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英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧

2023-04-03 08:30:52 收藏本文下载本文

“Ninojjiang”通过精心收集，向本站投稿了10篇英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧，下面小编给大家整理后的英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧，供大家阅读参考。

英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧

篇1：英文合同中简单长句的翻译技巧

英文合同中使用的大量长句，主要分为三大类：简单长句、复合长句和并列长句。在翻译这些长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系，然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分。最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。今天我们就先说一下简单长句和并列长句的翻译。

简单长句及其翻译

在翻译英文商务合同中的简单长句时，首先要正确理解各种相关成分的逻辑关系；然后再适当切分，理出句子的主干成分，翻译时以句子的主干为主导；最后再按汉语表达习惯，变动语序，重新组合。这样才能连贯、准确、清晰地予以表达。下面举三个简单长句翻译的例子来说明：

1．The Buyers may，within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination，lodge a claim against the sellers for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.

这是一个简单长句，其主干为The Buyers may…lodge a claim…。

修饰谓语动词的状语有三个，

a. 分别表示时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination

b. 方式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和

c. 目的for short-weight

而且状语中还有状语，作定语的分词issued还有自己的状语by a reputable public surveyor。

众多状语，尽管在英语中的位置十分灵活，然而按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前；而有些状语在译文中可以灵活处理，例如本句中的时间状语，可以提前至句首。因此，上句可译成：货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。

2. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract，the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export port.

此句的主干为…the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price…to the Seller，其中含有一个时间状语within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract。

从语用的角度来看，商务合同中许多时间状语表示的是某一缔约方必须在何时何地承担某一义务和享有某一种权利，即时效性。因此整个句子的重心不是句子的动词，而是发生动作的时间。

在译成中文时，为了突出行为的时效性，时间状语应尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词“须”。此句中还含有一个较为复杂的方式状语by opening an irrevocable L/C…，其中含有三个介词短语作定语修饰an irrevocable L/C。按照汉语的行文规范，方式状语一般应位于动词之前。

此外，若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时，英文的通常顺序是方式在前，时间在后，而汉语却正好与之相反，为方式在后，时间在前。因此本句可译成：

买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30 000美元。

3. The Equipment and Material shall be carefully and properly packed in the best and stable condition according to the figures and characteristics of the Equipment and Material so as to withstand long-distance sea and inland transportation and numerous handlings.

此句的句子结构并不复杂但包含一个较为复杂的方式状语。从语用特征的角度来看，方式状语通常都是规定性的，其作用是规定合约方履行某项义务必须采取的方式或手段，在合同的语言环境下，即使有关缔约方履行了合同规定的义务，但若其履行义务的方式与合同规定的方式不符，乃构成违约。因此，方式状语的作用通常都是比较重要的。本句可译成：

设备和原料须根据其形状和特点以完善而牢固的方式精心妥当地包装，包装须适合于长途海、陆运输，能经受多次装卸。

并列长句及其翻译

由于撰写合同时不能遗漏任何可能情况，所以英文商务合同中往往有大量并列成分。这些并列成分包括并列的词、短语以及从句。从语用角度看，并列的平行结构使合同的句式平衡，表意完整。在翻译由两个或两个以上的并列单句构成的复杂长句时可以采用分句译法。并列长句的分句之间的语义关系比较松散，因此翻译时可以断开，分解成单句独立存在。例如：

The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in the Contract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau and the Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short-weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.

此句由两个结构相同的并列分句组成，均为主句在前，条件状语在后，在两个条件状语中均含有时间状语，此外，两个并列分句中也都含有时间状语，均为within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination，译成中文时，条件状语应分别置于主句之前，而所有的时间状语均放在各自修饰的动词的前面。同时，为了符合汉语句式较短的特点，可以将两个并列分句断开，分解成两个单句，即译成：

若货物经中国商品检验局复检后发现质量与本合同之规定不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出索赔。若经中国商品检验局复检发现货物质量与提单所示重量不符，买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。

篇2：论英语长句的翻译技巧

论英语长句的翻译技巧

英语长句的翻译是许多英语学习者在学习或实践中需要攻克的一大难关.本文从英语长句的.特点分析入手,通过实例分析,将英语翻译中经常使用的顺序译法、逆序译法、拆分译法和综合译法等翻译方法进行分类阐述,用以解决我们面临的英语长句翻译难题.

