托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍
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篇1：托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍
托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍
介词在英语里出现非常频繁，它的搭配众多且意义丰富。在整个中学阶段，介词的搭配是同学们感到较为棘手的.问题之一。在多年高中英语教学中，笔者总结了常用介词的各种搭配，这里把它们归纳起来，供同学们复习备考参阅。
五、FROM
1.动词+from
a)动词+ from。from表示“来源、原因、起始”等：come from来自, date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出, fall from自…跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信, learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，rise from自…冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。例如：
All the characters in the book are drawn from real life. 书中所有的人物都来自于真实的生活。
Any damage resulting from negligence must be paid for by the borrower. 因疏忽引起的任何损坏都应由借用者负责赔偿。
He has recovered from his surprise. 他好不容易回过神来。
b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place。from表示“来源、免于”等：borrow from向…借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做, prevent from不准做, protect from不受…之害, receive from收到, remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来, stop from阻止。例如：
He was excused from attendance at the lecture. 他获准可不去听课。
Stop the child from spoiling the book. 不要让孩子弄坏了书。
2. be +形容词+ from。此时from含义众多：be absent from缺席, be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hid
篇2：托福高频介词搭配：AT词组用法介绍
托福高频介词搭配：AT词组用法介绍
介词在英语里出现非常频繁，它的搭配众多且意义丰富。在整个中学阶段，介词的搭配是同学们感到较为棘手的问题之一。在多年高中英语教学中，笔者总结了常用介词的各种搭配，这里把它们归纳起来，供同学们复习备考参阅。
三、AT
1.动词+ at
at表示“指向某一目标，到达某地”：arrive at抵达, call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火, glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲, laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视, thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作。例如：
Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears. 看到农民的`梭标，他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at
其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因，或对某物具有某种感情”：be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉, be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧, be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望，be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于, be pleased at对…感到高兴, be
present at出席, be satisfied at满意, be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at 对…非常震惊，be terrified at受到…的恐吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如：
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies. 他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组：
at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措，at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，at present目前，at sea不知所措，at times有时，at will任意地，at work起作用，at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语：
work hard at勤奋工作，drop in at顺路拜访。
篇3：托福英语AT的高频介词搭配
托福英语AT的高频介词搭配
1.动词+ at
at表示“指向某一目标，到达某地”：arrive at抵达, call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向…开火, glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲, laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对…高兴，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝…射击, stare at怒目而视, thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作，托福英语《托福高频介词搭配：AT词组用法介绍》。例如：
Don’t let me catch you again at it.不要再让我当场逮住你。
We must “shoot the arrow at the target”. 我们必须有的放矢。
They trembled at the sight of the peasant’s spears. 看到农民的梭标，他们阵阵发抖。
2. be +形容词/过去分词+ at
其中at表示“情绪、情感的原因，或对某物具有某种感情”：be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对…保持警觉, be astonished at对…吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧, be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对…失望，be good at擅长, be impatient at对…不够耐心, be mad at狂热于, be pleased at对…感到高兴, be
present at出席, be satisfied at满意, be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at 对…非常震惊，be terrified at受到…的.恐吓, be quick at对…很机敏。例如：
They were overjoyed at his return to work. 他们对他重返工作感到欣喜。
They are alarmed at the growth of the liberation movement in the colonies. 他们对殖民地日益壮大的解放运动警觉起来。
3.at+名词构成的词组：
at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措，at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，at present目前，at sea不知所措，at times有时，at will任意地，at work起作用，at worst最坏。
4.其它含有at的短语：
work hard at勤奋工作，drop in at顺路拜访。
篇4：blush的用法和介词搭配
例句：
1、Jenny shuffled her feet and blushed with shame.
珍妮来回倒换着脚，羞愧得脸红了。
2、She blushed with embarrassment.
她难为情得脸红了。
3、I blush to admit it, but I quite like her music.
不好意思，但我得承认我很喜欢她的音乐。
4、She suddenly realized the oddity of her remark and blushed.
她突然意识到自己的话很奇怪，脸一下子红了。
5、She blushed furiously at the memory of the conversation.
