pour. 雨开始瓢泼般下了起来。
五、不定式、-ing形式作宾语补足语的区别
1、-ing形式作宾语补足语强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具描绘性。而不定式作宾语补足语一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束，或即将发生。如：
I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.
我发现一个陌生人每天都在我们商店附近走着。
I don’t often see him go to the cinema. 我不经常看到他去看电影。
2、-ing形式或不定式作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是主动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示它与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人来完成。如：
We heard her singing next door. 我们听到他在隔壁唱歌。 （主动进行）
We heard her often sing next door. 我们听到他在隔壁唱过歌。 （主动完成）
We heard the song sung by her next door. 在隔壁我们听见这首歌被他唱过.。（被动完成）
We heard the song being sung next door. 我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。 (被动进行)
3、在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾语补足语，有时to be 可省略。
We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 我们都发现他既善良又诚实。
4、过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作的结果，而动词不定式被动语态作宾语补足语强调动作的过程。但现在的倾向是：在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示“意愿”的动词后的宾语补语如果用的是不定式被动语态，可省to be, 从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。如：
I don’t like such things (to be) discussed this way.
我不想这样的事情以这种方式讨论。
We all don’t want the land (to be) built on. 我们都不希望这片土地搞建筑。
六、不定式、-ing形式作定语的区别
1、不定式与分词作定语是垢区别主要表现时态上；不定式作定语通常指动作；–ing形式作定语指正进行的动作；过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如：
I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要写。
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你认识坐在桌子旁的那个人吗？
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你读过鲁迅先生翻译过的小说吗？
2、过去分词作定语时，常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。如：
The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
去年建的这座立交桥花了1美元。 (既表示被动又表示完成)
I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
我不想听见年轻人唱这种歌。 (只表示被动，没有一定的时间性)
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
所有落叶都清走了。 (表示完成，并没有被动意味)
4、-ing形式作后置定语则可表示：正在进行或发生的行为（变为定语从句要用进行进态）；现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）。如：
The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. 等着附近的那辆小汽车是福特车。
The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. 正在钢琴上演奏的这首曲子听起来很熟悉。
5、-ing形式的完成式一般不能后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。如：
This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.
The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 讨论多年的这个问题现在已经解决了。
不可说成：
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
6、being＋adj.不能单独用作后置定语
不能说： Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
应为：Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.
任何胜任这项工作的人可以在这里签名。
7、不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。如：
It is spring, the time for us to plant trees. 春天正是植树的好季节。
七、不定式和 –ing形式作状语时的区别
1、不定式作状语通常表示目的或结果，表示目的时前面可用in order或so as，以示强调。表示结果时常用于too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等结构中。如：
I saved every cent in order to buy a car. 为了买车，我积攒着每一分钱。
The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 湿度很高足以使水变为水蒸气。
2、作原因状语时，过去分词与-ing形式被动一般式可以互换。但还是单独使用过去分词的为多。如：
Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well.
这部小说写得很好，很畅销。
3、作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用-ing形式被动一般式即不用being done形式。如：
Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. 很多父母正在公园里走着，后面紧跟着自己的孩子。
4、作时间状语用时，过去分词如同时表示被动和动作完成，常可换用-ing形式的被动完成式；过去分词如果只表被动，不表完成，则不可。如：
Read many times (=Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. 读过多遍，这个故事似乎变得更容易了。 (表示被动和完成)
Seen from on the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，这个显得更加美丽。 (表被动)
5、与否定词not连用时多用-ing形式。如：
Not being included, I have to find another chance. 我没被录用，只好再等。
6、使用-ing形式作状语时，有一条原则必须遵守，即-ing形式的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是不正确的或是不正规的语言。如：
【误】Found him angry, I began to tell jokes.因为found与I 在这个句子中不能构成被动，应为Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes.
【误】Looking around, there was no one nearby. Look around 的逻辑主语不应是no one，故本句不成立，就改为Looking around, I found there was no one nearby.
7、有些约定俗成的分词或分词短语作状语，尽管它们与句子的主语不一致（即不存在主谓关系），也被认为是正确的。这种分词短语作状语解释整个句子。如：
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般说来，女孩子比男孩更喜欢文学。
Considering the weather, the sports meet will be put off. 考虑到天气，运动会将会被推迟。
Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries. 从她的口音看，她准来自阿拉伯国家。
三、中学英语中能接几种非谓语动词形式的动词有：
1、能跟动词不定式或–ing形式，且意义差别不大的动词
① 动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用–ing形式；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.
我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
② 动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。
注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：
a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。
b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。
c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。
③ 动词consider 作“考虑”的意思时接–ing 形式，作“认为”的意思时接 to be. 如：
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; the people had considered him to be a great leader, and a wise, kind and honest man. (SB1A P50)
Well, have you considered using the lab in your free class? I suggest you ask Mr Wu.