作者：韩竹林作者单位：哈尔滨师范大学,外国语学院,黑龙江,哈尔滨,150080 刊名：华章英文刊名：MAGNIFICENT WRITING 年，卷(期)： “”(10) 分类号：H315.9 关键词：长句翻译翻译方法

篇3：英文合同及翻译

Purchase Contract

合同编号(Contract No.): _______________

签订日期(Date) :___________

签订地点(Signed at) :___________

买：__________________________

The Buyer:________________________

地址： __________________________

Address: _________________________

电话(Tel):___________ 传真(Fax):__________

电子邮箱(-mail):______________________

卖：___________________________

The Seller:_________________________

地址：___________________________

Address: __________________________

电话(Tel):_________ 传真(Fax):___________

电子邮箱(-mail):______________________

买卖双同意按照下列条款签订本合同：

The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below:

. 货物名称、规格和质量(Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity)：

. 数量(Quantity)：

允许____的溢短装(___% more or less allowed)

. 单价(Unit Price)：

. 总值(Total Amount)：

. 交货条件(Terms of Delivery) FOB/CFR/CIF_______

. 原产地国与制造商 (Country of Origin and Manufacturers):

. 包装及标准(Packing)：

货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖负责。卖应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。

The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness, rust, moisture, erosion and shock, and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation. The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing. The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as “Do not stack up side down”, “Keep away from moisture”, “Handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.

. 唛头(Shipping Marks)：

. 装运期限(Time of Shipment)：

. 装运口岸(Port of Loading)：

. 目的口岸(Port of Destination)：

. 保险(Insurance)：

由____按发票金额%投保_____险和_____附加险。

Insurance shall be covered by the ________ for % of the invoice value against _______ Risks and __________ Additional Risks.

. 付款条件(Terms of Payment)：

信用证式：买应在装运期前/合同生效后__日，开出以卖为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后__日内到期。

Letter of Credit: The Buyer shall, ______ days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect, open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller. The Letter of Credit shall expire ____ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.

() 付款交单：货物发运后，卖出具以买为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单(D/P)式，通过卖银行及_____银行向买转交单证，换取货物。

Documents against payment: After shipment, the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and ______ Bank to the Buyer against payment, i.e D/P. The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s) of exchange.

() 承兑交单：货物发运后，卖出具以买为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为____后__日，按即期承兑交单(D/A__日)式，通过卖银行及______银行，经买承兑后，向买转交单证，买在汇票期限到期时支付货款。

Documents against Acceptance: After shipment, the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange, payable_____ days after the Buyers delivers the document through Seller’s bank and _________Bank to the Buyer against acceptance (D/A ___ days). The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.

() 货到付款：买在收到货物后__天内将全部货款支付卖(不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语)。

Cash on delivery (COD): The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within ______ days after the receipt of the goods (This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB, CFR, CIF).

. 单据(Documents Required)：

卖应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收：

The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection:

() 标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。

Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/ to collect;

() 标有合同编号、信用证号(信用证支付条件下)及装运唛头的商业发票一式__份;

Signed commercial invoice in ______copies indicating Contract No., L/C No. (Terms of L/C) and shipping marks;

() 由______出具的装箱或重量单一式__份;

Packing list/weight memo in ______ copies issued by__;

() 由______出具的质量证明书一式__份;

Certificate of Quality in _______ copies issued by____;

() 由______出具的'数量证明书一式__份;

Certificate of Quantity in ___ copies issued by____;

() 保险单本一式__份(CIF 交货条件);

Insurance policy/certificate in ___ copies (Terms of CIF);

()____签发的产地证一式__份;

Certificate of Origin in ___ copies issued by____;

() 装运通知(Shipping advice): 卖应在交运后_____小时内以特快专递式邮寄给买上述第__项单据副本一式一套。

The Seller shall, within ____ hours after shipment effected, send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No. __.

. 装运条款(Terms of Shipment)：

() FOB交货式

卖应在合同规定的装运日期前天，以____式通知买合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖负担。

The Seller shall, days before the shipment date specified in the Contract, advise the Buyer by _______ of the Contract No., commodity, quantity, amount, packages, gross weight, measurement, and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space. In the event of the Seller's failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port, all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Seller's account.

() CIF或CFR交货式

卖须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下，卖应在装船前天以____式通知买合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买安排保险。

The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination. Under CFR terms, the Seller shall advise the Buyer by _________ of the Contract No., commodity, invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.