她一想起那次谈话就气得满脸通红。
篇5：关于英语介词的用法及短语搭配
介词at, in, on, by 表示地方、地点、位置
at 把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点” The begger is sitting at the corner. 那乞丐坐在角落里。
in 把地方、地点、位置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间 I live in London. 我住在伦敦。(大城市用in)
on 把地方、地点、位置当作一个平面 The author's name is on the cover of the book. 在书的封面上有作者的名 字。
by 用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意) by the seaside 在海边
at, in, on, by 用来表示时间
at (在、于)用指明一特定的时间、节日、年龄 at dawn/ at night/ at noon/ 在黎明/在夜里/在中午
in (在、在…之内、在…期间、在…后、过…后) in the afternoon 在下午 (在下午这段期间，呵呵,举一反三喔)
on (在…时、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、当…时候、和…同时、刚一…) on the first 在一号(指某月一号,如二号要说second等。其实意思是指某月的第 几天)
by (的时候、到、等到…已经) 用在天、时间 by 2 o'clock 到两点钟
for, since 用于表示时间
用 for 用计量时间(年、月、日、时、分、秒等) He held his breath for five minutes. 他闭息达五分钟。
用 since 表示明确的日期或时间 He's woked here since 1980. 自从1970年他就在此工作。
表示动作的介词：to ,toward或不用介词
用 to 表示向某处移动 They were driving to work together. 他们一同开车去工作。
toward 表示移向某处 We're moving toward the light. 我们向灯光处移动。
不需要介词的词：home, downtown, uptown Grandma went upstairs.
篇6：关于英语介词的用法及短语搭配
名词+介词 例：1月四级第29题 It is useful to be able to predict the extent _______ which a price change will affect supply and demand.
A) from B) with C) to D) for
本题考核介词和名词的搭配用法。空格后是一个定语从句，修饰主语中的名词extent。空格重要求填入一个介词，与extent组成短语，修饰谓语动词affect，表示程度。全句意思是：“能预测物价变动对供求的影响程度，会是很有用的”。extent前要用介词to。 From, with, 以及for 都不能与extent连用表示程度, 所以答案是C。
形容词 + 介词 例：196月四级第59题 By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular ________ children as Coca-Cola.
A) for B) in C) to D) with
本题考核形容词popular的介词搭配。全句的意思是：“到了1929年，米老鼠和可口可乐一样，受到孩子们的欢迎。”形容词popular后面可接介词with或among，意思是“广受欢迎的”。因此，答案是D) with。介词in在这类句子中可表示“受欢迎的范围”，但不能用in somebody。to有时可以表示“对于……来说”，但不能与形容词popular搭配。介词for一般表示事物发生的原因，与全句意思不符合。
动词+介词 例：年6月四级第52题 He will agree to do what you require ___________ him.
A) of C) to B) from D) for
本题主要考核动词require与介词搭配的用法。require something of somebody表示“要求某人做某事”。因此答案是A)。require后面不能接介词to。require后面接介词from可以表示“向某人要某物”，不能表示“要求某人做某事”。require后面接介词for时表示“为了”或“供……之用”，也不能表示“要求某人做某事”。因此都是错误的。
介词 + 名词 例：6月四级第65题 I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D) on。on the point of doing 侍定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他”。
(not…) until的用法 例：1997年1月四级第52题 _______ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
A) Before B) Until C) From D) Since
从4个选项来看，只有until可以用于副词recently之前。所以答案是B) 。全句的意思是：“英国大多数做母亲的人直到最近才外出从事有偿劳动”。主句谓语若含有否定意义，until表示“直到……才”。如果用since，句子的谓语应当用完成式态have not taken;如果用before，句子是表示在最近之前没有外出工作，至于何时外出工作，可以是最近，也可以是将来某个时候;如果用from，全句意思完全相反，谓语时态也不能用过去时，所以只能选B)。
复合介词 例：1997年6月四级第34题 Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to ____ the color of his skin.
A) with the exception of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) regardless of
本句意思是：“这个国家里的每一个人，_____他是什么肤色，都有权住在他想住的地方”。空格中应填入“不管、无论”之意的复合介词。可见，答案是D)。其它选项的意思分别是：A) with the exception of(除了……之外)，B) because of(由于，鉴于)，C) by virtue of(借助、由于)都不适合本句。
篇7：介词about的用法与搭配
bout词性及词意：
adv.
大约;左右;将近;几乎;到处;处处;各处。
例句：It costs about $10.
prep.
关于;对于;目的是;为了;涉及…方面;忙于;从事于。
例句：Tell me all about it.
adj.
在附近的;四处走动的;在起作用的;在流行中的。
例句：I was just about to ask you the same thing.
about、for、of、on、with用法区别
about指代关于某件事情，某个事物，即about sth.
例如：talk about...
on与about类似，但是更正式一点，关于某件事情或某个事物，即on sth.