(SB1A P53)
2、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式皆可，但意义相差很大的动词
这类动词常用的有：
① try：try to do sth. 尽力做难做的事；
try doing sth. 试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。
He tried to stand up but failed. 他试图站起来，但没成功。
Let’s try telling him about the sad news. 咱们试着把这个不幸的消息告诉他。
② regret：regret to do sth. 对马上要做的事表示遗憾；
regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。
I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. 我没能听他的讲座真感到遗憾。
I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遗憾，告诉你我不能来了。
③ can’t help：can’t help doing sth.禁不住；
can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙干…
I couldn’t help shaking with so few clothes on.
穿这么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。
I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能帮助打扫这里了。
④ mean：mean to do sth. 想做；
mean doing sth. 意味着。如：
Wasting time means killing life. 浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味着解放生产力。
⑤ forget：forget doing sth. 忘了已做过的事；
forget to do sth. 忘记将要做的事。如：
I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。
Don’t forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.
别忘了明天早晨6点叫醒我。
⑥ go on：go on doing sth. 继续干未干完的事（强调动作的持续）；
go on to do sth. 继续干是一件事（强调事情的转接）
The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.
那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。
The old man went on to play another song. 这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。
⑦ remember：remember doing sth. 指记着做过的事；
remember to do sth.记着要做事。如：
Please remember to come on time. 请记着按时来。
I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.
我仍记得第一次被带到博物馆的情景。
⑧ stop：stop to do sth. 停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；
stop doing sth. 停止做动名词所表示的动作。如：
We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下来休息了一会。
Don’t stop trying once again. 不要停止，再试一次。
⑨ 动词need, require, want作“需要”解且主语是物时，后面接-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式。如：
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。
These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.
这些小孩需要细心地照料。
Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.
你的试卷需要再检查一遍。
⑩ 动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：
We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。
Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. 我们建议他们早起。
3、能跟不定式、动词的-ing形式或–ed形式，但意义相差很大的动词有：
① have：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to,
不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing形式作补语，分
词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.
我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间
有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
a. 主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。
b. 主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。
He had his leg broken in the match last month. 他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。
② + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。
get + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系
I got him to help me when I did the repair. 我修理的时候让他帮我。
Can you get the car moving? 你能让车发动起来吗？
Get your work finished by noon. 在午饭之前把你的工作做完。
I want to get this film developed very soon. (SBⅡA P125)
③ + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。
leave + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
Don’t leave the small child to take care of himself.
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. (SBⅢ P39)
Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him. (SBⅢ P45)
④ + 宾语 + (to be)
find + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
We find him (to be) a clever boy.
The teacher found him dozing in class.
She found her wallet stolen.
Surprisingly, we found no villagers injured in the hurricane. (SBⅡA P65)
⑤ + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，强调动作的完整性。
see/ hear + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的某一点。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
I can see it fastened to a nail. (SBⅡB P15)
⑥ make + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，宾语和补语之间为主动关系。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
You’d better make your plan known to others, or you can’t make them carry out your plan.
第三部分: 非谓语动词的测试特点和应对策略
一、非谓语动词
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. (.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. (.6)