. 装运通知(Shipping Advice)：

一俟装载完毕，卖应在__小时内以____式通知买合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。

The Seller shall, immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods, advise the Buyer of the Contract No., names of commodity, loading quantity, invoice values, gross weight, name of vessel and shipment date by _________ within ________hours.

. 质量保证(Quality Guarantee)：

货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港__个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖负责赔偿。

The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quatity, specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee. The guarantee period shall be ______ months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, and during the period the Seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.

. 检验(Inspection) (以下两项任选一项)：

()卖须在装运前__日委托______检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买委托________检验机构进行检验。

The Seller shall have the goods inspected by ______ days before the shipment and have the Inspection Certificate issued by____. The Buyer may have the goods reinspected by ________ after the goods誥rrival at the destination.

() 发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买得在货物到达目的港后__日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买将委托中国商检局进行检验。

The manufacturers shall, before delivery, make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality, specifications, performance and quantity/weight, and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection. After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau (hereinafter referred to as CCIB) for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods. If damages of the goods are found, or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract, except when the responsibilities lies with Insurance Company or Shipping Company, the Buyer shall, within _____ days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, claim against the Seller, or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB. In case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design or manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the Contract, the Buyer shall, during the guarantee period, request CCIB to make a survey.

. 索赔(Claim)：

买凭其委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖提出索赔(包括换货)，由此引起的全部费用应由卖负担。若卖收到上述索赔后______天未予答复，则认为卖已接受买索赔。

The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller. The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within ______days after the Seller received the Buyer's claim.

. 迟交货与罚款(Late delivery and Penalty):

除合同第条不可抗力原因外，如卖不能按合同规定的时间交货，买应同意在卖支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每__天收__%，不足__天时以__天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的____%。如卖延期交货超过合同规定__天时，买有权撤销合同，此时，卖仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买支付罚款。

买有权对因此遭受的其它损失向卖提出索赔。

Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract, with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause of this Contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation. The rate of penalty is charged at______% for every ______ days, odd days less than _____days should be counted as ______ days. But the penalty, however, shall not exceed_______% of the total value of the goods involved in the delayed delivery. In case the Seller fail to make delivery ______ days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract and the Seller, in spite of the cancellation, shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.

The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the Seller for the losses sustained if any.

. 不可抗力(Force Majeure)：

凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖不能或推迟交货时，卖不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖应立即通知买，并在__天内，给买特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续__天以上，买有权撤销合同。

The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within_____ days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buyer for their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof. Under such circumstances the Seller, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. In case the accident lasts for more than _____ days the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract.

. 争议的解决 (Arbitration):

凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双均有约束力。

Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. In case no settlement is reached, the dispute shall be submitted to China International conomic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CITAC),Shenzhen Commission for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

. 通知(Notices):

所有通知用____文写成，并按照如下地址用传真/电子邮件/快件送达给各。如果地址有变更，一应在变更后__日内书面通知另一。

All notice shall be written in _____ and served to both parties by fax/courier according to the following addresses. If any changes of the addresses occur, one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within ____days after the change.

. 本合同使用的FOB、CFR、CIF术语系根据国际商会《年国际贸易术语解释通则》。

The terms FOB、CFR、CIF in the Contract are based on INCOTRMS of the International Chamber of Commerce.

. 附加条款 (Additional clause)：

本合同上述条款与本附加条款抵触时，以本附加条款为准。

Conflicts between Contract clause hereabove and this additional clause, if any, it is subject to this additional clause.

. 本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同共__ 份，自双代表签字(盖章)之日起生效。

This Contract is executed target=_blank class=infotextkey>executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and nglish, each of which shall deemed equally authentic. This Contract is in ______ copies, effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.

买代表(签字)：

Representative of the Buyer

(Authorized signature):

卖代表(签字)：

Representative of the Seller

(Authorized signature):

篇4：法律文件中的长句如何翻译

法律文件中的长句如何翻译

做翻译，最难处理的莫过于长句。这里所谓的“长句”，不单纯就句子的长度而言，而且是指语法结构比较复杂、从句和修饰语较多、包含的内容层次在一个以上的句子。鉴于法律文件的目的、性质和文体特征，其长句出现的频率远远高于其他文字作品，这就给法律翻译造成了额外负担。因此，可以这样说，正确理解和翻译长句，是法律翻译成败的`要素之一。