例如：study on...学习关于...research on...研究关于...
for 带有目的性和针对性的，对于/关于某事/某人/某物，即for sb./sth.
例如：an instrument for measuring pressure
测压力用的`仪器
表示愿望、爱好、特长等]对于, 倾向于。
long for freedom
渴望自由
have a liking for music
爱好音乐
an eye for beauty
审美的眼光
of 带有所属或同位关系，表示性质、内容 、状况等，动作的主体或对象。
例如：a long story of adventure.
with 表示同等比较或动作对待的对象，掌握常用的一些词组：
sb. be familiar with sth.
be at peace with ...
与…和睦相处。
篇8：英语介词语法介绍：介词for的用法
介词的固定搭配，大多数是可以通过分析快速理解的，比如for life中的for用的是“为期……”的含义。有些很难或者无法分析的固定搭配，则可以进行机械地熟悉，并通过大量的英语阅读和造句、说写英语巩固和掌握。
1.为了(目的)
They are working for a better life.
他们在为更好的生活而工作。
She didn’t choose the job for money,but for more chances.
她选择这个工作不是为了钱，而是为了更多的机会。
2.用于(表示作用)
This toy is forboys, not for girls.
这玩具是给男孩玩的，而不是给女孩的。
We have a kind of special ink for your pen.
我们有一种特殊的墨水用于你的钢笔。
3.向，朝(方向)
Jane is leaving here for London.
珍妮就要离开这里去伦敦。
She was heading for the park.
她正走向公园。
4.代替;交换
Mr. Li will teach for you.
李先生将代替你上课。
Could I give this orange for that pear?
我能用这个桔子换那个梨吗?
5.对于(表示愿望、爱好、特长等)
Mary has an artistic eye for colors.
玛丽对着色有艺术眼光。
John had a sharp ear for melody.
约翰对于旋律有很敏锐的听觉。
6.赞成，拥护
We are for this plan.
我们造成这个计划。
Are you for or against this action?
你赞成还是反对这一行动?
7.因为
Thank you for your help.
谢谢你的帮助。
The kids jumped for joy.
孩子们高兴得跳了起来.
8.尽管，虽然
For all his shortcomings, he is a nice man.
尽管他有这些缺点，他仍是一个很好的人。
For all these defects,this place is better than most other places.
尽管有这些缺点，这个地方比其他大多数地方还是要好一些。
9.当作，作为
Don’t take others for fools.
不要把别人当傻瓜。
I hold it for certain.
我把那当作肯定的事。
10.就……而言，至于
He is rather tall for his age.
就他的年龄来说他算是相当高的了。
That coat was too small for me.
那件大衣对我来说太小了。
11.索取，要
The man asked for a cup of cool boiled water.
那了讨了一杯凉开水。
Jane came back for her handbag.
珍妮回来取手袋。
12.(时间)为期;(距离)计
My uncle worked here for 40 years.
我叔叔在这工作过40年。
They walked slowly for 10 kilometers.
他们慢慢地走了10公里。
篇9：英语介词知识介绍：介词的固定搭配与灵活搭配
介词与名词、动词、形容词等能构成千千万万的搭配，表达内容十分丰富。其中，介词的用法大多数是按照其本身的词义灵活地、自由地与别的词搭配，但也有很多固定的、成语式的搭配。例如：
1.灵活搭配
for…因为……
Thank you for your coffee.
谢谢你的咖啡。
The teacher criticized him for being late.
因为他迟到老师批评他。
You’d better not blame Lily for this small mistake.
你最好别因为这个小错误责怪莉莉。
Mother praised me for my progress.