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover
1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I
were the one ______. (1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
(2)对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the
new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the
earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's
degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided
to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
(1)状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
(3)非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
(4) 独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
(.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _____.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches,
chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not
all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller,
more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况：
(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. (1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
篇18：语法教案：非谓语动词
分类说明
非谓语动词包括三种形式：动词不定式、动词的-ing形式及动词的过去分词。所谓非渭语动词，它虽不具有动词的性质，即在句子中充当谓语，但仍然具有动词的特征，即可带有本身宾语或状语构成非谓语动词短语，在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分。
在非谓语动词的复习中须注意：
1，非谓语动词的否定式
不定式的否定式是在不定式to前加not，如：not to go there；动词-ing形式及过去分词的否定式是在动词-ing形式及过去分词之前加not，如：not knowing about it，not having got it。not informed。
2．非谓语动词的逻辑主语
动词不定式、动词的-ing形式作主语时，可以没有自己的主语，也可带有自己的主语。动词不定式的主语一般用介词for／of接代词的宾格或名词，成为It’s +adj．+for／of sb．to do sth．形式；动词的-ing形式的主语一般用形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格。
动词不定式、动词的-ing形式作宾语时，它们的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。但
动词的-ing形式可以有自己的逻辑主语，其形式一般为代词的宾格、名词的普通格名词的所有格。
动词不定式、动词的．ing形式及动词的过去分词作状语时，它们的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。当非谓语动词的动作是句子主语发出的时，用主动形式；当非谓语动词的动作是句子主语所承受的时，用过去分词、不定式或动词的-ing形式的被动形式；当动词不定式、动词的．ing形式或过去分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，前面可用代词的主格或名词的普通格作逻辑主语，从而形成独立主格结构。
动词不定式、动词的．ing形式及动词的过去分词作状语时，有的已经从非谓语动词中游离出来而成为固定的短语，从而没有自己的逻辑主语，如：judging by／from，provided／providing，given，to be true，tell you the truth，let alone…
3．非谓语动词的时态
动词不定式一般表示发生在谓语动作之后的事情，若要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情，须用不定式的完成式；动词的-ing形式一般表与谓语动词动作同时进行的动作，若要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情，须用动词的-ing形式的完成式。
4．非谓语动词的应用
(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语表示特定的、一次性的事情；动词的-ing形式作主语表示经常性的、习惯性或职业性的事情。
(2)作宾语：熟悉并掌握哪些动词接不定式作宾语；哪些动词或短语接动词的-ing形式作宾语；哪些动词或短语既可接动词不定式又可接动词的-ing形式作宾语。need，want，require接动词的．ing形式作宾语，表被动意义，相当于接不定式的被动形式。
(3)作表语：动词不定式表示某一特定的行为，尤其是将来的行为或有待于实现的行为；动词的-ing形式并不强调动作，而只说明动作的名称。
(4)作宾语补足语：熟悉并掌握哪些动词或短语接不定式作宾语补足语；哪些动词或短语接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语；哪些动词或短语既可接动词的-ing形式又可接不定式作宾语补足语；何时用主动形式作宾语补足语，何时用被动形式或过去分词作宾语补足语。
(5)作定语：A．注意非谓语动词的形式：不定式作定语一般用主动式，只有当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时，才用被动式；动词的一ing形式、过去分词作定语时，如果动作是所修饰的词发出的，就用动词的．ing形式；如果动作是所修饰的词承受的，就用过去分词。B．非谓语动词的位置：不定式、动词的．ing形式及过去分词短语作定语时，都要放在所修饰的词之后；单个的动词的．ing形式或过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的词之前。
特别需注意：N．+doing +n．／N．+done +n．的区别：动作由名词发出或是名词的目的或内容时用-ing形式，如：an English speaking country，Tree Planting Day；动作是名词承受的时用过去分词，如：a horse driven car，mall．made satellites。
不及物动词的不定式作定语，与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，不及物动词后面的介词不能丢。
(6)作状语：A．注意句子的主语跟非谓语动词动作的关系；B．非谓语动词起相同作用时的区别，如：不定式、动词的-ing形式都能表示结果，但不定式一般表示出乎意料的结果，不定式前面常用only，never等词修饰；而动词的．ing形式表示一种事情发展的自然或必然的结果。不定式、动词的-ing形式都能表示目的，但不定式作目的状语时，一般位于句首，若位于句末时不能用逗号将它与句子分开；动词的-ing形式表示目的时．一般位于句尾，并且常用逗号将它与句子分开。
5．不定式to的省略
(1)动词see，watch，hear，feel，notice，observe，look at．1isten to．1et，have，make接不定式作宾补时，不定式的to应省略，但句子变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略。
(2)and，but等连接两个不定式时，若and，but等前面有do的某种形式时，后面不、定式的to应省略。
(3)不定式作表语时，若主语中有do的某种形式，表谓不定式的to应省略。
回放真题
真题1(2004甘肃、青海卷25)
It shames me to say it，but I told a lie when ________at the meeting by my boss．
A．questioning B．having questioned C．questioned D．to be questioned
【答案及解析】 C根据非谓语动词的动作与句子主语的关系，可排除选项A、B；根据句子谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作先后关系，答案选c，表被动及完成。
真题2(2004甘肃、青海卷27)
Alice returned from the manager’s office，________me that the boss wanted to see me at once．
A．having told B．tells C．to tell D．telling
【答案及解析】D根据句子结构排除选项B；根据句子谓语动词所表示的动作与非谓语动词所表示的动作的时间顺序，答案选D。
真题3(2004重庆卷30)
Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _______.