翻译长句，首先要从语法分析入手理解句子的完整意思，而后在理解的基础上将其意思用通顺的汉语翻译出来。以“导论”中0.3节所给的长句为例，这个句子的主句（the Parties shall promptly consult and decide whether…）前面有一个很长的条件状语从句（if, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party）和时间状语（then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party），在条件状语从句中，又夹带着一个时间状语（after the signing of this agreement）和一个定语从句（which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement）。主句本身也相当复杂，除了有主语加两个并立的谓语和宾语的基本句子结构外，两个谓语动词未完分别有方式状语（in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China）及目的状语（in order to preserve each Party's economic benefit under this Agreement）和方式状语（on a basis no less favourable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted of so interpreted or implemented）修饰。就是在后一个方式状语中，也还有一个作定语的虚拟句（it would have received of such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented）。纵观整个句子，内有主句又有从句，修饰语套修饰语，一个接一个叠加，一环扣一环相连，构成了复杂的修饰和被修饰关系。只有弄清楚句子里各个成分之间的相互关系，才有可能理解句子的完整意思。

由于这个句子内部存在着复杂关系，要准确、通顺地译出原句的完事意思并不是一件容易的事情。比较英语和汉语这两种语言的句子结构，不难发现，英语可以凭借关联词形成很长的句子，而汉语却没有诸如关系代词和关系副词之类的关联词，因而也就不可能产生结构复杂的长句。英语复合句，各个成分之间都有适当的关联词加以连接，以表明它们之间的逻辑关系，这就使得句子各个成分的设置有较大的灵活性。汉语句子一般是按时间顺序和中国人的逻辑思维顺序编排的，即使不使用关联词，也能构成完整的意思。翻译长句，要按汉语的表达方式处理英语句子里错综复杂的关系。处理方法大致可归纳为两种：一种是基本上按英语原句的结构顺序翻译，另一种是按汉语的时间顺序和逻辑顺序翻译。本章将着重分析第一种翻译方法。

按原句的结构顺序翻译

（a）Each of the Shareholders shall exercise all voting rights and other powers of control available to it in relation to the Company so as to procure （so far as it is able by the exercise of such rights and powers） that at all times during the term of this Agreement, the provisions concerning the structure and organisation of the Company, and the regulation of its affairs set out in this Agreement, are duly observed and given full force and effect, and all actions reserved and given full force and effect, and all actions required of the Shareholders under this Agreement are carried out in a timely manner, and in particular （but not in derogation of the generality of the foregoing）, that any meeting

篇5：英文摘要翻译技巧

作为一种科技翻译，论文摘要的译文一定要准确、明白、简练，翻译时一定要注意原语和目的语的不同特点，译文才不会因晦涩难懂而失去其传播的价值。

在翻译医学科技论文摘要时要特别注意英汉语言的对比差异，使译文通顺可读。

一、形合与意合(Hypotactic vs.Paratactic)

英语重形合，而汉语重意合。

形合指句中的词语或分句之间要用语言形式手段连接起来，英语有大量的连接词将不同成分连接起来。

即使看上去很复杂很混乱的句子，只要仔细分析，句子中的主、谓、宾、定、状、补都可以通过连接词的位置和功能判断出来。

英语的连接词不仅仅是连词，还包括关系代词、关系副词、介词、动词的分词形式，等等。

意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，汉语很少使用连接词，句子之间的成分依据意义来判断，顺序按逻辑关系而定。

英文摘要虽然短小，但它是一个相对独立的篇章，必须具有结构上的衔接性(Cohesion)和逻辑上的连贯性(Coherence)。

哈桑(Hasan)曾说过：“Cohesion is the foundation upon which the edifice ofcoherence is built(衔接是建筑连贯大厦的基石)”没有衔接这个基石，语篇便不成为语篇。

西安医科大学王红孝在他的医学英语硕士论文中对150篇英语医学文摘的衔接手段进行调查，发现英语医学文摘最常用的衔接手段为词汇衔接(Lexical Cohe-sion)。

词汇衔接主要是词汇的重复，其次是照应，包括用人称代词it，they，them，we;指示代词this，that，these等。

常用的逻辑纽带，有表示对比转折的while，however;表示顺序的first，sec-ond，finally等。

另外，非谓语动词结构、介词结构、关系从句、替代、省略等也较常见。

衔接手段运用得当，可使文摘自然、流畅、

层次清楚、舒展自如。

二、聚集与流散(Compact vs.Diffusive)

英语句法和汉语句法有一些共性，如主谓宾、主谓表等简单句的顺序基本一样。

但是，英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，主次分明，前呼后应，句式呈“集散型”;汉语句子不受形态约束，主谓结构具有多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。