妈妈因为我的进步而表扬我。
2.固定搭配
look for寻找
go toschool去上学
of itself自动地
on end连续地
for life一辈子
insist on坚持
be good at擅长于
be bad at不擅长
interest in对……感兴趣
satisfaction with对……满意
for example例如
by chance碰巧
on purpose故意地
at once立刻
要领：最高效的介词学习方法
你最好看一本专门讲介词用法的小册子，弄清楚常用的几十个介词的含义和用法，熟悉它们的不同含义，抓住它们的应用特点，然后模仿造句，每种用法造上3-5个句子，并在大量的英语阅读中分析介词使用的含义、方法和特点，比较相似、易混淆介词的异同之处，这样就能迅速全面熟悉介词的各种含义和方法。
至于介词的固定搭配，大多数是可以通过分析快速理解的，比如forlife中的for用的是“为期……”的含义。有些很难或者无法分析的固定搭配，则可以进行机械地熟悉，并通过大量的英语阅读和造句、说写英语巩固和掌握。
注意，从英语教材中零星地学习介词，其效果不那么理想，所以不太推荐这样做。
篇10：托福独立写作数词用法规则详细介绍
托福独立写作数词用法规则详细介绍
托福独立写作数词规则： 数字/单词运用时机区分
当数词可以用至多两个英文单词表达时，尽量使用英文字母表示。因此，12以下的数字或整数一般都需要“写出来”，但在percent(百分比)前面一般直接使用阿拉伯数字，如：
Experts quickly realized that there were two possible explanations for the decline of sea otters: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. 专家很快认识到，海獭数量减少有两个可能的原因：环境污染或来自捕食者的攻击。
When the price difference between two products is small, for example, less than 5 percent in the case of eco-certified wood products, American consumers often choose on factories other than price. 当两种产品之间的价格差距非常的小(在环保认证木材制品的案例中，这种差距小于5%)，美国消费者会考虑生产厂商而不是价格。
托福独立写作数词规则：什么时候用阿拉伯数字
当数字需要用两个以上英文单词表达时，尽量使用阿拉伯数字表示，因此年份往往是直接用阿拉伯数字进行表示，如：
These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 125 kilometers per hour. 这些动物奔跑速度非常快，可以达到每小时125千米。
Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935 with the expectation that they would protect farmers’ crops by eating harmful insects. 蔗蟾于1935年被引入澳大利亚，期待它们通过吃害虫来保护农民的庄稼。
托福独立写作数词规则： 句子开头不用阿拉伯数字
句子的开头一般不使用阿拉伯数字，如：15 couples were invited to participate in a survey that aimed to figure out the fatal elements leading to personal success.十五对夫妇被邀请参与到一项调查之中，该调查的目的是探究个人成功最重要的要素。
较好的表达方式为：Fifteen couples were invited to participate in a survey that aimed to figure out the fatal elements leading to personal success.
托福独立写作数词规则：小数分数用数字
表达小数(或分数)时，尽量使用数字，如：The government has spent over $12.4 million constructing new recreational facilities for local residents in the past few decades. 在过去的几十年间，政府花费了超过1240万元用于为当地居民建造新的娱乐设施。
托福写作：题库范文附思路解析
1. What do you do for good health?
People do many different things to stay healthy. What do you do for good health? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
『分析』
保持身体健康的最直接方式就是“锻炼”(take exercise; have physical training)。
锻炼身体的方式很多，慢跑(jogging)，爬楼(climbing stairs)，爬山(climbing)，健身房(gymnasium; gym; fitness centre)器械锻炼(body building)，健美操(aerobics dancing[exercises])，篮球、足球、羽毛球(badminton)、网球(tennis)，游泳……
(就算你平时根本不锻炼也要)选择一个，说明为什么那种方式能给你带来好处以及带来了什么样的好处。
另外，中国学生还有让老外跌眼镜的：武术(wushu/kongfu);气功(qigong);太极(Tai Ji)——全都是拼音，老外还得看懂，难为批卷的人了。
『范文』
Scientists have discovered that one of the main methods of prolonging a person's life is to keep healthy. There are many different methods to keep in good shape, and one must choose those that are most appropriate for their own lifestyle. Personally, in order to keep healthy, I eat well, exercise, and get lots of rest.
Eating well is an excellent way to keep healthy. If one is constantly drinking pop or eating fried foods, they will not be able to keep a healthy weight. One must eat lots of vegetables and fruit, and stay away from all foods that are high in cholesterol. In order to maintain a low level of cholesterol in my diet, I tend to eat more fish rather than heavier meats. Fish is much healthier than red meat, and I find it much tastier as well.
Exercising is also very important to leading a healthy lifestyle. One should exercise for at least half an hour, three to four times a week. Exercise can include anything from going to the gym to “work out”, to going on a long walk around the city. If I am particularly busy, I will walk up the Stairs to my apartment rather than taking the elevator. This provides me with the minimum amount of exercise necessary to stay fit.
The third thing I do to keep healthy is sleep well and often. I typically sleep for approximately eight and a half hours every night. Sleep is very important, as your body uses this rest time to heal itself. If one tries to live for long periods of time without sleep, they will quickly become haggard and disheveled. Sleep is absolutely necessary for a healthy life.