A．worried B．to worry C．worrying D．worry
【答案及解析】A get接宾语补足语表宾语的动作、状态、身份等。宾语与补足语是被动的主谓关系，而过去分词正好表被动意义。get sb worried意思是：让某人担忧。
真题4(2004广东卷26)
________the programme，they have to stay there for another two weeks．
A. Not completing B．Not completed
C．Not having completed D．Having not completed
【答案及解析】 C根据非谓语动词的否定形式的构成，排除选项D；根据非谓语动词与句子主语的关系，排除B；根据句子的意思，没有完成计划的动作应发生在have to stay动作之前，故答案选C。
真题5(2004福建卷27)
The news reporters hurried to the airport，only ________the film stars had left．
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told
【答案及解析】 B 根据句子的意思，记者们赶到机场时发现意外的结果．因此，排除C、D；根据与句子的关系，不是记者告诉他人，而是人家告诉记者，故答案选B。
真题6(2004福建卷34)
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month，he had a hard time ________the exam．
A．pass B．to pass C．passed D．passing
【答案及解析】D have a hard time(in)doing sth．意思是：在……方面有困难。
真题7(2004湖北卷28)
________with the size of the whole earth，the biggest ocean does not seem big at a11．
A. Compare B．When comparing C．Comparing D．When compared
【答案及解析】D根据句子结构，排除选项A；根据动词与主句主语的关系，排除选项B、C；故答案选D。
真题8(2004辽宁卷25)
I don t know whether you happen ________，but I’m going to study in the U．S．A．this September．
A. to be heard B．to be heating C．to hear D．to have heard
【答案及解析】D根据后半句的内容，“我”将去美国学习，可知前半句是问对方是否已听说过“我”的事情了。故答案选D，表示在此之前。
真题9(2004辽宁卷30)
________by the beauty of nature，the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm．
A．Attracting B．Attracted C．To be attracted D．Having attracted
【答案及解析】 B根据动词与句子的主语的关系，女孩被吸引，从而排除选项A、D；再根据时间关系，C表示将来的情况，而句子是过去的事实，答案选B。
真题10(2004浙江卷29)
Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company，________as 3M．
A. knowing B．known C．being known D．to be known
【答案及解析】 B分词形式作定语，grow为及物动词，不带宾语，故选B。
真题11(2004浙江卷32)
I’ve never seen anyone run so fast ________David go．
A．just watch B．just to watch
C．just watching D．just having watched
【答案及解析】A根据破折号及just的用法，故采用祈使句形式，答案选A。
真题12(2004江苏卷25)
The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him l lived nearby．
A．find B．to find C．on finding D．in finding
【答案及解析】 C insist on doing sth是个固定短语，意为坚持做某事。
真题13(2004广西卷22)
Helen had to shout above the sound of the music．
A．making herself hear B．to make herself hear
C．making herself heard D．to make herself heard
【答案及解析】D短语作状语表结果、伴随、原因等，但若表目的，应用动词不定式。本题意为：为了能让自己被人听见，Helen只好大喊。Make oneself done意为：让自己被……，故D为正确答案。
真题14(2004广西卷31)
Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV；there are pictures ________in your mind instead of before your eyes．
A．to form B．form C．forming D．having formed
【答案及解析】C forming在句中作定语。Forming in your mind=which forms in your mind．
真题15(2004江苏卷31)
The old man，________abroad for twenty years，is on the way back to his motherland．
A．to work B．working C．to have worked D．having worked
【答案及解析】 D现在分词完成式表主动和完成(到谓语动作发生时，非谓语的动作已完成)。
真题16(2004全国[河南、河北、山东、福建]28)
Sarah．hurry up．I’m afraid you can’t have time to ________before the party．
A．get changed B．get change C．get changing D．get to change
【答案及解析】A不定式短语作目的状语，而根据句子的意思，从句的主语you不是给人家更衣，而是给自己更衣，它是不定式动作的承受者，故答案选A，表示被动语态。意思是：没有时间来更衣了。
真题17(2004四川卷28)
“We can’t go out in this weather，”said Bob，________out of the window．
A．1ooking B．to look C．looked D．having looked
【答案及解析】A现在分词一般式表伴随，表Bob说话的同时往窗口外望；B表示未发生的动作；C表示完成；D表示动作发生在said之前，都不符题意，故答案选A。
真题18(2004上海卷27)
According to a recent U．S．survey，children spent up to 25 hours a week ________TV．
A．to watch B．to watching C．watching D．watch
【答案及解析】C spend的用法：spend some time／some money in doing sth。
真题19(2004上海卷33)
The flu is believed ________by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat．
A．causing B．being caused C．to be caused D．be have caused
【答案及解析】c不定式作补足语时，如果不定式的动作是前面名词或代词发出，用主动形式；若前面名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式用被动语态。因此答案选C。
真题20(2004上海卷34)
The flowers _________sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature．