医学论文摘要一般有一定的`格式,主要可分为传统式摘要和结构式摘要两种,各自在结构、格式、分段、顺序等方面有一定的规律,当然也决不是一成不变的,不同的杂志各有其编排和投稿的具体要求。

1 结构式摘要简介

结构式摘要包括研究目的(purpose或objective)、方法(method)、结果(result)和结论(conclusion)四要素,字数一般在200~500字,要求简练、概括地归纳和提炼研究成果和实验结果,阐明论文的基本问题,重点放在与研究有关的内容和结论上,把论文的精华介绍给读者,并用恰当、合适的英语表达出来,使人对论文的全文有一个清晰的了解。

结构式摘要与传统式摘要相比,有明显的优越性:信息量大,叙述具体、明确,层次清楚,便于写作、阅读和专家审稿,也有利于文献的加工和整理。

在当今信息爆炸的时代,医学论文和医学期刊成倍增长,医务工作者都想用最短的时间了解和掌握尽可能多的、有价值的科技文献和信息或通过阅读摘要进行筛选,确定对本人最有价值的论文,因此结构式摘要的应用正被逐步推广。

2 时态

撰写医学论文结构式摘要所采用的时态主要有一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时,具体采用何种时态,须依据摘要所表达的意思而定,力求正确。

2.1 一般现在时主要用于介绍文章的目的、内容和结论,介绍目的时,常用不定式来表达。

例:本文的目的在于突出放疗的重要性。

译:The purpose of this article is to emphasizethe importance of radiation therapy.

2.2 一般过去时在结构式摘要中用得最广泛,撰写论文时,研究工作业已结束,研究过程已成为过去,因此,在方法与结果这两项内容中一般均采用过去时来表达,而且对研究对程中所进行的活动进行描述时也用一般过去时。

例:分析了89例早期肝癌的治疗结果。

译:The results of treatment of early liver cancerwere analyzed in 89 patients.

不过,若对实验结果进行分析和讨论,用现在时还是用过去时,应视具体情况而定:若讨论的是研究过程中所发现的具体情况,用过去时;若讨论的是一个实事,用现在时。

对研究成果的总结具有普遍性,用现在时;不具有普遍性,用过去时。

2.3 现在完成时用于说明论题的发展背景,表示持续到撰写论文时的行为或状态,或表示动作已完成。

例:从发病时起,对病人随访了三年。

译:The patients have been followed for 3 yearssince the beginning of their disease.

3 被动语态

英汉相比,英语多用被动语态,在医学英语中被动语态使用得尤其广泛,翻译摘要时,往往采用第三人称的被动语态,这样可避免提及有关的执行者,句子的容量增加,重心后移,表达更具有英语味,行文也更显得客观,使读者的注意力集中在描述的事物、现象或过程上,而且被动语态在结构上有较大的调节余地,利于采用必要的修辞手段和突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容,利于扩展名词短语,扩大句子的信息量。

因此,翻译时若省去动作的执行者,强调动作的承受者,或者为了语篇的需要,均宜采用被动语态。

不过,在某些特殊情况下,采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练,表达更直接有力,选用何种语态,有时要视具体上下文作决定。

例:很久以来,人们就已知道适量的抗坏血酸盐对创伤的充分愈合和对增强细菌感染的防御机制是极为必要的。

译: It has long been known that adequateamount of ascorbate areessential for the proper hea-ling of wounds and to enhance the defensive me-chanisms against bacterial infection.

4 转换思维模式

英汉语的思维模式存在差异,有时甚至大相径庭,翻译时需注意逻辑思维上的差异,用英语的思维方式地道转达内涵,不可照汉语方式字字对译。

照字面译,常不合英语习惯,有时还令人困惑不解。

欧化的汉译文,诘屈聱牙,中国读者读了感到头痛,反之,若按汉语方式照搬,汉化的英文,外国同行也势必难以理解,因此,翻译时决不可生搬硬套或囿于原文字词的语法和字面意义,必须改变中文的模式,才不会出现汉语式英语(Chinglish)。

例1:病人牙痛得历害。

译:The patient’ s teeth pained seriously. (错误)。

又译:The patient had a terrible toothache.(正确)。

医学专业人员对英语应用不够熟练,对摘要的英文写作或翻译常达不到比较标准的水平,尚存在一些原则性问题,因此,应谨而慎之。

篇6：翻译服务合同英文

a New York Corporation

TRANSLATION SERVICES AGREEMENT

Date: 30 June, 20xx

Name of Client (“Client”): YYYY

Address of Client:

Client wishes to engage Company to perform certain translation services upon the terms and conditions of this Agreement. In consideration of this and the following mutual promises and covenants, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree as follows:

1. Client wishes Company to perform and Company agrees to perform the Translation Services described in Exhibit A. All work performed by the Company shall be in accordance with industry standards.