In conclusion, I find that eating well, exercising and sleeping often is the best way for me to keep healthy. If a person can change their lifestyle and incorporate these three ideas, they will be much better off for it. A person who leads a healthy lifestyle will be less likely to get sick, and they will live longer. 165. What is one thing you will do to improve your community? You have decided to give several hours of your time each month to improve the community where you live. What is one thing you will do to improve your community? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
参见：[6]
『范文』
Fostering a sense of community in one's neighborhood is an excellent idea. When one knows one's neighbors, one can easily ask for favors or opinions on community issues. I think that if I were to spend a number of hours each week helping out my community, I would offer free computer lessons. If one hopes to succeed in business, it is of utmost importance that they learn how to use a computer. Most decent jobs require at least a basic amount of computer skills. By helping members of my community to get well-paying jobs, I would be helping out the community at large. If my neighbors have more disposable income, it is likely that they will give some money back to the community to improve all of our living situations.
Second, offering free computer lessons to neighbors would increase friendly dispositions between all members in the community. If neighbors meet each other during lesson times, it is more than possible that they will become friends. Many people meet their best friends during the educational process. This socialization could continue during my computer course, thus increasing the friendly atmosphere of the community.
Finally, helping members of the community learn to use a computer would allow them to have more fun. There are many entertaining activities one can occupy one's time with on the computer. The computer also offers the user the opportunity to “surf the Internet”, which can be a great way to spend one's time. For example, a person can download movies from the Internet, which can be watched on lazy summer evenings, or cold winter nights.
Thus, I think that offering computer lessons to those in my community would be an excellent way to volunteer my time. Computers improve people's living situations in so many ways, and I would love to be a part of this process.
篇11：托福独立写作：让步式写法用法介绍
但是，让步段写作也需要遵循一定的原则。考生在写作时，应当按照三部曲进行：1)写出一个反方观点 2)进行一定程度的削弱 3)重申自己的观点。
1. 写出反方观点
这一步大多数同学都做得不错，但是在提出反方观点之前，可再加上一些连接词，例如admittedly, nevertheless等等。还拿之前拿到题目做例子，For further career success, is relate well to other people more important than studying hard at school? 总观点是同意，让步段写学习好也挺重要的。第一步引出反方观点时，应写：Admittedly, acquiring an excellent GPA is one significant proof of your ability, for “study” is one of the major tasks that students are supposed to fulfill in school.
2. 进行一定程度的削弱
这是大多数同学会忽略的一步。很多同学在写让步段的时候，喜欢跳过第二步，直接重申自己的观点，然而这样的写法会显得逻辑上牵强，行文也显得生硬。因此，在提出反方观点时要进行一定的削弱。例如在写完上文那句话之后，应加上：However, the outstanding scores only prove the intelligence of the student, while the EQ, largely reflected by how well you relate with others, plays an utmost significant role in the future career success.
3. 重申自己的观点
这一步非常重要，因为让步段的提出仅仅是小插曲，重要的还是自己的观点。切不可写了让步段，就忘了自己的立场，那样就是得不偿失了。因此，在写完上面两句话之后，需要再加上一句，therefore, I still hold the opinion that relate well with others is more important than acquiring high scores in school.
在让步段的写作当中，尤其需要注意两点：1是第二步的削弱过程，这样可使文章看起来不那么唐突，更为流畅。2是另外还需注意字数的控制，让步段切不可写得超过之前的论述段的长度，否则就有观点不明确的嫌疑了。
托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：选择朋友的标准
托福写作难点话题一览
What do you appreciate most in a friend?
What do you want most in a friend — someone who is intelligent, or someone who has a sense of humor, or someone who is reliable? Which one of these characteristics is most important to you? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.
写作思路展开结构分析
这是一道提问考生交友观念的题目，给出的3个选择分别是有智慧、幽默感和可靠。其实小编觉得这3点都是比较笼统的，需要结合实际例子才能比较好的体现出来。大家可以从中选择一点来结合实例详细展开论述，这道题目没有任何倾向性，所以大家只要抓住自己选择的点体现出论述说服力即可。
本话题高分范文赏析
I appreciate all three qualities in my friends. It is important to me that my friends are intelligent, because I value intellectually stimulating conversation on meaningful topics. On the other hand, a friend with a good sense of humor can entertain and understands how to ease my sorrows by making me laugh in difficult times. However, only the reliable friend, by virtue of his dependability and loyalty, is guaranteed to stand by me in difficult times, and thus reliability is the most important characteristic I look for in a friend. In my last year of senior school my three friends and I decided that we would study together for the college entrance exam, but my smartest friend hardly ever showed. She was extremely intelligent and everybody, including our teachers, was certain that she would be admitted to one of the best universities in the country. As a result, she did not bother to study much. At our study sessions she would appear occasionally, but more often than not her visits would distract us rather than help us. We would end up talking about metaphysical concepts like the existence of god instead of studying our lessons.