A．to smell B．smelling C．smelt D．to be smelt
【答案及解析】 B现在分词作定语，说明被修饰词目前的性质，状态、动作等。
真题21(2004上海卷35)
The disc，digitally _____in the studio，sounded fantastic at the party that night．
A．recorded B．recording C．to be recorded D．having recorded
【答案及解析】A动词的-ing表示主动，意思是前面名词所发出的动作，说明当前的性质、状态或动作；过去分词表被动或完成；不定式表将来；动词的-ing的完成时指动作发生在句子动作之前，也表主动。根据本题意思，正确答案为A，表示被录制的唱片。
真题22(2004上海卷42)
Having been attacked by terrorists，________．
A．doctors came to their rescue B．the tall building collapsed
C．an emergency measure was taken D．warnings were given to tourists
【答案及解析】 B分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。由前面分词的语态可知，句子的主语应该是the tall building，因此答案选B。
真题23(2004上海卷49)
Some people like dinking coffee，for it has ________effects．
A．promoting B．stimulating C．enhancing D．encouraging
【答案及解析】 B promoting：提升的，enhancing：加强的，encouraging：鼓励的，与题意不符。只有B表有刺激性的，能说明咖啡有刺激作用。故答案为B。
真题24(2004天津卷34)
Don’t leave the water ________while you brush your teeth．
A．run B．running C．being run D．to run
【答案及解析】 B非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，选项A、D表示将来可能的动作；B、C表示一直不停的动作，而B表示宾语发出的动作，c表示宾语承受的动作。根据句子意思，答案选B，指水不停地流出。
真题25(2004北京卷23)
My advisor encouraged--a summer course to improve my writing skills．
A．for me to take B．me taking C．for me to take D．me to take
【答案及解析】D考查动词encourage sb．to do sth．的结构。意思是：我的顾问鼓励我去参加暑季课程以提高我的写作技巧。
真题26(2004北京卷29)
________in the queue for half an hour，Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home．
A．To wait B．Have waited C．Having waited D．To have waited
【答案及解析】 C考查分词短语作状语。当Tom意识到钱包忘在家里时，已经排队等了半小时。因此，答案选C，表示分词的动作发生在句子谓语动词的动作之前。
真题27(2004湖南卷33)
You were silly not ________your car．
A．to lock B．to have locked C．1ocking D．having locked
【答案及解析】 B考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知：这是对已发事故的责备，没有锁车的行为发生在责备之前，应该用完成式，排除A、C；再根据非谓语动词的含义，不定式表示某具体的事情，而动词的-ing形式表示经常性或习惯性的行为，从而可推知答案选B。
真题28(2004北京春季卷32)
He looked around and caught a man ________his hand into the pocket of a passenger．
A．put B．to be putting C．to put D．putting
【答案及解析】D catch sb doing sth意为发觉某人正在做某事，doing sth在此用作宾补。选项A表示前面名词所承受的动作，不妥；选项B表示将来某个时候正在做的事情；选项c表示事情还没有做，都不合情理。
真题29(2004上海春季卷35)
I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon．Do you have anything ________?
A．to be buying B．to buy C．for buying D．bought
【答案及解析】B 动词不定式作定语，当它的逻辑主语为句子的主语时，用主动形式。
真题30(2004上海春季卷39)
The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ________as the plane was making a landing．
A．seat B．seating C．seated D．to be seating
【答案及解析】C remain可作连系动词，相当于be。再看seat的用法：seat oneself in／on／at…可转化为：sb be seated in／on／at…。
真题31(2004上海春季卷40)
Victor apologized for ________to inform me of the change in the plan-
A．his being not able B．him not to be able
C．his not being able D．him to be not able
【答案及解析】C首先，apologize的句法结构为apologize for one’s／sb doing sth，于是排除B、D，再看非谓语动词的否定式：否定词必须在非谓语动词的前面。故答案选C。
真题32(2004上海春季卷42)
After his journey form abroad，Richard Johns returned home，________．
A．exhausting B．exhausted C．being exhausted D．having exhausted
【答案及解析】 B exhausting与exhausted意义区别。exhausted意思是：感到精疲力竭的，说明主语的状态；exhausting意为：令人精疲力竭的，说明主语的性质或特征。根据语境Richard是人，只能用选项B来表示他所处的状态。而A、C、D在此都不合题意。
真题33(2003全国卷22)
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________in the kitchen．
A．smoke B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked
【答案及解析】 B考查非谓语动词在句中作及物动词被动语态的主语补足语的用法。find接补足语时的句型为find sb／sth doing／to be…／to have done．．．／done．不能接其它不定式作补足语。根据句意，只有厨师在厨房里正吸烟时被发现才能被解雇。因此，只能用现在分词表进行，不能用动词不定式(不定式常表示“具体的”已发生的或未发生的行为)。译文：如果(有人)发现厨师在厨房里吸烟，他就会马上被解雇。
真题34(2003北京卷21)
The teacher asked us ________so much noise．
A．don’t make B．not make C．not making D．not to make
【答案及解析】D考查不定式用法。在动词ask后面用不定式作复合宾语．其否定形式是not to do。常见的这类动词还有：tell，warn, order, advise等。
真题35(2003北京卷28)