2. Client shall pay Company for the Translation Services provided to Client in accordance with the pricing and the terms set forth in Exhibit A. In addition to these fees, Client shall reimburse Company for necessary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Company that are not a normal part of routine translation procedures, such as overnight delivery requested by Client, long distance telephone and facsimile expenses to clarify document ambiguity, non-text document formatting, indexing of documents, bates and/or control numbering, large–scale photocopying, etc.

3. The parties acknowledge that due to inherent differences in language, words, terms and phrases specific to a culture, region, and/or country, it is not always possible to translate exactly from one language to another. Accordingly, while Company will make every effort to ensure an accurate translation, it makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the Translation Services.

4. In no event shall Company be liable to Client for any indirect, special or consequential damages or lost profits arising out of or related to this Translation Services Agreement or performance or breach hereof, even if Company has been advised of the possibility thereof. Company’s liability to Client under this Agreement, if any, shall not exceed the total of the fees paid to Company hereunder. Nothing in this Agreement will limit or exclude any liability for fraudulent misrepresentation.

5. This Agreement shall continue in full force and effect until terminated by either party. This Agreement may not be assigned by either party without the consent of the other. Any waiver by either party of a breach of any provision of this Agreement shall not operate, or be construed, as a waiver of any subsequent breach. No change, modification or waiver of any term

of this Agreement shall be valid unless it is in writing signed by both and Client. This agreement constitutes the entire Agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter contained herein and supersedes all prior agreements of understanding between the parties. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York and Client agrees to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of the State of New York.

For Translations, Inc. For YYYY:

a New York corporation:

_____________________________ ____________________________ Smith Signature

Vice President

____________________________ Dated: 30 June, 20xx Printed Name

签约日期：

Title:

Dated:

篇7：翻译服务合同英文

Party A:

Party B:

Since Party A entrusts Party B to translate the relevant written document, two parties agree to sign the following translation agreement under each other’s friendly consultation:

1. Party A entrusts Party B to translate the relevant written document with a total characters of

________(blanks not included), and Party B shall translate the document into_______ language in accordance with Party A’s demand.

2. When Party B confirms to receive the relevant document, Party B shall complete and deliver the

corresponding translated document to Party A on_____(month)_____(day).

3. The translation fee shall be calculated in accordance with Chinese

characters (blanks not included); before Party B begins to carry out the relevant translation, Party A shall pay an advance payment RMB______ to Party B. When Party B delivers the entire translated document to Party A, Party A must pay off the entire remaining translation fee RMB_______(deducting the advance payment from the total translation fee). If any deferred payment occurs by Party A, Party A shall compensate the corresponding losses, and pay Party B with a late payment charge of 5% of the total translation fee per day.

4. Party B shall complete the translation work in time, and guarantee that the quality of the

translation. If Party A has any objection to the quality of translated document, Party A shall notice Party B in written form. Party B shall be responsible for correcting mistakes for free in the document translated within seven days after Party A’s receiving the translated document.

5. Party B shall keep confidentiality of any content of the documents provided by Party A and can

not disclose to any third party. Party B shall not dispose the original document and the

corresponding translated document in any form without authority of Party A.

6. Party B has right not to translate the document with unclear original test and blurred writing. If

it is necessary, Party A and Party B shall jointly consult the relevant special nouns.

7. Since the date of signing this agreement, both parties shall not terminate this agreement freely.

If a party causes the other party suffer losses, the party violating the agreement shall compensate the agreement value in double as a default penalty, and Party A and Party B shall reserve their respective litigious rights.

8. If there is any item not being referred in this agreement, Party A and Party B shall jointly

resolve the corresponding through consultation.

9. This agreement shall be valid after both parties’ signing or sealing in this agreement.

10. Any fax copy of this agreement shall be valid and effective.

This agreement is written in duplicates, one for each party.

Party A: Party B:

Manager: Manager:

Date: / / 20xx Date: / / 20xx

篇8：翻译服务合同英文