My humorous friend attended most of our meetings, but usually he was unprepared and we had to spend a lot of time getting him up to speed. He made us laugh, and he joked about how much better we were learning now that we had to teach him. Maybe he was right, but his constant lack of preparation became a steady source of frustration to the other two of us.
However, my third friend and I were able to rely on each other. We overcame our common frustrations and fears by completing the tasks we set out to do. During those long evenings when the work seemed unbearable we cheered each other up and kept working hard. Meanwhile our intelligent friend was minding her own business and our humorous friend was making somebody else laugh.
托福写作：父母与学校教育类
Should parents limit the time that children watch television?
Should parents encourage children to finish the homework independently or help them finish?
Should parents allow children to make mistakes and draw lessons from what they have done?
Should University provide students with the courses of career preparation?
Should the professor focus on research and study or educating students?
Should university spend more money on facilities’ improvement or hiring famous teachers?
Can people become well-educated more easily than before?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: the best way to let a student gain more interests in a certain subject is to tell them it helps their life in the future.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: All high-school students should take basic economic courses.
The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have them care for animals.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement ：
Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past.
Should students pay attention to famous teachers or satisfied jobs after graduation when they apply universities?
Do you do you agree or disagree with the following statement with the following statement? One of the ways that parents can help children be ready for adult life to ask them to do a part-time job. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
篇12：托福阅读常见语法现象解读之分词用法全面介绍
托福阅读常见语法现象解读 分词用法全面介绍
1. 分词的独立主格结构
一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语，分词做状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。
它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾，做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。
The meeting being over, they went home.
There being no bus then, he had to walk home.
1)表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词(或代词)+分词”结构，如：
With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries.
He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.
2)独立主格结构也可以由“名词(或代词)+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.
He came into the classroom, book in hand.
2. 分词做状语
过去分词常用作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
Asked why he was late, he went red.
Given more time, we could have done it better.
3. 分词做状语与独立主格结构(悬垂结构)做状语的区别
分词与独立主格均可作状语。但分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语;而独立主格结构做状语时，前面的名(代)词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语，它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如：
Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.
Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.
4. 英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语
常见的有：
generally speaking
strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking
considering…
judging from/by…
talking all/everything into consideration
5. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1)语态上不同
现在分词表主动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者;
过去分词表示被动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。
I heard someone closing the door.
I heard the door closed.
2)时间上不同
现在分词表正进行，过去分词表完成的动作。
falling leaves
fallen leaves
3)特殊分词的分词用法
英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”;
过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉”。
托福阅读“词汇题”你还再纠结什么?
“托福阅读考试的词汇题往往是考生心中的“送分题”，因为大家觉得只要背了单词，考的词都背过，一篇文章四道词汇题，全部GET!
听起来好简单对不对!感觉好容易有没有!
可是啊……
问题的关键在于。。。单词没背过!
更大的关键在于。。。单词背错了!
这哪里是“送分题”?简直是“送命题”!
看一道托福考试官方指南里的一篇文章《Desert Formation》中的题目：
There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.
The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○fragile
○predictable
○complex
○valuable
大家第一反应就是——“这个词我背过!”
第二反应就是——“我X，这个词啥意思来着!好像有一大堆意思咧!”
于是脑海里开始闪回这样的画面：
请问，亲爱的ETS祖宗，到底你想考哪个意思?
然后开始陷入深深地纠结——
一分钟过去了。。。这个词好像是“精美的”，是“好”词，那就应该选一个“好”的意思，嗯，估计是考valuable。
两分钟过去了。。。不对，我记得还有一个意思是“精细的”，会不会就是很“高端”的赶脚，很“复杂”的赶脚?嗯，应该是complex。
五分钟过去了。。。可我怎么觉得我还背过一个意思是“易碎的”啊!会不会太“脆弱”，那就是fragile?
一个小时过去了。。。阅读考试结束。
大家发现问题出在哪里了吗?不是你单词没背过，而是单词你背“过”了!