________time，he’11 make a first-class tennis player．
A. Having given B．To give C．Giving D．Given
【答案及解析】D考查非谓语动词。句意：要是给他时问，他会成为一流的网球运动员。不定式作状语表示目的，排除B。分词作状语要看与主语的关系。句子主语he是give的逻辑宾语，用过去分词。注意当从句主语和主句的主语保持一致时，从句可省略(If he is)，排除A和c项。
真题36(2003上海卷37)
The discovery of new evidence led to ________．
A．the thief having caught B．catch the thief
C．the thief being caught D．the thief to be caught
【答案及解析】C lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B、D被排除；the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。
真题37(2003上海卷43)
An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered ________ clear warnings before firing any shots．
A. to issue B．being issued C．to have issued D．to be issued
【答案及解析】 A order后应按不定式，即order sb to do sth，因此B被排除。又因为issue clear warnings(发出明显警告)的主语是all the soldiers，也就是说all the soldiers是issue的施动者，所以issue要用主动形式，D也被排除。句子没有强调动作对现在造成的影响，不必用完成时态，而且句子中的had been ordered所接的动作，指命令后要做而还未做的事，故只用一般不定式。答案为A。
真题38(2003北京春季卷35)
Mr. Smith，________of the ________speech, started to read a novel．
A. tired；boring B．tiring；bored C. tired；bored D．tiring；boring
【答案及解析】 A tired of“感到厌倦”，过去分词作状语，常用来形容人；boring“令人厌烦的”，形容词，常用来形容物。所以其中状语可分解为：Mr. Smith was tired of the speech．The speech was boring．译文：听烦了乏味的演讲，Mr. Smith’读起了小说。
真题39(2003安徽春季卷22)
--Why did you go back to the shop?
--I left my friend ________there．
A. waiting B．to wait C．wait D．waits
【答案及解析】A leave sb doing使某人处于某种状态，这一动作持续一段时间。D排除，因此处应用非谓语动词；B、C无持续状态的意思。答案为A。
真题40(2003安徽春季卷28)
The manager ________his factory’s products were poor in quality，decided to give his workers further training．
A．knowing B．known C．to know D．being known
【答案及解析】A变为定语从句应为“ne manager．who knew his factory’s products were poor in quality…”know为主动，排除B、D。定语从句变为短语应用分词短语来表示。答案为A。
真题41(2003安徽春季卷32)
The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________whether he was going in the right direction．
A. seeing B．having seen C．to have seen D．to see
【答案及解析】 D 原句应为…as if he stopped and looked to see whether由于从句与主句有相同的主语和谓语，故将从句的主语、谓语同时省略，而只留下目的状语。
真题42(2003上海春季卷35)
Friendship is like money：easier made than ________．
A．kept B．to be kept C．keeping D．being kept
【答案及解析】A西方谚语中，常用单词的相同形式进行表达，m。d。和kept都是过去分词，表示被动。答案为A。
真题43(2003上海春季卷36)
________the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement．
A．The president will attend B．The president to attend
C．The president attended D．The president’s attending
【答案及解析】D从句子结构来看，句子中已经有谓语，故选项A排除；选项B为即将亲自参加会议的总统给他们鼓舞，讲不通，因为给出鼓舞的应该是事或精神，而不应该是人；选项C中的attended若作谓语，则与句子结构矛盾，若作过去分词，又与前面的“总统”的关系矛盾；因此，只有D正确，句子的意思是：“总统亲自出席这次会议”这件事给了他们莫大的鼓舞。
真题44(2003上海春季卷37)
Unless ________to speak，you should remain silent at the conference．
A．invited B．inviting C．being invited D．having invited
【答案及解析】A在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，从句的主语可以省略，而将从句中的谓语动词变为分词形式。当从句的谓语动词的动作为主句的主语所发出时，用现在分词形式；当从句的谓语动词的动作为主句的主语所承受时，用过去分词形式。
真题45(2003上海春季卷38)
She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ________ in making the earth a better place to live．
A．to have played B．to play C．to be played D．to be playing
【答案及解析】 B根据句子中所暗含的时间，是指要起的作用，故排除选项A和D；而不定式作定语时，若不定式的动作为句子的主语或宾语所发出时，用主动语态而不用被动语态，故答案选B。
真题46(2002全国卷32)
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but it remains ________whether they will enjoy it．
A．to see B．to be seen C．seeing D．seen
【答案及解析】 B这是一个主语从句。it作形式主语，whether they will enjoy it作真正的主语。remain后接to do sth．作表语。see与主语从句是动宾关系，所以要用to be seen作remains的表语。
真题47(2002全国卷34)
The research is so designed that once ________nothing can be done to change it．
A．begins B．having begun C．beginning D．begun
【答案及解析】D once begun在句子中作状语。begin可以作及物动词，意思是“着手”。译文：这项研究设计得那么好，一旦着手研究，就没有什么地方要更改的了。
真题48(2002北京卷34)
----How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
----The key________ the problem is to meet the demand _______by the customers．