我们站在考官的角度想想，作为一个阅读考试出现“词汇题”，真的只是考你单词认不认识、背没背过吗?那这样的话何必不专门弄一个单词测试，列出100个单词，让你直接选单词意思得了呗(可参考十年前的GRE考试形式)。
那我们从阅读文章本身角度想一想，这个单词并不是一个孤立出现的“词”，而是在文章中某一句话中所承载的一个“信息”。那么我们就可以从这句话本身来作为切入点，看看这句话提供了什么语义线索，让我们替换这个词之后语义不变。
The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
这句话中间有一个很明显的表示“并列”关系的逻辑词and，那么以and为中心，前后分成两个半句，我们分别来看一下：
前半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地存在于一个(什么样的)的生态平衡中。
后半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地来适应越来越大的环境压力的潜能非常受限。
and连接的逻辑其实非常简单易懂，就是前后方向相同。举一个烂大街的例子：I love you and you love me.我爱你，你爱我，我们相爱。所以从逻辑角度我们判断，后半句如果说“潜能受限”是一个不太乐观的情况，那么反推前半句，这种“生态平衡”应该也是不乐观的。简单来说，后面“坏”词，前面也不能是“好”词。
这样再看四个选项，那些所谓的表示“精美”、“精细”、“复杂”的“好”词就可以扔掉了，选择fragile“脆弱的”就在情理之中。
“逻辑关系”是阅读能力的非常重要的体现，也是托福阅读考试不可忽视的一个考察点。如果能把我们解决这种词汇题的视角放在逻辑层面，那么我们的做题过程就会变得轻松省时很多。
我们再来看TOEFL Practice Online中一篇文章《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》里的一道题：
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○increases proportionally
○differs
○loses significance
○is common
大家第一反应，“pale”这个词我背过，“面色苍白无力”的赶脚!可是再看选项还是觉得“这是什么鬼”。所以我们不要纠结浪费时间，把视角放在原文原句，看看有什么逻辑关系能帮我们找到切入点。
The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
翻译一下：举例来说，由某某火山喷发导致的毁灭与由人类导致的毁灭对比起来(怎么样)。
这句话的逻辑关系也极其明确，就是in comparison to“对比”关系。那要想知道“人类引起的毁坏”和“火山喷发引起的毁坏”相比到底是什么样，更重还是更轻，这一句话提供的信息还不够。这句话给出了“for example”给上文举例子，不妨向上多看一句：
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.
翻译一下：生态学家特别想知道什么因素会导致生态群落的恢复，因为全世界的顶级群落(climax communities)都正在经历人类严重地破坏和摧毁。
可见，这句话告诉我们科学家发现“人类造成的毁坏”特别严重。那么下文举例子就要顺承这个关系，“自然导致的毁坏”和“人类导致的毁坏”相比——相形见绌呗!
再来看四个选项，选择“loses significance”就不会感到奇怪了。而我们背pale这个单词的时候是绝对不会把这个意思和“lose significance”联系到一块儿的，这就是逻辑关系在真正解题过程中的妙处。
总的来说，对于托福阅读考试的准备，词汇量是绝对必要的条件，但不是充分的。我们往往困惑于自己单词也背了，明明都每个词都认识也无法做对题目。这时，解决问题就要跳出纯粹追求词汇“量”的层面，而是从阅读文章本身着眼，提升我们逻辑分析的能力，这也是我们在上课的时候要重点培养和训练学生的能力。我们做题纠结的关键经常是只看树木，不见森林。走了好多弯路，把自己感动却没有收获。如果说阅读考试的准备有捷径、有套路，那么逻辑关系就是最大的“套”，把题目零碎的信息“套”上逻辑，也会帮你把考点看得更透更清晰。毕竟，有“套”才更放心。
moving – moved disappointing - disappointed
exciting – excited surprising – surprised
有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强，它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。
I found him seated at the back of the classroom.
Lose in the forest, he had to find his way out first.
托福阅读：浅谈推理题中的类比逻辑关系
今天就想和大家分享一下阅读推理题中涉及到的一种逻辑推理关系 — 类比关系，此类逻辑关系一般出现在对比类的文段中。即文章中出现A,B两个比较对象， A与B有相同特征，于是我们可以根据A的特证来推断B也有相同的特征。举个例子：像小明一样，小红爱吃西瓜，于是乎我们可以从这句话里推断出不仅小红爱吃西瓜，小明也爱吃。接下去，我们就来看看这种逻辑关系在推理题中的应用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
这道题目，题干问我们根据第二段的内容我们可以对鲸鱼作出何种推断，于是乎我们根据解题技巧快速回到文中搜索定位词whales, 找到以下这句话 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 这句话告诉我们leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 虽然此句没有直接提到whales的特征，但我们可以根据刚刚提到的类比关系做一步逻辑推断啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也应该就是whales的特征，因此我们只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可发现whales的特征。原文最后一句话提到， leatherback turtle会游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的处理冰水的能力。于是乎我们可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案对应B选项。
再来看一道稍难的题目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此题问我们，根据第四段我们可以对trumpeting of bull elk做出怎样的推断。根据关键词trumpeting of bull elk我们快速找到原文最后一个单词。既然是出现在文章的最后位置，那我们只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一个我们非常熟悉的逻辑关系—─类比关系。来看这句话 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.这句话告诉我们buck rub发出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk发出的auditory signal有相同的社会作用。根据前文我们知道buck rub可以反映年长雄鹿在鹿群里的社会地位。于是乎我们便可以做进一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也应该有相似地功能。
我想，只要我们的同学能够熟练掌握这种逻辑推理方法，将来一定可以避免在做这类推理题时常常出现的无从下手的困境。
托福阅读： 浅谈托福阅读答案选项的设置
涉及题型(三)：
句子简化题 sentence simplification，
细节题 factual information，
排除题 negative factual information
1. 正确答案选项的设置
丨A.原文信息的同义改写:
1 同义词替换
2 正话反说/反话正说(例题1.D)
例题1：(摘录于TPO8R2，Extinction of the Dinosaurs)
...Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that theLate Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?
A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.
B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
C.The climate was very similarto today’s climate.
D.The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.
解析：文章说气候比较温和，答案选项反过来说气候改变不大。
3 句型改变(例题2.C)
例题2：(摘录于官方指南116页，Swimming Machines)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special“heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. Which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
B.Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
C.They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：文章说在7度水中保持体温超过25度，答案选项改写成可以在比身体更冷的水中游泳。
丨B.原文信息的抽象扩大(例题3. B)
例题3：(摘录于官方指南103页，Artisans and Industrialization)
Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
B.The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章说徒弟被认为是家庭的一份子，师傅的责任不仅有教手艺还有提供教育和道德监管。答案选项说师傅的责任不仅仅是教手艺，虽然没有直接提到其他的责任，但是在逻辑重心上和原文属于抽象的吻合。
2.错误答案选项的设置
丨A. 与原文不相关的内容：
1 文章没出现的信息(例题3. C/D)
C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章没提到family member这一概念。
2 出现文章没提到的多余关系
文章说a导致b，并且c导致d;答案提到了a导致的b和c导致的d有关系。
丨B. 与原文矛盾的内容：
1 显形逻辑联系词:
1.1答案选项的逻辑重心与原文不匹配(although a,b不等于b,but a)
1.2答案选项与原文逻辑相悖(例题3. A)
A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
解析：文章的确出现了but一词，但是属于not only...but also的部分内容，因此本身不具有转折关系，选项A出现了与原文并列递进相悖的逻辑关系。
2 动词变化(例题1.B/例题2.B)
The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
解析：文章出现的buffer这一词，同学如果不认识，只看到shallow sea和temperature有关联，而B选项也有关系，造成误选。buffer意思为缓冲，即使不认识，也可以根据 keeping it relatively constant 伴随做结果状语理解肯定不是B选项的改变巨大。
3 指代关系(例题2.D)
The billfishes have gone one step further.They have evolved special “heaters” of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these criticalorgans.
D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：题干问bluefin tuna 因此答案选项D的指代词they指代金枪鱼，而文章内部的确出现答案选项D的大致对应，只不过文章内部they是之前的billfishes.
4 反义词和否定含义词(例题1.A)
The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid.
A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.
解析：文章和答案内容用否定含义的词语相反。
丨C. 观点不匹配：比较级/最高极/绝对词(例题2.A)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over3 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.
A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
解析：文章没有出现和其余鱼类的比较对比。
注意：比较极/最高极/绝对词大部分情况错误，如果正确，原文必须有相关信息
例题4：(摘录于TPO3R2，The Depletion of the Ogalalla Aquifer)
Paragraph 1：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has asemiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported alow-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians,who once inhabited the region.
1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?
A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
D. Before the early 1900’sthere was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.
解析：这里虽然有only一词，但是其含义和原文的a low-intensity agriculture economy 低产量的农业不矛盾，故正确。
【托福高频介词搭配：FROM用法介绍】相关文章：
2.介词的用法总结
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