A．to solving；making B．to solving；made
C．to solve；making D．to solve；made
【答案及解析l B to放在key的后面作介词，后接动名词；过去分词短语
made by the customers作demand的定语。make与demand是动宾关系，所以要
用过去分词。这句话的意思是“解决问题的关键是满足顾客的要求”。
真题49(2002上海卷25)
In order to gain a bigger share in the international market，many state-run companies are striving ________their products more competitive．
A．to make B．making C．to have made D．having made
【答案及解析】 A strive to do sth=try to do sth“非常努力做某事”，动词不定式作目的状语，表示努力的目的。译文：为了在国际市场上取得更大的份额，许多国有公司正努力使自己的产品具有竞争性。答案为A。
真题50(2002上海卷30)
Quite a few people used to believe that disaster ________if a minor was broken．
A．was sure of striking B．was sure of having struck
C．was sure to be struck D．was sure to strike
【答案及解析】 D be sure of“对……确信，有把握”，主语必须是人。be sure to do sth“就要，一定会”，主语可以是人或物。动词不定式表示将要发生的事，意思是“就要……”。译文：过去很多人都认为如果镜子破了，一定会引起灾难。注意．be+形容词后接不定式的一般式，不用被动式。如：The problem is difficult for us to work out．我们很难解决这个问题。
真题51(2002上海卷33)
Though ________money，his parents managed to send him to university．
A．1acked B．1acking of C．1acking D．1acked in
【答案及解析】 C lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是想法让他上了大学。
真题52(2002上海卷34)
Don’t use words，expressions，or phrases ________only to people with specific knowledge．
A．being known B．having been known C．to be known D．known
【答案及解析】D know与words，expressions，phrases是动宾关系，要用过去分词作定语，表示被动。having been known是现在分词完成时的被动式，不能作定语。译文：不要使用只有具有专业知识的人才知道的词语。
真题53(2002上海卷38)
________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin．
A．Exposed B．Having exposed C．Being exposed D．After being exposed
【答案及解析】C在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one’s skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。
真题54(2002京、蒙、皖春季卷24)
Prices of daily goods ________through a computer can be lower than store prices．
A．are bought B．bought C．been bought D．buying
【答案及解析】 B goods是动词bought的逻辑宾语，所以用过去分词修饰，表被动。
真题55(2002上海春季卷25)
In some parts of London，missing a bus means ________for another hour．
A．waiting B．to．wait C．wait D．to be waiting
【答案及解析】 A mean doing sth．的意思是“意味着什么”。mean to do sth．的意思是“打算做什么”。译文：在英国的某些地方，赶不上公共汽车意味着要再等一小时。
真题56(2002上海春季卷29)
When ________，the museum will be open to the public next year．
A．completed B．completing C．being completed D．to be completed
【答案及解析】 A complete与museum是动宾关系，要用过去分词completed作状语，表示被动。译文：当这座博物馆建成后，将在明年向公众开放。to be completed作目的状语，不与when连用。答案为A。
真题57(2002上海春季卷37)
With a lot of difficult problems ________，the newly-elected president is having a hard time．
A．settled B．settling C．to settle D．being settled
【答案及解析】C 动词不定式to settle作difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settled作定语表示已经解决的难题；现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。所提供的情境the newly．elected president is having a hard time说明新任总统现在和将来都有难以解决的问题，所以要用to settle作定语。
真题58(2001全国卷35)
_______such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river．
A．Having suffered B．Suffering C．To suffer D．Suffered
【答案及解析】A首先确定为主动语态，然后根据already又可判断用完成时。译文：由于已经受到如此严重的污染，现在清理河道可能太晚了。答案为A。
真题59(2001上海卷29)
D0 let your mother know all the truth．She appears _________everything．
A．to tell B．to be told C．to be telling D．to have been told
【答案及解析】 D tell是及物动词，后面要接宾语。因为在这个句子中，tell后面没有宾语，所以要用动词不定式的被动式。义因为知道了一切发生在告诉真相之前，所以要用动词不定式的完成式。译文：一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已知道了一切事情。
真题60(2001上海卷31)
I really appreciate ________to relax with you on this nice island．
A．to have had time B．having time C．to have time D．to having time
【答案及解析】 B appreciate后接动名词作宾语。译文：我真的喜欢和你一起在这个迷人的小岛上放松一下。
真题61(2001上海卷38)
The bell ________the end of the period rang，________our heated discussion．
A．indicating；interrupting B．indicated；interrupting
C．indicating；interrupted D．indicated：interrupted
【答案及解析】 A the bell在句子中作indicate和interrupt的逻辑主语，所以要用现在分词。答案为A。
真题62(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷21)
________late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm．
A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having slept
【答案及解析】A用不定式表示具体的目的，sleep late“睡懒觉”。译文：为了早上多睡一会儿，鲍勃关闭了闹钟。答案为A。
真题63(2001京、蒙、皖春季卷24)
One learns a language by making mistakes and ________them．
A．correct B．correcting C．corrects D．to correct
【答案及解析】 B介词by后接动名词，用and连接的两个表示并列成分的非谓语动词形式要一致。
真题64(2001上海春季卷28)
Sandy could do nothing but ________to his teacher that he was wrong．
A．admit B．admitted C．admitting D．to admit
【答案及解析】 A该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to白怀定式；是其它动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。答案为A。
真题65(2001上海春季卷36)
Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________some schools for Door children．
A. set up B．setting up C．have set up D．having set up
【答案及解析】B to devote sth．to后接动名词作宾语，即：devote sth．doing sth．。有的考生把all he had to当成了一个短语，误填了set up。实际上．a11 he had作devoted的宾语，是一个宾语从句。译文：利德先生决定用自己所有的一切为贫困儿童建造几所学校。
真题66(2001上海春季卷37)
________blood if you can and many lives will be saved．
A．Giving B．Give C．Given D．To give
【答案及解析】B if you can是条件状语从句。如果把这个句子转为简单句______blood and many lives will be saved．就可以确定这是一个“祈使句+and”的句型。
真题67(2001上海春季卷38)
________from heart trouble for years，Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes．
A．Suffered B．Suffering C．Having suffered D．Being suffered
【答案及解析】C 根据状语for years可判断用现在分词的完成式。译文：经受了多年心脏病折磨的痛苦，怀特教授无论走到哪里都不得不随身带着药。
真题68(2000全国卷19)
I’ve worked with children before，so I know what ________in my new job．
A．expected B．to expect C．to be expecting D．expects
【答案及解析】B 在非谓语动词中，疑问词后只接不定式。此句中“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
真题69(2000全国卷22)
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year．
A．early out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
【答案及解析】 C that they would like to see是定语从句；carried out作plan的定语表示被动。
真题70(2000上海卷22)
They’re not very good，but we like ________．
A．anyway to play basketball with them B．to play basketball with them anyway
C．to play with them basketball anyway D．with them to play basketball anyway
【答案及解析】B动词like后接宾语to play basketball；宾语后接with them；anyway为副词，用作状语，放在句末。
真题71(2000上海卷31)
He sent me an e-mail，________to get further information．
A．hoped B．hoping C．to hope D．hope
【答案及解析】 B现在分词hoping表示与send me an e．mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information．如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。 “hoped”和“sent”作并列谓语。
真题72(2000上海卷37)
_____in 1636，Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States．
A．Being founded B．It was funded C．Founded D．Founding
【答案及解析】 c简单句的主语Harvard与Found是动宾关系，所以要用过去分词短语(Founded in 1636)作状语。
真题73(2000上海卷39)
The ________boy was last seen ________near the East Lake．
A．missing；playing B．missing；play
C．missed；played D．missed；to play
【答案及解析】 A missing是形容词，作boy的定语，意思是“失踪的”；而missed是miss的过去式，意思是“错过”，作谓语，排除C、D。was last seen playing表示被看见时正在玩。答案为A。
真题74(2000上海卷40)
Tony was very unhappy for ________to the party．
A．having not been invited B．not having invited
C．having not invited D．not having been invited
【答案及解析】D invite与Tony构成动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动结构 (not having been invited)。not要放在非谓语动词的前面。选项A和C都是错误的形式。
真题75(2000京、皖春季卷15)
The picture ________on the wall is painted by my nephew．
A．having hung B．hanging C：hangs D．being hung
【答案及解析】 B选项B表状态；而选项D表动作；is painted在句子中作谓语，所以要填hang的非谓语形式。因为hang+表方位的介词短语，hang是不及物动词，非谓语动词不能用被动式表示主动，所以要用现在分词。
真题76(2000京、皖春季卷17) ：
________the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．
A. Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given
【答案及解析】 A过去分词Given构成的短语在句子中作状语，表示被动。意思是：“在……情况下，考虑到”。译文：考虑到他的健康情况一般，他手术后需要一段时间才能恢复。答案为A。
【非谓语动词总结】相关文章：
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